beekeeping in hawai'i

Bibliography Research Plan

Beekeeping in Hawai’i

Gailyn Bopp

LIS 601 – Dr. Vanessa Irvin – Spring 2015

May 5, 2015

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

I. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………….3 a. Topic and Scope ………………………………………………………….3 b. Audience ………………………………………………………………….3 c. Citation Style ……………………………………………………………..3

II. SEARCH STRATEGY…………………………………………………………………3 a. Search Terms ………………………………………………………………….3

i. Instructions …………………………………………………………... 3 ii. Library of Congress Subject Headings ………………………………4 iii. Library of Congress Call Numbers …………………………………...4

b. Search Process …………………………………………………………..………4 i. OPACs ………………………………………………………………..4

Hawaii Voyager ……………………………………………………4 Hawaii Public Library Catalog ……………………………………..5 Library of Congress Catalog ………………………………………...6

ii. Databases and Indexes ……………………………………………………….7 Academic Search Premier …………………………………………...7 JSTOR ……………………………………………………………….7 Web of Science ……………………………………………………...8 Agricola ……………………………………………………………..8 AGRIS ……………………………………………………………....9 Scholar Space ………………………………………………………..9 Google Scholar ………………………………………………………9 Gale Virtual Reference Library ……………………………..………10 iii. Web Resources………………………………………………………………10 Google ………………………………………………………………10 YouTube ……………………………………………………………..10

III. CONCLUSION………………………………………………………………………….11

IV. REFERENCE LIST……………………………………………………………………..12

V. APPENDIX A: Search Terms Relevancy Chart ………………………………………15

VI. APPENDIX B: Annotated Bibliography ………………………………………………21 a. Natural/Organic Beekeeping ………………………………………………21 b. Beekeeping Challenges: Pests and Diseases ………………………………22

3

I. INTRODUCTION

a. Topic and Scope

There is something special to be said of the keeping of bees, and of the people who keep them. In a world that is so fast-paced, beekeeping offers a type of “zen”, a connection to nature, and a means to help sustain the environment. Beekeeping in Hawaii dates back to 1857, when the first hive of bees was introduced from California, and was a growing industry in the 1920’s and 30’s during the sugarcane era (Eckert 1). Though once a common site to see a beehive in the backyard (I remember my great-grandmother having one in the old La’ie house), beekeeping in Oahu communities is not something you see often. However, recent interest in organic and sustainability movements have increased the interest in beekeeping among residents of North Shore, Oahu. But where does one start? In speaking with a few novice beekeepers in the La’ie area, and with some bee farmers on the North Shore, the primary concerns with starting a beekeeping hobby is finding resources that won’t overwhelm the reader with too much information all at once. Budding apiarists are looking for step-by-step information on how to not only build and maintain a hive, but how to do so in a natural and organic way. Another concern that new beekeepers struggle involves pest infestation, particularly by the Varroa mite. To address these concerns, this bibliography plan seeks to provide sources on two subtopics of beekeeping in Hawaii: “Natural/Organic Beekeeping” and “Beekeeping Challenges: Pests and Disease”.

b. Audience

This bibliography plan is created in response to a growing interest in the keeping of bees for personal and business use among La’ie and North Shore, Hawaii residents. It is anticipated that users of this bibliography plan will have little background knowledge of beekeeping, therefore will use the sources listed here as foundational and practical knowledge for getting started. These sources will also act as a platform for future and more in-depth research.

c. Citation Style

The citation style for all citations in this bibliography plan follows the MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Seventh Edition (MLA).

4

II. SEARCH STRATEGY

a. SEARCH TERMS:

i. Instructions

Throughout this bibliography plan, Subject Heading controlled vocabulary (CV) terms are written using ALL CAPS, as are Boolean search terms (i.e. AND, OR, NOT). Natural language (NL) terms are written in lower case and italicized for easy distinction in charts and text. ii. Library of Congress Subject Headings

For Subject Headings related to my topic I consulted the four-volume print version of the Library of Congress Subject Headings, published in 2006. Library of Congress Subject Headings are the basis of controlled vocabulary (CV) in many online library catalogs and online databases, and thus provide a sure place to begin creating search strings. The symbol terms UF (Used For), NT (Narrower Term), and BT (Broader Term) suggest terms that might yield more specific results, yet can be confusing at first glance; one needs to know to look inside of the front cover to determine what they mean. The Library of Congress Subject Headings is a relatively easy source to use, and looking up the term beekeeping brought up many relevant Subject Headings, including both broad and specific. The top five Subject Headings most relevant to my topic were:

• BEE CULTURE • BEE CULTURE—HAWAII • BEE CULTURE—HANDBOOKS, MANUALS, ETC. • BEE CULTURE – ENCYCLOPEDIAS • BEEKEEPERS

iii. Library of Congress Call Numbers

To determine which Library of Congress call numbers are associated with the topic of beekeeping, I consulted the Library of Congress Online Catalog by browsing in Class S AGRICULTURE, Subclass SF ANIMAL CULTURE. A good place to start browsing stacks for information on beekeeping is in the BEE CULTURE section of the library, which extends from SF521-SF539.8. Within that range, one can also find titles on INSECT REARING at SF518. For information on insects, including honeybees, researchers can visit the INSECTS section at QL461-QL599.82.

