hawai'i has the most
TRANSCRIPT
www.AsiaMattersforAmerica.org
Funded by the Henry Luce Foundation
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The East-West Center promotes better relations and understanding among the people and nations of the United States, Asia, and the Pacific through cooperative study, research, and dialogue. Established by the US Congress in 1960, the Center serves as a resource for information and analysis on critical issues of common concern, bringing people together to exchange views, build expertise, and develop policy options.
HeadquartersEast-West Center1601 East-West RoadHonolulu, Hawai‘i, 96848USA
Tel: 808.944.7711
EastWestCenter.org
Asia Matters for America / America Matters for AsiaAsia Matters for America / America Matters for Asia is an interactive resource for credible and nonpartisan information, graphics, analysis and news on US-Asia Pacific relations at the national, state and local levels.
AsiaMattersforAmerica.org
Project team
Director: Satu P. Limaye, Ph.D.Coordinators: Aaron Siirila and Chris FeddersenResearch & Content: Grace Ruch and Damien TomkinsResearch Assistance: Hoi Ying “Cecilia” Chan, Jake Choi, Marquis Clayton, Alex Forster, Eric Gomez, Brigitta Kinadi, Seonghyeon Lee, Annie Liu, Sean Mitra, Anne Paisley, John Andrew Petrushka, Yi Ling Tan, Alexandra Tran
Copyright © 2013 East-West Center
The East-West Center gratefully acknowledges the support of the Henry Luce Foundation, the Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS), the Sasakawa Peace Foundation, the United States Studies Centre at the University of Sydney and the Asan Institute for Policy Studies.
Washington, DC, OfficeEast-West Center in Washington1819 L St., NW, Suite 600Washington, DC 20036USA
Tel: 202.293.3995
5.6% or 17 million Americans identify as Asian or Asian American Asians and Asian Americans are the fastest growing racial groups in the United States,
up 46% from 2000 to 2010.
8.5 million visitors from Asia contribute $41 billion to the US economy Tourism from Asia earned the US economy more revenue than tourism from Latin
America or the European Union in 2011.
850 sister partnerships between the US and Asia build civic and people-to-people relationships 95 US communities raised $2.4 million for their Japanese sister cities affected by the
March 2011 earthquake and tsunami disasters.
Asia is critical to US national security because of the region’s rising powers, long-standing American allies and new partners, economic growth and military modernization Five US treaty allies are in the Asia Pacific, and the US has close or growing partnerships
with India, Indonesia, New Zealand, Singapore and Vietnam, among others.
39 states send at least a quarter of their exports to Asia 68% of congressional districts exported more than $500 million to Asia in 2011.
28% of US goods and 27% of services exports go to Asia Asian countries are among the United States’ fastest growing markets. Vietnam, India
and China are among America’s fastest growing trade partners.
32% of US jobs from exports depend on exports to Asia Exports to Asia supported 1.2 million jobs in 2012, 52% more than in 2002.
100% is the increase of US investment in Asia and Asian investment in the US over the past decade Singapore, India, China and South Korea are four of the top ten fastest growing sources
of foreign direct investment in the US.
64% of international students in America are from Asia – contributing $14 billion to the US economy Students from Asia have increased by 50% since the 2001-02 academic year.
16% of Americans studying abroad go to Asia Over 45,000 American students went to Asia in 2010-11, nearly 110% more than a
decade earlier.
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Asia Matters for America Highlights Hig
Hl
igH
tS
tRADE
JOBS FROM EXPORtS
iNVEStMENt
iNtERNAtiONAl StUDENtS
ASiANS & ASiAN AMERiCANS
tRAVEl & tOURiSM
SiStER PARtNERSHiPS
SECURitY
StAtES & CONgRESSiONAl DiStRiCtS
StUDY ABROAD
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America’s Definitions of Asia and the PacificAmericans have never had a consistent definition of Asia and the Pacific. Their conceptions of the region have been influenced by European ideas, breakthroughs in map-making and racial stereotypes, among other factors. America’s definitions of Asia for policy purposes—mainly diplomacy and defense—have usually been shaped not by grand strategy but by bureaucratic battles and ad hoc decisions of key officials.
Today, US policy increasingly sees an interlinking of interests across the broad expanse from South Asia through East Asia to the Western Pacific. Official statements describe “the East Asian littoral running from the Sea of Japan to the Bay of Bengal” or, more simply, the “Indo-Pacific region.” The Asia Matters for America initiative has adopted an interpretative definition of Asia to encompass 40 countries, from Afghanistan to the Pacific islands.
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CHINA
JAPAN
MONGOLIA
NORTH KOREA
SOUTH KOREA
TAIWAN
HONG KONG, S.A.R.
BRUNEI
BURMA
CAMBODIA
INDONESIA
LAOS
MALAYSIA
PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE
THAILAND
VIETNAM
TIMOR-LESTE
AFGHANISTAN
BANGLADESH
BHUTAN
INDIA
MALDIVES
NEPALPAKISTAN
SRI LANKA
AUSTRALIA
FIJI
KIRIBATI
Hawai‘i
MARSHALL ISLANDS
MICRONESIA
NAURU
NEW ZEALAND
PALAU
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SAMOA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
TONGA
TUVALU
VANUATU
East China Sea
Phillippine Sea
Bay of Bengal
Arabian Sea
Indian Ocean
Paci�c Ocean
Tasman Sea
Yellow Sea
Sea of Japan
Coral Sea
South China
Sea
Note: Borders are not necessarily authoritative. Source: Adapted from Satu Limaye, “Want a New Map of Asia? Include the United States,” Asia Pacific Bulletin, No. 105.
