haas & simpson1949 homology

7/29/2019 Haas & Simpson1949 Homology

1/31

ANALYSIS OF SOME PHYLOGENETIC TERMS,WITH ATTEMPTS AT REDEFINITION

OITO HAA S AIW 001l.0 GAYLO IlD SiJdPSOII

CO:-!Tf:NTS""'trac.. . . . . . . . . ., .. , ... , .. .. .In 'n>1uo..... . . . .Ht>n>Io,:. ( ~ . ) . ulosy. """""' .. .Y Oriaind hi"ory, . . . . . . , . . " . . , . . . , . . . . , . . , .(4) Horoolocy." by -n . .. . ,...

.. ou ,_ (.) H o_lap_

Neitber """"",Iaoy. 1\01" . . . . . . lleIism . """ """'


2/31

0Tf0 BAAS A ~ D GEORCE C .\YWRD SIMPSON(H .... . 't,mulated by a p o ~ by Cloud (1941 ).Th," ~ n t 'tOOy by 1-1......... late. dioc,,1IWed withSlmpoon "nd it . .as decideJ)

cullion and mention 01 u - Ie . important1...-mI h. . . . had to be O(:att...oo throullhmtt lbepa .... a. OttasiOIl aroo., it hal_me

'eopondinl memben 01. "milar ~ i U t e l b e i ~ "hornoIosou"" Thu. it re. . . -ntll to him a....... word cond" .....tinn of edroy St. Hilaire'l"pinciple 01 connexiodo." It may, howe_.be doubted ..hethero.. .- , ...hen ddiniilg (1M3 :379) "hon>nlog",," BI ' '"The An", OIPn indiff.",nt anima!. under e....-y va ....ty 01. formand fu nction," had Ihi, i"Ometrical m e a n i n ~ inmind.'Soon afterward" thio term Waf to unde'll:o aconoiderablc amou nt of am plification on tlot oIoJY: ''The fint io that .bcwe d e ~ n e d . viz. the c:orrnpondeflcyof a or orran. dete,mined by itl .. . atl"" position alld conntiono.with .. or OtiaD in a diff_nt .nimal: Ihedtttnnination of . .hich ltomoIory indica"" that,ueh .nima l, are constructed on a commonty . . . . . . " n i l .. Owe n' l 1J>i4l /ocmDIooIt wilt be notice


3/31

ANALYSIS OF S O ~ I E PHYLO(;EN'TIC TKMSconsiden.tOom of topographic and comparativeanatomy.", made d ~ i s i v e for this kind ofhornolOK}', although mention of homoIogues asbeing "cOI:d by later autbon for catomoJogy i. h .....nafter '*" with in the_tric l iom, lhough nol with the definition, ofOwt!n, 1M3, i. e. as equivalent to his .pecialhomology of 11147 . This .....,m. tn be in acconla""" with mool COlltempnrary usage. and we havedispeofJe

) H""",,, .y, lIomopiru,!\/!er the advent of evolutionary idea_llbut ridieuled by Owen a. late a. 1866 (p.XXXVI)'-Ow en" C


4/31

OTTO HAAS :\:-" U GEORG E G,W I-OKD SI W 'SO;':worse by indudini' and even o o o i hi. ex_amples from oerial homology, and o:onclud 00, Oabon> h04 OJ>Obn 01 ......1.. 01 .,.rolloli. .. '" homop.Io.y" . . ,bout any o i H ~ t i _ .cion betw_'- "'-0 " " " " " . (ich or< not . . ."",bl< '" h"""""",y U-.01 a..---, "'" "n"" .""

_d ly "'"""c0


5/31

ANALYSIS OF SO\ l t I'HYLOGEr.< ETIC R ~ I S [I] contained ... ithin the "n,le term. 01 "'hkh thedif("",,,,,,,,,.....,... .. , dearly pointemology i, governed byd. . en t ; homologou. mgano are of omOi[eny and homopl,..y. both unde . ood as ori.