5

b. SEARCH PROCESS:

i. OPACs Hawai’i Voyager: Libraries of the University of Hawai’i System The University of Hawai’i Library Online Catalog, known as Voyager, allows for basic and advanced searches across different search fields. A subject search for SU: BEE CULTURE yielded 106 highly relevant sources, including books and film. One current book that was particularly impressive was The Practical Beekeeper Volume I, II, & III: Beekeeping Naturally, which is a beekeeping guide to natural, organic, treatment-free beekeeping (Bush). Another helpful source from this search was The Complete Step-by-Step Book of Beekeeping (Cramp). A keyword search using the same controlled vocabulary term KW: BEE CULTURE yielded 268 results, many of them the same highly relevant sources yielded by the initial subject search. However, many of the keyword search results were not relevant, some sources dealing with rock band culture instead of beekeeping. By noting other subject headings associated with relevant sources found in Voyager, I formulated other subject and keyword searches, some of which yielded the same results (KW: beekeeping), and some that narrowed the results to a specific geographical area (SU: BEE CULTURE—HAWAII, and KW: beekeeping AND Hawaii). The subject search for SU: BEE CULTURE—HAWAII was rather disappointing, as the sources listed not current. One, Fundamentals of beekeeping in Hawaii (Eckert), is from 1952, and though the title looks completely relevant, the information feels outdated, as is another listed source, The Hive Bee, a Manual of Beekeeping for Hawaii (Smith), which was published in 1918. Researchers should be aware of selecting recent sources, as older titles will not include recent developments in beekeeping technology, techniques, pest control, and disease prevention. One current source from this Subject Heading search that was particularly good, though, was an educational booklet set out by the University of Hawai’i at Hilo College of Agriculture, Forestry and Natural Resource Management, The “What” and “How” of Beekeeping in Hawai’i (Tsutsumi), located in the Hawaiian & Pacific Collection in Hamilton Library. The keyword search KW: BEE CULTURE AND Hawaii, with a mix of controlled vocabulary and natural language search terms, surprisingly rendered irrelevant results. The best search terms to use to gather pertinent results in Voyager are SU: BEE CULTURE, KW: BEE CULTURE, and KW: beekeeping. Though a researcher need be wary of publication date, the controlled vocabulary search SU: BEE CULTURE—HAWAII will provide area specific resources. Whether in a subject search or keyword search, Voyager seems to return more relevant results when using controlled vocabulary terms. Also, Voyager basic and advance searches do not respond to use of truncation.

6

Hawai’i State Public Library System The Hawai’i State Public Library System (HSPLS) Online Catalog yielded fewer results than UHM Voyager. For the topic of beekeeping, the use of CV subject heading terms (searched through Keyword in Subject Headings) returned more relevant results than the use of NL search terms (searched either in Subject, All Fields, or Keyword in Subject Headings). There are two subject field search options in HSPLS: “Keyword in Subject Headings” and “Subject”. Most often, the same search term yielded more results in “Subject” than in “Keyword in Subject Headings”, and yielded more results than both when searched in “All Fields”. This is particularly apparent in the search using CV term BEE CULTURE in all three fields where “Keyword in Subject Headings” rendered 67 titles, the “Subject” search rendered 123 titles, and the “All Fields” search rendered 144 titles (see Appendix A). These searches using CV search term BEE CULTURE returned the best, most highly relevant set of results. Researchers should be aware that some CV terms such as BEEKEEPERS are commonly used in fiction, mysteries, or other non-fiction works unassociated to beekeeping, which can lead to irrelevant search results in All Fields searches. Use of the sidebar field limiters to include only Adult non-fiction titles works to refine search results to a more relevant pool. The HSPLS catalog did not work well with Boolean AND operators, as a search for “All Fields: bees AND Hawaii” returned a slew of irrelevant results that included the words and and Hawaii, but not bees. One title I found particularly relevant to the topic of beginning beekeeping comes from the popular Dummies series, entitled Beekeeping for Dummies (Blackiston), the newest edition published January 2015. This book is a great place to start for foundational knowledge on keeping bees and maintaining a healthy bee colony, and will provide the researcher with strong basic information that will act as a platform for deeper research. Library of Congress Online Catalog Library of Congress holdings are extensive. In order to return relevant results, specificity in searching is required, unlike in HSPLS and Voyager where you can put in a rather broad general keyword search and browse through the results (which never topped 270). Researchers can still do a broad search to allow for online catalog browsing and serendipity, then use the sort feature to arrange results list. As topic involves modern techniques in beekeeping, it is advised to sort by Date (Newest to Oldest) to list most recently published works and new editions, or even to limit the initial search to pull up titles published within the last 10 years. Also, because LOC has holdings from all over the world, it is first important to put an English Language search limiter on the search.

There are a lot of fiction books on beekeeping, beekeepers, and bee culture. To avoid bringing up these listings, use the Boolean operator NOT to eliminate certain subject headings, as in the search string KSUB: BEE CULTURE NOT KSUB: BEE CULTURE—FICTION.

