hazardous chemical safety manual

1 Hazard Chemical Manual Final V1.0 2021 .docx CRICOS No. 00114A

Hazardous Chemical Safety Manual


Contents 1. Related Policy 3 2. Introduction 3 3. Emergency information 4 4. Immediate Emergency Response 5

4.1. Chemical Spill on a Person 5 4.2. Chemical Spill on floor/ fire or other emergency 5

5. Definitions 6 6. Hazardous Chemical Safety Duties 6 7. Risk Management 7 8. Risk Assessment 7 9. Identifying and Implementing Controls 9 10. Consumer Products 11 11. Induction, Training and Supervision 11 12. Safety Data Sheets 12 13. Chemwatch GOLD FFX 13 14. Safe Work Procedures 14 15. Emergency Preparedness 14

15.1. Emergency plans 14 15.2. Emergency Response Procedures 14 15.3. Local Emergency Practices 14 15.4. Emergency and safety equipment 15

16. Incidents Involving Chemicals 15 17. Facility and Safety Equipment 15

17.1. Facilities 15 17.1.1. Safety Showers/ Eye Wash ........................................................................................ 16 17.1.2. Fume hoods/ cupboards ............................................................................................. 16 17.1.3. Other controls for air borne contaminants .................................................................. 16

18. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) 17 19. Hygiene 17 20. Family Planning, Pregnancy and Breast Feeding 17 21. Hazardous Chemical Register 18 22. Manifest 19 23. Purchasing Chemicals 19 24. Permits and Licences 20

24.1. Storage licence 20 24.2. Export and import of chemicals 20 24.3. Register of permits and licences 20

25. Labelling 20 26. Globally Harmonised System (GHS) versus Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) classification

systems 21 27. Storage 21

27.1. Dangerous Goods 21 27.2. General Storage Principles 22 27.3. Dangerous Goods Cabinets 22 27.4. Maximum Quantities in Chemicals Store 23 27.5. Placarding 23

28. Incompatibility and Segregation of Chemicals 24

Summary information about Incompatibility & Segregation .................................................................... 24

28.1. Flammables 24 28.2. Oxidising 25 28.3. Toxics 25 28.4. Corrosives 25 28.5. Temperature Sensitive Chemicals 25


28.6. Time Sensitive Chemicals 25 28.7. Cytotoxic Chemicals 26 28.8. Intrinsically Safe Fridges/Freezers 26 28.9. Miscellaneous - Security 26

29. Record Keeping 27 30. Health Monitoring 27 31. Waste Management 27

31.1. Disposal 28 32. Chemical Use on Field trips 28

32.3. Transporting cryogenic 29 33. Chemicals Requiring Special Permits 29

33.1. Chemicals Schedule 2, 3, 4, and 7 29 33.2. Controlled Substances (scheduled drugs and poisons) and Regulation 25 30 33.3. Individual Permits for Schedule 8 and 9 Substances 30 33.4. Chemicals of Security Concern 30

34. Specific Chemical Information 31 35. Cryogenics 32

35.1. Liquid nitrogen 32 35.2. Cryogenics - Dry Ice 33

36. Cyanides 35 37. Acetonitrile (Methyl cyanide) 36 38. Cytotoxic Chemicals 37 39. Explosives / Energetics 39 40. Gas Cylinders 40 41. Hydrofluoric acid 42 42. Nanomaterials 46

43. 2-Mercaptoethanol (-Mercaptoethanol) 46 44. Organic Peroxides (Class 5.2) 48 45. Perchloric Acid and its Perchlorate salts 50 46. Peroxide Forming Chemicals 52 47. Picric acid (Trinitrophenol) 56 48. Prohibited and Restricted Carcinogens 57 49. Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate 59 50. Related Documents 61 51. Appendix A – Legislative Framework 61 52. Appendix B – Australian Standards 61

1. Related Policy

Work Health and Safety Policy

Work Health and Safety Management System

Hazardous Chemical Safety Procedures

2. Introduction

This manual sets out the best practices when obtaining, storing, handling, using, and disposing of hazardous chemicals. This manual has been written to support the Hazardous

Chemical Safety Procedures

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/work-health-safety-policy.pdf

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/work-health-safety-management-system.pdf

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/hazardous-chemical-safety-procedures.pdf




3. Emergency information

University Security for all emergencies (24 hours)

8201 2880

If Security cannot be contacted:

Ambulance, Fire or Police

000 (from fixed or mobile phone; and certain VoIP

and satellite services)

112 (from digital mobile)

106 (Relay service for hearing or speech impaired

- this service operates using a text phone

(TTY)

Flinders University contacts

Emergency Control Coordinator (ECC)

(Team Leader, Security & Parking)

0421 584 470

Security Supervisor 0431 500 861

Manager, Maintenance 0478 402 130

Assoc. Director, Work Health and Safety 0414 190 024

External Emergency Contacts

Poisons Information 13 11 26

EPA 1800 623 445

SafeWork SA 1800 777 209


4. Immediate Emergency Response

Emergency information/ procedure are also available on the University web site

4.1. Chemical Spill on a Person

If the spill is on your body / eyes- immediately find the nearest safety shower/ eye

station or drench hose and start flushing the affected part of the body.

Call for help

Ring the Emergency Services (0) 000.

If possible get someone to locate the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) so it can be provided to

the treating medical staff.

4.2. Chemical Spill on floor/ fire or other emergency

Remain calm. Don't panic

Stop - Access - Act

1 Alert people nearby and request assistance

2 Ring the Emergency Services (0) 000. Provide the following information:

Your contact number Location Nature of Substance Identify yourself

3. If you need to evacuate the building then operate the nearest Break Glass Fire Alarm

4 Ring University Security 8201 2880

5 Keep people away from spill area if safe to do so (do not put yourself in danger)

6 Exit the building to your Assembly Area, or as directed by a Warden. Do not use lifts.

7. If possible get someone to locate the Safety Data Sheet (SDS) so it can be provided to the

treating medical staff / Emergency Services.

8 Remain in Assembly Area until advised otherwise by a Warden.

https://students.flinders.edu.au/feedback-rights-policy/whs/emergency-fire-safety/emergency-procedures


5. Definitions

ADG Code The Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail,

Competent person A person who has acquired through training, qualification or experience the relevant knowledge and skills.

GHS The Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals, published by the United Nations

Hazardous chemical register A hazardous chemical register is a list of all chemicals used, handled, and stored in the workplace with a corresponding SDS for each listed chemical.

Hazardous chemical manifest A hazardous chemical manifest is a summary of hazardous chemicals used, handled, and stored in the workplace with acute toxicity and physical hazards. A manifest is required when threshold amounts are exceeded, Schedule 11, Work Health and Safety Regulations 2012.

6. Hazardous Chemical Safety Duties

The University must eliminate risks arising from hazardous chemicals in the workplace, or if that is not reasonably practicable, minimise the risks so far as is reasonably practicable. Managing the risk includes ensuring the safety of all persons when using, handling, generating, storing, and disposing hazardous chemicals at the workplace. These duties include:

correct labelling of containers, pipework, and waste

maintaining a register and where relevant, a manifest, of hazardous chemicals and notifying

the regulator of manifest quantities (see Schedule 11 of WHS Regulations) if required

identifying risk of physical or chemical reactions of hazardous chemicals and ensuring the

stability of hazardous chemicals, including any time sensitive chemicals.

Identifying the risks to health and ensuring that where exposure standards are set, they are

not exceeded.

provision of information, training, instruction, and supervision

accessing current Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) from the manufacturer, importer, or supplier

of the chemical or via Chemwatch

controlling ignition sources and accumulation of flammable and combustible substances

provision of emergency and safety equipment, including spill containment and clean up

systems.

preparing an emergency plan if the quantity of a hazardous chemical exceeds the manifest

quantity as specified in Schedule 11 of WHS Regulations

stability and support of containers of hazardous chemicals

obtaining appropriate licensing and permits where required

provision of health monitoring to workers where relevant.

http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/R/WORK%20HEALTH%20AND%20SAFETY%20REGULATIONS%202012.aspx

http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/R/WORK%20HEALTH%20AND%20SAFETY%20REGULATIONS%202012.aspx


7. Risk Management

All users of chemicals need to be aware of the potential risks to their own and others’ health and

safety. This must be managed in accordance with the WHS Risk Management Procedures,

including;

Before purchasing

Before making, using, storing, transporting,

generating waste, or disposing of chemicals and

When dealing with emergencies that may arise from chemicals.

