haugen disease and insects
TRANSCRIPT
Upper Mississippi Floodplain Forest Workshop, September 16, 2015
Linda Haugen, Plant PathologistUSDA Forest Service, Forest Health Protection
St. Paul, Minnesota
USDA Forest Service State and Private ForestryUSDA Forest Service State and Private Forestry
Evaluating Potential Impactsof Diseases and Insects on Bottomland Forests
(in the context of the Upper Mississippi Watershed)
Information to help you:• Recognize which are the important threats• ‘Position’ your forests to minimize risk
Examples/points from 4 current threats
Framework
Type of damage Plant part affected
Tree Killer?
Example Likelihood of significant economic or ecological impact
foliage diseases leaves Not usually Tar spot on maple
Not likely
Defoliating insects
leaves Not usually Cottonwood leaf beetle
Not likely
cankers Main stem, branches
variable Nectria canker Variable, depends on level of damage
Stem borers/ bark beetles
Main stem, branches
yes Emerald Ash Borer (EAB)
Likely
root diseases roots yes Armillaria root disease
Likely
wilts Whole tree yes Dutch elm disease
Likely
decay Main stem Not usually Artists’ conk, sulfur conk, etc.
Variable, depends on level of damage
Framework
Foliage diseases Defoliating Insects Canker Diseases Bark Beetles and Borers
Wilt Diseases Root diseases Decay
American Elm Black spot Elm leaf beetle Nectria and other cankers
Elm bark beetles Dutch elm disease
Armillaria [wetwood]
Green Ash, black ash
Anthracnose FTC Emerald Ash Borer
[ash yellows] Perenniporia
Cottonwood Marssonina, Melampsora, etc.
Cottonwood leaf beetle
Maple (Silver, Red, and Boxelder)
Leafspots and anthracnose
Nectria, Eutypella, and other cankers
Asian LonghornedBeetle?
Verticillium Wilt Fomes and others
Willow (black, sandbar, etc.)
Venturia shoot blight
FTC/ gypsy moth Various Armillaria and others
Various
Oak (Swamp White, Pin, etc.)
Anthracnose FTC/ gypsy moth Two-lined chestnut borer
Oak Wilt Armillaria Phellinus, Laetiporus, etc.
River Birch Anthracnose, leaf blight
Black Walnut Anthracnose and other leafspots
Thousand Cankers Disease; Fusariumcanker
Bitternut Hickory
anthracnose Ceratocystiscanker/ Hickory Wilt
Hickory bark beetle
Hackberry Leaf galls
Sycamore Sycamoreanthracnose
Pecan Pecan scab and anthracnose
Big concern Noticeable, but not a big problemSometimes a problem Not significant, or not known
Example: Flood Plain Species
Knowns vs. Unknowns
Framework
• Deal with the known, plan for the unknown.
• It helps if you know what is “normal”.• If something seems sinister, check with
the forest health specialists.
Sometimes we don’t even know what we don’t know.
ALB
Knowns vs. Unknowns
Framework
Deal with the known, plan for the unknown.
Consequential vs. Inconsequential• Case by case basis, depending on past
history. Need to know the biology.• Is it lethal?• Will it spread?• For some pests, we don’t know.
TCD
Knowns vs. Unknowns
Framework
Deal with the known, plan for the unknown.
Is there anything you can or should do? Again, case by case basis.
Consequential vs. Inconsequential
Manageable vs. Unmanageable
Case by case basis, depending on past history.
Oak Wilt DED
Can we do anything about it?
General guidelines:1. Be careful when moving firewood, outdoor tools,
and nursery stock.2. Monitor for emerging problems.3. Species selection: diversity and site adaptation. 4. Avoid wounding, remove damaged trees during
harvesting. Specific management tools for some pests.
Framework
No management tools for some pests.No control over weather, flooding, and wounding by natural agents.
YE
SN
O
Framework
Foliage diseases Defoliating Insects Canker Diseases Bark Beetles and Borers
Wilt Diseases Root diseases Decay
American Elm Black spot Elm leaf beetle Nectria and other cankers
Elm bark beetles Dutch elm disease
Armillaria [wetwood]
Green Ash, black ash
Anthracnose FTC Emerald Ash Borer
[ash yellows] Perenniporia
Cottonwood Marssonina, Melampsora, etc.
Cottonwood leaf beetle
Maple (Silver, Red, and Boxelder)
Leafspots and anthracnose
Nectria, Eutypella, and other cankers
Asian LonghornedBeetle?
