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Italy and its unification

Congress of Vienna ± held in Vienna,

  Austria from September, 1814 to June,

1815 and was under the influence of 

Klemens Wenzel von Metternich

Purpose: to have a peace settlement

regarding with colonies left by Napoleon

and to restore ³legitimacy´ ± monarchy

government.

Its political philosophy is conservatism.

Conservatism desire to preserve

traditions and long-established

institutions.

Participants: The four great Powers and

Bourbon France

y Metternich represents Austria *it¶s

Emperor is Francis I

y Viscount Castlereagh  represents

United Kingdom

y Tsar Alexander I represents

Russia

y Karl August von Hardenberg

represents Prussia *Frederick

William III the current king of 

Prussia that time

Liberalism - political philosophy based

on a belief in individual freedom,

equality under law and freedom of 

thought and religion.

It develop among the 19th Middle class

(Bankers, merchants, lawyers,

  journalists, university students and

intellectuals)

Nationalism ± devotion to one¶s nation

5 factors of nationalism

-History

-Religion

-Language

-Territory

-culture

Prince Klemens von Metternich ± had a

large influence in the Congress of 

Vienna. He became the symbol in

suppressing the nationalism and

liberalism.

The Concert of Europe maintains

Europe stability - 1815 Russia, Austria,

Prussia and Great Britain agreed to act

together in the future to preserve peace

in Europe and to maintain the territorial

settlement of the Congress of Vienna.

Quadruple Alliance ± former name of 

concert of Europe. When France joined

the alliance the quadruple alliancechange its name into Concert of Europe.

Holy Alliance ± a pledge between

  Austria, Prussia and Russia on

September 1815 to govern the people

with the principles of the Christian

religion ± justice, love and peace.

Metternich¶s system - Metternich turned

the Concert of Europe into anagreement to protect absolute monarchy

by checking liberal ideas and nationalist

movements.

Conservative rules set up spy systems,

censored books and newspapers and

imprisoned liberals.

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1848 is a year of Revolutions

Between 1846 and 1848 Europe

suffered an economic crisis.

It Lead to severe unemployment

Blaming their governments for their 

misery, the common people sought

reforms.

 As in 1830, rebellion in France was the

spark that set off other revolutions.

Louis Philippe¶s rule had never satisfied

a large section of the people in France.

People attracted to a reform called

socialism.

(Ownership and control of the means of 

production and distribution, of capital, la

nd in the community as a whole)

Louis Blanc demanded National

Workshop that will provide jobs to the

unemployed but the cost of the

workshop program upset many

taxpayers, both peasants and

bourgeoisie.

June 1848

The government closed the workshop

and the Parisian workers rose in revolt

over the loss job. Men and women and

children again set up barricades in the

streets of Paris.

Revolts break out in Italy

Young Italy

1831, popular writer, Giuseppe Mazzini,

launched nationalist group called Young

Italy to fight for unification of Italian

states

Secret Societies

Italian artists, writers, thinkers becameinterested in celebrating Italy¶s cultural

traditions

Others formed secret societies to work

for political change, plotted to overthrow

 Austrian government in Italy

  Although Italian revolutionaries

everywhere were defeated, the aims of 

the Risorgimento persisted.

*Risorgimento ±it means ³Resurgence´

- liberal, nationalist newspaper founded

in Turin 15 December 1847 by Count

Camillo Benso di Cavour 

Some of the reforms won by the

revolutionaries were retained

- the right to vote

- The end of serfdom- Representative assemblies