6/31

OlTO HAAS A;Io'1) GEORGE GA\'toRI) SIMPSONI f .. . bu, 1_ COIn ...... 'Ilot the ~ l O C t i o m al bomoI""" '" . t r ~ < t ~ .... _y "' " be " " " " I " " " , .

Moment', (1945) recen' propooal. to ]um [>epecial... ial. and i:eneral homologi., . and tvento d iecanJ the unn homol"i)' al'

honIopIIIY" on It.. olbn , """aks (ibN 2%) of"Tile (emil homology an d analoKy (or homoplaty)" and ,d...cribco (;/M 258) " ~ n a l o g o u . orhomopla"ic organ , " indiocriminately.Tait (1928 : 159--160) explicilly dillC . . . . . . thI:a b o ~ question, .tadni: lhal "Ihe varion, in,n an _ of anaq-y are ju&1 of [thel kind" ofr e l i i nb la_ to 9"h;d. th e lerm homopbsy ; .applicable, and eloewhere (ibN" 1611) . t.o.. , . . . .bof "hotnopIuio o t ana!0IY."H ubbt (1944: 296) ani"" al lb. """",Iusiontbal Lankoe.ter" "merefy ..,I>.Iitoll 'loomori:eny'for PlPtCia l homology and 'lw:In.opIuy' lor analc tion or u... 11: it. . the ......n'nggi......, to tlU. trrm by 0 - . . (1843)~ n d "",in ta ineU 00 bothlooonolocY and loomopbsy , (. LI ,blana: ('I th e nttdlor ouch a oimple dichotomy - . no to be ful filledbtlter by th e one conl .... i"' andhomoplaAie., anakivY bftng- on adHf..,-en1 . . 1"" .......1 level from homology an dh o : n o ! ~ a l P F u r t h e ~ , homopIuy i. , a !eatt pr imarily, an ~ v o f u t i o n . r Plot !"" bringingaboul homoplrurlic i m i l . ~ r i t i e o , wlre_ _ ""al


7/31

ANA LYSIS OF S O ~ I PIIYLOGNETIC TER MS '"Th .. . honK>lpi_"'" ..'" bow .ho ..milarity 11'opIaoy " ' ~ ' ; ; u oP ...... u to how .. . . . . . lari,y tlU ..." an...i. 'bat i, did l ot ari . by 110... ,1017. bu t i.-.not " '. . an pi"..... u to how ,ho oimilarity t l i i.r i ..I do ...... in qui ' . tll< . . . . . . "1)' " H . . . _ tboot... ...... tiy... th< ...... c.,.. ri'd. Til


8/31

'" ana H,\AS AND GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSONbeen =gn izru f i ~ t by Darwin in a later" ed i.tion of hi. o , j v of Sp.cies (l909, II: 221).'J'h.,re, in tiilll: a(.]uirement through Batura ]. . clion of parts or organ_, &trikingly like eachother, independently of their di=1 i n h e r i t a n ~ ~ from a common prgcnitor"n.. " " m ~ thought, though expre-.:i in otherword .. may b. found in Cope'. (1811: 343)""n teoCO&. h,."" oupervened on d;"tinctlin.,. of descent." There cannot be any doubtthat "'hat C""" he",


9/31

,\N >,LYSIS OF SO;\IE PHy u:x:.ENET IC TERMSeacb oth.r, j n ~ P ' " n d of thol, di_ t inheritancefrom a common pfOKt"ilO

.._n o b< , oy. . . . . . . 01 "'"''''fI'''y e""'. n i t 'e rm of (lobon . < . . ..:1 ,00 6 ... _ t.1\105 (p. 9(1) '0 iOOi ..... "o.,;.i", '" ... ".,..,t....... ic: vari .. 0.:-." dio