Verticillium Wilt Fomes and others
Willow (black, sandbar, etc.)
Venturia shoot blight
FTC/ gypsy moth Various Armillaria and others Various
Oak (Swamp White, Pin, etc.)
Anthracnose FTC/ gypsy moth Two-lined chestnut borer
Oak Wilt Armillaria Phellinus, Laetiporus, etc.
River Birch Anthracnose, leaf blight
Black Walnut Anthracnose and other leafspots
Thousand Cankers Disease; Fusariumcanker
Bitternut Hickory
anthracnose Ceratocystiscanker/ Hickory Wilt
Hickory bark beetle
Hackberry Leaf galls
Sycamore Sycamoreanthracnose
Pecan Pecan scab and anthracnose
Big concern Noticeable, but not a big problemSometimes a problem Not significant, or not known
Example: Flood Plain Species
ALB
• Not “here” yet.
• Eats Maple. (And willow and elm.)• Infestations discovered in New York
(1996), then Chicago (eradicated), New Jersey, Massachusetts, and OHIO (2011).
• Eradication is the goal.• Moved in dunnage, woody debris,
firewood… introduced first into industrial areas, and moved in wood waste.
Asian Longhorned Beetle
ALB
large black beetle with white spots, long banded antennae
Adult females chew egg niches in bark, often stay on or near original tree.
Key Signs:
Photo from USDA Forest Service
Photo from USDA Forest Service
ALB
3/8” round exit holes
Larvae bore deep into the wood, riddle the wood.
Photo from USDA Forest Service
Photo from USDA Forest Service
OW
Oak Wilt
Impacts can be huge:
• Kills valuable trees, hard mast producers.
• Red oaks (pin oak) particularly affected.
• Trees killed quickly–in weeks.
• Spreads overland and through roots.
Photo from Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service
OW
Overland Cycle establishment of new foci
Underground Cycleexpansion of foci
• Importance of insect vectors
• Conditions for production of mats and pads
• Affected by soil type, species mix, stand history…
OWSo what can you do?
Underground:
• Rupture root connections, vibratory plow.
• Herbicides?
• Fragment your stands.
Overland:
• Season of mgt activity
• Remove potential spore producing trees
• Consider neighbors!
Sometimes it’s not feasible to do anything.
Photo credit: Jenifer Juzwik
Photo credit: Steve Cook
Photo credit: Steve Cook
It can be complicated. You may have different
management choices for the same pest.
You need to understand the biology/ecology.
Thousand Cankers Disease of Black Walnut
• ‘New’ problem. Started ‘out West’ in 1990’s, big problem in Colorado around 2003.
• Walnut twig beetle attacks on branches and bole
• Geosmithia morbida fungus causes a small canker at the WTB attack site.
• “1000’s” of cankers coalesce and progressively kill branches and bole.
TCD
Photo by Whitney Cranshaw, Colorado State University
Ned Tisserat, Colorado State University, Bugwood.org
• In the EAST, in most places that it has been found, it has been there 15 to 20 years before detected.
• Generally, it has been found in urban areas, on trees under stress.
• One study showed some IMPROVEMENT in condition of affected trees.
• The fungus is associated with WTB, but it has also been isolated from certain WEEVILS. (probably a casual [not CAUSAL] association).
• MANY different beetles and weevils attack stressed walnut. Also other pathogens (e.g. Fusarium).
TCD
Dutch Elm Disease/ American ElmDED
Minnesota Department of Natural Resources Archive, Bugwood.org
American elm is not gone from our floodplain forests, but it’s role is changed.
Elm “Restoration” in the Upper Mississippi River Watershed and elsewhere.
Dr. Jim Slavicek,Dr. Kathleen KnightDr. Leila PinchotNorthern Research Station, Delaware, Ohio
Chad GiblinGarrett Beier (grad student)
University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN
• Pruning/ Urban Utilization• Selection of New American Elm Cultivars– 12+ under evaluation• Understanding of Resistance Mechanisms
• 4 “Wild land” sites• Planted 2005 and 2007• INTENSE protection• 30 to 40 trees per site
Photo from Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service
DED
DED tolerant American elm:
• Princeton,
• Valley Forge,
• New Harmony,
• R18-2,
• Delaware,
• seedling crosses
Photo from Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service
Some Dutch elm disease tolerant * cultivars have been identified:
Princeton Highly available yes
Valley Forge (Amer. 3) Moderately to highly available. yes
New Harmony (Amer. 680) Low to moderately available. yes
Lewis & Clark ‘Prairie Expedition’ TM Limited availability
Jefferson (N3487) (triploid) Beginning availability Yes, recently
American Liberty (W502, W503, W505, W507, W510, and M-8)
Only through the Elm Research Institute (ERI).
