Gnter Grass 1

Gnter Grass

Gnter Grass

Gnter Grass in 2006

Born Gnter Wilhelm Grass16 October 1927Danzig-Langfuhr,Free City of Danzig

Occupation Novelist, poet, playwright, sculptor, graphic designer

Nationality German

Period 1956present

Literary movement Vergangenheitsbewltigung

Notable works Die BlechtrommelKatz und MausHundejahreIm Krebsgang"Was gesagt werden muss"

Notable awards Georg Bchner Prize1965Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society ofLiterature1993Nobel Prize in Literature1999Prince of Asturias Awards1999

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Signature

Gnter Grass's childhood home inDanzig, today's Gdask

Gnter Wilhelm Grass (German: [nt as]; born 16 October 1927) is aGerman novelist, poet, playwright, illustrator, graphic artist, sculptor andrecipient of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Literature. He is widely regarded asGermany's most famous living writer.

Grass was born in the Free City of Danzig (now Gdask, Poland). In 1945, hecame to West Germany as a homeless refugee, though in his fiction hefrequently returns to the Danzig of his childhood.

Grass is best known for his first novel, The Tin Drum (1959), a key text inEuropean magic realism, and the first part of his Danzig Trilogy, which alsoincludes Cat and Mouse and Dog Years. His works are frequently consideredto have a left-wing political dimension and Grass has been an active supporterof the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD). The Tin Drum wasadapted into a film, which won both the 1979 Palme d'Or and the AcademyAward for Best Foreign Language Film. The Swedish Academy, uponawarding him the Nobel Prize in Literature, noted him as a writer "whosefrolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history".

Early lifeGrass was born in the Free City of Danzig on 16 October 1927, to Wilhelm Grass (18991979), a Protestant ethnicGerman, and Helene Grass, (ne Knoff) (18981954), a Roman Catholic of Kashubian-Polish origin.[1][2] Grass wasraised a Catholic. His parents had a grocery store with an attached apartment in Danzig-Langfuhr (now GdaskWrzeszcz). He has one sister, who was born in 1930.Grass attended the Danzig Gymnasium Conradinum. In 1943, aged 16, he became a Luftwaffenhelfer (Air Forceauxiliary), then he was conscripted into the Reichsarbeitsdienst (National Labor Service). In November 1944, shortlyafter his 17th birthday, he volunteered for submarine service with Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine, "to get out of theconfinement he felt as a teenager in his parents' house" which he considered stuffy Catholic lower middle class.[3]

However, he was not accepted by the Navy and instead was drafted into the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg.[4]

He saw combat with the Panzer Division from February 1945 until he was wounded on 20 April 1945. He wascaptured in Marienbad and sent to an American prisoner-of-war camp. Danzig was conquered by the Soviet Armyand was then annexed by Poland, which renamed the city Gdask and expelled surviving members of its Germanpopulation. Grass could not return home and found refuge in western Germany.His military service became the subject of debate in 2006, after he disclosed in an interview and a book that he had been conscripted into the Waffen-SS while a teenager in late 1944. At that point of the war, youths could be

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conscripted into the Waffen-SS the military branch of the SS instead of the regular Armed Forces(Wehrmacht),Wikipedia:Citation needed although Grass' division functioned like a regular Panzer division.In 1946 and 1947 he worked in a mine and received training in stonemasonry. For many years he studied sculptureand graphics, first at the Kunstakademie Dsseldorf, then at the Berlin University of the Arts. Grass worked as anauthor, graphic designer, and sculptor, travelling frequently. He married in 1954 and since 1960 has lived in Berlinas well as part-time in Schleswig-Holstein. Divorced in 1978, he remarried in 1979. From 1983 to 1986 he held thepresidency of the Berlin Academy of the Arts.