This requires that all users must:

Identify and eliminate reasonably foreseeable hazards where reasonably practicable to

do so.

If it is not reasonably practicable to eliminate the hazard, then control measures must

be implemented to minimize the risk so far as is reasonably practicable.

When identifying the risks and controls, relevant Legislation, Codes of Practice, Australian Standards, and the University WHS Risk Management Procedures and Hazardous Chemical Safety Procedures should be referred to.

8. Risk Assessment

Any chemical classified as a Hazardous Substance and/ or Dangerous Good (as detailed on the

SDS), must have a completed risk assessment.

The University has developed a Hazardous Chemical Risk Assessment template or the

risk assessment may be completed as part of a Project risk assessment .

Whichever risk assessment template is used, the assessment must determine the

possible hazards of the chemical and how it will be used. The control measures

required for its safe use, storage and disposal must also be considered.

Information should be gathered from the SDS, the label, applicable legislation and

Codes of Practice, licenses and permits, regulatory guides and any other relevant

sources.

If the chemical is a Non-Hazardous Substance and/ or a NON-Dangerous Good, and it

is being used as per the manufacturer’s instructions and controls specified in the Safety

Data Sheet, are used, then no formal risk assessment is required. – Please see section

for Consumer Products.

https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/health-safety/hazards-risks/chemicals-substances/health-monitoring

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/whs-risk-management-procedures.pdf



https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/managing-risk

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/information-documents/forms#riskassessment

https://students.flinders.edu.au/feedback-rights-policy/whs/information-documents/forms#riskassessment


8.1. Assessing the risk

Risk Assessments must consider both the health and physical risks associated with

chemicals.

Risk assessment and safe work procedure must be completed before working with

hazardous chemicals referencing the SDS.

In all cases consider;

o Where possible eliminate the use of the hazardous chemical where it is not essential,

or

o Substitute for a less potentially hazardous material.

Use the SDS to assess the risk and complete a risk assessment with reference where applicable to the following factors:

The nature and hazard of the chemical – health and physical risks.

How the chemical(s) is used in the task/ process and the causes of risk.

The quantity of chemical being used

Who will be exposed – staff, students, cleaners etc.

Frequency of exposure and who may be exposed

Possible exposure routes e.g., air borne, eye/ skin contact, and any exposure standards

that might apply

Unstable physical or chemical properties

Safe storage requirements, including quantities stored

Foreseeable failures – e.g. loss of power

Spills and emergency procedures

Disposal and waste management

If using after hours or alone or in isolation.

8.2. Controlling the risk

Identified risks should be controlled as far is reasonably practicable. Controls must be

implemented in line with the Hierarchy of Controls and any legislative requirements.

These controls need to be checked they are effective and documented in the Risk

Assessment.

When Risk Assessments are reviewed the controls must also be reviewed to make sure

they are still effective.

Please see section 9- Identifying and Implementing Controls for additional information.

8.3. Completing risk assessments

Completed hazardous chemical risk assessments, including proposed risk control

measures, must be authorised (signed) by the manager/supervisor (or nominee) of the

person completing the risk assessment.

https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/136274/Managing-risks-of-hazardous-chemicals.pdf


The manager /supervisor or Academic supervisor must confirm by signing the Risk

Assessments that they are satisfied that all reasonably foreseeable risks associated with

the hazardous chemicals and processes have been identified and risks eliminated or

minimised too as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP).

Where there is no supervisor, then the Academic staff member responsible for the project

must sign the risk assessment.

Controls identified in the risk assessment must also be reflected in any associated Safe

Work Procedure (SWP).

Risk Assessments must be reviewed every 5 years or if there is any change in the

process, controls or other factors that may change the risk.

Risk Assessments must be kept by the local area as per the WHS Record Keeping

requirements (hard copy or electronic) and must be available to all workers or students

who will use the hazardous chemicals.

8.4. Consultation

Throughout the risk assessment process, managers and supervisors must consult, so far as is reasonably practicable with:

workers who use, or are likely to use the hazardous chemical(s)

health and safety representatives (HSR’s),

where relevant, students and other persons (e.g., University controlled entities, tenants,

co-tenants, landlords).

Consultation, cooperation, and coordination must also occur with other businesses or

organisations involved with hazardous chemicals at a university workplace (for example,

those who carry out deliveries or cleaning) or who share the workplace with the

University (for example, in joint research or teaching facilities).

9. Identifying and Implementing Controls

The WHS Regulations require duty holders to work through the hierarchy of control measures when managing risks and further guidance can be found in the Managing Risks of Hazardous Chemicals in the Workplace Code of Practice.

You must always aim to eliminate the risk, which is the most effective control.

If this is not reasonably practicable, you must minimise the risk by working through the

other alternatives in the hierarchy of controls

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/staff/documents/whs/whs-records-management.pdf



The hierarchy ranks control measures from the highest level of protection and reliability to the lowest. (Refer to Work Health and Safety Risk Management Procedures):

Risk assessment and safe work procedure (SWP) must be completed before working with all hazardous chemicals and in the risk assessment you should document your control measures that you will implement. When selecting controls consider;

Can the hazardous chemical be eliminated for a less hazardous chemical?

Can the chemical be substituted for a safer option or a safer process e.g., wipe instead

of spray?

Can the chemical process be isolated e.g., glove boxes, dedicated rooms?

What engineering controls can be used e.g., fume cupboard, local ventilation, automatic

samplers?

What administrative processes are needed e.g., Information, training, supervision,

labelling, signage, air monitoring and safe work procedures?

Provision of personal protective equipment (PPE) e.g. gloves, glasses, lab coats,

enclosed shoes.

In many instances adequate management of the risk may require numerous levels of controls to be implemented together. The control measures identified in the risk assessment must be checked, maintained, reviewed and if required changed to ensure as far as reasonably practical a safe work environment is maintained. Other factors that must be considered when selecting controls are:

Legislative and University requirements.

Effectiveness and availability.

Maintenance requirements.

That additional risks are not introduced.



Risks associated with any plant or equipment are also considered.

Storage and disposal requirements.

Any exposure standards are not exceeded

10. Consumer Products

Consumer products (e.g., household cleaners, dishwashing liquids, whiteboard cleaners) that are used in the workplace only in ways and quantities consistent with household use;

do not require a SDSs or risk assessments; and

do not need to be listed in a hazardous chemical register.

Safety information on labels must still be present on the container and be followed.

Labels must have sufficient information about safe use, handling, and storage of the

chemical and must be available to workers, students, others, and emergency services.

Where domestic chemicals are used in a manner or quantity different to normal household

use, then these procedures must be adhered to, including obtaining SDSs to determine the

level of risk to workers and the appropriate controls that need to be implemented.

11. Induction, Training and Supervision

The supervisor must provide a new worker (including students and visitors) with a Local

Work Health and Safety Induction relevant for the laboratory and processes they will use in

undertaking their work/ study or research.

This induction provides an opportunity to identify any additional training that may be

required.

Adequate supervision must be provided to workers, students, and visitors to enable them to

work safely with hazardous chemicals.

o Information, training, and instruction should include the following:

how to access Safety Data Sheets and what information they provide

the nature of the hazardous chemicals

the control measures and how to use and maintain them.

how to deal with emergencies, including evacuation procedures, spills and first aid

provisions

use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and its limitations

any health monitoring required where relevant

labelling of containers of hazardous chemicals and the information the labels provide

Current information on risk assessments and how to complete new risk assessments

the work practices and safe work procedures (SWP) to be followed.

The local area must keep training records in accordance with WHS Record Keeping.

Training must be provided by a competent person who has acquired through training,

qualification or experience the relevant knowledge and skills.

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/induction-and-training/inductions-for-new-staff

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/staff/documents/whs/whs-training-need-analysis-table.docx



12. Safety Data Sheets

Before using any chemical, a current SDS must be obtained. This can be provided directly

from the supplier/ manufacturer at the time of first purchase or;

The Chemwatch system can be used to provide access to supplier and manufacture

Safety Data Sheets as well as those produced by Chemwatch.

SDS’s must be available for every hazardous chemical purchased, stored, transported, or

used in university activities, including off site locations and in field work.

SDSs must be readily accessible to workers and where relevant, students or others who

use the hazardous chemicals.

SDS sheets must be available to the Emergency Services (Fire and Ambulance) or

anyone else who may be exposed or need to treat anyone working with hazardous

chemicals.