10/31

OTTO UAAS AX' D GEORGE GAYI..QIW SL\t f'S()Scri,..;" all ~ l l al ulr ineic faaon a ... probably,"""",,,bIc for Ih," drcun . ance."In OUr opinion. 110""""etic ptocew l h"" been llIoodby olher aulhon.Synon)",,"u l with IIomogt!ny and, theref"",... \\1m..,. ( '9 !1, 119. 91 ) om .. . I t ..-.t ial ly tb< . . . . .__ I ~ " " ' ' ' ' i o , ) ' [ 'Mo l " 'F 'UUC:_ " ' ' ' ' '01 L V=-tic: ........... 10 ... ' i . 'ordUoal _ ........... (if. btbr . . I . I J ~

a nother lI)'nOQym of I>nmnIorY 10 homopltyly.wh ich -.nl to ha"" t - n uoed Ji....t by Pa ltmn(1884 : 17; cJ. FOrbringer. 1888: 1122) in thea d j ~ c i v a l lorm "homophyl" lloth thi. ad_jec\i,,-If''''tCic'' with the R ' l U l t i n ~ c o r ~ a I led rorth in lbe ,"",,,,,,I ""n l in 1M 1_ corpn_;..... [beingl """rly or e"",,,ily alik . Osborn(1!IOla: 261) l imd Da .... in'l 'A""kJgou. V"ri_.tion' among hi. varian, COl. . . of ""'naIOflY:thousIh ktoeping it apart from Lan k,," I""' homopluy, at Ihal Ii"", no t yet COO"rt!Ctly un


11/31

ANALYSIS OF SOME PHYLOGENETIC TERMSthough occasionally mentioned by lat ... authors,Da .... in'. lenn h,.. Dev ... be11)'/ oind, od m o m t w ~ I::ndresultate p o l y p l o y k t ; . < ~ tiellentwide"lt h a ~ n . " . To judge by !hi. sentence.homomoq.hy may _II be considered a synonymof t ank .. I .. , homoplasy." Filmringec (10IIy.' or "i ....."'(JMmI," "ao uoed in themorphological field," instead. Thu> ioomorphy(Ioo mOo f i ~ , (ad jocti ... ) uoo both .............ph..I"',mo;I " ~ y " by Pal........ 1.tbe'i .. . ~ W H ...... l _ . od 1945, .. .._ ....o1y . . . . . . . """" ' -ph i . " ... " " "_ i . . . . ." . . . . . t papn-o 11"""-..... 1 I a ~ '- ' . . . M to fiod.... wba' """'ninl II i m ~ ;" b.,...,....,.".y ("botnomorpb;"'} 10 N.mkoll (l9J6) . , ; _ , by ao int .... ..,.etio. '"


12/31

(Tno HA.,\S AND GEORGE GAYLORD snIPSO'"i n J l u e n ~ in the diffe.rent toen"", anti al.., in allformation< independently of chronlg;cal 0

ca . . give us, on the ot"'" haoo, "" '" examplesof morphological, if no t hornelied 10 Ihe phenon .nawhich Hubt.. has in mind; there is "",lIy no needfor a Jiflh or sluh. Ihe less eo";.....e the phenomena nan>ed by him "iodepe""ent homolgies"are, in our opinion. independent , it is m e , butno t homoIORie .DIVERGP.NCF. . P.-\RALLEI.lSM, CO:'VERGENCE

O ~ [ G A.'!O l l J S T Q{al Di_r'''u

Although lhe "",Ii'alion of II>< phenomenon ofdivergent evolution i. Iraced by Oohorn (1902b:35J) "" far hac k as to Lamarck. the creation 0/the phylogenetic lerm "diveryencPl"l'clab J


13/31

ANALYSIS OF SO}'lE H V L O G ~ N E TERMSI\OOn "poora!leIism" ",,!y t..ice (1887: 98. 11)2).It thu, IeJtrnI that to Cope paralJt.liorn. . . . atechnical UNn. meant rt elpitu laoon and t ....he u - t the word in it . modem meaning onlyecaeionallyand incidentally."The ... , a t !em in Am erica. to u . "p;ualleliom" in it . modem n i c a l ....an ing and todofi... it po . . ' dy ..... W. B. Scoll in hJ..important paptn of !89! (pp.. 362 fl.) and 13%(p. S6). Fo r . critical analyw;. 01 bJ. de fi.nicionom elco io to tM nexl htadinlr;.Some yean la___ tei- "pa die drei _oclotna),'id>c-oAll ... die doudo . .. .. MonCO co ................ Cbrak " '" .;_..tor bodtuttod d b . .,_ , al l Gn. .."' .... .s..- Spiw.. ole oich bdi ...." (ital;co 0.'-) .