7

The Library of Congress Online Catalog returns more highly relevant results lists when using controlled vocabulary or natural language terms in either a Keyword Subject search or in an Authorized Subject search, versus in a General Keyword search. This may have to do with the fact that beekeeping and beekeeper and bee are words commonly used in all types of work and conversation, thus a General Keyword search brings us many irrelevant results mixed in with some more relevant ones. The best results lists were rendered by Authorized Subject Heading search SKEY: BEE CULTURE NOT SKEY: BEE CULTURE--FICTION (Date: 2005-2015), and Keyword subject search KSUB: BEE CULTURE NOT KSUB: BEE CULTURE--FICTION (Date: 2005-2015), both using the Boolean NOT operator to eliminate fiction titles, and limiting the search results to publications from 2005-2015. These searches allowed me to find James Tew’s book Wisdom for Beekeepers: 500 Tips for Successful Beekeeping, and Alice Mackenzie’s Beekeeping: An Easy Step-by-Step Guide to Setting Up and Maintaining a Hive. Relevant results were also returned by combining an Authorized Subject search using CV term BEE CULTURE and a general keyword search using NL terms modern and natural.

ii. DATABASES and INDEXES Academic Search Premier To begin searching in Academic Search Premier, I consulted the Subject list to gather controlled vocabulary: BEE CULTURE, BEEKEEPERS, HONEYBEES. Using these terms, I tried various Subject Searches, and found many results that related simply to BEE CULTURE and HONEYBEES, many of which were scholarly articles that were not relevant to my beginner beekeeper audience, and many that did not focus on actual beekeeping techniques. Because of the vast number of results, I restricted these broad Subject searches by publication date (2000-2015). Browsing through the lists offered CV for subtopics that may be of interest to beginning beekeepers, such as ORGANIC beekeeping and BEES—Diseases. Highly relevant search results were returned by a combination of a CV Subject Search and NL search in the Abstract field, SU: (BEE CULTURE OR BEEKEEPERS) AND AB: techniques. Two sources that stood out was an article on pupa removal techniques, Relationship between dead pupa removal and season and productivity of honey bee (Apis mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae) colonies (Guler), and one on Queen Rearing and techniques to lessen mite reproduction, Queen Gets Her Mate (Peabody). Another good search to use is SU: HONEYBEES AND AF: beekeeping (Date: 2000-2015). This search gave an excellent article called Honey bee pathology: current threats to honey bees and beekeeping (Genersch).

Overall, Academic Search Premier is a good source for scholarly sources on the topic.

8

JSTOR This database does not allow you to search by Subject, only by Full-Text, Author, Item Title, Abstract (which seems absurd as less than 10% of JSTOR records have abstracts), and Caption. There is an option to browse by broad subject categories, but not the option to search for a narrower subject term. JSTOR also does not provide a Thesaurus for controlled vocabulary terms. A test of searches shows that JSTOR works best with NL over CV. Entries do not have subject headings associated with them, so researchers must make use of the search fields, Boolean operators, and truncation to return relevant results.

Relevant search strings include TI: (beekeeping OR beekeeper*) AND FT: techniques for different beekeeping techniques used in other parts of the world. JSTOR was able to provide excellent articles on Varroa mite and other bee parasites through a combination CV and NL search FT: BEE CULTURE AND (disease* OR pest*OR parasit*), including The Rise and Fall of the Honey Bee (Doebler).

Web of Science As beekeeping involves insect rearing and entomology, I selected Web of Science as a topic-related database. Boolean search strings combined with truncation of natural language terms works best for searches on this topic. As the subtopic of natural/organic beekeeping comes into focus, I formulated a NL search that yielded more excellent articles: TI: beekeeping AND TS: (natural* OR organic), (Date: 2005-2015). Good articles on this subtopic come from the American Bee Journal, one entitled Is Your Honey Green? (Marterre), and another a three-part article series, The Mystery and Myth of Organic Beekeeping (Blomstedt).

A second highly relevant search string was formulated for a second subtopic, honey bee pest and disease challenges: TI: beekeep* AND TS: (mite* OR disease* OR challenge*). This search string was effective in retrieving a fantastic beginner article on the Varroa mite called Beekeeping for Beginners: The Parasitic Varroa Mite (Traynor), and on the use of antimicrobial agents in beekeeping in Antimicrobials in beekeeping (Reybroek, et. al).

Agricola This database is also, like Academic Search Premier, hosted by EBSCO and allows subject field searches with controlled vocabulary. This database also works well with Boolean operators. With new focus on subtopics gleaned from previous database searches, my first search is a combination of CV and NL search terms, paired with different search fields and Boolean operators: SU: BEE CULTURE AND AF: (natural* OR organic). All source results for this search were books, including a holistic read that focuses on the spiritual connection that exists between beekeeper and bee colony, Wisdom of the bees: principles for biodynamic beekeeping (Berrevoets). This search also brought up relevant results that were previously found in Voyager and HSPLS searches.

9

Combining CV and NL terms with Boolean operators a second time for a search on the pest/diseases subtopic also provided highly relevant results: SU: BEE CULTURE AND AF: (pest* OR disease* OR parasit*) (Date: 2000-2015). Among the results is a book published through the University of Minnesota, Honey bee diseases and pests (Spivak and Reuter), and a book chapter through the International Commission for Plant-Bee Relationships entitled Hazards of pesticides to bees (Thompson and Oomen). The last title has bearing on both subtopics.