SDS sheets can be provided as a hard copy (but must no older than 5 years old) or via

the Chemwatch database.

If only electronic copies are used via Chemwatch, then all workers and students in the

area must know how to access and use the system and there must be a backup means

of providing the SDSs in the event of a computer, or power failure.

The 24/7 Emergency phone number Chemwatch is 1800 039 008 and can be used to

access an SDS in the event of an emergency.

An SDS must contain certain information to comply with the WHS Regulations. The below table

outlines the informational sections that are found in an SDS.

Section 1 Chemical Identification Contains the chemical identifier, contact details, manufacturer/importer details.

Section 2

Hazard(s) Identification Provides details on the potential health and physical hazards of the chemical. This information can be used to assess the risks to users, other and the environment. The SDS may present more information than the label on occasion.

Section 3

Composition and information on Ingredients

This section will provide the identity and proportions of any hazardous ingredients in the mixture.

Section 4 First Aid Measures

Describes the minimum first aid measures that need to be taken in case of an accident.

Section 5

Fire Fighting Measures

Specific information for firefighting measures involving the chemical, including appropriate extinguishing media and protective measures.

Section 6 Accidental Release Measures

Actions that need to be taken in the event of a spill or accidental release

Section 7

Handling and Storage

Information on minimizing the risks for safely handling and storing the chemical.


Section 8 Exposure Controls and Personal Protection

Provides information on appropriate control measures to reduce exposure, such as engineering controls or PPE.

Section 9

Physical and Chemical Properties

Information provided on the physical and chemical properties such as appearance, odour, flash point and other relevant information.

Section 10

Stability and Reactivity

Information on hazardous reactivity that may occur if the chemical is used under certain circumstances or used with incompatible materials.

Section 11

Toxicological Information

This section mostly used by medical professionals and toxicologists outlines the toxicological properties of the chemical.

Section 12 Ecological Information

Information on the ecological hazard properties of the chemical

Section 13 Disposal Considerations

Information on any special requirements for disposal

Section 14

Transport Information

Basic transport classification information such as UN number, packing groups and transport hazard classes.

Section 15

Regulatory Information

Information on national regulatory information specific to the chemical such as Poisons Scheduling or any other applicable Australian prohibition, notification or licencing requirement.

Section 16

Any Other Relevant Information

Relevant information to the preparation of the SDS: date of preparation, legend of abbreviations and acronyms.

13. Chemwatch GOLD FFX

Chemwatch is an online chemical database and management program. Chemwatch allows both

the access and storage of Safety Data Sheets (SDS) and a means of compiling a chemical

register for each area (e.g. Lab).

Chemwatch has two levels of access: general access and a login access.

13.1. General access

Allows students and staff to access all the information within an SDS, CREDO and print labels

without a login.

13.2. Login access

allows additional functions on top of the general access functions, including:

Adding volumes and weights

Finding inventory locations

Printing register

Creating and printing labels for existing chemicals or mixtures

https://jr.chemwatch.net/chemwatch.web/home


Using CREDO, a module that allows for mini SDS and labels to be created for mixtures or

substances not common in the database.

Each area is responsible for managing their register including adding and deleting chemical

SDS’s (either a vendor SDS or a Gold SDS), weights/volumes, maximum quantities associated

with that area's chemicals.

Additional information on obtaining a log in or using Chemwatch is available on the

University portal or by contacting the WHS Unit.

14. Safe Work Procedures

Where control measures have been identified in the risk assessment, a Safe Work Procedure (SWP) must be developed for the relevant task/ activity involving the hazardous chemical.

The SWP should specify the controls identified in the risk assessment and details of how

they are used.

The SWP should cover use, storage, spills, transport, disposal, and any emergencies

associated with the task/ process or refer to other SWP where this information may be

covered.

SWP should be reviewed every 5 years or when there are changes along with the risk

assessment.

SWP should be used in conjunction with training workers, students and others how to

undertake the task safely and a record that the SWP has been read should be kept

(electronic or hard copy) as per the WHS Record Keeping.

15. Emergency Preparedness

15.1. Emergency plans

The University has an Emergency Plan that outlines the response that will be taken in an emergency. 15.2. Emergency Response Procedures

Information is available on page University web pages - Emergency Procedures

15.3. Local Emergency Practices

Processes and equipment must be in place in the event of an emergency. Please see the Hazardous Chemical Safety Procedures for further information.

Areas which use hazardous chemicals must develop local emergency practices and training to be followed in the event of a spill or leak of a hazardous chemical, fire, explosion or other emergency:

https://students.flinders.edu.au/feedback-rights-policy/whs/information-documents/topic/hazardous-chemicals-safety

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/information-documents/forms


https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/emergency-fire-safety/emergency-procedures



Training for staff and students should cover:

Location of evacuation/ exits

Emergency power, gas and electrical shut off buttons (where available).

Location of spill kits and how to use them

Location of safety showers and eye wash stations or drench hoses

First aid facilities

Fire extinguishers and blankets

15.4. Emergency and safety equipment

Emergency and safety equipment must be available and have appropriate signage,

including for containing and cleaning up spills.

Equipment must be readily accessible for all workers/ students if an emergency arises.

Equipment must be inspected and maintained in accordance with the manufacturer’s

instructions and relevant Australian Standards.

16. Incidents Involving Chemicals

All incidents or accidents involving hazardous chemicals must be reported (in FlinSafe)

and investigated in accordance with the Accident, Incident and Hazard Reporting and

Investigation Procedures.

Note exposure to a chemical substance that results in the need for medical treatment

within 48 hrs of exposure or an uncontrolled release, spillage or leak of a substance are

considered as Notifiable Incidents and must be notified to the WHS Unit who will report

this to the Regulator.

17. Facility and Safety Equipment

17.1. Facilities

The requirements for laboratories/studios/workshops when working with chemicals are defined

in Australian Standards for laboratory design and construction (AS/NZS 2982) and Safety in

Laboratories series (AS/NZS 2243).

Laboratories, studios, workshops, and other areas where chemicals are used must

display appropriate signage at the entrance(s) stating the hazards and restricted

access.

Hand washing facilities must be provided in each laboratory.

Personal storage and places for preparation and consumption of food and drink must

be provided outside of the laboratory as NO food or drink is to be stored or

consumed inside laboratory/ workshop areas.

Adequate facilities to hang or store PPE in a clean and usable manner (such as

adequate hooks for lab coats) must be available.

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/accident-incident-hazard-reporting-investigation-procedures.pdf

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/accident-incident-hazard-reporting-investigation-procedures.pdf

https://students.flinders.edu.au/feedback-rights-policy/whs/report-accident-incident-hazard/report-accident-incident-hazard


If a new laboratory/studio/workshop is built or the facility is upgraded, it must be brought

into compliance with AS/NZS 2982.1 and the AS/NZS 2243 series.

17.1.1. Safety Showers/ Eye Wash

Safety shower and an eye wash station must be accessible for areas that use hazardous

chemicals in a type or quantity that poses a risk.

Safety showers and eye wash stations need to be flushed and checked regularly. Frequency

can be determined by a risk assessment developed by the lab supervisor or nominee staff in

each laboratory area.

The requirements for checking and testing are covered in the First Aid Procedures.

17.1.2. Fume hoods/ cupboards

Fume cupboards or local exhaust ventilation must be used when working with volatile

chemicals, and some other categories of hazardous chemicals.

Where volatiles chemicals cannot be used in a fume hood then other adequate controls must

be in place, and this is to be noted in the risk assessment.

Fume cupboards must have a label on them to indicate that they have been serviced and

tested and found to be working and compliant within the last 12 months.

Fume cupboards are to be used appropriately i.e. not as storage location, air flow must not

be restricted and must be appropriate type for the work – i.e. with / without a scrubber.

Fume hoods must be used and designed in line with the Australian Standards.

17.1.3. Other controls for air borne contaminants

Controls required to be present in the facility, where identified by Risk Assessment, must be

maintained, and tested as per the manufacturer requirements.

Examples of other engineering control to manage / detect airborne contaminates include but

are not limited to;

o Local exhaust

o Glove boxes

o Spray booths

o Air Monitoring / alarms e.g., Oxygen or gas monitors.

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/first-aid-procedures.pdf


18. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)

PPE is anything used or worn by a person to minimise risk to the person’s health and

safety. PPE includes overalls, aprons, footwear, gloves, chemical resistant glasses, face

shields, respirators.