Hunl (I&6t: (63) tranolated lhe two IutItnt


14/31

OTTO HAAS ,\ND GEORGE GAYLORD SIMPSON"oonvergenCf'," but .till tI.,.m.,.J it nccns.'F)' toI'"t it int" 'Ill"teo anti to atIti the term "(>O.ral"'l.ism" whi0.1" '" . . p I ~ d y discuosing or denn ingeithce (>O.calleliom or convergence. It """". thatboth " " c r ~ ,,id.ly uoed on t h ~ E u"-,poan continentin teaching .... well a. in paper$ dealing withcertain groupo. but not made the oubjects of anyanalytic studies. T .i. imprmon i. reinforcedby ....t..J'. (1909: (222 complaint thaI "theteTm 'cunverw:n",,' has recently been used ""F)'f"",ue ntl y a nd ruined Q catchworid .. 234) he m""tion. "ca. paral.

"In , ... ro ... Ena-t>oh Oth


15/31

ANALYSIS O f SOME PH YLOGENETIC TERMSaee. but OliU d ih ' ient in ",lation to II..,.... I i ~ . 1Dc ... and yllneai"'" would t...""pecti,,,,)y. CODVCIlIen t with. and paral"'l tothe v lineage. but di""'icnt in ...,Ialion to thetwo otlle",. w.lineai'). howcVN. would ti ll t.. d;"" .. ", from all thn!ll 01 tile ot h .....

(6) Di_,."".Of all the conccpI ' ui'K\er ~ t i o n thia_ ........ to loa"", been subject to thr Jmst.""""iI of d.,...,.;o" and hardly 0 " " ' ' ' ' ' . - I ~ any rnodemizalion. Schi...w,wolr. ( I I I: 213,fie . 3) diagr,un c o n " , , ~ . . an u",l!;,nt ide.>

01 the t.uonOInic implication. 01 th i. """""pt. . . .conceiV/i.,. ,ad;,mol< or incipient di',CliCl>teon omaller OCIlle in a oink: locality" and "".plai"" it later (1 910 : 71) .. . "an applicalion ofpaleont%iY of the idea of dive......,t evol"lion."

(e) M C U d i J " , ~ , . . j C.......,lt'.nNOIwithotandi,.. Oaborn. (19026: 3.\.4) lUte......,1 that bomoplaoy. paralk:lism. and CODYCr'

"""" ... are "by DO mcaRllYROoymouuen n.or identical 1'" c . ' " thenl hu been, oincetheM ........ - . . , born, plenty 01 d i ~ 01opinioa, not to . . y """fullion, .. to thei. dc/in;.tioo and their ~ I i m i l u i o a from eao:h ntheoplasy, and, opoakil\i of"a oontrnot tJo..: ...... n homoplasy and o o n ~ l ' I t e < l O ! , " lea"", UI indoubt '6'hether theM! two c o n ~ p U ,,",,

POO l


16/31

OTTO 1r...AS .... N D GEORGE GAYLORD S I)'IPSOC\'Hen:, a t in similar cue. , a c!ear ,Iiflt:rentiationbetll'een the two neighboring C01l""l'1lo i. th.,be.t " 'ay to ar riw a t . uitablc definition.Appa"",tly the fi...t to at tempt . ""h a different iation ... to Scott (1 891 : 362): "1/ the vario".

opecies ol the It"nUlJ acquire the n ~ w a ~ t e r independen tly oleach other," there illparallel ism; " if the ~ p , , " ; e . ol widely d iffe... ,tgenera , . . gradually a . .urne a commOn lik.,.ness," there i. convergence. In hi. Wood',Hole l.ture of 1895 Scot! (1896: 56) ga'"e theflI()Wing defin it ions:

By p",..IIe1i,m il meant .he indepe ndent a""u;';.lion 01 sim ilar ",,,,,ture in lorm . . . are them. . v,," n " ' r l ~ I a l ~ . nd < o n v e ~ n ...,h .