Switching out the CV term BEE CULTURE with the NL term beekeeping, keeping all parameters the same, returns another results list, this time of all articles, which would make sense since articles don’t have the same LCSH controlled vocabulary as books. The search SU: beekeeping AND AF: (pest* OR disease* OR parasit*) (Date: 2000-2015) returned two results that can give some ideas on keeping bees chemical-free: first Keeping Bees Without Chemicals from the American Bee Journal (Borst), and another article that matches the popular use of essential oils in our target area, Controlling honey bee mites with essential oils (Amrine).

Agricola is an easy-to-use database that works well with Boolean search strings.

AGRIS The AGRIS database is made possible through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and was a database recommended by the University of Hawaii subject guide for agricultural topics. Despite the recommendation, this database is very difficult to use, and relies on its own special search term phrasing different from Boolean. For example, my first search that would normally have looked like KW: beekeeping AND organic actually needed to be typed in as +beekeeping +organic in order to conduct the search. This particular search was relevant, returning some topic articles such as Organic Beekeeping Management (Skubida and Semkiw). The resources found in AGRIS, however, are more scholarly than practical, which doesn’t seem appropriate for my beginning beekeeper audience.

Overall, I found the functionality of this database, and the constant need to consult the help file to properly construct a search, to be tedious. For this particular topic and audience, other databases and web resources can provide resources adequate to meet information needs, and therefore I would not recommend AGRIS as first pick for research on this topic.

Scholar Space (University of Hawai’i at Manoa) I thought to search the Scholar Space database made available through UH Manoa to see if there are works specifically pertaining to Hawai’i, possibly through the College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources. By starting with a simple NL keyword search KW: beekeeping, Scholar Space returns 40 somewhat-relevant results, but populates the sidebar with related subject heading CV terms such as BEEKEEPING, HONEY BEES, and BEE DISEASES. Alternating between subject searches with controlled vocabulary brings up cross-listed results, and I am reminded that, as an open access repository belonging to one University, there may not be that many titles available. One title that kept coming up from each search was the 1952 book

10

Fundamentals of Beekeeping in Hawaii by Eckert and Bess. Though an older book, it does offer a look specifically at the seasonal manipulations of beekeeping in Hawaii, and also lists local floral sources of nectar and pollen which will be helpful for beekeepers looking to select plants for their bees. Google Scholar Google Scholar proved to be a good resource to find articles, books, and reference works about beekeeping practices in Hawaii. With advanced search features (though not as sophisticated as some other subscription databases), Google Scholar lists sources from various other databases, often provides full text articles as well as the ability to read through parts of books (via Google Books). As searches in this database are based on in-text phrasing and identifiers, the use of NL search terms coupled with Boolean phrasing is the best choice, using the “search in title” versus “search anywhere in article” to limit results. To return current results pertaining to the topic, all Google Search queries were limited by publication date (Date: 2005-20015). The Google Search string AF: beekeeping AND practices AND "in Hawaii" (Date: 2005-2015) yielded very relevant Hawaii specific results, perfect for my target audience. The article Global Honey Bee Viral Landscape Altered by a Parasitic Mite (Martin, et. al), presents data on the diversity of honey bee viruses caused by Varroa mites in Hawaii. Another helpful article talks about techniques used on the Big Island of Hawai’i to reduce mite infestation, Hygienic responses to Varroa destructor by commercial and feral honey bees from the Big Island of Hawaii before exposure to mites (Harris, et. al).

Gale Virtual Reference Library For access to general information on the topic, I accessed the Gale Virtual Library database through the HSPLS Online Databases. This database is home to over 100 reference sources including encyclopedias, almanacs, and other sources for multidisciplinary research. To find the most relevant results on beekeeping, its best to conduct subject searches using controlled vocabulary and subject headings used by Gale. Though there is no thesaurus available through for this source, I started with a broad simple NL search KW: beekeeping then located the related subject terms in the Limiter sidebar. The most relevant results in this source were obtained by controlled vocabulary subject search SU: BEEKEEPING, including a helpful article entitled Apiculture (Beekeeping) from Biotechnology: Changing Life Through Science. The Gale Virtual Reference Library is a wonderful source for general information.

11

iii. WEB RESOURCES Google As can be expected, Google, provided a large amount of results on the topic. As this search engine does not have a “thesaurus” or other feature to check for controlled vocabulary, natural language search terms were used. For these searches, I focused on both general beekeeping resources, “how-to” sources, and topic resources particularly pertaining to Hawaii. Researchers can use search AF: "how to" beekeeping resources Hawaii for websites, articles, and PDF guides on how to begin beekeeping in Hawaii. A few great sites offering information and resources are the Hawai’i Apiary Program (HDOA/PCSU) website which offers recent studies on apiculture from the University of Hawai’i at Hilo, and the Hawaii Beekeepers’ Association. These two sources are valuable because of the resource link pages that they provide.

YouTube YouTube has proven a rich learning resource through video tutorials and special interest channels. Searches in YouTube should be done using natural language search strings. Working with YouTube searches can get a little overwhelming at time due to large numbers of return results, so researchers should make use of the filters available that allow for sorting by view count (popularity), ranking, or relevancy. Users can also narrow search results by special interest channel, which provides a collection videos on the topic. Relevant search strings used were NL search < how to start beekeeping > (filtered by view count or rating), NL search < beekeeping videos > (filtered by CHANNEL), and < organic beekeeping in Hawaii >. One YouTube channel that would be a good place to start for beginning organic beekeeping is OutOfaBlueSky Beekeeping Channel with over 65 how-to videos.

