habiitat, of the pitch indians. 'a wailakiy division · 2018-10-04 · the festival wasgiven....

HABIITAT, OF THE PITCH INDIANS.'A WAILAKIy DIVISION

PLINY EARLE: GODDARD

UNIVERSITY OIF CALIFORNIA PFUBL.ICATIONS IN ;: A;M- ICAN ARCHAEOLOGY AND-- !EETHNOLOGY:Vol1, N. 4, p.211Sr225,3fiSgur" An' text<

V61 17 No..e,p

UNVRIYO -CLFRI PRESr ;EKEE CALIFORNIA ,

192

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HABITAT OF THE PITCH INDIANS,A WAILAKI DIVISION

BY

PLINY EARLE GODDARD

UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS IN AMERICAN ARCHAEOLOGY ANDETHNOLOGY

Vol. 17, No. 4, pp. 217-225, 3 figures in text.

Issued February 20, 1924

HABITAT OF THE PITCH INDIANS,A WAILAKI DIVISION

BY

PLINY EARLE GODDARD

THE COUNTRY

During fieldwork with the Wailaki of Main Eel river and the lowerportion of North Fork in 1901 and 1906, I heard frequent mention of apolitically separate group of Wailaki which originally lived farther east.They were called either "Pitch" Indians (djeta-ya) or Salt Indians, per-haps from Salt Creek. It was clear that this band of Wailaki was gener-ally looked upon as an especial enemy in a region where there was generalenmity between neighboring peoples. In language and ways of life therewas said to be but little difference between the two groups. This easternband when removed from its home was placed in a mountain valleyknown as Hull's valley on the northern part of Round Valley IndianReservation. In 1906 the names of the survivors of this band were ob-tained. They were saiyanta, "sand eater," English name Billik, wholived at t'odannandafi; Jennie White, his niece; ncofiktesifi, "sees well,"English name Wat, who lived at nafidofik'at; k'dfinaitafi, "carries abow," English name Goodboy Jack, who lived at nafidofik'at, and whowas a brother of the preceding; tectci, "wind," a woman who lived far east.

In August of 1922, Goodboy Jack, then probably 70 or more yearsold, acted as guide and informant on a trip to the former home of histribe. The territory includes the valley of North Fork above the crossingof the wagon road. The river bed is rather narrow for the most part,choked here and there with great boulders and bordered by steep wallswherever the ends of secondary ridges coming down to the stream havebeen cut off. There are a few flats by the stream side, but many of these,being subject to flooding at high water, are unsuitable for village sites.The mountain sides are fairly steep, with scattered oaks, buckeye, andpines, and are cut through with rough gulches difficult to cross. Thevillages were located in such sheltered places with a southern exposure aswere fairly free from snow.

The food supply was similar to that of the Wailaki of the Main riverexcept that the migrating salmon did not come up the North Fork tothe country of this group. They were limited, for a fish diet, to trout andsteelhead.

218 University of California Publications in Am. Arch. and Ethn. [Vol. 17

There were four political and geographical divisions of the country.The main North Fork valley below the mouth of Hull's creek belongedto the t'odannafi kiyahafi, "prairie slope people." Next above them werethe t'okya kiyahafi, "prairie large people." On Red Mountain creek,

Map 1

1924] Goddard: Habitat of the Pitch Indians, a Wailaki Division

a considerable tributary from the east, were the tcokot kiyahafi. Eastof Main North Fork, beyond a high ridge, is the valley of a considerablecreek which flows into Hull's creek. This stream is called by the Wailakitc'i'afikot. It is known to the white people as kesus creek and is spelledon the Forestry service map, Casoose. Goodboy Jack pointed out theplace on this stream where a Mexican once lived. His name was, nodoubt, Jesus.' On this creek lived the tc'i'ankot kiyahafi, who were saidto be "mixed Wailaki and Yuki" and to have used both languages.Their affiliation, however, was with the Wailaki, not the Yuki.