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28% of US goods and 27% of Services Exports go to AsiaThe United States exported $408 billion in goods and $156 billion in services to Asia.* Goods and services exports to Asia from 2001 to 2011 have grown 8% per year. Thirty-nine states sent at least a quarter of their goods exports to Asia. Together, exports of goods and services to Asia ($586 billion) exceeded those to the European Union ($463 billion) and to Canada and Mexico combined ($563 billion). Asia presents a fast-growing market for US exports, particularly Vietnam (where US goods exports have grown 23% per year since 2002), India (18%) and China (17%).
$1,095
$1,120
$922
$1,152
$388
$1,484
$862
$615
$1,228
$1,410
$1,800
$898
$748
$1,173
$817
$1,302
$2,693 $685
$452
$1,036
$875
$1,416$1,254 $1,643
$728
$997
$1,730
$4,297
$484
$1,761
$2,288
$2,531
$865
$2,287
$2,324
$937
$1,962
$199$760
$3,106$1,215
$1,775
$4,252
$588
$869
$2,377
$1,388
$474
$1,746
MASSACHUSETTS
VERMONTNEWHAMPSHIRE
RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
NEW JERSEY
DELAWARE
WASHINGTON
OREGON
CALIFORNIA
NEVADAUTAH
ARIZONA
COLORADO
WYOMING
IDAHO
MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
TEXAS
NEW MEXICO
MINNESOTA
IOWA
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
ILLINOISINDIANAOHIO
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
GEORGIA
FLORIDA
S CAROLINA
N CAROLINA
VIRGINIA
WESTVIRGINIA
PENNSYLVANIA
NEWYORK
MAINE
MISSOURI
MISSISSIPPI
ARKANSAS
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
ALASKA
HAWAI‘I
$4,000 or more per person$2,000 - $3,900
$1,000 - $1,999
$500 - $999
less than $499
LEGEND
$497MARYLAND
$108DC
tR
AD
E
GooDS eXPortS to aSIa, Per caPIta
Sources: US Bureau of Economic Analysis; US Census Bureau; State data estimated by The Trade Partnership (Washington, DC) from the US Census Bureau and the US Department of Agriculture. *Based on 2012 data for goods and 2011 data for services, the most recent available as of April 2013.
US eXPortS oF GooDS aND SerVIceSAsia is the leading destination for US exports, with strong growth since the 2009 Global Financial Crisis.
comPoSItIoN oF US GooDS eXPortS to aSIa
Nevada experienced the largest year-on-year increase in goods exports to Asia, from $1.4 billion in 2011 to $3.4 billion in 2012, a growth of over 140%, with nonferrous metal the leading export.
Utah’s goods exports to Asia have grown by 31% per year over the past five years, the fastest growth rate in the country, from $2.3 billion in 2007 to almost $9 billion in 2012.
West Virginia’s goods exports to Asia increased by 50% over the previous year, from $2.2 billion to $3.3 billion, the second largest increase nationwide.
Delaware’s services exports to Asia have almost doubled in five years, from $285 million in 2006 to $566 million in 2011, the fastest growth in the country.
Goods exports to Asia accounted for 81% of Hawai‘i’s $828 million goods exports in 2012, the largest share in the country.
European Union
100
0
200
300
400
500
600
US
$ (
in b
illio
ns)
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Asia
Canada
Mexico
$586B
$463B
$339B
$224B
COMPUTERS & ELECTRONICS17%
TRANSPORTATIONEQUIPMENT14%
CHEMICALS12%
MACHINERY12%
AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS11%
OTHER10%
FOOD MANUFACTURES6%
METAL MANUFACTURING7%
WASTE AND SCRAP4%
OIL, GAS & MINERALS2%
* Includes medical equipment and supplies, jewelry, sporting goods, toys & games, and others.
MISC. MANUFACTUREDCOMMODITIES*
5%
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32% of US Jobs From Exports Depend on Exports to AsiaExports to Asia supported 1.2 million American jobs in 2012, up 52% from 2002. Twenty five states have more than a third of their export-dependent jobs supported by exports to Asia – five are located on the West Coast, fifteen are located in the West, Midwest and South and five are located on the East Coast.