Major works

Danzig TrilogyMain article: Danzig TrilogyEnglish-language readers probably know Grass best as the author of Die Blechtrommel (The Tin Drum), published in1959 (and subsequently filmed by director Volker Schlndorff in 1979). It was followed in 1961 by Katz und Maus(Cat and Mouse), a novella, and in 1963 by the novel Hundejahre (Dog Years). Together these three works formwhat is known as the Danzig Trilogy. All three works deal with the rise of Nazism and with the war experience inthe unique cultural setting of Danzig and the delta of the Vistula River. Dog Years, in many respects a sequel to TheTin Drum, portrays the area's mixed ethnicities and complex historical background in lyrical prose that is highlyevocative.Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch#Unsupported attributionsIn 2002, Grass returned to the forefront of world literature with Im Krebsgang (Crabwalk). This novella, one ofwhose main characters first appeared in Cat and Mouse, was Grass's most successful work in decades.

Social and political activism

Gnter Grass by Irish artist Reginald Gray(The New York Times, 1965)

Grass has for several decades been a supporter of the Social DemocraticParty of Germany and its policies. He has taken part in German andinternational political debate on several occasions.

During Willy Brandt's chancellorship, Grass was an active supporter.Grass criticised left-wing radicals and instead argued in favour of the"snail's pace", as he put it, of democratic reform (Aus dem Tagebucheiner Schnecke). Books containing his speeches and essays have beenreleased throughout his literary career.

In the 1980s, he became active in the peace movement and visitedCalcutta for six months. A diary with drawings was published as Zungezeigen, an allusion to Kali's tongue.

During the events leading up to the reunification of Germany in198990, Grass argued for the continued separation of the two Germanstates, asserting that a unified Germany would necessarily resume its roleas belligerent nation-state.

In 2001, Grass proposed the creation of a German-Polish museum for artlost during the War. The Hague Convention of 1907 requires the return of art that had been evacuated, stolen orseized. Unlike many countriesWikipedia:Citation needed that have cooperated with Germany, some countries refuseto repatriate some of the looted art.[5]

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Gnter Grass in 1986

On 4 April 2012, Grass's poem "What Must Be Said" ("Was gesagtwerden muss") was published in several European newspapers. In thepoem, Grass expresses his concern about the hypocrisy of Germanmilitary support (the delivery of a submarine) for an Israel that might usesuch equipment to launch nuclear warheads against Iran, which "couldwipe out the Iranian people" (dass...iranische Volk auslschen knnte).And he hoped that many will demand "that the governments of both Iranand Israel allow an international authority free and open inspection of thenuclear potential and capability of both." In response, Israel declared himpersona non grata in Israel.

According to Avi Primor, president of the Israel Council on ForeignRelations, Grass was the one and only important German personality whohad refused to meet with him when he served as Israeli ambassador toGermany. Primor noted: "One explanation for [Grass'] strange behaviormight be found in the fact that Grass (who despite his poem is probablynot the bitter enemy of Israel that one would imagine) had certainpersonal difficulties with Israel" and that during a visit there and despitethe fact that his books had been translated into Hebrew and had been well received in the Israeli market he "wasconfronted with the anger of an Israeli public that booed him in successive public appearances. To be sure, the Israeliprotestors were not targeting Grass personally and their anger had nothing at all to do with his literature. It was theGerman effort to establish cultural relations with Israel to which they objected. Grass, however, did not see it thatway and may well have felt personally slighted."[6]

On 26 April 2012, Grass wrote a poem criticizing European policy for the treatment of Greece in the Europeansovereign-debt crisis. In the poem, called "Europe's Disgrace", Grass accuses Europe of condemning Greece intopoverty, a country "whose mind conceived, Europe."[7]

Awards and honours

Gnter Grass with the German Chancellor WillyBrandt, 1972

Grass has received dozens of international awards and in 1999achieved the highest literary honour: the Nobel Prize in Literature. TheSwedish Academy noted him as a writer "whose frolicsome blackfables portray the forgotten face of history". His literature is commonlycategorised as part of the artistic movement ofVergangenheitsbewltigung, roughly translated as "coming to termswith the past."

He received the Georg Bchner Prize in 1965 and was elected in 1993an Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Literature In 1995, hereceived the Hermann Kesten Prize.

Representatives of the City of Bremen joined together to establish the Gnter Grass Foundation, with the aim ofestablishing a centralized collection of his numerous works, especially his many personal readings, videos and films.The Gnter Grass House in Lbeck houses exhibitions of his drawings and sculptures, an archive and a library.