T'ODaNNaNG KIYAHANG VILLAGES

Villages of the t'odannafi kiyahafi, as named by Goodboy Jack intheir order downstream, are t'otcadafi, on the north side of North Forknot far below the mouth of Hull's creek. Near by was antcanyacbannanf,"pepperwood slope"; next was setcammi', then n4eyindafi, thenlawasonk'ait. At the next village, t'antcankyodaci, was an earth lodge2and many dwelling houses.

On a rather hurried trip, without a guide, through the country of thet'odannafikiyahafi, a village site about 100 yards below the mouth ofHull's creek was noted. The site was sheltered by ridges on the east andwest and by the main mountain side on the north. Four pits werecounted. In a location which is probably in the southern part of Sec.20 T. 5SR8E, one house pit was found on the west side of a rocky gulch,and lower down, in a hollow by the creek, were four more. The othervillages mentioned were not found.

T'OKYA KIYAHANG VILLAGES

The village sites of the t'okya kiyakafi were all visited under theguidance of Goodboy Jack.

llifikyobi', "streams flow together large in," was a village on thewest side of North Fork just up-stream from the mouth of Hull's creek,situated close to the hillside, on a bench about 50 feet higher than theriver. The site is divided by a gulch, on the up-stream side of which,it was said, had been houses. Four distinct pits, and three less distinctones, were seen there.

At nando'ndafi, on the east side of the river about a quarter-mileabove the mouth of Hull's creek, 30 feet above the North Fork bed, fourpits were counted. One was 15 feet in diameter and 5 feet deep. Thiswas the village of Goodboy Jack's father.

1 Spanish jota when heard, not seen, is often rendered by English speakers as k.2 The large conical, earth-covered dance house of the region is meant.

219


tantctnyasbannafi is nearly opposite nando'ndani, on a point of landrunning toward the southwest. About 75 feet above the stream twopits, one above the other, were seen. No more could well have beenaccommodated.

Map 2

kallata, named for a big jagged rock, stood north and above the villagesite, a quarter of a mile upstream from the last village named and about300 feet higher than the river. A grove of oaks stands on a rounded pointwhere three house pits were seen. A gulch on the southern side furnishedwater in winter.


taltcaskLfi, named from a knoll, taltcas, was situated on the slopeof a large ridge around the end of which North Fork swings from flowingsoutheast to south. It was about 500 feet higher than the stream anddistant from it about one-eighth of a mile. Here once stood an earthlodge the pit of which was 30 feet in diameter. The center post was saidto have been 18 feet high. The doorway was toward the north. GoodboyJack remembered going into this house when he was a small boy. Mes-sengers had been sent out to invite people from a distance of two days'travel, and Indians from Main Eel river and from the north were present.

Three or four guns were brought to this gathering, evidently the firstto reach this region. The dances were given only when there wereplentiful harvests of acorns and other nuts. At such times no enmitywas shown ("Never kill when have sweathouse; other times kill.") Theman who had charge of the earth lodge was named tantcanyacta'.Across a small gulch were five house pits, in which the hosts lived whenthe festival was given.

saci'anye was named from a very large rock standing on the east sideof the river. The village was on the west side a little downstream fromthis rock. On a bench 30 feet above the river bed were seen five housepits and above were six more, one above the other, on the slope. In thisvillage lived tanlcanyacta', mentioned above, and si'idonta who was"boss" of all the villages of the t'okya kiyahafi, especially when theycamped together in summer time.

tco'ammi' was about one-third of a mile downstream on a wide pointof land covered with oaks and pepperwood trees. There is a sheer rockon the opposite side of the river. Three pits were seen here.

annEne'tccan. On the northeast side of the river stand two huge rocks,the up-stream one called scdtcannafi and the lower one sanafi. Betweenthese two rocks flows a creek, and on its north side, 75 feet below thesummit of the rocks, were three house pits in a hollow. A little southand 100 feet higher were found in succession three, two, and five pits.

kailtsotci canandafn was named from a rock called kailtsotci, underthe shelter of which the village stood. Four pits were seen here, andnorth of a small ridge, three others.

t'antcantantdldaft, pepperwood flat, was about 100 yards south ofkailtsotci on a small bench on the mountain side about 1000 feet aboveNorth Fork. It faced taltcacktfi and was about a quarter-mile south ofannene'tcafi. Three pits were found. A rock shelter higher on the hillsideand to the south was pointed out. At this village, shortly before thecoming of white people, lived dacya'tco, "large beard," chief of this