tOP tEN: Share of all export-dependent jobs supported by exports to AsiaSTATE ShARE
Alaska 71%
Hawai‘i 69%
Idaho 64%
Oregon 54%
Nebraska 52%
South Dakota 51%
Utah 47%
Iowa 46%
Minnesota 45%
Washington 45%
Share of total non-farm workforce supported by exports to AsiaSTATE ShARE
Alaska 4.2%
Washington 2.9%
Idaho 2.2%
Iowa 2.2%
Nebraska 2.2%
North Dakota 2.2%
South Dakota 2.2%
Vermont 2.0%
Utah 1.6%
Minnesota 1.3%
10,139
22,051
23,379
32,290
19,499
14,723
25,738
13,463
22,825
18,281
8,797
34,487
27,005
64,714
3,305
27,392
5,951 3,243
1,235
11,008
19,443
3,577
7,07227,85871,899
8,087
11,792
10,393
13,931
1,698
36,787
27,012
13,792
19,386
33,141
9,208
1,102
9,157
1,66316,685
20,6448,355
194,555
84,525
10,571
3,499
20,882
15,838
6,200
109,449
MASSACHUSETTS
VERMONTNEWHAMPSHIRE
RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
NEW JERSEY
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
WASHINGTON
OREGON
CALIFORNIA
NEVADAUTAH
ARIZONA
COLORADO
WYOMING
IDAHO
MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
TEXAS
NEW MEXICO
MINNESOTA
IOWA
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
ILLINOISINDIANAOHIO
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
GEORGIA
FLORIDA
S CAROLINA
N CAROLINA
VIRGINIA
WESTVIRGINIA
PENNSYLVANIA
NEWYORK
MAINE
MISSOURI
MISSISSIPPI
ARKANSAS
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
ALASKA
HAWAI‘I
20,000 or more jobs15,000 - 20,000
10,000 - 15,000
5,000 - 10,000
less than 5,000
LEGEND
JOB
S F
RO
M E
XP
OR
tS
jobS SUPPorteD by eXPortS to aSIa
Source: Jobs estimated by The Trade Partnership (Washington, DC) from the US Bureau of the Census, US Department of Agriculture, and Moody’s Analytics data; US Bureau of Labor Statistics; The Boeing Company; US International Trade Administration.
Boeing finalized its largest ever commercial deal with the sale of 230 aircraft to Indonesia’s Lion Air. The deal will help support over 110,000 US workers at Boeing and its suppliers in 43 states, including the Boeing factory in Renton, Washington.
Georgia’s goods exports to Asia directly supported 32,000 jobs in 2012, about one-third of all jobs supported by exports.
Exports to Asia supported 83,525 jobs in Washington in 2012, the third most in the country. Nearly 3% of all non-farm jobs in the state are accounted for by exports to Asia.
Exports to Asia supported about 4.2% of Alaska’s non-farm workforce, the highest share in the country. More than 70% of Alaskan jobs from exports depend on exports to Asia.
PHOtO COURtESY OF BOEiNg
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investment to and From Asia Has DoubledUS investment in Asia reached $605 billion in 2011, up from $227 billion in 2001 and growing at an average rate of 10% per year. Asian investment in the United States was $410 billion in 2011, more than double what it was in 2001. Japan is the only major Asian country that has invested more in the US than the US has in the corresponding country. Investment also supports trade, as US affiliates of Asia-owned companies accounted for 5% ($67 billion) of all US goods exports and 11% ($212 billion) of all US goods imports in 2010.
DIrect INVeStmeNtUS investment in Asia has increased by 166% since 2001 and Asian investment in the US has jumped 129%
toP 10 FaSteSt GroWING INVeStorS IN USAsian companies account for four of the top ten fastest growing major sources of foreign investment in the US, 2001-2011
Source: US Bureau of Economic Analysis (countries with more than US$250 million in investment in the United States in 2001)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
SingaporeIndiaSpainBrazilChinaNorwaySouth KoreaBelgiumIsraelDenmark
323%421% 451% 512%
601% 613%745%
861%
1795% 1827%
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
US
$ B
ILLI
ON
S
ASIAN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN US
US DIRECT INVESTMENT IN ASIA
$605B
$410B
2010200920082007200620052004200320022001 2011
ASIA $410b
WORLD ASIA
EUROPE$1,812b
LATIN AMERICA $86b
CANADA$211b
OTHERS$30b
JAPAN$289b
AUSTRALIA$56b
OTHER ASIA$2b
CHINA$4b NEW ZEALAND$2b
HONG KONG$5b
INDIA$5b
TAIWAN$5b
SOUTH KOREA$18b
SINGAPORE$24b
ASIA $605b
WORLD ASIA
EUROPE $2,308b
LATIN AMERICA $831b
CANADA $319b
OTHERS $93b
JAPAN$117b
AUSTRALIA$136b
HONG KONG$53b
OTHER ASIA$43b
INDIA$25b
TAIWAN$16b
MALAYSIA$14b
SINGAPORE$117b
CHINA$54b
SOUTH KOREA$32b
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ForeIGN DIrect INVeStmeNt IN US ( STO C K I N US $ B I L L I O N S )Japanese companies account for nearly three-quarters of direct investment from Asia in the US
*Numbers may not add up to total due to rounding
US DIrect INVeStmeNt abroaD ( STO C K I N US $ B I L L I O N S * )American direct investment in Asia is concentrated in the most developed economies
iNV
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64% of international Students are from AsiaAbout 492,000 Asian students studied in the US during the 2011-2012 academic year, accounting for 64% of America’s international students and contributing $14 billion to the US economy. The number of students from Asia has increased by 164,000, or 50%, since the 2001-02 academic year.
tOP tEN: Share of Students from Asia
STATE
ASIA’S ShARE OF All InT’l
STudEnTSNevada 76%Washington 73%Indiana 71%Hawai‘i 70%Illinois 65%Iowa 64%Connecticut 62%Pennsylvania 62%Delaware 61%California & Ohio 60%
Sources: Institute of International Education (IIE) and NAFSA (Association of International Educators).
Note: State totals on map do not add up to national total as some students’ residences are not reported.