If PPE is to be used at the workplace, you must ensure that the equipment is:

o selected to minimise risk to health and safety,

o ensure that the equipment is suitable for the type of work (e.g. correct type of glove).

o Is of suitable size and fit and reasonably comfortable for the worker.

PPE must be maintained, repaired and replaced so that is continues to minimise risk to the

worker who uses it, including by ensuring that the equipment is clean and hygienic, and

in good working order.

information, training and instruction in the proper use and wearing of PPE must be

provided.

In most circumstances, PPE should not be relied as a control measure. It should be used

only as a last resort, when all other control measures have been used and the risk has not

been eliminated or reduced as far as reasonable practicable, then PPE should be used in

combination with other control measure or as interim protection until higher level controls

are implemented.

19. Hygiene

Irrespective of a chemical’s hazardous properties, personal hygiene is an important part of controlling exposure when handling or storing chemicals.

Hands must be washed after using or storing chemicals and before leaving laboratory/

workshop areas.

No eating, drinking or application of cosmetics is permitted in areas where chemicals

are present.

Hair and other loose items of clothing must be kept away from chemicals.

Avoid touching hair, face, mouth, eyes, and nose while handling chemicals.

PPE must be kept clean – e.g. laundered lab coats.

20. Family Planning, Pregnancy and Breast Feeding

Workers/ students who are either pregnant, considering pregnancy or breast-feeding are encouraged to:

Read these procedures and seek out any other relevant information provided on Safety

Data Sheets and other sources.

It is recommended that people inform their supervisor of their pregnancy at the earliest

possible time, on the understanding that the matter will be kept as confidential as

possible.


The worker concerned is also strongly encouraged to seek advice from their health

professional if they have concerns.

In general these workers should minimise their exposure to hazardous chemicals as

much as possible (especially those identified as reproductive toxins or teratogenic) and

cooperate fully in any effort made to fairly and sensibly modify their duties to minimise

these risks.

They should report immediately any suspected exposure to their supervisor, WHS Staff

and seek medical advice.

21. Hazardous Chemical Register

A hazardous chemical register is a list of all hazardous chemicals used, handled, or stored in

the area.

All areas that use hazardous chemicals MUST maintain a hazardous chemical register

along with the current Safety Data Sheet (SDS) for each chemical using Chemwatch.

The Register must be up to date and contain the following information:

Name of the chemical

Container size for each chemical

Maximum quantity

Supplier

The exceptions are:

chemicals that are consumer (household) products in consumer quantities or chemicals in

transit.

If Chemwatch is not accessible by workers and students in that area, then a register must

be kept as hard copy. If in a hard copy format, then that hard copy should be kept in the

location where chemicals are mostly used.

Chemical stocks and their associated registers must be reviewed and updated to

make sure that any new, out of date, discontinued or unwanted chemicals are

disposed of and these changes are reflected in the register. This review should

occur a minimum of every 12 months.

Contractors who use hazardous chemicals must keep on site at a convenient

location, a copy of their register of the hazardous chemicals being used.

Chemical registers must be available for Emergency Services if requested.


22. Manifest

A Chemical manifest is different from a register. A manifest is only required when specific

chemicals (schedule 11 Chemicals as specified in WHS Regulations 2012) reach prescribed

quantities.

A manifest is a listing of chemicals on site and used mainly for Emergency Services.

It is unlikely that individual areas (labs) will reach manifest quantities unless they operate a

large lab with storage area. Each area with large quantities of chemicals should check with

the WHS Unit to see if a manifest is required.

Where there are manifest quantities of hazardous chemicals then the University must

prepare and maintain a manifest of such hazardous chemicals and make it available to

Emergency Services.

23. Purchasing Chemicals

Before purchasing chemicals through the appropriate channels as set by the individual

Colleges, workers must obtain the SDS, and prepare a risk assessment covering required

controls that will be needed to handle the chemical safely. e.g. will a fume cupboard or

intrinsically safe electrical equipment be needed.

Anyone who purchases chemicals is responsible for checking if they are classified under

any of the following categories, which require specific permits to be held and have

regulatory and record keeping requirements that must be met.

Controlled Substances

Dangerous Substances

Prohibited and Restricted Carcinogens

Chemicals of Security Concern, including Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate

Prescribed or Precursor Chemicals

Safeguards Materials

Chemicals in the above list must not be purchased or obtained via personal means but must go through the relevant College’s/ University purchasing procedures.


24. Permits and Licences

24.1. Storage licence

The University holds a licence for the storage of Class 3, 6 and 8 Dangerous Substances on the Bedford Park and Tonsley site. Local areas must notify the WHS Unit if there is any change to the storage location or a significant change in the quantities of these goods. See section 27 Storage) for information.

24.2. Export and import of chemicals

Areas which import or export chemicals (including Nano materials) may be required to obtain a licence and must check with the Australian Industrial Chemicals Introduction Scheme (AICIS).

24.3. Register of permits and licences

Where permits or licences are required for certain types of hazardous chemicals, controlled

substances or explosive materials, staff must advise the WHS Unit.

The WHS Unit maintains a register of permits issued to the University and its staff, detailing

the permit number, expiry date and staff approved to use the substance(s) concerned.

25. Labelling

All hazardous chemicals, including those produced either directly or as a by-product in the

University, must be classified and labelled in accordance with the following;

Code of Practice Labelling of Workplace Hazardous Chemicals

Globally Harmonised System (GHS) of classification and labelling of chemicals

University’s Hazardous Chemical Safety Procedures.

Manufacturers and suppliers must only supply chemicals that are correctly labelled in

English, have an Australian supplier or manufacture identified, with all required hazard

statements and pictograms present and correct for the classification of the chemical.

When a hazardous chemical is transferred or decanted from a supplier’s container and is not

used immediately, the container must be labelled in accordance with the Code of Practice.

Labels with appropriate hazard statement and hazard signage (pictogram) can be generated

by Chemwatch for decanted materials.

Re-used containers must have the old label removed or totally covered with the new label.

Food and beverage containers (e.g., drink bottles, jars) must NEVER be used for chemical

storage.

Hazardous chemicals contained in an enclosed system (e.g., a pipe or piping system) must

be identified by a label, sign, or markings on the pipework in accordance with AS 1345-1995

Identification of the contents of pipes, conduits, and ducts.

https://www.industrialchemicals.gov.au/

https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0009/136269/Labelling-Hazardous-Chemicals.pdf

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/ghs-information-sheet-23052016.pdf




Waste containers containing hazardous chemicals must have appropriate labels including:

Written in English.

Product identifier (name or CAS number)

Required hazard statements and pictograms.

(See section 31 for further information on waste management)

26. Globally Harmonised System (GHS) versus Australian Dangerous Goods

(ADG) classification systems

Hazardous chemicals need to be labelled in accordance with two classification systems. These

systems and the conditions they apply to are outlined below:

Australian Dangerous Goods (ADG) classification applies to road and rail transportation of

dangerous goods. The ADG Code is referred to in the WHS Regulations 2012, for manifests and

placarding purposes.

Globally Harmonised System (GHS) classification applies to the use, handling, and storage of

hazardous chemicals in the workplace. At the point delivery has been accepted into the

workplace, GHS labelling is required for all applicable containers. GHS labels can be generated

via Chemwatch.

27. Storage

27.1. Dangerous Goods

The University holds a licence for the storage of Class 3, 6 and 8 Dangerous Substances on the Bedford Park and Tonsley site.

Dangerous Good Class helps identify how chemicals need to be segregated during

storage and transport.

The University has strict limits and quantities of each Dangerous Goods class that it can

hold within each area and its sites over all. These limits are imposed under its license

conditions.

Local areas must notify the WHS Unit if there is any significant change to the storage

location or quantities of these goods from what is indicated on their Chemwatch

register.

Refer to the Guidelines for the Storage and Segregation of Hazardous Substances in

Laboratories and Workshops for storage volumes.

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/staff/documents/whs/dangerous-goods-storage.pdf


27.2. General Storage Principles

All chemicals must be stored in accordance with the requirements specified in the SDS and, where applicable, with any other highlighted conditions such as permit stipulations.

Chemicals are NOT to be stored in offices.

Chemicals should not be stored on the floor. Where this cannot be avoided, the chemical

must be stored in a bunded tray and in a manner so as not to pose a risk.

Chemicals should not where possible be stored above 1.5m high.