Independence (W510) Yes, as part of American Liberty
Delaware 2 (Delaware) Not commercial yes
R18-2 Not commercial yes
St. Croix 2015? MN selection
Commercial Availability NRS using?
* Tolerance implies that the tree can become infected by DED, but will usually suffer limited dieback and will survive. Resistance implies that the trees cannot be infected.
How do you test for DED tolerance?• Grow up multiple copies of the same tree (clones).• Let them grow about 8 years to become small trees.• Challenge them with the DED fungus, record how much they die.• Compare that to the response of known DED susceptible
American elms that were grown along with the test trees.
It is a long, arduous process.
“Lessor elms”, being grown up in Ohio for future testing. Photo courtesy of Jim Slavicek.
How do you test for Heritability of DED Tolerance?Much like testing for DED tolerance… you grow up multiple progeny of known crosses, and when they are big enough, you challenge them with the DED fungus.
Data from Slavicek and Knight. 2012. Generation of American Elm Trees with Tolerance to Dutch Elm Disease Through Controlled Crosses and Selection. http://www.fs.fed.us/psw/publications/documents/psw_gtr240/psw_gtr240_342.pdf
ONE cross between R18-2 and Valley Forge.
Number of trees (progeny of DED tolerant parents) with progressive categories of foliar symptoms.
Comparison to the foliar symptoms on a known DED susceptible clone.
When challenged with DED, most trees had low (<30%) foliar symptoms
When challenged, all trees had high (>50%) symptoms
Progeny of these DED tolerant parents did very well.
Seed was collected by bucket truck in Spring 2012.
The seed is open-pollinated. One parent is known to be DED tolerant, the second parent is unknown. Since the trees are growing in a cluster of DED tolerant trees, the male parent is likely to also be a DED tolerant elm.
Opportunity: DED tolerance enriched SeedDED tolerant elm trees at a Forest Service
research site in Delaware, Ohio.survived inoculation with the
DED fungus, and are now producing seed.
Taking Advantage of an Opportunity
“Enriched vs Local” Is this seed really any better than local seed on the landscape?
“Operational Trials”We don’t have any experience growing American elm on an operational basis. If we are eventually able to get a good supply of suitable American elm, we need information on how to successfully grow it.
USFS NRSKathleen Knight, Jim Slavicek
USFS SPFO:Linda Haugen
USFS Region 9Paul Berrang, Toumey Nursery, Oconto River Seed Orchard
Army Corps of Engineers:Randy Urich, Bobby Jackson
Enriched vs Local Container grown:
Toumey nursery
2 localities ORSO and Trimbelle
Over 640 seedlings/site11 treatments (7 enriched,2 local, tolerant control,
susceptible control), 8-9 blocks/site
Outplanted in 2014
Grow for 8 years, then challenge with Ophiostoma novo-ulmi.
The Trimbelle site, right after planting.When everything was nice and neat.
Photo from Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service
“Enriched vs Local” Is this seed really any better than local seed on the landscape?
We need this information before we “deploy” large numbers of seedlings.
Wisconsin DNR:Wilson nursery, BoscabelGreg Edge, Gary Zielske, Nick Koltz
Army Corps of Engineers:Randy Urich, Bobby Jackson
Iowa DNR:Bob Honeywell
Minnesota DNR:Chad Gelner
Southwest Badger RC&D:Patrick Dayton
Operational TrialsPublic Lands Partners
Bare root, Wilson nursery
Outplanted 2013, 2014
• Bare root at Wilson State Forest Nursery, Boscabel, Wisconsin.
• Seed collected and sown spring 2012; 1st batch (1-0) lifted spring 2013.
• Some seedlings held over to produce 2-0 stock in 2014, plus more seed was sown in 2013*.
• Funded by partner purchase of seedlings for planting on their sites.
*2013 sowing failed due to sowing and field conditions, so we only had 2-0 stock for planting in 2014. The seed in storage was tested and is still viable for future sowing.
Nursery Propagation:
Representative elm seedlings in fall 2012, after spring 2012 sowing.
Operational Trial Objectives:
• Compare different elm seedling sizes – what’s more plantable, what survives best (e.g. 1-0, 2-0 pruned, 2-0 not pruned).