Economic Contribution of Students from Asia (US$ M) STATE COnTRIbuTIOn
California $1,943 MNew York 1,415Massachusetts 724Texas 708Pennsylvania 670Illinois 648Indiana 490Michigan 443Ohio 430Washington 390US total $14 B
3,728
5,929
14,911
9,634
11,276
2,317
7,116
7,646
2,328
2,920
856
15,857
20,800
45,138
318
20,067
478 1,532
2,512
5,838
8,057
2,295
7,490
3,642
15,79023,200
1,442
1,817
3,037
256
3,113
7,488
5,605
833
7,810
7,177
1,827
551
493
1,2267,083
3,8381,945
62,121
14,770
3,603
403
2,076
4,866
4,020
32,119
MASSACHUSETTS
VERMONTNEWHAMPSHIRE
RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
NEW JERSEY
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
D.C.
WASHINGTON
OREGON
CALIFORNIA
NEVADAUTAH
ARIZONA
COLORADO
WYOMING
IDAHO
MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
TEXAS
NEW MEXICO
MINNESOTA
IOWA
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
ILLINOISINDIANAOHIO
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
GEORGIA
FLORIDA
S CAROLINA
N CAROLINA
VIRGINIA
WESTVIRGINIA
PENNSYLVANIA
NEWYORK
MAINE
MISSOURI
MISSISSIPPI
ARKANSAS
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
ALASKA
HAWAI‘I
15,000 or more students10,000 - 15,000
5,000 - 10,000
1,000 - 5,000
less than 1,000
LEGEND3,728
5,929
14,911
9,634
11,276
2,317
7,116
7,646
2,328
2,920
856
15,857
20,800
45,138
318
20,067
478 1,532
2,512
5,838
8,057
2,295
7,490
3,642
15,79023,200
1,442
1,817
3,037
256
3,113
7,488
5,605
833
7,810
7,177
1,827
551
493
1,2267,083
3,8381,945
62,121
14,770
3,603
403
2,076
4,866
4,020
32,119
MASSACHUSETTS
VERMONTNEWHAMPSHIRE
RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
NEW JERSEY
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
D.C.
WASHINGTON
OREGON
CALIFORNIA
NEVADAUTAH
ARIZONA
COLORADO
WYOMING
IDAHO
MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
TEXAS
NEW MEXICO
MINNESOTA
IOWA
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
ILLINOISINDIANAOHIO
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
GEORGIA
FLORIDA
S CAROLINA
N CAROLINA
VIRGINIA
WESTVIRGINIA
PENNSYLVANIA
NEWYORK
MAINE
MISSOURI
MISSISSIPPI
ARKANSAS
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
ALASKA
HAWAI‘I
15,000 or more students10,000 - 15,000
5,000 - 10,000
1,000 - 5,000
less than 1,000
LEGEND
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iNt
ER
NA
tiO
NA
l S
tU
DE
Nt
S
INterNatIoNal StUDeNtS From aSIa
toP PlaceS oF orIGINAsia accounts for six of the ten leading countries of origin of international students in the US
0
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
Turkey MexicoVietnamJapanTaiwanCanadaSaudi ArabiaSouth KoreaIndiaChina
ST
UD
EN
TS
11,97313,89315,57219,96623,25026,82134,139
72,295
100,270
194,029
157,558
North Dakota’s international student population from Asia has increased by 28% per year since 2001-02, the fastest growth in the continental US. Chinese and Indian students made up two-thirds of Asian students studying in North Dakota during 2011-12.
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1908: The State Department establishes what later becomes the Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs.
1784: The New York ship Empress of China arrives in Canton, China, to open trade links between China and the newly independent US.
1854: US Commodore Matthew Perry opens Japan to diplomacy and trade.
1912: Mayor of Tokyo sends cherry blossom trees to Washington, DC.
1919: Woodrow Wilson’s ideal of political self-determination gives encouragement to Asian anti-imperialist leaders at the Paris Peace Conference in Versailles, motivating the May Fourth Movement in China, the March First Movement in Korea, and the Vietnamese revolutionary leader Ho Chí Minh.
1941: Japan attacks Pearl Harbor.
1945: US drops atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki, the first wartime use of nuclear weapons.
1952: Treaty of San Francisco officially ends World War II and brings Japan back into Western bloc.
1955: St. Paul, MN, becomes the sister city of Nagasaki, the first US sister city relationship in Asia.
1960: Revised US-Japan Security Treaty goes into effect.
1972: Okinawa is formally returned to Japan, though significant US troop and base presence remains.
1988: President Ronald Reagan signs an act compensating Japanese-Americans interned during World War II.
2010: 50th Anniversary of the US-Japan Alliance.
1868: The Burlingame Treaty provides for free immigration and “most favored nation status” between the US and China.
1943: The Chinese Exclusion Act is repealed.
1949: The People’s Republic of China (PRC) is established. US recognizes Taiwan as the legitimate government of China.
1971: The US table tennis team visits China, the first US delegation to visit China since 1949.
1972: President Richard M. Nixon visits the PRC, meeting with Chairman Mao Zedong, beginning the process of normalization of relations.
1989: Beijing’s Tiananmen Square demonstrations are violently suppressed by Chinese authorities, resulting in hundreds of deaths.
2000: US grants China Most Favored Nation trading status.
2008: China surpasses Japan as largest holder of US Treasuries.
1914: Panama Canal opens, providing faster trade route to the Pacific Ocean.