In 2012 Grass received the award '2012 European of the Year' from the European Movement Denmark(Europabevgelsen) honoring his political debattes in European affairs.

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Waffen-SS revelationsOn 12 August 2006, in an interview about his then forthcoming book Peeling the Onion, Grass stated that he hadbeen a member of the Waffen-SS. Before this interview, Grass was seen as someone who had been a typical memberof the "Flakhelfer generation," one of those too young to see much fighting or to be involved with the Nazi regime inany way beyond its youth organizations.On 15 August 2006, the online edition of Der Spiegel, Spiegel Online, published three documents from U.S. forcesdating from 1946, verifying Grass's Waffen-SS membership.After an unsuccessful attempt to volunteer for the U-boat fleet at age 15, Grass was conscripted into theReichsarbeitsdienst (Reich Labor Service), and was then called up for the Waffen-SS in 1944. Grass was trained as atank gunner and fought with the 10th SS Panzer Division Frundsberg until its surrender to U.S. forces at Marienbad.In 2007, Grass published an account of his wartime experience in The New Yorker, including an attempt to "stringtogether the circumstances that probably triggered and nourished my decision to enlist.". To the BBC, Grass said in2006:

It happened as it did to many of my age. We were in the labour service and all at once, a year later, thecall-up notice lay on the table. And only when I got to Dresden did I learn it was the Waffen-SS.

Joachim Fest, conservative German journalist, historian and biographer of Adolf Hitler, told the German weekly DerSpiegel about Grass's disclosure:

After 60 years, this confession comes a bit too late. I can't understand how someone who for decades sethimself up as a moral authority, a rather smug one, could pull this off.

As Grass has for many decades been an outspoken left-leaning critic of Germany's treatment of its Nazi past, hisstatement caused a great stir in the press.Rolf Hochhuth said it was "disgusting" that this same "politically correct" Grass had publicly criticized Helmut Kohland Ronald Reagan's visit to a military cemetery at Bitburg in 1985, because it also contained graves of Waffen-SSsoldiers. In the same vein, the historian Michael Wolffsohn has accused Grass of hypocrisy in not earlier disclosinghis SS membership. Many have come to Grass' defense based upon the fact the involuntary Waffen-SS membershipwas very early in Grass' life, starting when he was drafted shortly after his seventeenth birthday, and also preciselybecause he has always been publicly critical of Germany's Nazi past. For example, novelist John Irving has criticisedthose who would dismiss the achievements of a lifetime because of a mistake made as a teenager. However, PatBuchanan, Reagan's White House Communication's director at the time, has claimed that the very point that Reaganwas seeking to emphasize in his own decision to visit Bitburg was that many of the Waffen-SS were either veryyoung or had been drafted into the Nazi forces.Grass's biographer Michael Jrgs spoke of "the end of a moral institution". Lech Wasa initially criticized Grass forkeeping silent about his SS membership for 60 years, but after a few days Wasa publicly withdrew his criticismafter reading the letter of Grass to the mayor of Gdask, and admitted that Grass "set the good example for theothers." On 14 August 2006, the ruling party of Poland, Law and Justice, called on Grass to relinquish his honorarycitizenship of Gdask. A 'Law and Justice' politician Jacek Kurski stated, "It is unacceptable for a city where the firstblood was shed, where World War II began, to have a Waffen-SS member as an honorary citizen." However,according to a 2010 poll[8] ordered by city's authorities, the vast majority of Gdask citizens did not support Kurski'sposition. The mayor of Gdask, Pawe Adamowicz, said that he opposed submitting the affair to the municipalcouncil because it was not for the council to judge history.