17/31

A."AlYSIS OF SOME I' H\ 'u:x.:ENI;TIC TERMS '"como . n ~ y within homopiuy, .. her-r undtr-oto::Jd. In his latH book (19J3: 124 . UI- I40)Dacq . . t - . . to re tum to tM nr l " r distinction..1 made by Scott; if 1M ;n;tial rpeciH or g=eraare related, IMre i. "more or ""'" p.arallel.thoua:h oIowly a>nwrgi!lj[ tranofonnati"" (horne-" " ) " ; i f they are not. t.hHe ia "genuiMC O O l ~ . " 01 ' I . , , ' O C ~ .. tic repotition ( ~ _ 10'011:" "i')..... (Tronolatlolld""" wGonna.n..)EYe'll thou"" ;n lh ill pa at .. n nwly otbon,Dacquf dot.hill '-I Oconto_ the urmi, . . . .".panlltliom and con",,,,,",,,,, may Mill bo: reoornizood ,. . the wo ~ m J , . 01 th il an titheoi.. Afew P"iulattT (ibid US ). he '"'1",,10 " Pa,.,.lltl_formtnbild ung" ( p a . r a l ~ l i w ) to Eimtr. ortoo.' t f I ~ t i c homeogo:neoi. and diltingu io rn.. it fromCOfI'o"tT(tnce by the following ;nternal criterion:T h e ' ~ i . oo.io:I to be baled " " "primarily theoune buic orpniution. producing M e 'n lythe _ m ~ f(nUtion 01 orran . t . ,. for the fa lflJl"",nt 01 the """" "'"'Iuitoemtntlol l ift,conH.",...,. doa no t ariM from. i n ~ typonhafte Sindunr' (_ inmna l t y p o . b o I I n d o r p n ~ _ tion), but oo:u... ,..lwn like condil ..... tr.mofonnbtinp 01 ,..,tirely d i ! f ~ 1 J,..., ora;aniulion."AnaJog""", tr.moformalionl 01 ~ . o g . ... tkform . which may be ieochl'OtloUI or Mter()(hrt>Q .001 ...., claimed to be . . ....yo con""rgence.( T r ~ t I I J a t i o n . from Ike German.) Ot>.cure a Itheoo conu" ...q are. they Item al ill to reinforcethe ......",ption t:h.o.t Dacqut in 19J5 ba...J thediatinction primarily 0pllu. ( l9n: 3-9) deals....ith con"""""n"" only (under the name "Kon_~ n ~ n ~ n g . " """"""""nl odop"'!ion).without even ,""nlionin& p.a....lleliw; th us itcannot , ivt UI any due to the ""ution "r the

. . _ut problem.Schindotwolf. in an "'te. t l l "" paper 01 lWO .R2rq ou t (p. 223) to giYe a prclirninary. "UD .mtGI" definition 01.


18/31

'" OTTO HAAS AN D GEORGE GAYLORD ~ I P S O N to suW "! that the t",ay h. ," h . ~ W in comm.". that w.", noti,;t,le in til< oonlmoo ancettry but that '.nd, nevemena cor_r. .pond with the """""ption of parallelism a. a..".t of oomolgy , but a sort that dOl,. not read,pht-notypic ~ x ~ , until after tho> oepM:ltionof the two or ",ore i n ~ concerned. Thu. thereis a real validity in the idea 01 paralldi$m in thesen. . of Scott and of th""" who have foll"""ed hi.defin ition, a lthouglt the basi, lo r th;" validityhas un ally I>