1924: The Immigration Act is passed in the US, prohibiting the immigration of East Asians and Asian Indians.
1942: 110,000 Japanese Americans are relocated by the US government to internment camps for the duration of World War II.
1952: The Immigration and Nationality Act is passed in the US, which restricts the immigration of East and Southeast Asians.
1965: The Immigration and Nationality Act abolishes previous national quotas and removes preferences against non-European immigration.
1989: The Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum is established.
1993: President Bill Clinton hosts the first Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) leaders meeting.
2010: US exports to Asia surpass US exports to Europe for the first time.
2011: US and Japanese military forces conduct Operation Tomodachi (Friendship) to assist after the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami.
1871: A US diplomatic naval mission to Korea leads to the Battle of Ganghwa, the first US military action in Korea.
1950: Korean War begins after North Korean troops invade the South and continues until signing of armistice agreement in 1953.
1994: US and North Korea sign the Agreed Framework to replace North Korean nuclear plants with light-water reactor power plants.
1952: US and the ROK sign a Mutual Defense Treaty
1882: US passes the Chinese Exclusion Act, suspending all immigration by Chinese to the US.
2003: US, South Korea, China, Russia, and Japan hold the first Six-Party Talks with North Korea to end its nuclear program.
2006: North Korea conducts its first nuclear test.
2012: The South Korea-United States Free Trade Agreement (KORUS FTA) comes into effect.
2009: The first US-ASEAN summit is held.
2004: The US-Singapore FTA is implemented, America’s first free trade agreement in Asia.
2008: The US-India Civil Nuclear Agreement goes into effect.
1974: India conducts its first nuclear test. US responds with sanctions.
1971: US sends a carrier battle group, headed by the USS Enterprise, toward the Bay of Bengal during the India-Pakistan War of 1971.
1979: The Soviet invasion of Afghanistan prompts the US to begin supplying training and arms to the Afghan mujahedeen.
1998: India and Pakistan conduct nuclear tests.
1962: US assists India in the Sino-Indian Border War.
1954: US and Pakistan sign a Mutual Defense Agreement.
1967: The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is founded by Indonesia, Malaysia, the Phillipines, Singapore, and Thailand.
2009: US signs the ASEAN Treaty of Amity and Cooperation, allowing it to join the East Asia Summit regional grouping.
1954: The South East Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) is formed as a bloc against communist gains in Southeast Asia.
1962: Malaysia and Thailand become among the first host countries for US Peace Corps
1955: Official US military involvement begins in the Vietnam War, lasting almost 20 years.
1833: The Roberts Treaty of Amity and Commerce between the US and Siam (Thailand) is signed, the first treaty between the US and an Asian country.
1955: Pakistan joins US-sponsored Central Treaty Organization (CENTO), along with Iran, Iraq, Turkey, and the UK.
1999: US presses Pakistan to pull back during Kargil War with India.
1883: Diplomatic relations between the US and Korea are established.
2010: The US and New Zealand sign the Wellington Declaration, reaffirming close ties and outlining future practical cooperation in a number of areas.
2005: The Australia-US Free Trade Agreement is implemented, the first free trade agreement with a G20 country outside of North America.
1975: The Northern Mariana Islands establish a commonwealth with the US.
1951: The ANZUS Treaty is signed, establishing a formal trilateral alliance among the US, Australia, and New Zealand.
1908: The US Navy’s Great White Fleet stops in Hawai‘i, New Zealand, and Australia on its voyage around the world.
1856: US Congress passes the Guano Islands Act, leading to acquisition of unoccupied islands in the Pacific Ocean.
1898: Republic of Hawai‘i is annexed as a US territory.
1950: Guam becomes a US territory.
2003: The Federated States of Micronesia and the Republic of the Marshall Islands renew their Compact of Free Association with the US.
1972: President Nixon visits the People’s Republic of China.
2004: Disaster relief in the Indian Ocean
1853: Japanese depiction of an American warship
1940s: Japanese Americans in internment camp during World War II
1898: Battle of Manila
1921: The Washington Naval Conference begins in Washington, DC, the first US-organized conference of powers concerned with East Asia and the Pacific.
1899-1903: The Spanish-American War. The Philippines becomes a US territory.
1941-45: Southeast Asia is a major theater of conflict during the Pacific War.
1949: US threat to withdraw vital Marshall Plan funds forces Dutch to recognize Indonesian independence.
1960: President Dwight D. Eisenhower becomes the first sitting US president to visit South Korea and Asia.
1908: The Great White Fleet
MilEStONES iN UNitED StAtES-ASiA RElAtiONS1750 1800 1850 19401920 1960 19901910 1950 19801930 1970 2000 2010 ‘1219 00
President Barack Obama attends the East Asia Summit in November 2011.