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Bibliography Die Vorzge der Windhhner (poems, 1956) Die bsen Kche. Ein Drama (play, 1956) translated as The Wicked Cooks in Four Plays (1967) Hochwasser. Ein Stck in zwei Akten (play, 1957) The Flood Onkel, Onkel. Ein Spiel in vier Akten (play, 1958) Mister, Mister Danziger Trilogie

Die Blechtrommel (1959) trans. The Tin Drum (1959) Katz und Maus (1961) trans. Cat and Mouse (1963) Hundejahre (1963) trans. Dog Years (1965)

Gleisdreieck (poems, 1960) Die Plebejer proben den Aufstand (play, 1966) trans. The Plebeians Rehearse the Uprising (1966) Ausgefragt (poems, 1967) ber das Selbstverstndliche. Reden Aufstze Offene Briefe Kommentare (speeches, essays, 1968) trans.

Speak out! Speeches, Open Letters, Commentaries (1969) with 3 additional pieces rtlich betubt (1969) trans. Local Anaesthetic (1970) Davor (play, 1970) trans. Max (1972) on a plot from Local Anaesthetic Aus dem Tagebuch einer Schnecke (1972) trans. From the Diary of a Snail (1973) Der Brger und seine Stimme. Reden Aufstze Kommentare (speeches, essays, 1974) Denkzettel. Politische Reden und Aufstze 19651976 (political essays and speeches, 1978) Der Butt (1977) trans. The Flounder (1978) Das Treffen in Telgte (1979) trans. The Meeting at Telgte (1981) Kopfgeburten oder Die Deutschen sterben aus (1980) trans. Headbirths, or, the Germans are Dying Out (1982) Widerstand lernen. Politische Gegenreden 19801983 (political speeches, 1984) Die Rttin (1986) trans. The Rat (1987) Zunge zeigen. Ein Tagebuch in Zeichnungen ("A Diary in Drawings", 1988) trans. Show Your Tongue (1989) Unkenrufe (1992) trans. The Call of the Toad (1992) Ein weites Feld (1995) trans. Too Far Afield (2000) Mein Jahrhundert (1999) trans. My Century (1999) Im Krebsgang (2002) trans. Crabwalk (2002) Letzte Tnze (poems, 2003) Beim Huten der Zwiebel (2006) trans. Peeling the Onion (2007) First volume of memoir. Dummer August (poems, 2007) Die Box (2008) trans. The Box (2010) Second volume of memoir. Unterwegs von Deutschland nach Deutschland. Tagebuch 1990. (2009) trans. From Germany to Germany: Diary

1990 (2012) Grimms Wrter (2010) Third volume of memoir.Collections in English translation

Four Plays (1967) including Ten Minutes to Buffalo In the Egg and Other Poems (1977) Two States One Nation? (1990)

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References[1] Garland, The Oxford Companion to German Literature, p. 302.[2] "The Literary Encyclopedia", Gnter Grass (b. 1927) (http:/ / www. litencyc. com/ php/ speople. php?rec=true& UID=4990). Retrieved on 16

August 2006.[3][3] "Katholischen Mief".[4] "Gnter Grass was in the Waffen SS" (http:/ / www. signandsight. com/ features/ 899. html) Survey of reactions to disclosure of time in the

Waffen-SS from the German and international press[5] Spiegel (http:/ / www. spiegel. de/ kultur/ gesellschaft/ 0,1518,498915,00. html).[6] Avi Primor, "Peeling Gunther Grass' Israeli Onion", Israel Journal of Foreign Affairs, Vol. 6, No. 2 (2012), p. 103 (PDF) (http:/ / israelcfr.

com/ documents/ 6-2/ 6-2-8-AviPrimor. pdf)[7] Literatur: Neues Gedicht: Grass kritisiert Griechenland-Politik, Suddeutsche.de 26. 5. 2012, online (http:/ / newsticker. sueddeutsche. de/ list/

id/ 1319034)[8] http:/ / bi. gazeta. pl/ im/ 4/ 3561/ m3561294. jpg

External links

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Gnter Grass

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Gnter Grass.