III. CONCLUSION

Preparing this bibliography plan made me realize the importance of keeping one’s audience in mind when not only selecting resources, but also in developing search strategies. Dillard said “the key to effective searches is a foundation of well- and carefully-selected terminology”, and emphasized the use of well-formulated searches based on the needs of a search (96). For this topic, it’s easy to get caught up in the mass of information on beekeeping, and remembering the audience’s concerns helped focus my selection of search terms. Keeping my audience in mind also prompted me to conduct searches with geographic limiters, so as to cull results specific to the climate and conditions of Hawaii. This proved very effective in provident relevant information to my target researchers, a sort of subtopic to the subtopics.

This bibliography plan also allowed me to evaluate and compare the use of natural language and controlled vocabulary in different databases and search platforms. Bandyopadhay presented evidence that the use of controlled vocabulary is much more effective in retrieving information

12

across different database vendor platforms than the use of natural language, as are those searches performed with “expert” use of Boolean operators plus truncation and synonyms more effective than “novice” searches carried out with only Boolean operators (Bandyopadhyay 45-46). However, in my searches, I found the use controlled vocabulary alone to be less effective in producing results than the use of natural language terms. I do agree with Bandyopadhay regarding the “expert” use of Boolean operators while using natural language, as often the careful selection of audience-focused search terms nestled in a Boolean search string produced the most relevant results.

This work impacts me professionally by opening my eyes to the wide variety of approaches a user (audience) can take when beginning research. It reminds me of the importance of the reference interview before even lifting a finger to begin searching. During this project, I was careful to discuss my search findings with some La’ie beekeepers, and get their feedback on what they thought would have been (or is still) the most helpful of sources. I am also taking away the thought that librarians really can empower people to start new things by giving the means to have new ideas and new skills.

13

IV. WORKS CITED

Academic Search Premier, via UH Manoa Library.

Agricola, via UH Manoa Library.

AGRIS, via UH Manoa Library.

Amrine, J.W. “Controlling Honey Bee Mites With Essential Oils.” Sustainable Agriculture

Research And Education (SARE) Research Projects. Northeast Region (2001).

"Apiculture (Beekeeping)." Biotechnology: Changing Life Through Science. Vol. 2: Agriculture.

Detroit: UXL, 2007. 308-312. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web.

Bandyopadhyay, A. “Examining Biological Abstracts on Two Platforms: What Do End Users

Need to Know?” Science & Technology Libraries 29.1-2 (2010): 34-52.

Berrevoets, Erik. “Wisdom Of The Bees: Principles For Biodynamic Beekeeping.” n.p.: Great

Barrington, MA: SteinerBooks, 2009.

Blackiston, Howland. Beekeeping for Dummies. 3rd ed. Hoboken: Wiley, 2015. [638.1 Bl]

Blomstedt, William. “The Mystery and Myth of Organic-Beekeeping-Part 1 of Three Parts.”

American Bee Journal 152.10 (Oct 2012): 956-960.


American Bee Journal 152.11 (Nov 2012): 1065-1069.


American Bee Journal 152.12 (Dec 2012): 1157-1160.

Borst P. “Keeping Bees Without Chemicals. Part Three.” American Bee Journal 148.7 (2008):

619-622.

Bush, Michael. The Practical Beekeeper: Volumes I, II, III ; Beekeeping Naturally. X-Star Publ.,

2011. [SF523 .B87 2011]

https://uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu/vwebv/search?searchArg=%20SF523%20.B87%202011&searchCode=CALL%2B&searchType=1

14

Chandler, Philip. “Looting of a Small Planet.” New Internationalist 425 (2009): 16-17.

Conrad, Ross. Natural Beekeeping: Organic Approaches to Modern Apiculture. White River

Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub., 2013. [SF523 .C75 2013]

Cramp, David, and Robert Pickett. The Complete Step-by-step Book of Beekeeping: A Practical

Guide to Beekeeping, from Setting up a Colony to Hive Management and Harvesting the

Honey, Shown in over 400 Photographs. London: Lorenz, 2011. [SF523 .C854 2012]

Cowen, R. “Fighting The Mite: May The Best Bee Win.” Science News 139.1 (199): 5. Web.

Dillard, David. “The Science of Searching Databases: Boolean Algebra as a Tool to Effectively

Find Medical, Legal and Other Information.” AANLCP Journal of Nurse Life Care

Planning 13.3 (2013): 93-99.

Doebler, Stefanie A. “The Rise and Fall of the Honeybee.” BioScience 50.9 (2000): 738-742.

DuVal, Emily H. "Apiculture." Animal Sciences. Ed. Allan B. Cobb. Vol. 1. New York:

Macmillan Reference USA, 2002. 36-38. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web.

Eckert, John E., and Henry A Bess. “Fundamentals of Beekeeping in Hawaii.” Honolulu, HI:

University of Hawaii, 1952. [S544 .A38 no.55]

Genersch, Elke. “Honey Bee Pathology: Current Threats To Honey Bees And Beekeeping.”

Applied Microbiology & Biotechnology 87:1 (2010): 87-97.