Quantities of chemicals in storage should be kept to a minimum and chemicals no longer

required should be disposed of promptly.

All out-of-date chemicals must be disposed of periodically to reduce the overall risk

potential and stocks should be reviewed on an annual basis to prevent build-up of

chemicals in areas.

All chemicals stored must be maintained in Chemwatch, the chemical register (except

Consumer Products).

Fume cupboards should not be used to store chemicals.

Ensure all containers are of good condition and labelled.

To reduce the risk of contamination, liquids of any kind should not be stored above solids.

Liquids should be stored as low as possible on shelving to reduce the risk of breakage and

spillage.

27.3. Dangerous Goods Cabinets

General

Do not store bottles on floor of the cabinet, the bottom shelf must sit level with the top of

the bund.

Cabinets used for storage shall be compatible with the chemical per class type i.e., toxic,

flammable, corrosive, oxidising.

Signage shall be displayed on cabinet door as per class type.

Cabinets must be in good condition including, but not limited to, self-closing doors, close

fitting doors, free from rust that compromises integrity of cabinet etc.

Cabinet Locations

Should be a minimum of 3m away from emergency exits.

Should not be closer than 3m to ignition sources.

If the above cannot be met then a risk assessment must be completed to determine

appropriate controls to be in place.

Ventilation

Cabinet ventilation should not normally be required unless determined as an essential risk

control measure.

Cabinet ventilation is not an alternative to vapour tight closure of all stored containers.


If ventilation is an essential risk control measure (such as could be in the case for volatile,

extremely toxic, or corrosive substances), the cabinet shall be vented in accordance with

the type of cabinet Class and Australian Standards.

27.4. Maximum Quantities in Chemicals Store

Stored quantities must not exceed permissible amounts. Refer to the Guidelines for the Storage and Segregation of Hazardous Substances in Laboratories and Workshops for permitted volumes of ‘in use’ and ‘in storage.’

Local areas must maintain a record of their maximum quantity amounts they hold in their

labs in their Chemwatch register.

27.5. Placarding

Placarding is a sign or notice displayed in a prominent place, or next to a container or storage

area for hazardous chemicals at a workplace, that contains information about the hazardous

chemical stored in the container or storage area

Placarding must be displayed when an area has hazardous chemicals amounts that are above

placard quantities as specified in WHS Regulations or Code of Practice.





28. Incompatibility and Segregation of Chemicals

Hazardous chemicals should be physically separated from any chemicals or other things (such as

ignition sources) that may be incompatible and may result in an uncontrolled dangerous situation.

This can often be achieved by distance, barriers, or a combination of both.

Chemicals must be adequately segregated as per the University’s. Guidelines for the Storage and Segregation of Hazardous Substances in Laboratories and Workshops.

Summary information about Incompatibility & Segregation

28.1. Flammables

With flammables the possibility of fire or explosion being caused by an ignition source

must be managed.

When storing flammables in refrigerators/freezers/cold-room, it is required that an

intrinsically safe laboratory refrigerator/freezer/cold-room be used.

Flammable solids (DG Class 4) are generally non compatible with flammable liquids, the

SDS must be consulted.

Temperature can affect the hazards associated with flammables- especially those with

lower explosive limits (LEL).

Information on safely storing and segregating flammable liquids is available in

AS 1940: The storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids.




28.2. Oxidising

Oxidisers (DG Class 5) are generally not compatible with any other Class and in some

cases may not be compatible with its own Class; the SDS must be consulted and storage.

Chemical oxidisers can also react violently and unexpectedly with many other materials

such as organic material (for example, wood, paper, cellulose products) and many

common hydrocarbon solvents.

28.3. Toxics

Storage areas shall be secured against unauthorised entry where toxic chemicals (DG

Class 6) are stored.

Schedule 2, 3, 4, and 7 substances must be stored in locked cabinets.

Toxic gases in cylinders must also be secured.

28.4. Corrosives

Corrosive substances and mixtures can be either alkaline or acidic and these two

categories are incompatible and should never be stored together due to the potential for

harmful reactions.

Some reactions of acids and alkaline chemicals can be highly exothermic and rapidly

generate large amounts of gas, causing an explosion risk.

Eyewash and safety showers should be readily accessible where corrosives are handled

or transferred.

28.5. Temperature Sensitive Chemicals

Must be stored in a refrigerator/freezer connected to back up power. Please consult the

SDS for further information on storage requirements.

28.6. Time Sensitive Chemicals

Some ‘time sensitive chemicals’ stored for prolonged periods of time may develop hazards

that are not present with newer chemicals if e.g., picric acid; these must be risk assessed

and controlled. Date of purchase and use must be maintained.


28.7. Cytotoxic Chemicals

Cytotoxic drugs/chemicals must be stored in an area with limited access. These storage

areas, including refrigerators, must be clearly marked and identifiable to users.

Storage locations should minimise the chance of breakage and contamination.

28.8. Intrinsically Safe Fridges/Freezers

It is essential that when storing flammables in refrigerators/freezers, that they are intrinsically safe. Intrinsically safe refrigerators/freezers can be purchased.

Domestic refrigerators/freezers are not designed to be intrinsically safe as they include

thermostats, lights, and electric fan motors.

Internally intrinsically safe: means that any ignition sources are removed from the internal

component of the refrigerators/freezers and located on the outside of the unit.

Domestic refrigerators/freezers may be modified. If modification occurs, a certificate of

compliance must be provided and kept on record and the refrigerators/freezers must have

a sign stating that it has been modified.

Fully intrinsically safe: means that both the internal and external ignition sources are

removed. This is required when the external atmosphere may be explosive.

Signage: refrigerators/freezers must clearly indicate whether they are modified and therefor

appropriate for flammable storage or not appropriate for flammable storage.

28.9. Miscellaneous - Security

Most licensed, prohibited, and restricted carcinogens, schedule chemicals or those

classified as chemicals of security concern must be stored in a secure and lockable

storage unit.

Registers of use and disposal must also be kept.


29. Record Keeping

The following records must be maintained and kept up to date for work with hazardous chemicals

by the local area using the chemicals:

Risk Assessments

Safe Work Procedures

Licences as applicable

Use and disposal records where required by licensing conditions.

Records must be kept in accordance with WHS Record Keeping

Records must be made available to the WHS Unit upon request

30. Health Monitoring

Health monitoring occurs to identify changes in workers' health as a precaution when the worker

may be exposed to certain hazardous chemicals that they are working with.

Health monitoring is not a replacement for control measures and safe work practices that need to

be in place.

Health monitoring must be provided to a worker or student carrying out ongoing work that

involves using, handling or storing hazardous chemicals and where a significant risk to the

worker’s or student’s health has been identified because of potential exposure to hazardous

chemicals specified in the WHS Regulations – see WHS Regulations 2012 (schedule 14):

Health monitoring may also be required for other Hazardous Chemicals Requiring Health

Monitoring in addition to those above in point 1.

To determine if health monitoring is required there needs to be a significant risk to health

with the availability of an appropriate and valid test method. Your General Practitioner should

be consulted if you have concerns.

To determine whether there is a significant risk to the health of a worker, student or other,

the following factors should be considered and recorded via the risk assessment:

o the level of toxicity (classification of chemical e.g., carcinogen, the form of the substance e.g., dust or fume and the route of entry e.g., inhalation, absorption)

o the likely level and frequency of exposure during work activities o the types of processes used to handle the chemicals at work. o the control measures in place.

Colleges/Portfolios are responsible for the costs relating to the health monitoring of a worker

or student in their area.

31. Waste Management

Areas should regularly review their chemicals and make sure that any unwanted or out

of date chemicals are disposed of.

The correct method of disposal of any chemical waste generated must be included in

the relevant Safe Work Procedure (SWP).


https://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/R/WORK%20HEALTH%20AND%20SAFETY%20REGULATIONS%202012/CURRENT/2012.268.AUTH.PDF

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/doc/hazardous-chemicals-requiring-health-monitoring

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/doc/hazardous-chemicals-requiring-health-monitoring


When a staff member, visitor or research higher degree student leaves the University

permanently, they must ensure that all chemicals under their control are disposed of

correctly, unless transference to another staff member has been agreed.

All changes of chemical stock held on site due to disposal must be updated on the

Chemwatch chemical register to reflect the disposal or new transferred location.

Any materials purchased under a scheduled licence must be disposed of when the

licence holder leaves the University and a record kept of that disposal.