Works by or about Gnter Grass (http:/ / worldcat. org/ identities/ lccn-n80-85270) in libraries (WorldCat catalog) Gnter Grass (http:/ / www. perlentaucher. de/ autor/ guenter-grass. html) at perlentaucher.de das

Kulturmagazin (German) Gnter Grass (http:/ / www. gdansk-life. com/ poland/ gunter-grass) at gdansk-life.com (English) Gnter Grass (http:/ / www. the-ledge. com/ flash/ ledge. php?book=117& lan=UK) 'Bookweb' on literary website

The Ledge (with suggestions for further reading) Portrait (http:/ / www. rosenthalusa. com/ 1288d920/ GRASS_Guenter. htm) on rosenthalusa.com "Grass admits serving with Waffen-SS" (http:/ / www. guardian. co. uk/ secondworldwar/ story/ 0,,1843187,00.

html) article in The Guardian Detailed article on Waffen-SS membership (http:/ / www. timesonline. co. uk/ tol/ incomingFeeds/ article659887.

ece) Gaffney, Elizabeth (Summer 1991). "Gunter Grass, The Art of Fiction No. 124" (http:/ / www. theparisreview.

org/ interviews/ 2191/ the-art-of-fiction-no-124-gunter-grass). The Paris Review. O'Hagan, Andrew (2007). "Real Audio interview with Gnter Grass and Norman Mailer" (http:/ / www. nypl.

org/ research/ chss/ pep/ pepdesc. cfm?id=2678). NYPL. "World famous German writer Gunter Grass talks about his controversial masterpiece, The Tin Drum, on World

Book Club" (http:/ / www. bbc. co. uk/ podcasts/ series/ wbc/ all). BBC World Service (BBC). 3 October 2009.