GÜLER, Ahmet, Hakan Toy. “Relationship Between Dead Pupa Removal and Season And

Productivity Of Honey Bee (Apis Mellifera, Hymenoptera: Apidae) Colonies.” Turkish

Journal Of Veterinary & Animal Sciences 37.4 (2013): 462-467.

Google Scholar, via UH Manoa Library.

15

Harris, Robert G. Danka Jeffrey W., and Jose D. Villa. "Hygienic responses to Varroa destructor

by commercial and feral honey bees from the Big Island of Hawaii before exposure to

mites." World 85.3 (2010): 51-59.

“Hawai’i Apiary Program.” Hawai’i Apiary Program, 2011. Web.

"Hawaii Beekeepers Assoc. - About Bees and Beekeeping." Hawaii Beekeepers' Association,

2003. Web.

Hawaii State Public Library. "Horizon Information Portal." Hawaii State Public Library System.

JSTOR, via UH Manoa Library.

Library of Congress. Library of Congress Subject Headings, 30th ed. Washington, D.C.: Library

of Congress, 2007. [Z695.Z8 L52535a]

Marterre, Buddy, and Alice Varon. “Is Your Honey Green?” American Bee Journal 151.6 (Jun

2011): 559-560.

Martin, Stephen J., Andrea C. Highfield, Laura Brettell, Ethel M. Villalobos, Giles E. Budge,

Michelle Powell, Scott Nikaido, and Declan C. Schroeder. “Global Honey Bee Viral

Landscape Altered by a Parasitic Mite.” Science 336.6086 (2012): 1304-1306.

“OutOfaBlueSky.” YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web.

Peabody, Erin. “A Queen Gets Her Mate.” Agricultural Research 52.5 (2004): 15. Academic

Search Premier. Web.

Reybroeck, Wim, Els Daeseleire, and Hubert F. De Brabander. “Antimicrobials in Beekeeping.”

Veterinary Microbiology 158.1-2 (2012): 1-11.

Scholar Space, via UH Manoa Library.

Skubida, P., P. Semkiw, and D. Teper. “Organic Beekeeping Management.” Journal of

Research and Applications in Agricultural Engineering 51.2 (2006): 164-170.

16

Shimanuki, H. "Beekeeping." Dictionary of American History. Ed. Stanley I. Kutler. 3rd ed.

Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2003. 436. Gale Virtual Reference Library.

Web.

Smith, E. C. The Hive Bee, a Manual of Beekeeping for Hawaii. Honolulu: Hawaiian Gazette,

1918. [SF523 .S64]

Spivak, Marla, and Gary S. Reuter. “Honey Bee Diseases and Pests.” n.p.: St. Paul, Minnesota:

University of Minnesota Extension Service, 2010. [Gov Docs: MN 2500 BU-7554]

Thompson, Helen M., and Pieter A. Oomen. “Hazards of Pesticides To Bees: 11th International

Symposium of The ICP-BR Bee Protection Group: Wageningen (The Netherlands),

November 2-4, 2011.” Julius-Kuhn-Archiv, 437. n.p.: 2012.

Traynor, Kirsten. “Beekeeping for Beginners: The Parasitic Varroa Mite.” American Bee Journal

149.8 (Aug 2009): 735-739.

Tsutsumi, Lorna H. The “What” and “How” of Beekeeping in Hawai’i. n.d. TS. University of

Hawai’i at Hilo. [SF523 .T788]

University of Hawaii at Manoa, "Voyager Catalog," University of Hawaii at Manoa Library.

Web of Science, via UH Manoa Library.

https://uhmanoa.lib.hawaii.edu/vwebv/search?searchArg=%20SF523%20.S64&searchCode=CALL%2B&searchType=1

17

V. APPENDIX A: Search Terms Relevancy Charts

Appendix Key

Results Relevancy:

HR = Highly Relevant U = Useful NR = Not Relevant

Types of search performed:

SU = Subject Search TI = Title Search KW = Keyword Search KWSH = Keyword in Subject Headings AF= All Fields KSUB = Subject All SKEY=Subject Authorized GKEY= Keyword Anywhere KTIL= All Title KSGE= Subject Geographic AB = Abstract FT= Full Text TS= Topic Search

Hawai’i Voyager: Libraries of the University of Hawai’i System

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy

SU: BEEKEEPING 1 HR SU: BEEKEEPER 3 SR SU: BEE CULTURE 106 HR SU: HONEY PLANTS 6 NR SU: BEE CULTURE--HAWAII 4 SR SU: HONEYBEE--HAWAII 3 NR SU: HONEY--HAWAII 3 NR SU: BEE CULTURE—HANDBOOKS, MANUALS, ETC. 4 HR KW: BEE CULTURE 268 SR KW: BEE CULTURE AND Hawaii 9 NR KW: beekeeping 118 HR KW: beekeeping AND Hawaii 3 HR KW: beekeeping AND beginner's 4 HR

18

KW: beekeeper AND Hawaii 0 NR KW: beekeeper* AND Hawaii 0 NR SU: APIARIST* 0 NR SU: APICULTURIST* 0 NR KW: APIARIST* 0 NR KW: APICULTURIST* 1 SR KW: bees AND Hawaii 33 NR KW: honeybee* AND Hawaii 14 NR KW: natural beekeeping 8 HR KW: natural* beekeeping 8 HR KW: naturally beekeeping 2 HR