CHINAJAPAN
MONGOLIA
NORTH KOREA
SOUTH KOREA
TAIWAN
HONG KONG
BRUNEI
CAMBODIA
INDONESIA
LAOS
MALAYSIA
PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE
THAILAND
VIETNAM
TIMOR-LESTE
AFGHANISTAN
BANGLADESH
INDIA
PAKISTAN
SRI LANKA
AUSTRALIA
FIJI
KIRIBATI
MARSHALL ISLANDSMICRONESIA
NAURU
NEW ZEALAND
PALAU
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SAMOA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
TONGA
TUVALU
VANUATUIndian Ocean
Paci�c Ocean
14,596
4,134
76
814
29 1,033
1
2,487
273
223
38
167
263
715
1,410
881
2
8
158
4,345
14
69
9,736
259
47
7
4
58
2,900
31
2
30
5000 or more students1000 - 5000
500 - 1000
100 - 500
less than 100
LEGEND
MALDIVES
NEPAL210
BHUTAN24
BURMA/MYANMAR
0
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
2010-20112009-20102008-20092007-20082006-20072005-20062004-20052003-20042002-20032001-2002
ST
UD
EN
TS
China
Australia
India
South Korea
Southeast Asia
Japan
New Zealand
Other
14,596
9,736
4,345
4,134
4,0022,9002,4872,844
19
18
AS
IA M
ATT
ERS
FOR
AM
ERIC
A
16% of Americans Studying Abroad go to AsiaThe number of Americans studying abroad in Asia has more than doubled in the last decade, from 21,700 in the 2001-02 academic year to 45,000 in 2010-11. About one-third of students go to English speaking countries, such as Australia and New Zealand, but the popularity of other countries, especially China, is growing rapidly. Europe continues to be the leading region of choice for US students studying abroad, but Europe’s share has declined to 55% from 63% a decade ago.
St
UD
Y A
BR
OA
D
StUDy abroaD IN aSIa
Source: Institute of International Education (IIE)
StUDy abroaD IN aSIaAmerican students in Asia have increased by nearly 110% since 2001-02, led by rapid growth to China.
Australia is the sixth most popular destination in the world for Americans studying abroad, and the second most popular in Asia.
US students studying in India have increased by an annual growth rate of 24% per year since 2001-02.
China is the most popular destination in Asia for Americans studying abroad, and is the fifth most popular destination in the world (after the United Kingdom, Italy, Spain and France). Nearly five times as many Americans studied in China in 2010-11 than in 2000-01, increasing from 2,942 to 14,596.
21
20
AS
IA M
ATT
ERS
FOR
AM
ERIC
A
5.6% of the US Population is Asian or Asian AmericanMore than 17 million people in the United States identify as Asian or Asian American. From 2000 to 2010, this population grew faster than any other ethnic group, increasing by 46%, much faster than the total US population, which grew by 10% over the decade. The number of Asians and Asian Americans grew by at least 30% in all states except for Hawai‘i (11%).
tOP tEN: Fastest Growing Asian PopulationsStAtE ASiANS & ASiAN
AMERiCANS, 2010
iNCREASE FROM 2000
Nevada 242,916 116%
Arizona 230,907 95%
North Carolina 252,585 85%
North Dakota 9,193 85%
Georgia 365,497 83%
New Hampshire 34,522 80%
Delaware 33,701 78%
Arkansas 44,943 77%
Indiana 126,750 74%
Texas 1,110,666 72%
US total 17,320,856 46%
1.4
2.7
2.9
3.8
3
1.6
2.6
6.5
1.8
1.4
0.9
2.1
3.2
8.2
1.4
6
1.7 2.6
3.5
4.4
9
3.8
6.4
4.5
2 5.2
1.1
1.5
1.9
7.1
57.4
4.7
4.9
1.9
2.1
2.1
1.4
1.2
1.3
23.6
2.89
14.9
9
3.7
1.1
2.2
2.9
2.2
4.4
MASSACHUSETTS
VERMONTNEWHAMPSHIRE
RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
NEW JERSEY
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
D.C.
WASHINGTON
OREGON
CALIFORNIA
NEVADAUTAH
ARIZONA
COLORADO
WYOMING
IDAHO
MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
TEXAS
NEW MEXICO
MINNESOTA
IOWA
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
ILLINOISINDIANAOHIO
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
GEORGIA
FLORIDA
S CAROLINA
N CAROLINA
VIRGINIA
WESTVIRGINIA
PENNSYLVANIA
NEWYORK
MAINE
MISSOURI
MISSISSIPPI
ARKANSAS
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
ALASKA
HAWAI‘I
12% or more9 - 12%
6 - 9%
3 - 6%
less than 3% of population
LEGEND
AS
iAN
S &
AS
iAN
AM
ER
iCA
NS
aSIaNS aND aSIaN amerIcaNS Share oF State PoPUlatIoN
Asians and Asian Americans make up more than half of the population of Hawai‘i.
Source: US Census Bureau 2010 data (individuals self-identifying as either Asian alone or Asian in combination with another race)
New York City has the largest Asian and Asian American population of any city in the country with 1.1 million, followed by Los Angeles (484,000) and San Jose, California (327,000).