Article Sources and Contributors 8

Article Sources and ContributorsGnter Grass Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=624131232 Contributors: A riki kiki, Aboutmovies, Accotink2, AchtungAchtung, Actoreng1, Akhonji, Alan012, Alex '05,Alexgramma4, Alison, Almw113, Alosolo, Altenmann, Andjam, Angr, Anna Roy, Anthon.Eff, AsiBakshish, Asparagus, Astorknlam, Athene cunicularia, Auseklis (usurped), Autospark,Autumnalmonk, Avala, BartlebytheScrivener, Beetstra, Before My Ken, Bender235, Bill Thayer, Binabik80, Biruitorul, Bono06, Brianyoumans, Bwberlin, CGN2010, Caillan, Callanecc,Camptown, Caprosser, Carolmooredc, Catfisheye, Catstail, Chameleon, Charan Gill, Charlescron, Chris 73, Chrisahn, ClockworkLunch, CommonsDelinker, CoolKid1993, Cropreate, Cs32en,D6, DVdm, DadaNeem, Darwinek, Dave87, Dekimasu, Delldot, Denisarona, Denniss, Der Golem, Dewritech, Dimadick, Djmutex, Dkurz, Docu, Doczilla, Doktor Waterhouse, Donmike10,Doprendek, Doric Loon, Dr. Dan, Dragon2Zero, DropDeadGorgias, Dsp13, Ed Poor, EdQuine, Eeksypeeksy, Eifel, Elmer Clark, Emerson7, Epanalepsis, EricSerge, Escheffel, Etgothome,Exiledone, Fabian Haidekker, FantasticFive, Favonian, Ferkelparade, Ferocious osmosis, Flopsy Mopsy and Cottonmouth, Florian K., Frietjes, GabrielF, Gaius Cornelius, Garion96, GattoVerde,Gcm, Gdarin, Gdunsk, Gene Nygaard, Georgepauljohnringo, Gerhard51, Getaway, Ggonnell, Gimbrinel, Giraffedata, Graham87, Green Cardamom, Gtrmp, Haldraper, Halibutt, Hayabusa future,Headbomb, Henry Flower, Homagetocatalonia, Hongooi, Hoops gza, Huangdi, IIIraute, Iloveandrea, J M Rice, JALockhart, Jansch, Jauhienij, Jayjg, Jayron32, Jdavidb, Jeanenawhitney,Jedudedek, Jeff5102, JesperLrke, JewishAngle2013, Jiang, Joel s, Joey80, John, John K, Jondumitru, JorgeGG, Jose77, Josefec, Josh Gorand, Joy, Jramsay1927, KF, Kafflow,Karam.Anthony.K, Kenb215, Kernel Saunters, Kevinalewis, Kimse, Klemen Kocjancic, Knarf-bz, Koavf, Kolja21, Kommiec, Kosebamse, Kowalmistrz, Kusma, Kuwi e, Kuzaar, Kwamikagami,LMB, Laurens-af, Leibniz, Leifern, Lentower, LilHelpa, Lindsla, LiniShu, Lysy, Madhava 1947, Magioladitis, Mandarax, Mareklug, Masque, Masterknighted, Matthead, Mattis, Maximus Rex,Melody, Meowy, Mgreenbe, Mikedj1982, Modernist, Monegasque, Monster4711, Moonraker, Mottengott, Mrfish33, Mxn, Myrthe, N-k, Naddy, Neilbeach, Nick, Nickshanks, Nico, Nishidani,Nk, Noclador, Nonexistant User, Norvo, Ohconfucius, Olegwiki, Olivier, Omnipaedista, OpenToppedBus, Otto ter Haar, Oystermind, P. S. Burton, Pedant17, Peter Winnberg, Philip Cross,Photonique, Pince Nez, Pius Aeneas, Plasticup, Pltcult, Plucas58, Poguttke, Poldy Bloom, Pommerland, Pontificateus, Prayspot, Pristino, PureLogic, PuzzletChung, QuadrivialMind,Quercusrobur, RHaworth, RJFF, Rachel1, ReadQT, Reader34, Reginald gray, RepliCarter, Resolute, RickK, Rklawton, Rmhermen, Romuald Wrblewski, Rothorpe, Rulsm, Rumiton, RuthieK,SEF23a, STeamTraen, Salutpokemon, Sander Sde, Sandstein, Satdeep gill, Sca, Schwartz und Weiss, Scriberius, Seaphoto, Ser Amantio di Nicolao, Shirt58, Shockws, Shockwsa, Sindinero,Skinnyweed, Smetanahue, Smith2006, Somename somewhere, SpNeo, Space Cadet, Sparafucil, Spoketrip11, Stevertigo, Suitov, Sverdrup, Sydne, Szwedzki, TFBCT1, Tectar, Ted Wilkes,Teiladnam, Template namespace initialisation script, Thaagenson, The Land, Themfromspace, Thesis4Eva, Thurstonleeds, Tiles, Tresckow, Tyoda, Tyrenius, UweBayern, Valtam, Vapour, Viceregent, VictorAnyakin, Vilcxjo, Vistor, Weirdali, Wesener, Wik, WojPob, Yeti, Yintan, Yurekh, Zep Kalb, Zmjezhd, DA - DP, thelwold, , 369 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Gnter Grass auf dem Blauen Sofa.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnter_Grass_auf_dem_Blauen_Sofa.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution 2.0Contributors: Blaues Sofa from Berlin, DeutschlandFile:Gnter Grass signature new.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnter_Grass_signature_new.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Alosolo, Gins90,Tamba52File:Gnter Grass pre-war house in Gdask during a small snowstorm.jpg Source:http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnter_Grass_pre-war_house_in_Gdask_during_a_small_snowstorm.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors:StarscreamFile:Gunther Grass by Reginald Gray.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gunther_Grass_by_Reginald_Gray.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Reginald grayFile:Gnter Grass (1986) by Erling Mandelmann.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Gnter_Grass_(1986)_by_Erling_Mandelmann.jpg License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Erling MandelmannFile:Willy Brandt Guenther Grass.jpg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Willy_Brandt_Guenther_Grass.jpg License: Creative Commons Zero Contributors:Monster4711Image:Wikiquote-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Wikiquote-logo.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: -xfi-, Dbc334, Doodledoo, Elian, Guillom, Jeffq,Krinkle, Maderibeyza, Majorly, Nishkid64, RedCoat, Rei-artur, Rocket000, 11 anonymous editsImage:Commons-logo.svg Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Commons-logo.svg License: logo Contributors: Anomie

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Gnter GrassEarly lifeMajor worksDanzig Trilogy

Social and political activismAwards and honoursWaffen-SS revelationsBibliographyReferencesExternal links

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