31.1. Disposal

Responsible staff must ensure that:

a. Chemical waste is labelled and stored as appropriate for the hazard, including hazard

warnings on labels and segregation.

b. Chemical waste is removed by an operator licensed by the relevant authority (EPA).

c. The licensed operator is provided with a waste manifest.

d. The licensed operator must provide the University with a waste transport certificate (WTC).

e. A copy of the WTC is kept by the University via the electronic EPA tracking system or a

hard copy is to be provided.

32. Chemical Use on Field trips

32.1. Field Work

Staff and students must make sure that all chemicals used on field trips are transported, stored, used, and disposed of in a safe manner. This may require extra care in packing, instruction and/ or training, the use of bunding, carrying a spill kit and PPE and making sure the chemical is label with appropriate signage. Quantities used in the field must be kept to a minimum and an SDS for the chemicals must be available in the field and during transport. This information must be included in the field trip risk assessment and Safe Work Procedures (SWP). Information should be sourced from the Safety Data Sheet (SDS). 32.2. Transport

Transporting of hazardous chemicals by vehicle is not recommended. If chemicals need to be transported then it is recommended that a courier company specialising in transporting chemicals is used. Note - There are legislative requirements around the transporting of chemicals – see

Australian Code for the Transport of Dangerous Goods by Road and Rail and there may also be

Insurance implications.

Some hazardous substances must not be transported in domestic vehicles, such as:

Liquid nitrogen

DG Class 1 explosives and 2 compressed gasses

Regulation 25 or

Prohibited and restricted carcinogens.


32.3. Transporting cryogenic

Transporting of cryogenic substances in a vehicle must be risk assessed. A generic risk assessment and SWP for the Transport Of Cryogenic Substances By Vehicle/ Road can be referred to and modified for the activity that is been undertaken – see Hazardous Chemical Safety web page.

33. Chemicals Requiring Special Permits

Certain chemicals require additional controls in storage, handling, security and disposal due to their hazardous nature. This information is to be included in the hazardous chemical risk assessment.

33.1. Chemicals Schedule 2, 3, 4, and 7

University Research Instruction, Training or Analysis Permit

The University has a Research Instruction, Training or Analysis Permit which

allows the University to manufacture, produce, possess, and use Schedule 2, 3, 4, and 7

substances. The permit is site (campus) specific.

The permit requires the University to comply with the following conditions:

The poisons must not be re-sold or supplied to any other person. The University holder shall store these poisons, when not in use, in suitable containers,

appropriately labelled, in a locked receptacle or enclosure. The poisons shall not be kept elsewhere other than at the premises specified. Access to the poisons shall be restricted to the permit holder who is University staff, or students

under their supervision. The poisons shall be used in accordance with guidelines prepared by or under the direction of

the University. A record indicating the quantity of each poison manufactured, produced, received, used, or

destroyed during the currency of this permit must be kept by the area that obtained the chemical and made available to the WHS Unit when requested.

The University must comply with the Department of Health Suspected Theft or Loss of Drugs or Substances from Licence or Permit Holders Staff using these substances must comply with these conditions. To breach the conditions of the

University’s licence is an unlawful act, which would result in a loss of licence and the University’s

ability to purchase and hold these types of substances.

Scheduled chemicals are outlined by the Poisons Standard (SUSMP) but can also be identified

by the SDS either under Section 2 - Poisons Schedule or by Section 15 Regulatory

Information.

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/information-documents/topic/hazardous-chemicals-safety

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/information-documents/topic/hazardous-chemicals-safety


33.2. Controlled Substances (scheduled drugs and poisons) and Regulation 25

Scheduled drugs and poisons require special permits for possession and use.

Determination of a scheduled drug or poison can be sought by reviewing ‘Poisons Schedule’

under Section 2 Hazard Identification of the SDS or via SA Health's, Standard for the Uniform

Scheduling of Medicines and Poisons.

All Regulation 25 poisons must be registered with the WHS Unit as these are reported on

annually to SA Health with the permit renewal.

33.3. Individual Permits for Schedule 8 and 9 Substances

Any staff member requiring Schedule 8 and 9 Substances for research purposes must apply

for an individual permit from SA Health. This permit allows the holder to purchase specified

substance(s) in specified amounts and may include (if requested by permit holder) other

persons that are allowed access to the named substance(s).

A copy of the permit and any variation and annual renewals must be provided to the WHS

Unit.

A permit issued to a person is not transferrable. Where a staff member or a research higher

degree student leaves the University and the substance is not disposed of, a new permit must

be applied for by the new person responsible for that substance.

Permit conditions must be followed- including any security, storage, record keeping and

disposal requirements.

All processes of storage, handling, disposal, and record keeping can be audited by the WHS

Unit to ensure compliance.

33.4. Chemicals of Security Concern

Chemicals of Security Concern are a list of chemicals that can be used in the making of homemade explosives and toxic weapons. There are ninety-six chemicals that have been assessed as a potential security concern and fifteen chemicals that are assessed as being a high-risk security concern. These chemicals are listed in the National Code of Practice for Chemicals of Security Concern. Where areas have any of the chemicals identified by the Australian Government as chemicals of security concern, the National Code of Practice for Chemicals of Security Concern, whilst a voluntary code, it addresses minimum measures for safe handling, managing or storing of such chemicals and each area should consider the requirements under this code and implement any necessary controls. Any loss or theft should be reported immediately to the WHS Unit who will inform the area

Manager, SafeWork SA and the South Australian Police Department.

https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=2ahUKEwiKp8f_3bHxAhXU4zgGHZFlBdsQFjAAegQIBBAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalsecurity.gov.au%2FSecurityandyourcommunity%2FChemicalSecurity%2FDocuments%2FCode-of-practice.PDF&usg=AOvVaw1qnbJJtcUansFfuqa6EdkX




SPECIFIC CHEMICAL

HANDLING

INFORMATION

34. Specific Chemical Information

The below chapters provide more detail and specific advice on a range of chemicals that pose

high physical or health risks if not handled appropriately.


35. Cryogenics e.g., liquid nitrogen and Dry Ice

Cryogenic substances are liquefied or solidified gasses that are kept in their liquid or solid state at very low temperatures. Some associated hazards include asphyxiation, cold contact burns (both touch and vapour) and explosion from expanding vapours.

35.1. Liquid nitrogen

Training/documentation

o Users must be trained, by a competent person, in procedures for safe use of

material including the transferring of liquids between Dewar’s.

o Safety training checklist must be signed off by trainee and trainer.

o Training provided should reflect the needs of the individual user and the

exposure to risk. Consideration should be given to:

Role and Previous experience and level of education of user

Specific responsibilities and handling

o Training should cover safe use, handling, storage, and disposal.

First aid

o Cold burns – flush affected area with tepid water, apply non-stick dressing and

seek medical attention.

o Remove clothing that liquid nitrogen has come into contact with BUT Do not

remove clothing that has frozen to skin, but flush with tepid water.

o If a person displays abnormal responses in breathing, pulse, blood pressure,

cognitive function, or level of consciousness, move to fresh air if it is safe to do

so - seek first aid and call Emergency services.

o Asphyxiation – it is not safe to enter an oxygen-deprived space. Call

emergency services for immediate assistance.

Handling (signage, PPE)

o PPE must be available and used whenever working with liquid nitrogen or

within a room containing large liquid nitrogen Dewar’s – insulated cryogenic

gloves, eye protection (or face shield), enclosed shoes, lab coat.

o Never use in confined spaces – including inside closed vehicle cabins.

o In laboratories where there is minimal ventilation, only small quantities may be

used.

o Ventilation should be utilised when working with significant amounts of nitrogen

gas.

o Never place cryogenic substances in a sealed container where gases cannot

escape – as the substances warms, it reverts to its gaseous state, causing

expansion and a build-up of pressure within the container. This pressure could

result in an explosion. o Only use containers designed to hold cryogenic substances (e.g., use Dewar

flasks – do not use domestic thermos flasks)

o Use the appropriate containers and tools designed for use with liquid nitrogen,

such as cryogenic vials for storage of samples (NOT standard or screw-cap

Eppendorf tubes).

o Filling tasks should be undertaken only by trained and competent persons.


Spillage

o In the event of a spill, evacuate and ventilate the room, allowing the gas to

dissipate. Do not re-enter until it is safe to do so.

o A small spill may result in oxygen deprivation – do not enter an oxygen-

deprived space. Call emergency services for immediate assistance.

o A large spill in an enclosed room with no ventilation poses a serious risk of

asphyxiation. The room must not be entered, evacuate immediately and

emergency services and Security must be called.