19/31

ANALYSIS O . SOME PHYUJGENET IC T ERMSlike (i. e of a common genelic 00.; . for characters not morphologically evidl.1l1 until a laterin phy"","ny)."Tit;" phenomenon i. 8 opKial c_ of hom"..pla.y and i. logically on a le",,1 with homologybocauoe it oIkn an altemati"" explanation of. imilarities. whklt homoplasy d""" no t do . It's. clearly. not the only altemative to homolOf(Y.(Analogy in lhe senoe of Simpson. bu t not ofHaas, is another and there are .I ill mher possibi_lit;"o.) Thi. "'"tatement makes it clear thaI thephen()lllenon is not to be de fined en lirely ,n t"",,"0( nea.....,.. or d;"tane

cla,..;",,1 eAAmple of tbe DeV'y of the form.compared by that authOO" which. thanb I;la .. _


20/31

OTIO AN I) GEORGE GA\'LOK D SIMPSONu .... . : ... , b a ~ b.m grouPf'd tojIetheruspoc;a01 one Il"nul: that th" ~ n " . 15.:ap.au,1 ilpoIyPllyletic, and not monophyletic, a. it halbeen treated hcrotof...... . .. H . OJ>inion waomared by e r v i n q u i ~ (1907: 117 ) and Nowak( 1912): the laner _plit the old ienul 5.:apMln upinto th...., gmera: Il.u:op.ilu, Ac,,,ot4D=.p/tUu, and H ~ p W u : o p M I U . dfrivinll each of thc.e"""'oer"&ing . .n " from another ancostralll'l""u"viz. HoIuJkp/ID' .... A " ' ' ' ' . ~ C I > ' ' " ' . and H ~ / J l i l u . " Thai al l the al>oYe . . . .mpIH an: taken fromthe A m ~ may nOt be purrly incidentalbut "";ng to the f""" that kardly any other groupof o b r . o t e . lendo it.oetf.o -.ull to Itudibell'" and Hy.o.tt, Scott (1891 : 366-361; 1896:57- 53) failed to da .. the oew;o..l conclusion.

that aloo cloooely ",lated li. . . may O O I I ~ , II admitted by Oacqu.\ an d Morel (_ abm..,Quotalion.) .Since, therefore . a hii;h de,..ee f taxonomicdiltance be t .. ..,n th e initial "",mben of 1MconwrgiJlg linu(tfS il . in our opinoo. e5 -. .nlial for con"","","",,". we h a ~ I>oloJi.(:JIl-phylotil. . . . ic """"'" 01 ou . dioao..,;,onl and weIr e not P"'1"In:d t


21/31

ANALYSIS OF SOME PHYLOGENETIC TERMS '"Among inYffttbrateA, Buckman', (1906),

plate XLI, although "",ani to illustrate "Brach iopOd Hom"""morphy," .h""" a beautiful c .u tof parallelism in dir>hyoid terebratulida, bxhioochronous (all far"" the three PortlandianNeoromian """"- in relation to each other areroncertlM) and hetenxhl'ODOU' (there heing, inaddition, a I i .w e . . iel), The r>a",Uellineageoundergo the """'" changea, but their "",!>"Ctivememben do no t thereby hecme similarthen their pced""""""n, although it lias 1;(1 beadmitted that even at the earliest alageo there~ v a i l o alrndy a ""ry high degree of similarity.On the ",hok this elm,t "f Ruckman', illn.trate.,in OUT opinion, parallelism, n"t converg


22/31

OlTO HA....S ....,,[) O I ~ G ~ : GAYLOR D SIMPSONacoon:Iing to th e ta.let inlCll ' ouxonomicolly dislant I[1"OUI'" (..., Dendy.19lJ : 2 ~ . Jig . 111). """""''t"r. mimicry in_clU


23/31

ANALYSIS OF SOME PH YLOGENETIC TE R MS01,,,,, ploy, as a pu..,1y morphoIoeic oorocq>t, doeonot imply an y such clement, nor an y distinc tionbet_to mimic an d .....del, putting, as it doe.,both (or all) homeomorph. on an ~ u a J level.Thu. n,imicey i . nOl, AI ha l - . .et imes betro. . . .mI (Buckman , 1901: 231), a "pl l _ " or alpeCial case of homcornorphy. Can, ono hand, Iauer pcm.po be in.dudeiy ...,.Itricted Mki 01 al ine ' hon>eomorpho.. " 'hiehliYKI not r o n ~ p o r a n r o u " y b .. also in th e. . . . . . a ru a lKl cn\lifOrlmt'tl t , should be oornerealOll lor .Muming mimicey, the..., will indetonel icallr similar tcrnll "homomor.ph y (homomorphic):' "homon_ph,morpho," and "homomorphou." haw """" d....abve (po 329).By ...,..y of append", 10 Ih;, heading ,,'" ma ybrio,8y d . " , . tw o terms tha i h., ,," IK>I }"'I hemw ll with in !he ... t.1OI fludy ; 1/ .",,,,,,,- wasori,inally 1""'" -d hy Bal...,., (1894: 85) ,. . a

