Haitian Society Today: A socio-economic status report from the ECVH

Interim Cooperation Framework Identification Exercise.

Port-au-Prince, May 9th 2004

Étude sur les Conditions de Vie en Haïti

• Nationwide, household sample survey of 7812 households

– Data collected in 2001

– 92 percent response rate

– Representative on the department level

• Outputs– Tabulation report : Published

– Database: available at ICC

– Draft analytical report: available at ICC

– Also used for…o Poverty Profile (MEF 2003)o Input to political dialogue on poverty

and development priorities, Oslo

Education

Force de travail

Santé et nutrition

Démographie

Logement et infrastructure

Economie des ménages

Agriculture

Perception de l’état santé

Attitudes et perceptions

Violence domestique

Education

Force de travail

Santé et nutrition

Education

Force de travail

Santé et nutrition

Démographie

Logement et infrastructure

Economie des ménages

Agriculture

Perception de l’état santé

Attitudes et perceptions

Violence domestique

Dimensions

Outline of presentation

• Resources: What is there to build on? – Physical, human, social capitals

• How are resources used today? – Labour force and income sources

• What are the results of current adaptations?

– Well being, income poverty

An agricultural economy facing change

• Small-holding agriculture is still Haiti’s economic backbone– Two-thirds of the population live in rural areas (down from 75 percent in

1982)– Three-quarters of rural population have access to land, mostly owned – “Subsistence” production on small units with no capital inputs

• Informal, “rentier” urban economy – Employment rates are low overall; one-third of income is transfers– Two-thirds of workers are self-employed; more wage-work in PauP– But jobs, services, income levels attracts migrants to the capital; half of

resident population were born outside

• A Farewell to Farms?– Land erosion threatens rural productive base– Subdivision of land has reached its limit– Transfers retire workers from low-productivity agriculture; not invested in

agricultural capital– Education pulls people from farming to non-agricultural rural and urban

sectors

Trois ménages ruraux sur quatre ont accès à une parcelle

• En moyenne 1,8 parcelle par ménage agricole

• L’exploitation moyenne est de 1,8 ha / 1,4 carreau

• Une corrélation proche entre le nombre de parcelles et la taille totale de l’exploitation

– Mais différences régionales: Artibonite possède le nombre le plus faible de parcelles et les exploitations les plus grandes

• No strong income-land concentration0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Low est20 %

Q2 Q3 Q4 Highest20 %

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

Size in carreauxNumber of plots

PlotsLand-size, car.

Rural quintiles

Une grande majorité des parcelles sont dirigés par les propriétaires

• 82 % des parcelles (ou terres) sont la propriété des exploitants eux-mêmes

• Des types de tenure combinés sont rares

– 76 % des exploitants possèdent toute leur terre

– 7 % sont des métayers

• Mais pas de titres de propriété pour plusieurs des parcelles possédées

– 40% de lopins n’ont pas de titre formel de possession

Tenure forms by income quintiles

0 % 20 % 40 % 60 % 80 % 100 %

Q1

Q2

Q3

Q4

Q5

All plots ow ned Ow ned + sharecr. Ow ned + rentedRented (+ sharecr.) All sharecr.

Machette et houe sont les outils agricoles les plus répandus

• 95 % des agriculteurs ont accès à une machette et la plupart en possède une

• 76 % ont accès à l’équipement de base du fermier: la machette et la houe

– Seulement 60 % possède les deux

• L’équipement mécanisé fait pratiquement défaut

– 5 % ont accès à une charrue – pour la plupart louée ou empruntée

• Only 15 percent of cultivators apply modern agro-inputs

– Mostly among rice farmers in the Artibonite

• Production is exclusively non-export

– Corn, haricot, petite mille (sorghum), plaintain, manioc

– Single-crop production only among Artibonite rice farmers

60% des terres ont un risque d’érosion plus élevé que la moyenne

• La majorité des ménages considèrent l’érosion comme une problème sérieux

• Plus de 90 % des ménages utilisent principalement le bois ou le charbon pour la cuisson

Données: UTSIG

Very serious riskSerious riskRaised riskAverage riskWeak riskVery weak risk

Carte / Donnes: UTSIG

Key infrastructure is absent outside of Port au Prince

• Access to infrastructure is limited overall

– 8 % access to piped water

• And concentrated in the PauP

– Where quality is poor

0

20

40

60

80

100

Electricity

Road

Piped waterGarbage collected

Phone

Aire Métropolitaine

Autre urbain

Rural

Households in countryside and regional towns own their dwellings

0 % 10 % 20 % 30 % 40 % 50 % 60 % 70 % 80 % 90 % 100 %

Aire Métropolitaine

Autre urbain

Rural

Owned with title Owned without title Rented and other• 90 percent of rural

households own their dwelling

– But half lack legal documentation

• In Aire Metropolitain, the majority rent

– Across the income distribution, but more ownership in highest quintile

Literacy rates have improved significantly

• Adult literacy now stands at 54 percent

• Urban-rural gap has decreased

• Women have caught up on men

– Gender gap is gone among 15-19 year old

Literacy by age and region

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

65 + 55-59 60-64 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19

Age

Aire Métropolitaine

Autre urbain

Rural

Nearly half of rural children are not enrolled in primary school

• Net primary enrolment is 60 %

• Rural-urban gap persists

• Gender gap is gone

– And women may be passing men

• 75 percent of children have more education than their parents

Net primary enrolment rates by sex and region

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Aire Métropolitaine

Autre urbain

Rural

Aire Métropolitaine

Autre urbain

RuralFemme

Homme

The schooling generation faces serious quality problems

• Late start (graph)– Maxmimum primary enrolment

reached at the age of 12

• Incomplete cycles– 84% des 15-24 ans ont réussi la

première année fondamentale, 50% ont terminé l’école primaire et un quart seulement ont achevé les trois cycles de l’école fondamentale (9ème année)