• Compare how elm performance varies over different sites / situations (e.g. gaps of different sizes, underplanting, open islands, different silvicultural situations).
• Compare performance of planted elms to other species of planted tree seedlings grown together on the site.
• As elms get old enough, compare DED incidence in the different sites / situations.
Operational Trials Site detailsAgency Site name year planted Description of location, details of site and planting
ACoE
Pool 3 / Gores (Goodhue County)
June 2013, flooded 2 weeks after planting
Southeast of Hastings, on the Mississippi bottoms. North of "North Lake Public Access".56 acres site with 3 harvest treatments: shelterwood (4 acres), group selection (2 acres) and clearcut (16 acres). Cut in 2012. Planted 1600 elm seedlings, with swamp white oak and black walnut. Planted in June, then flooded again for 2 weeks.
WiDNR
Pine Creek (Pierce County)
late May 2013AndSpring 2014
Pierce County Fisheries area, floodplain along a restored trout stream 4 acres cleared and seeded with rye during a trout stream restoration project. 550 elm planted together with 700 swamp white oak, 700 bur oak, and 700 black walnut. Treated with Plant Skydd to discourage deer browse, herbicide treated between rows. 300 more 2-0 elms planted in 2014, with walnut, BO, and SWO.
MnDNREggleston (Red Wing)
Late July 2013
Mississippi bottoms, between Hastings and Red Wing.Group selection harvest. Small openings. Seedlings planted in blocks of 100. Was flooded until July. 750 Elms kept in cooler until July, planted very late. Site flooded again in 2014.
WiDNRCoon Valley June 2013
In the floodplain along Coon Creek fisheries area, near town of Coon Valley.200 elm seedlings, interplanted with swamp white oak. Treated with Plant Skydd to discourage deer browse.
IaDNRLittle Paint Creek
May 2013; flash flooded in June
Upper end of Little Paint Campground area.Adjacent to Little Paint Creek on a retired crop field with Arenzvil-Volney soils. Food plot openings. 375 elm seedlings, interplanted with swamp white oak and river birch.
WiDNRAvon Bottoms 2014
In wildlife refuge along Sugar River.800 2-0 elm planted, along with (thousands of) River Birch, Swamp White Oak, and Sycamore.
ACoE
Trimbelle(Pierce County) 2014
Along Trimbelle River, between River Falls and Ellsworth, Wi.Field with reforestation lanes, 825 elm seedlings. Interplant with hackberry and swamp white oak.
• Planted elm trees marked with blue on each site. • Rows clearly marked, with row ends and
perimeter GPS recorded.• “Map” (planting diagram) made of each site.
Elms numbered for later “tally”.
Monumenting / Documentation
Pine Creek Fishery– July 2014Additional area planted 2014
Photo from Linda Haugen, USDA Forest Service
Yellow River State Forest–July 2013Planted in Spring 2013
Photo from Linda Haugen USDA Forest Service
Sometimes our options change. We hope to have American elms back in the
toolbox again some day.(But we don’t have anything ready for “restoration” use…
… yet.)
Framework
Foliage diseases Defoliating Insects Canker Diseases Bark Beetles and Borers
Wilt Diseases Root diseases Decay
American Elm Black spot Elm leaf beetle Nectria and other cankers
Elm bark beetles Dutch elm disease
Armillaria [wetwood]
Green Ash, black ash
Anthracnose FTC Emerald Ash Borer
[ash yellows] Perenniporia
Cottonwood Marssonina, Melampsora, etc.
Cottonwood leaf beetle
Maple (Silver, Red, and Boxelder)
Leafspots and anthracnose
Nectria, Eutypella, and other cankers
Asian LonghornedBeetle?
Verticillium Wilt Fomes and others
Willow (black, sandbar, etc.)
Venturia shoot blight
FTC/ gypsy moth Various Armillaria and others Various
Oak (Swamp White, Pin, etc.)
Anthracnose FTC/ gypsy moth Two-lined chestnut borer
Oak Wilt Armillaria Phellinus, Laetiporus, etc.
River Birch Anthracnose, leaf blight
Black Walnut Anthracnose and other leafspots
Thousand Cankers Disease; Fusariumcanker
Bitternut Hickory
anthracnose Ceratocystiscanker/ Hickory Wilt
Hickory bark beetle
Hackberry Leaf galls
Sycamore Sycamoreanthracnose
Pecan Pecan scab and anthracnose
Big concern Noticeable, but not a big problemSometimes a problem Not significant, or not known
Example: Flood Plain Species