oubllilutc for lh e "",Iier lerm """'tamorpby,"to indicate "that """"' th ing It.u been h ~ ~ inIhe liko:n.... of oomething 1 0 I e Bridges an d

Dnbzhanoky (I9J.J: 515) defined " heralitaeyhomnIIo.i." .. . the "radical al teration of themorpbolocr of an organ (owing 10 a mutalion.or) ... di .. ppeara""" of Ihe organ an d thedtwlopmen t 01 another orga n in il3 place ."/ INr_pIuI .. is considered a Iynonym 01hen . . . . . by GokIo


24/31

,., 0Tr0 HAAS AND GEORGE GAYLORD S I M l ' S O ~ like" . . (con'-"n" . ,hen i t i. plain that ..,ch IUU. i, .. . r t i ~ c l . 1 __mbl'g. of I.,..",. of poIy_pbylI'krl. menta! concepu(Simpeon. 19010: 414). The much m"", intria:u.in; problem m;ght arioe whether or not ioochron...... t1)n'>'fozg'''tt. ;n &inr beyond ;e. hi;h .d


25/31

ANALYSIS OF SOME PHYLOGENETIC TERMS '"groupo not cIoscly related with, 0< . . . , n far re-mote from, each other. The former &hindewolf interp g n a t u r ~ . of tm, ""O)ndlcind a r ~ helie-.! by Schind-olf to he """"Iyaccidental and attributed to "pure converge"""or hon>eomorphy." Si""" time signatureo arede6ned above "" .,. . . of iooph. and in similar oneo" phylogeneticsignificance it denied to the ' ....mbl,..,.,.. be-"""""n th e hetemchranon. ammonite Iypes.They may be con.id


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OJ 10 HAAS AND G E O R G ~ G.\YLO IW S L \ r P S O ~ The original.,..arnp!c for Ihit I,henornf:non ,,-ao l> O O o : l ~ a al i an entily. th _ fi.'CUi"i'C1>' mic ~ " " C " t t and ileration .., clr.. at a 10'",....- taxOnOmic 10",,1. Iooeo """" ofill$ll"'p;Ir " 'hich IhinltS ,.,..,look...! a t . Just L a n ~ l c r ",-rol" 10 Ooobom(..,. Oobom. 19070: 239): " E",ry liv;nK Ihing.,..... . 1 propt"rtieo to h ~ n y , t ....1 i . 10 oay,it. fund:om.'t\1:>1 I""OP'rtieo 10 a homO\l ...yrommon 10 il .. itl, all other livine thin2'. and uyou run dO"'n group within g r o u j l l ~ mu. t bea ml)l"l) lI(lOI'), homon-oorphy (Pal.~ n ) . i .orn ...phiom or ioomorphy (Po..""r, Far_brinl" ' )' homcogen" '; . (Eimer), and morphoIOIlkal ""lui ..""'n,,, (H ya tt ) are rolloid'-""'


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"NALYSIS OF SOME PHYI..OGENET IC TERMS '"pby i t no t equivalenl 10. ' - doet i , indudoe.mimicry. but the 1 . 0 cot>ttpU .,....,.-Iap.Ncilt.er homopluy ' - paralloolism oor (011 .~ n Q l ! and homcomorphy imply ""y lhinl: , ..to OOCIlemponneify of lbe ';m il.,. dlanrel; ~ 1 1 t'- phmomena may ' be ~ i l b c T hele'ochronoo. .or itoehr...-o .l_hl'llliOUI CQIlv"'l! REl'CES

A . ~ O. IQ. " - . . . . . . . . .:1 [ 'eo h-v. r ..... . . . . U . """,.-N f...- . . . . .nody of voN, . .