• Teachers’ training– 74 percent of teachers do not have

the baccalaureate– In private schools, only 12 percent

of teachers have baccaluareate

(Source: IHSI 2000)

School enrolment by age

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

6 7 8 9 10 11 12

Age

Insuffisance pondérale plus répandue parmi les femmes haïtiennes que les autres femmes de l’Amérique Latine

• 11 pour cent des femmes haïtiennes ont un poids insuffisant

– Nord-Ouest, Grand- Anse, Nord-Est have highest rates

– La surcharge pondérale est un problème à venir en Haïti

• Similar decrease in malnutrition among children found by DHS surveys

– From 27-28 % (94/95) to 16-18 % (2000)

– Source EMMUS II & III0 20 40 60 80 100

Peru 2000 

Bolivia 1998 

Guatemala 1998/99 

Colombia 2000 

Nicaragua 1997/98 

Dominican Republic 1996 

Haiti 2000

Haiti 1994/95 

HLCS 2001

%

Insufficence pondéral Normal Obésité

DHS-data:

Health status deteriorates quickly from the mid 40s

• 29 percent of adult population have a reduced mobility level

• 17 percent of adults have major mobility problem, but increases rapidly from the 40s

• Only 25 percent of adult women report own health as ”good” or ”very good”

• Half of those with acute illness in the past two weeks did not seek help, mainly because of the costs

Full mobility

0

20

40

60

80

100

14- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70+Age

Perc

ent

Women

Men

Major mobility problems

0

20

40

60

80

100

14- 20- 30- 40- 50- 60- 70+Age

Per

cent

MenWomen

Macro social cohesion threatened in urban areas

• 60 percent of urban dwellers feel personal fear in their own homes

– But household level inter-personal relations are strong; important safety nets

• Fear of crime less widespread in rural areas

– The importance of collective, voluntary work teams show social strengths

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Unsafe at home

Afraid to go themarket

Afraid to go tonearest town

Aire Metropolitain

Other urban

Rural

Transfers reduce labour force participation

• Economic activity rates are low and unemployment is high

– Only 45 percent of adults are employed

– Total LF participation is 59 percent

• Permitted by large inflow of transfers

– 31 percent of households have close relatives abroad; mainly US

– In Aire Metropolitain, half of households have close relatives abroad

– One-third of annual, urban household income is transfer

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

AireMétropolitaine

Autre urbain

Rural

Homme

Femme

Actif occupé Chômeur

Majority of workers are self-employed in agriculture, trade

• 79 percent of the workforce are self-employed– In Aire Metropolitain, 44 percent are wage workers, including 7 percent in public

sector

– In urban areas, commerce and trade is dominant sector (37-38 %)

– Manufacturing employs 7 percent of workforce, 15 percent in Aire Metropolitain

– Agriculture now accounts for less than half of national workforce (44 %)

– Even in rural areas, only about half of households live from farming

• Migrants are not deterred by high unemployment in PauP– Half of residents in the Aire Metropolitain not born here

– In the southern departements, 40 percent leave before their mid 20s

– But overall, population is stationary: 85 percent live where they were born

– Migrants catch up with permanent residents on education, jobs, income

Income poverty is pervasive outside of Aire Metropolitain

• 67 percent of rural population live in extreme poverty

• Nord Est, Nord Ouest have highest poverty rates

• Consumption poverty may have decreased during the 1990s

– And expenditure data would yield lower poverty rates

Pauvreté extrême - Less than 1$ (PPP) per day per capita (2001)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Aire Metropolitain

Autre urbain

Rural

Haiti

Amérique Latin & Caraïbes

Asie du sud

Afrique sub-saharienne

And income inequality is extreme

• Reflecting huge income differences between and within rural and urban areas

• But important livelihood security mechanisms exist in rural areas

– Land ownership (82 %)

– Home ownership (90%)

– Plot diversification (1.9 per farm)

– Crop diversification (3.6 per farm)

– Self-consumption (28 % of rural HH inc)

Gini coefficients

0,65

0,49

0,47

0,32

0,00 0,10 0,20 0,30 0,40 0,50 0,60 0,70

Haiti

Amérique Latin &Caraïbes

Afrique sub-saharienne

Asie du sud

Focus on the fundamentals

• Results demonstrate acute deficiencies in fundamental conditions for economic growth in general and a heritage of rural neglect in particular

• In the first phase, policies should focus on improving those fundamentals, notably…

– Infrastructure: electricity, roads, garbage collection– Law enforcement– Primary education

• Special emphasis must be given to rural areas in all sector policies and state must engage agricultural sector

• On longer term, development policies must make difficult decisions on the role of agriculture versus other sectors

– Allocation of required investments must be weighed against other needs and sectors

– Tariff protection policies must assess distributive impact– Livelihood security easily disrupted by interventions