Hawai’i State Public Library System


KWSH: BEEKEEPING 0 NR SU: beekeeping 0 NR AF: beekeeping 69 SR KWSH: BEE CULTURE 67 HR SU: BEE CULTURE 123 HR AF: BEE CULTURE 144 HR KWSH: BEEKEEPERS 1 HR SU: BEEKEEPERS 36 SR AF: BEEKEEPERS 119 SR KWSH: BEE CULTURE--HANDBOOKS, MANUALS 4 HR KWSH: BEE CULTURE--ENCYCLOPEDIAS 2 HR KWSH: BEE CULTURE--HAWAII 4 NR SU: BEE CULTURE—HAWAII 5 NR AF: beekeeping Hawaii 11 SR KWSH: HONEYBEE--HAWAII 1 NR AF: bees AND Hawaii (restricted to A Nonfiction) 35 NR

19

Library of Congress Catalog


SKEY: BEEKEEPING 6 NR KSUB: BEEKEEPING 36 SR GKEY: BEEKEEPING 257 SR GKEY: BEEKEEPING AND GKEY: Hawaii 0 NR SKEY: BEEKEEPING AND KSGE: (Hawaii OR Hawai'i) 0 NR SKEY: BEE CULTURE 904 SR SKEY: BEE CULTURE NOT SKEY: BEE CULTURE--FICTION (Date: 2005-2015)

83 SR

KSUB: BEE CULTURE 489 SR KSUB: BEE CULTURE NOT KSUB: BEE CULTURE--FICTION

475 SR

KSUB: BEE CULTURE NOT KSUB: BEE CULTURE--FICTION (Date: 2005-2015)

84 SR

GKEY: BEE CULTURE NOT GKEY: BEE CULTURE--FICTION

529 SR

GKEY: BEE CULTURE NOT GKEY: BEE CULTURE--FICTION (Date: 2005-2015)

106 SR

SKEY: BEE CULTURE--HAWAII 0 NR KSUB: BEE CULTURE--HAWAII 0 NR GKEY: BEE CULTURE--HAWAII 0 NR SKEY: BEE CULTURE AND GKEY: Hawaii 0 NR GKEY: BEE CULTURE AND GKEY: Hawaii 0 NR SKEY: BEE CULTURE* AND KSGE: (Hawaii OR Hawai'i)

0 NR

SKEY: BEEKEEPER* 0 NR KSUB: BEEKEEPER* 22 SR KSUB: BEEKEEPER* NOT KSUB: fiction 11 SR GKEY: beekeeper* NOT KSUB: fiction 60 SR GKEY: beekeeper AND GKEY: Hawaii 0 NR GKEY: beekeeperAND (beginn* OR novice) 0 NR GKEY: beekeeper AND (beginning OR novice) 89 SR GKEY: beekeeping AND (beginning OR novice) 0 NR GKEY: bee AND Hawaii 12 NR KTIL: bee AND Hawaii 4 NR

SKEY: HONEYBEE* AND KSGE: (Hawaii OR Hawai'i) 0 NR SKEY: BEE CULTURE AND GKEY: modern 6 HR SKEY: BEE CULTURE AND GKEY: natural 6 HR

20

Academic Search Premier


SU: BEE CULTURE (Date: 2000-2015) 271 SR SU: HONEYBEES AND AF: beekeeping (Date: 2000-2015) 318 HR SU: BEE CULTURE AND AB: Hawaii 0 NR SU: BEE CULTURE AND AF: Hawaii 1 NR SU: BEE CULTURE AND AF: (beginn* OR novice) 7 SR SU: HONEYBEES AND AF: Hawaii 6 NR AF: ("keeping bees" OR beekeeping) AND Hawaii 1 NR beekeeping techniques 1 HR SU: ORGANIC AND SU: BEE CULTURE OR BEEKEEPERS 1 HR

SU: (MITE CONTROL OR BEES--DISEASES) AND SU: (BEE CULTURE OR BEEKEEPERS)

11 SR

SU: (BEE CULTURE OR BEEKEEPERS) AND AB: techniques

8 HR

JSTOR


FT: BEE CULTURE 43 SR FT: beekeeping 262 SR

FT: beekeeping AND techniques (Date: 2005-2015) 75 NR

FT: beekeeping AND techniques AND Hawaii (Date: 2000-2015)

4 NR

FT: BEE CULTURE AND techniques 14 NR AB: beekeeping AND techniques 1 NR TI: (beekeeping OR beekeeper*) AND FT: techniques

11 SR

FT: beekeeping AND Varroa mite* 36 HR FT: BEE CULTURE AND (disease* OR pest*OR parasit*)

27 HR

FT: beekeep* AND (disease* OR pest*OR parasit*) 15 SR

TI: beekeeping AND FT: (challeng* OR disease* OR pest*)

17 SR

FT: beekeep* AND (natural* OR organic) 24 NR

21

Web of Science


TS: BEE CULTURE 390 SR TS: "BEE CULTURE" 5 SR TI: beekeeping (Date: 2005-2015) 355 HR TI: beekeeping AND TS: (natural* OR organic)(Date: 2005-2015)

21 HR

TI: beekeep* AND TS: (mite* OR disease* OR challenge*)

58 HR

Agricola


SU: BEE CULTURE AND AF: (natural* OR organic) (Date: 2000-2015)