, "0.'''"1')' .1", tho oi l _" ' " ' """" . . of; 1l3-l f 1.

_1_ ...... 1*,. Qoioo1. J_ .G.oI. 50


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O l i O HAAS AND GEORGE G,n- i.ORO SIMPSON_ 11I00I. n , . . " . " , o lF_ .... I . . 1IioL s.; . --.MiouM. Co/lo . /Iau"u.. v " , " Ty""". Boll. !i. FrtHtu(,S . N" . l7 (l04l_I944): 1 J ~ 1 6 1K7. Die c .. """""" do< Tn.. . . . HaU" 'L U . , . . . 11'",,"""".40 (1196): 31-116._ 1902. h ' - 'o lOioP 00t. 1'>40. M.n ..1do .. . ."i"", lo .r.,;"1.1.-..NOLJ


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_ IMO.ANALYSIS OF SOME PHYLOOENET IC TERMS ,.,

. ek.H_r .... ........ , ..............

"'" _ . . . 01 .... Liuoicin " '" Br i , . M-. . (1'1...

DoGuoIr. IMO . r...a. ..... f"h .r ...... ........&.r. u .... 5


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~ t f - l I f Off-ocf' l tf '9t," ' i l ' ' l t r 'I ltf "")1"1( . . .~ f f "'0fr."'''' "'iP1fo"J6/)' ' t r f .(. . . . . '1!."',,) '"!'t t f ' l i f f 'm '''''! ' . . . . . .m ' ........ ..,f l f _ , . , . . . , . I'U .. ...

U[ "MOIl"!""Iff' . ...... "'>!'""IU "1"" ' "I"U(Ir t f ' I t r ' i f f ' / f t '>I"'I-llf4lr>11:-t:tr _ ~ , >! "" ' ' ' ' ' ' ! \ l,rr'Mf .(, "."'I''l'4 .....) > ! ' ' ' ' I f l o ' ' ' 'I t t 'Qtf 'PP"IX5tf ' , t f 'Otf ' fff 'A!"'II',If 'otf '' ' ' ' ' ! \'I lf ~ I O U I ' ~ ~ r t f 'lIT 1 'n r ""'I9I'f ""'>amp , ..... ,iff W f- I f f .... ' " . ,. -"1"1'"'' (---pOo1t t l ' 'Off 'a f "'"!""'M'I( " ' ~ '' I f ' , t f 'l IT '9i'f 'm'O('I'

-ilf ("'] . lOU") (_). . . . , . ""'fI!'!fIb>o ,n..... ,..,Iff " ff '.o.L''''''"'H

I t f '''!'''''''''''''HIl f 'Ilf . . . """-.Opt> "'"""', . . , . . ."r t f .... , ...WItf '6fr 'rn: 'P!I'rr f '(1(1' '...a....IP' f I' ' , . - . . , . " ' ' ' ' ' ' ! ' ~ I ' ' ' ~ l Zr " , ~ r . : l ' I i ' '/fr 'O!'i' 'u r (,,!Ofd_) l"'t""'''' "" I .. 'N(tA!"Ir,.6 lf..rr ''''!.,..... .. I ' ~ n b 3 f f f 'orr . " " " ~ " , , , 1'o . . lQnT 'tIT 'Off " " . . . . ,10I t . _ _ !'to' "! " 'I"O

n f ~ , n r > " '&>(;>\; )iff fl T- l f f 'N>' " ' ' '0 .""'>eo..., ( __).'1..... ,. 'm : ' " . . - ..... 1......I f f ._ . . . . 10> .. . :. ' "


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,I.NALYS IS OF SOME PHYL(x;ENETIC T ERMS'"1'uoJ . . . . JJO

P,-- ," ,

~ . m d . . . " . l l l . lHLriI

haas & simpson1949 homology

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