221


village and of annene'tcacf, of all the t'okya kiyahafn in fact. He wassucceeded by his son kisseke', who was killed by the whites.

mantc'aik'at was on the mountain side north of a large rough ravineand about 900 feet higher than the bed of North Fork. Four pits werefound.

mtstco'ca'nandafn, uphill from mantc'aik'at was not visited.seltcannant'a was named for a high rock, seltcannan, on the south

side of which there are five pits and, 100 yards below, six more. The siteis about 700 feet above North Fork and has a wonderful outlook downthe valley of North Fork.

seltcannan ye is at the base of the rock mentioned above, on theeastern side of North Fork. Three pits were found on a small bench.

k'ackanteldadf, "alder flat," is on the opposite side of the river on acurving bench. Two pits were found close to the hillside, and two nearerto the stream. Down-stream on a little bench, there were also twoindistinct ones, said by Jack to have been used long ago.

CHOKOT KIYAHANG HABITAT

Some three miles north a considerable tributary, Red Mountaincreek, comes in from the east. The Wailaki name is tco'kot. On thiscreek were winter villages occupied by a group known as tcokot kiyahani.The chief was named setacta', and another important man, menicccai.Some of these people were brought to the reservation but they are nowall dead. Goodboy Jack said he did not know the village names and it isprobable that all further information has been lost. The impression hadbeen received that Salt Creek valley was inhabited, but Jack said it wastoo cold to live there in winter. Presumably it was the hunting groundof the tcokot kiyahanf.

CH'I'aNGKOT KIYAHANG VILLAGES

The tc'i'afikot kiyahafi, as has been said above, lived on a creeknearly parallel with North Fork and east of it beyond a high ridge. Notall the villages were visited. On the east side of the stream where itemerges from a canyon is a large rocky hill, which gives its name tothe creek and the people.

tc'iaflmiye is on a knoll 100 feet higher than the creek and 100 yardsdown-stream from the beginning of the canyon. Five pits were counted.

k'aickonteldafi is on the east side on a flat 100 feet higher than thecreek which flows just below it. The village site is near a post whichmarked the old boundary between Trinity and Mendocino counties.Two pits were seen.


t'antcigtt'tcaci is on the west side of the creek, nearly oppositek'aickonteldafi, to the north of a small creek containing water and of aridge which runs down to the main creek and terminates in a great,nearly sheer cliff. The village site is about 500 feet higher than thestream. Eight pits in two rows were counted.

T 45NR/V/?4W

Map 3

On the same side of the creek, farther up-stream, are djetobi', nearthe creek and among large rocks, and t'ankyosidani, neither of whichwas found when a search was made without a guide.

mafik'atdafi was named from a small pond near which are desertedbuildings and an old orchard. A hundred yards northeast of this pond,back against the hill, four pits were found in a row, two above them, andtwo others nearby, making eight altogether. The last chief of thisvillage was named tcasnainfiaita'.

223


tlt'aktcibi', named for black oak s, is nearer the creek thanmafik'atdafi. The number of pits was not recorded, but signs of a villagethere were unmistakable.

ktlkokyoktnnedafi was named for a brushy butte at the base of whichthe village stood. The site is 100 feet higher than the creek on its north-west side just below a canyon. Three pits were seen.

ktlkokyodafi is on the south side of the butte mentioned above andabout 100 yards distant. Four large pits were noticed.

yictannebi', "wolf's road in," was about 160 yards from the last,across an open knoll, back somewhat from the creek so that the sunreaches the spot. There are two pits. Steelhead salmon are able tocome up the creek this far.

sEttcitcikLtdatdan, named for a rock, settci, was at the base of amountain on the north side of the creek and just above the flood waters.It had a good southeastern exposure. Three pits in a row were found.

lonbastedafi was on a flat on the south side of the creek where thereare now unoccupied buildings. It is a little up-stream from the precedingvillage. The place was seen from the trail on the north side of this creek.There is said to be a village site bearing the same name over the ridgefrom sEttcitcikttdatdafi; selttttcica'nandacf was previously given as avillage. Goodboy Jack also mentioned that there was a village highon the hillside on the east side of the creek midway betweentc'i'anmiye and k'aickontdldan. The site was pointed out as nearbuildings which stand on the hillside.