aSIaNS aND aSIaN amerIcaNS by GroUP
0
1
2
3
4
5
OtherHmongCambodianPakistaniJapaneseKoreanVietnameseIndianFilipinoChinese
PO
PU
LAT
ION
(in
mill
ions
)
4.02
3.423.18
1.74 1.711.30
0.41 0.28 0.26
1.62
22
AS
IA M
ATT
ERS
FOR
AM
ERIC
A
CHINAJAPAN
MONGOLIA
NORTH KOREA
SOUTH KOREA
TAIWANHONG KONG
BRUNEI
BURMA
CAMBODIA
INDONESIA
LAOS
MALAYSIA
PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE
THAILAND
VIETNAM
TIMOR-LESTE
AFGHANISTAN
BANGLADESH
BHUTAN
INDIA
NEPALPAKISTAN
SRI LANKA
AUSTRALIA
FIJI
MICRONESIA
NEW ZEALAND
PALAU
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
SOLOMON ISLANDS
TUVALU
NAURU
VANUATU
Paci�c Ocean
2 million or more passengers1 million - 2 million
500,000 - 1 million
50,000 - 500,000
less than 50,000
LEGEND
MALDIVES
0.1 Pakistan 2.2 China6.8 Japan2.9 South Korea0.7 India 1.6 Hong Kong 1.2 Taiwan0.1 Thailand0.1 Singapore0.6 Philippines0.1 Micronesia 1.6 Australia0.5 New Zealand0.1 Fiji
passengers in millions
23
Visitors from Asia Spend $41 Billion in the US8.5 million visitors from Asia came to the United States in 2011, more than 25% of all overseas visitors. Tourism is one of America’s largest exports; accounting for 25% of all services exports, and 7% of total US exports in 2011. Travelers from Asia contribute more to the US economy than do visitors from Latin America or the European Union (each spent nearly $38 billion). Japan is the leading Asian country of origin for visitors to the US, but China has recently surpassed Japan as the leading destination in Asia for US travelers.
tR
AV
El
& t
OU
RiS
M
12.0
8.5
9
VIS
ITS
(in
mill
ions
)
Visits to US, 2011
US Visits Abroad, 2010
LEGEND
3.8
1.1.8
1.8
.7 .7.3
1.9
0.9
0
2
4
6
80
10
12A
fric
a
East
ern
Euro
pe
Cen
tral
A
mer
ica
Mid
dle
East
Car
ibbe
an
Sou
th
Am
eric
a
Asi
a &
P
aci�
c
Wes
tern
Euro
pe
5.6
2
6.1
1.0
ViSitOR SPENDiNg tO & FROM ASiA
COUNtRY
US REVENUE FROM ASiA,
2011 (US$ B)
US SPENDiNg iN ASiA, 2011
(US$ B)
Japan 14.8 5.0
China 5.0 2.5
Australia 5.0 2.5
India 4.4 2.4
South Korea 3.8 4.0
Taiwan 1.1 2.7
Other 0.9 1.9
New Zealand 0.8 1.2
Philippines 0.7 1.4
Hong Kong 0.6 2.5
Singapore 0.6 0.6
Thailand 0.3 0.7
Indonesia 0.3 0.2
Malaysia 0.2 0.2
Asia total $41.1 $28.7
VISItS to & From aSIaAsia is the second leading source of foreign travelers to the US and in recent years has tied for second as a destination for American travel overseas.
Sources: Tourism from US International Trade Administration (excludes Canada and Mexico -- 34.4 million visits to US in 2011, and 31.8 million US visits in 2010). Flights from US Department of Transportation (two-way T-100 segment).
aIr PaSSeNGerS betWeeN US aND aSIaThere were 18.5 million two-way air passengers between the US and Asia, accounting for 16% of all US source or destination air flights.
coUNtrIeS WIth moSt SISter cIty PartNerShIPS IN the USComparative numbers based on SCI membership; independent partnerships increase the totals beyond those listed below.
0
50
100
150
200
FranceGermanyChinaMexicoJapan
92
117122
146
172
25
24
AS
IA M
ATT
ERS
FOR
AM
ERIC
A
850 Sister Partnerships Between the US and Asia Build Civic and People-to-People RelationshipsThe first US sister city partnership in Asia was formed between St. Paul, Minnesota, and Nagasaki, Japan, on December 7, 1955, the fourteenth anniversary of the bombing of Pearl Harbor. Since then, sister cities have engaged in cultural, educational, informational and trade exchanges. In response to the March 2011 earthquake and tsunami disasters in Japan, 95 US communities raised $2.4 million for affected sister cities and their partners.
Sister city partnerships are municipal partnerships between US cities, counties, ports and similar jurisdictions in Asia. There are also 88 sister relationships between US states and provinces/prefectures across Asia. Many, but not all, sister cities are members of Sister Cities International, which assists in the matching process, and supports new and established sister cities.
MASSACHUSETTS
VERMONTNEWHAMPSHIRE
RHODE ISLAND
CONNECTICUT
NEW JERSEY
DELAWARE
MARYLAND
WASHINGTON
OREGON
CALIFORNIA
NEVADAUTAH
ARIZONA
COLORADO
WYOMING
IDAHO
MONTANA NORTH DAKOTA
SOUTH DAKOTA
NEBRASKA
TEXAS
NEW MEXICO
MINNESOTA
IOWA
WISCONSIN
MICHIGAN
ILLINOISINDIANAOHIO
KENTUCKY
TENNESSEE
ALABAMA
LOUISIANA
GEORGIA
FLORIDA
S CAROLINA
N CAROLINA
VIRGINIA
WESTVIRGINIA
PENNSYLVANIA
NEWYORK
MAINE
MISSOURI
MISSISSIPPI
ARKANSAS
KANSAS
OKLAHOMA
ALASKA
HAWAI‘I
40 or more partnerships30 - 4020 - 3010 - 200 - 10
LEGEND
18
19
35
18
28
2
0
0
7
14
11
9
27
8
13
3
15
2 2
2
5
9
2
7
D.C. 3
2020
5
1
15
52
16
33
5
14
14
2
0
2
514
37
209
65
18
6
7
7
13
39
SiS
tE
R P
AR
tN
ER
SH
iPS
SISter cIty aND State PartNerShIPS betWeeN the US aND aSIa
Source: Sister Cities International (SCI); CLAIR (Japan); individual sister city partnerships. (Note: not all sister cities are affiliated with SCI)
Most of Michigan’s 35 sister city partnerships in Asia are with Japan, due to the 1968 Sister State Agreement with Shiga prefecture. Many partnerships have featured middle-school student exchanges or student artwork swaps. In addition, an annual Goodwill Mission features sightseeing and homestays.