Storage

o Where large amounts of liquid nitrogen are stored or used indoors, a risk

assessment must be conducted and documented to ascertain requirement for

low oxygen alarm and any other safety measures that may be required.

Transporting

o The hazards of transporting liquid nitrogen include asphyxiation due to oxygen

depletion.

o Liquid nitrogen must never be transported inside closed vehicle cabins. A utility

or vehicle with a separate cab must be used.

o Transport requires the goods to be packaged in accordance with Australian

Code of Transport for Dangerous Goods and this includes making sure that the

containers are appropriate for the content and labelled.

o Lift use – people must not travel in lifts where Dewar’s are being transported.

Signage and protocols must ensure that the lift is ‘locked out of service’ while

transporting liquid nitrogen.

Disposal

o Unused liquid nitrogen should be allowed to dissipate in a fume hood.

o Liquid nitrogen must not be poured down sinks or drains.

35.2. Cryogenics - Dry Ice



dry ice.

First aid

o Cold burns – flush affected area with tepid water, apply non-stick dressing and

seek medical attention.

o Do not remove clothing that has frozen to skin, but flush with tepid water.

o Asphyxiation – it is not safe to enter an oxygen-deprived space. Call

emergency services for immediate assistance


o PPE must be available and used whenever working with dry ice – insulated

cryogenic/thermal gloves, eye protection (or face shield), enclosed shoes, lab

coat.

Spillage

o If spilled, dry ice will sublimate to carbon dioxide. Ensure appropriate ventilation

until this has occurred.

o Do not handle without appropriate PPE

https://www.ntc.gov.au/sites/default/files/assets/files/ADG%20Code%207.7_0.pdf

https://www.ntc.gov.au/sites/default/files/assets/files/ADG%20Code%207.7_0.pdf


Storage

o Never place cryogenic substances in a sealed container where gases cannot

escape as the dry ice warms, it reverts to its gaseous state, causing expansion

and a build-up of pressure within the container. This pressure could result in an

explosion.

o Only use containers designed to hold cryogenic substances (e.g., Styrofoam

esky)

o Always store in a well-ventilated area to minimize carbon dioxide build up.

Transporting

o The hazards around transporting cryogenics include asphyxiation due to

oxygen depletion.

o Large quantities of dry ice must never be transported inside closed vehicle

cabins. A utility or vehicle with a separate cab must be used. Small quantities

may be transported inside a vehicle if it can always be well ventilated.

o Dry ice should be transported in a foam esky.

o Consider using a portable oxygen monitor.

o Transport requires the goods to be packaged as in accordance with Australian

Code of Transport for Dangerous Goods and this includes making sure that the

containers are appropriate for the content and labelled.

Disposal

Let unused portions of dry ice sublime in a well-ventilated room or fume hood.

Example of Transport signage required

o More information about cryogenics can be found on SafeWork SA web page - Dry

ice and cryogenics | SafeWork SA

https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/workplaces/chemicals-substances-and-explosives/dry-ice-and-cryogenics

https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/workplaces/chemicals-substances-and-explosives/dry-ice-and-cryogenics


36. Cyanides

Cyanides are highly toxic, preventing oxygen transfer from the blood to body tissue, causing damage to the heart and nervous system. Cyanide poisoning can occur via inhalation or ingestion.



cyanides.








o Cyanides must only be used in a fume cupboard.

o Signage must be placed at the entrance to the lab and on the fume cupboard to

indicate that cyanide is in use.

o Ensure that any PPE used is in accordance with the SDS, including appropriate

gloves and respirators, lab coat and closed shoes.

o Use a buddy system to ensure no one is working alone with cyanide.

o After use, all surfaces and equipment that were in contact with cyanide must be

neutralised using a concentrated Sodium hypochlorite solution.

First aid

o You must be mindful that Cyanides require specific first aid, which includes but

is not limited to:

Immediately calling 000 and Security

Flushing of contacted areas with large amounts of water

Removing the casualty from contaminated area, ensuring first-aider is

not placed at risk.

If breathing stops, do not use direct mouth to mouth ventilation due

to risk of contamination. Instead use a resuscitation bag and valve

mask. The first aider must ensure that they do not inhale the expired air

of the casualty.

No matter how fast the recovery, all casualties should be taken to

hospital for further treatment and monitoring.

o Mild symptoms can include irritation of nose and mouth, headaches, weakness,

shortness of breath.

o Severe symptoms can include gasping for breath, loss of consciousness,

seizures, cardiac arrest, and fatality.

Note- Amyl Nitrate is not held on site – you must advise emergency services if you suspect

Cyanide poisoning.


Spillage

o Consult the SDS for specific procedure for spill clean-up and use an

appropriate spill kit as identified by the risk assessment.

o Small spillages can be cleaned up using sodium hypochlorite.

o Prevent spillage from entering drains including clean up material.

o For large spills or for a spillage outside of the fume cupboard, evacuate the

area immediately and call Emergency Services on 000 and Security.

o Full PPE must be worn to access area with the aim of

Preventing further release of cyanide

Attendance to casualties

Preventing spillage from entering drains

o Treat spillage area with sodium hypochlorite solution which will deactivate any

traces of cyanide.

o All material from both the spill and clean up must be disposed of as hazardous

waste.

Storage

o Cyanides must be stored in a locked toxic cabinet with minimal access.

o Do not store near acids or oxidising agents.

o Ensure minimal amounts are purchased and stored, with date of purchase

written on container.

o Packages must be inspected regularly, and any damaged or deteriorated

containers segregated and disposed of immediately.

Disposal

o All cyanide waste must be neutralised so that free CN- and/or HCN is not

present.

o All waste containers must be labelled “Cyanide Waste” as containers may still

present a chemical hazard/danger when empty.

37. Acetonitrile (Methyl cyanide)

Acetonitrile is a toxic, colourless liquid, aromatic, water soluble solvent that is very flammable as a liquid and vapour and produces cyanide vapour on acidification.



cyanides.







o Must only be used in a fume cupboard.

o Ensure that any PPE used is in accordance with the SDS, including appropriate

gloves and respirators, lab coat and closed shoes.

o After use, all surfaces and equipment that were in contact with acetonitrile must

be neutralised using a concentrated Sodium hypochlorite solution.


First aid

o Before commencing work, you must be mindful that acetonitrile requires

specific first aid. Please review section 36 on cyanides for further information

on first aid.

o If suspect exposure call Emergency Services on 000 immediately.

Spillage



o Clean up immediately, ensuring all ignition sources have been removed.

o Wear appropriate PPE, avoiding contact with skin and eyes or breathing in

vapours

o Contain and absorb small quantities with vermiculite or other absorbent material. Collect residues in a waste container, segregated as flammable

o Wipe up.

Storage

o Must be stored in a locked toxic cabinet with minimal access.

o Reacts violently with oxidising agents and is incompatible with acids.



o Packages must be inspected regularly, and any damaged or deteriorated

containers segregated and disposed of immediately.

Disposal

o Empty containers may still present a chemical hazard when empty.

o All waste containers must be labelled “acetonitrile waste” as containers may

still present a chemical hazard/danger when empty.

38. Cytotoxic Chemicals

Cytotoxic drugs are highly toxic to cells, mostly inhibiting the ability of cell reproduction. Many are also considered to be carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic. Long term effects of prolonged or frequent exposure are unknown. Note- Many cytotoxic are also Prohibited or Restricted Carcinogens and workers must be authorised before use.

The SDS can be used to determine cytotoxicity by the following sections:

Section 1 Identification of the substance: Relevant identified uses of substance or mixture

and uses advised against by; paragraph will begin with ‘Antineoplastic agent’.

Section 7 Handling and Storage – Precautions for safe handling; paragraph will contain

‘Antineoplastic agent/cytotoxic’.

Additional information on use, storage and disposal can be sought from SA Health’s Cytotoxic Drugs and Related Waste

https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/f8aa68004b3f6cf6a340afe79043faf0/Safe+Handling+Cytotoxic+Guidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-f8aa68004b3f6cf6a340afe79043faf0-n5iCcp-

https://www.sahealth.sa.gov.au/wps/wcm/connect/f8aa68004b3f6cf6a340afe79043faf0/Safe+Handling+Cytotoxic+Guidelines.pdf?MOD=AJPERES&CACHEID=ROOTWORKSPACE-f8aa68004b3f6cf6a340afe79043faf0-n5iCcp-




cytotoxic chemicals.