A village called selkantcilai' was mentioned as located on the eastside of the creek below tlt'aktcibi'.

Somewhere south, probably on Horse Canyon Creek or Hull's Creekproper, is a waterfall, called noledaft, where fish are plentiful. TheIndians froip North Fork, the to'kya kiyahafi, and from Jesus creek, thetc'i'ankotkiyahani, made use of this fishing place. Goodboy Jack wasborn there during the summer.

POPULATION

Here in mountain valleys were four small political groups or sub-tribes. Of these a thorough survey was made of only one, the t'okyakiyahafi. They had 15 villages, the sites of 14 of which were visited,and on these sites 66 house pits were counted. This gives nearly 5 housesto a village or 75 houses for the t'okya kiyahafi. The named villages ofthe tc'i'afikot kiyahafn were 16. The house pits were counted in 7 ofthem and totaled 35, again 5 houses to the village. The population was

1924] Goddard: Habitat of the Pitch Indians, a Waitaki Division

probably about the same as for the t'okya kiyahafi. For the two divi-sions a population of 500 is a conservative estimate, for there is no reasonto doubt that all these villages were occupied at one time. Of the vil-lages of the t'odafinan kiyahaci only six were named. It is probable thatthere were more, which were not named. No estimate can be made forthe tcokot kiyahafi, for the creek valley in which they lived was not seen.It is not unreasonable to suppose that the t'odannafi kiyahafi numbereda hundred and the tcokot kiyahafi as many as fifty. There may havebeen twice as many.

The Pitch Wailaki, numbering probably between 650 and 800, havepractically disappeared within the memory of a man still living. Theydiffered from the main group of Wailaki tribes only in their adaptationto a habitat a little more arid and nearer the headwaters of streamswhere fish were less abundant. They held the extreme southeasternextension of Athapascan territory on the Pacific Coast.

KEY TO MAPS 1, 2, 3

djEta-ya, Pitch People

Map 1.-Subdivisions:t'odannafi kiyahanit'okya kiyahafitcokot kiyakafitc'i'afikot kiyahafi

Villages of the t'odafifiafn kiyahafit'otcadafiantcanyacbanafisetcammi'nel-yindanflawasonk'aitt'antcankyodafi

Map 2.-Villages of the t'okya kiyahani1. lelinyobii2. nando'nadafi3. tantcLnyasbannafi4. kallata5. taltcaskdi6. saci'anye7. tco'ammi'8. annene'tccai

9.10.11.12.13.14.15.

kailtsotcicanandanit'antcantantldadimantc'ail'atmLstcoca'nandacnsedtcannant'aseltcannanyek'ackanteldafi

Map 3.-Villages of the tc'i'ankotkiyahani

16. maci'atdadi17. t'antcigtttcaLn18. djetobi'19. t'ankyosidani20. tc'i'anmiye21. k'aickontdldafi22. dit'aktcibi'23. ktlkokyoktnnedani24. kdlkokyodaci25. yictannebi'26. setcitcik&tdatdaci28. lonbastedafi29. selkantcilai'

225

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November,1910. .~~~~~ . -...-. . *..*.....,...~~~~...,... -..35

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an.1915. r,........ .......1

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VoL 14.~ 1. The Language of .the Salnan, Idias, b3.AdnMsn.P.154January, 14918........................................... ..... . 1.75

9.Casand -Moieties in Southern California, bEdadWnlwGord.'pp. 15iE-219, I figure In teXt,. M$archi, 1918..... .............. .75

3. EthpogdogfaphY. anad Archaeology of, the Wiyot,Tertry y~lwl LeLouid.,i Pp. 221-436, plates 1-21, 5tx Iur&Dcme, 90.'. 2._50

4ThWiton Heal -Ceremfony, by'S. A.Bar tt.P.437-488, plate22233pigres in text. Mairch. 1919. .............. .75