Bakersfield, CA, and Bucheon City, South Korea, have a young but active sister city partnership. This relationship was officially signed in 2006. Students from both cities have made reciprocal visits, including a Korean dance troupe performance at California State University and a concert by members of the Bakersfield Youth Symphony in Bucheon.
The state of Hawai‘i maintains 12 sister state relationships with provinces and prefectures in China, Japan, Taiwan, South Korea, and the Philippines. The policy of the state’s Office of International Relations is to build active partnerships where economic benefit is co-equal to the “historic purposes of friendship, cultural ties, and goodwill.”
26
AS
IA M
ATT
ERS
FOR
AM
ERIC
A
0
5
10
15
20
North America
Central AsiaEuropeLatin America & Caribbean
Middle East
World (Other)
AfricaAsia
Military Assistance
Economic Assistance
LEGEND
16.8
11.4
6.4
9.1
3.2
0.90.4 0.25
27
Asia’s Security Significance for the US is RisingAsia is an area of potential conflict due to territorial disputes, historical animosities and changes in the distribution of power. Asian countries are also emerging (or reemerging) as regional and global powers. They will have a crucial role in meeting such global challenges as equitable economic growth, environmental pollution, pandemic disease, climate change and global governance. The US, with long-standing treaty commitments and new partnerships in Asia, is devoting more attention and resources to Asia. The US is working with regional groupings, including the East Asia Summit (EAS), Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) to address regional problems.
SE
CU
Rit
Y
CHINA
MONGOLIA
NORTH KOREA
TAIWANHONG KONG
BRUNEI
BURMA
CAMBODIA
INDONESIA
LAOS
PHILIPPINES
SINGAPORE
THAILAND
VIETNAM
TIMOR-LESTE
AFGHANISTAN
BANGLADESH
BHUTAN
INDIA
NEPALPAKISTAN
SRI LANKA
AUSTRALIA
MICRONESIA
NEW ZEALAND
PALAUGUAM
PAPUA NEW GUINEA
East China Sea
South China Sea
Phillippine Sea
Arabian Sea
Indian Ocean
Paci�c Ocean
Tasman Sea
28,500**
HAWAI‘I
Treaty Allies
U.S. troop presence
MAP LEGEND
11,500*
MALDIVES
Bay of Bengal
MALAYSIA 5,650
SOUTH KOREA
49,250
(Strategic Framework Agreement)
Yellow Sea
Sea of Japan
US FORCES AFLOAT
JAPAN52,700
ON ROTATIONup to 2,500
Thailand: In 1833, the United States signed its first treaty in Asia with Thailand, which was then called Siam. The US and Thailand upgraded their defense alliance in November 2012 with the 21st Century Security Partnership which “supports Thailand’s position as a regional leader.”
Korea: The 1953 Mutual Defense Treaty forms the foundation of the Korea-US alliance, which the White House recently characterized as a linchpin of regional stability and prosperity. Dealing with North Korea remains the central challenge facing the alliance.
Japan: The foundation of US security policy in Asia remains its alliance with Japan. The United States and Japan work closely together on a wide range of security issues including nuclear nonproliferation, the Korean Peninsula, freedom of navigation, and a ballistic missile defense system.
Australia: The alliance between the United States and Australia is based on the 1952 Australia, New Zealand, and United States (ANZUS) security treaty. Military personnel from Australia have fought alongside US forces in every major conflict since WWII. In 2011, the two countries expanded collaboration on security issues in Asia.
Philippines: The Mutual Defense Treaty signed in 1951 forms the basis of the alliance between the United States and the Philippines. The 2011 signing of the Manila Declaration and the inaugural United States-Philippines Ministerial Dialogue in 2012 laid the groundwork for increased cooperation on issues ranging from counterterrorism to maritime security.
US ecoNomIc aND mIlItary aSSIStaNceAsia received US$16.8 billion in US foreign assistance in FY2011, more than any other region in the world.
In U
S$
Bill
ions
Sources: US Department of Defense (as of December 31, 2012; *March 31, 2012);**IISS, The Military Balance 2013; US Agency for International Development (USAID)
US allIaNceS aND mIlItary PerSoNNel IN aSIa
28
AS
IA M
ATT
ERS
FOR
AM
ERIC
A
29
tH
E A
SiA
MA
tt
ER
S F
OR
AM
ER
iCA
iNit
iAt
iVE
PUblIcatIoN DeSIGN aND IllUStratIoNTop Shelf DesignWashington, DCwww.topshelfdesign.net
the aSIa matterS For amerIca INItIatIVeAsiaMattersforAmerica.org is an interactive resource for credible and nonpartisan information, graphics, analysis and news on US-Asia Pacific relations at the national, state and local levels.
www.AsiaMattersforAmerica.org
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