44 HR

SU: BEE CULTURE AND AF: (pest* OR disease* OR parasit*) (Date: 2000-2015)

16 HR

SU: beekeeping AND AF: (pest* OR disease* OR parasit*) (Date: 2000-2015)

8 HR

SU: beekeeping AND AF: (natural* OR organic) (Date: 2000-2015)

1 SR

AGRIS


KW: beekeeping AND organic [+beekeeping +organic]

31 HR

KW: beekeeping AND pest [+beekeeping +pest] 80 SR

Scholar Space (UHM)


KW: beekeeping 40 SR SU: BEEKEEPING 1 HR SU: HONEY BEES 3 HR SU: BEE DISEASES 1 SR

22

Google Scholar


TI: beekeeping AND (natural OR organic)(Date: 2005-2015)

72 HR

TI: beekeeping AND practices AND (natural OR organic)(Date: 2005-2015)

1 HR

TI: beekeeping AND practices AND Hawaii (Date: 2005-2015)

0 NR

TI: beekeeping AND practices AND Hawaii (Date: 2005-2015)

0 NR

AF: beekeeping AND practices AND "in Hawaii" (Date: 2005-2015)

270 HR

AF: beekeeping AND techniques AND "in Hawaii" AND (natural OR organic) (Date: 2005-2015)

299 HR

AF: beekeeping AND practices AND "in Hawaii" AND (pest* OR parasit* OR disease) (Date: 2005-2015)

195 SR

AF: chemical-free beekeeping techniques AND "in-Hawaii" (Date: 2005-2015)

5 NR

Gale Virtual Reference Library

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy KW: beekeeping 104 SR SU: BEEKEEPING 7 HR SU: BEEKEEPERS 5 SR SU: BEEHIVES 3 SR SU: APICULTURE 0 NR KW: apiculture 103 SR KW: BEE CULTURE 8 SR SU: BEE CULTURE 0 NR

23

Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th Edition


SU: BEE CULTURE 0 NR SU: beekeeping 0 NR TX: beekeeping 6 SR AF: beekeeping 3 NR SU: apiculture 0 NR TX: apiculture 1 SR AF: apiculture 0 NR

Google


AF: beekeeping in Hawaii 164,000 SR AF: beekeeping resources in Hawaii 79,100 SR AF: beginning beekeeping resources 705,000 SR AF: beginning natural beekeeping resources "in Hawaii"

442,000 SR

AF: "how to" beekeeping resources 383,000 SR AF: "how to" beekeeping resources AND Hawaii 1,930,000 SR

YouTube

Search Terms Items Retrieved Relevancy beekeeping basics 11,200 SR beekeeping basics in Hawaii 2,240 HR organic beekeeping in Hawaii 588 HR how to start beekeeping 22,900 SR beekeeping 101 16,900 SR beekeeping videos (filtered by CHANNEL) 1,170 HR

24

VI. APPENDIX B: Annotated Bibliography

Natural/Organic beekeeping

Conrad, Ross. Natural Beekeeping: Organic Approaches to Modern Apiculture. White River Junction, VT: Chelsea Green Pub., 2013. [SF523 .C75 2013]

Discusses organic alternatives to chemical beekeeping practices using a natural hive management program, written by world-renowned beekeeper and founder of Champlain Valley Apiaries. This source also provides insight to dealing with Varroa mites and other bee pests without the use of chemicals that affect bees and the environment.

“OutOfaBlueSky.” YouTube. YouTube, n.d. Web. https://www.youtube.com/user/OutOfaBlueSky/featured YouTube channel providing over 60 organic beekeeping how-to videos with a variety of hive types. Channel has approximately 10,700 subscribers. A good visual resource on topics ranging from hive building to harvest.

Beekeeping Challenges – Pests and Disease Doebler, Stefanie A. “The Rise and Fall of the Honeybee.” BioScience 50.9 (2000): 738-742.

Excellent overview of challenge of mite infestations on bee colony health, including possible breeding techniques with European bees to produce mite-resistant colonies. Text is supported by images showing different breeds of mites that pose risk to honeybees. Very useful starting point on topic of bee colony parasites.

“Hawai’i Apiary Program.” Hawai’i Apiary Program, 2011. Web. <http://www.hawaiibee.com/>

A collection of web resources on the topic of beekeeping in Hawaii, with listing of recent articles specifically on research and techniques dealing with the Varroa mite. Site is maintained by the Hawai’i Apiary Program in relation with the Hawai’i Department of Agriculture and the Pacific Cooperative Studies Unit at the Research Corporation of the University of Hawai’i. Site’s aim is to provide the public with locally relevant bee information. Provides valuable beekeeping guides specific to Hawaii. Tsutsumi, Lorna H. The “What” and “How” of Beekeeping in Hawai’i. n.d. TS. University of Hawai’i at Hilo. [SF523 .T788]

Step-by-step guide to beginning beekeeping in Hawaii, created as an educational pamphlet by Dr. Lorna Tsutsumi, Professor of Entomology at the University of Hawai’i at Hilo. Sections on year-round hive management especially useful for Hawai’i climate. A basic read, and good place to start before consulting other resources. This source is available online (PDF) or through the UHM Hamilton Library Hawaiian and Pacific Collection.

https://www.youtube.com/user/OutOfaBlueSky/featured

beekeeping in hawai'i

Documents