5.. The Goneitic-'RelationshIp of the, lNoth American, India,$n,L (MOgs,bPal a&in" Pp. 489-502. May, 1I1 ...... .... .......... .. 1

Ine,p.503-506.''Vol 15. 1. tfutgao tar,_~by D,. F. Barton. Pp 1-186, plates 1-33. Februry 199 2.00

2.Nabaloi Sonigs, by CM. R. Moss Wa,d A. L, 14voeber p 187208 Ma,1919, -.203. Nabaloi Law and .Ritual4 by CB.Mp.Pp." 207-342,.pate 34-37. Octobeit,

1920..... .~............. .......1.7.5 ... .......... ...... .....

4.Kamkanay Oereifonies, by C. R. Moss.' Pp., 343-384. October 1920 .-.. .65.I~gao Eonomis, by B.F arton.` Pp. 385-44-0,,plates 38-45.. April, 1922 .0

VoL. 1. 1,mytihs of the Southern, ierraAMiwok,by'S. A. Earrett. Pp. 1-28. March-,191. -............ ............ .... ......30.....

2. The Matiieal Compe,by Robert H, Lowie.,' Pp. 29-45. Maroh, 1919.... .15,-.The IdnguJistic, Familie! o Clfornia, "by. Roami B. Dixon and- A. 'L.,

Kroeber. Pp. 47-.118,ma 1, 61gur in 'tet Setember, 191 .........754. calendar -of the Indan Northi of-M-exico, by Lona Cp.P.1916

with 1$ maps'. November 199-.~ ..755.Turo,Geogrphy, byT. T. aemn p 17714,~pla1tes ~1-16, 1 -text,

figure, 34 maps. Ma, 12... . . .. ... .2.00;6. The Ca_hWill Indians, by tu'cile Hooper. E Mp.235380. April 1920.- . .77. The- Autobgiogaphy- of-a -Wlinnebag'o Indiai, by Paul R3dln. -Pp.- 1-.

April, 1920'.. ....................-... .....O1.08. Yumtan Tribes~of -the, Lower Colorado, byA., L.& roeber,. Pp . 475-485.

August, 1920.......... ............-..... ...........25.Vol.17 1. The. Sourced a'gnd-Authentilciy of the History of the AcntMxclams, bY

Pal adin. 'Pp. 1-150oI,17paes. June, 1920 ............ ...... 1.75:2.~CAlioriaCulture Proqvinces, byA L roeber.' Plp. 151-4-69, 2 maps.;

Setme,1920 .......... .....2..3.Winter and Summr anc# Sie"ries In-ZU .i in 4918,-t by Elsip Clews Parsons.

Pp.11-21, 2 fgure 1n text.- August, 1922 -- ......... .... .....

-4. Habitat fth itlInan,aWikiDiso,by:Pliny EArIe Goddard.,pp., 21-2,3 iue in temct ..F...... ...........1924..... . -.25

Vol181.Calforian~inl4pTermin'o Ogies by E9dward Winslow Gifford. Pp. 1-285,wit =9 aps. Dlec'ember, 1922.------------..... 4.00

Vo.19.- 1 WappO v!exts.V VFirst Smries; by PatUl Radin. Pp. ~1-147. FLeb(ruary 194 1.75Vol. 20. The Phoebe Apperson- HEeast Memkorial, olnie, -v39pp,r 2 plautes,

22 fgures ntext .ecmbr,19...0

Note.i-The University 'of, California Pulctosaeoffered in exchange for- th'e publ.t-cations of learned. societtiep andl4 institutos niestes, and 1ibrarios., Complete, listsoaul the publications of., the- Universt wilbren pni-qet or isample- cbple istsof p~biations or other frmto,adeste AN ERO TESUI RIYPRESS,BERKELEY, C-ALIFRNA,U. S4. A., 'All,~mate s ntin 6px ne. should -be

addessd t TE EXC1KAXGE DEBPARTMENT, UDViST LBAY ERKLYCALIFORI,U .A.

habiitat, of the pitch indians. 'a wailakiy division · 2018-10-04 · the festival wasgiven....

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