Specific responsibilities and handling of cytotoxic chemicals.


First aid

o Immediately flush skin and eyes with copious amounts of water if contact

occurs.

o Remove all contaminated clothing and PPE, disposing in a cytotoxic waste bin.

o Seek medical review.


o PPE must include lab coat, nitrile, or latex gloves (double gloved), eye

protection and closed shoes. Further guidance on PPE including preparatory

protection to be obtained from the SDS.

Spillage



o Spills must be dealt with immediately.

o People within the immediate vicinity should be warned to stay clear.

o Appropriate PPE must be worn when cleaning up spills.

o Seek first aid and Security assistance if required.

o All material from the spill and the clean-up must be disposed of in a designated

Cytotoxic waste bin.

Storage

o Prevent unauthorised access to storage area.

o Storage areas, including refrigerators, must be clearly marked and identifiable

to users.

o Storage locations should limit the chance of breakage and limit the risk of

contamination.



o Packages shall be inspected regularly, and any damaged or deteriorated

packages segregated and disposed of immediately.

Disposal

o All cytotoxic waste is hazardous to human and environmental health. Cytotoxic

waste must be segregated from other waste streams.

o Waste must be placed in designated purple bags and/or containers, labelled

‘Cytotoxic Waste’ and placed in a secure designated purple cytotoxic bin.

o SDS and risk assessment must be consulted for safe disposal procedures.

o Empty containers may still present a hazard so should be disposed of in

Cytotoxic bin.


39. Explosives / Energetics

Explosives and energetics are reactive substances that contain a great amount of potential

energy that can produce an explosive reaction under certain conditions.

Site Permit

o The University has a Site Licence for Premises to keep Explosives not

exceeding 30g.

Permitted users

o All users must also have a permit to purchase that must be renewed annually.

o Personal permit copies must be provided to the WHS Unit where Register of

users must be kept by the university.

o A log of quantities purchased, used, and disposed of must be maintained.

Risk assessment and safe work procedure must be completed before working with

Explosives / Energetics referencing the SDS.

o Where possible eliminate the use of the material where it is not essential, or

o Substitute for a less potentially hazardous material

o Ensure sure that static, if applicable, will also be controlled in the lab

environment.



Explosives / Energetics.


exposure to risk with SWP to be signed by user. Consideration should be given

to:

Role of user and Previous experience and level of education of user




o Ensure that any PPE used is in accordance with the SDS.

o Containers, tools, and equipment must be compatible for use with the

substance.

o SDS must be consulted for further information on reactivity to other substances.

Spillage

o Small spillages need to be cleaned up immediately and in accordance with the

SDS.

o If appropriate, use spill kit/sorbent to absorb the material, collecting all

contaminated materials and placing in appropriate container, disposing of

according to safe disposal procedures.

o Never wash material down the drain

o In the event of a larger spill, evacuate area immediately and call security and

emergency services.


Storage

o Explosives / Energetics must be kept in a specialised locked explosive cabinet.

o Unauthorised access to storage area must be prevented.

o A log of quantities purchased, used, and disposed of must be maintained.

o Ensure minimal amounts are stored.

o Packages shall be inspected regularly and any damaged or deteriorated.

o Any loss or theft should be reported immediately to WHS Unit and SAPOL.

Transporting

o As per regulations

Disposal

o Any unused amounts after projects are finalised must be disposed of according

to permit conditions.


o Empty containers may still present a hazard so should be disposed of

appropriately.

40. Gas Cylinders

There are various types and sizes of gas cylinders. Consult the SDS for the specific gas for control measures. Asphyxiant gases: Some gases such as nitrogen, carbon dioxide etc. can displace oxygen in a room. Appropriate ventilation must be ensured and recorded in a risk assessment. Contact the WHS Unit for guidance on oxygen depletion calculations. Storage compatibility: Ensure minimum separation distances between incompatible gases such as Class 2.1 Flammables i.e., methane and Class 2.2 Oxidisers i.e., oxygen. See Section 27 The class of gas defines its physical properties which may define additional requirements for storage, handling, use and transport. Refer AS 4332:2004 for specific details on storage and handling requirements.

Class of Gas

2.1 Flammable gas

2.2 Non-flammable, non-toxic gas

2.2 Sub risk of 5.1 Oxidising gas

2.3 Toxic gas


o Users must be trained, by a competent person, in procedures for safe use of gas, including securing gas cylinders, ventilation requirements, cylinder valves and regulator, moving cylinders etc.

Risk assessment and safe work procedure must be completed before working with any

gas, referencing the SDS. The risk assessment and SWP should consider the following. o Where possible eliminate the use of the gas where it is not essential, or o Substitute for a potentially less hazardous material. If not possible, consider higher

order controls specific to the hazard profile of the gas such as gas detection sensors, appropriate segregation from incompatible chemicals or ignition sources.


o Purchase the smallest gas cylinder that is adequate for the job.

o A spark arrestor fitted in the flow line from a regulator may be considered as an extra layer of control against back flow of flame in the event that the gas ignites in the supply line.

o Handling and transport of cylinders and correct PPE.

First aid o Refer to SDS.


o Cylinder contents should be identified by the information on the affixed label including the Dangerous Goods class and not necessarily by the cylinder colour.

o Cylinder valves and regulators must be in good working order and inspected regularly.

o Ensure that the correct regulator type for the gas cylinder is selected and fitted and ensure the correct thread orientation before screwing onto cylinder.

o Where indicated by a date tag or stamping, regulators and braided lines should be replaced on or before the date indicated or as per manufacturer’s instructions and, in any case, for a period not exceeding 5 years (AS 4839.2001)

o Valves should only be opened with a regulator attached and opened slowly. Valves should otherwise remain closed when the gas is not in use.

o Do not use or allow oil, grease, sealants or dusts on cylinder valves. o Keep cylinders away from high heat sources. o Ensure adequate ventilation for the gas in use (consult the SDS) o A gas leak testing procedure must be in place when cylinders, regulators and line

fittings are changed over. Other joints such as those at taps or junctions should be tested periodically. See AS 4839.2001 for a gas leak testing protocol.

o Wear eye protection and enclosed shoes must always be worn. o Consider additional appropriate PPE as stated by the SDS and SWP.

Accidental Release

o Immediate evacuation must occur, informing security and emergency services. o Refer to the SDS for further information for emergency procedures.

Storage

o Storage of cylinders inside a building should be avoided wherever possible. o Most gas cylinders are designed to be stored in an upright position. o Gas cylinders should be restrained/chained securely to a wall, including when

empty. o Gas cylinders should not be stored on trolleys. o Ensure flammable gas cylinders are stored away from ignition sources. o Store in location where physical damage to the cylinder is unlikely to occur. o Close off the valve to the cylinder when not in use. o Ensure minimal numbers of gas cylinders are purchased and stored, and empty

cylinders or those no longer required returned to the supplier promptly. o Store empty cylinders separate from full cylinders. Where possible, full cylinders

should be stored outside of the room until changeover.


Transporting cylinders on site o Do not lift or carry cylinders. o Gas cylinders should be moved upright, using an appropriate trolley with a

restraining strap. o Valve protection should be in place. Valve should be closed when transporting.

41. Hydrofluoric acid

Hydrofluoric acid (HF) is a liquid or gas which is a corrosive and toxic acid that can cause serious burns and even death. The fluoride in HF enters the bloodstream, trapping calcium and magnesium, which leads to heart, muscle, and nervous system damage. Breathing in HF can damage lung tissue, causing swelling and fluid accumulation in the lungs. Where possible, eliminating the use of HF or substituting it with a less hazardous substance is preferred.

Primary Risk

Subsidiary Risk


HF Emergency Kit: Due to the hazardous nature of Hydrofluoric acid, a specialised kit

that covers both spillages and first aid must be kept in the work area. The contents

must include no less than:

o Neoprene gloves

o Calcium gluconate gel (must not be past expiry date)

o Calcium carbonate powder

o Brush and scoop

o Plastic bags labelled HF waste.

o Goggles

o HF safety data sheet

o Spill procedure

Risk assessment and safe work procedure must be completed before working with HF,

referencing the SDS.

o Where possible eliminate the use of HF where it is not essential, or

o Substitute for a less potentially hazardous material.



HF.




Role of user

Previous experience and level of education of user




First aid

There is strong evidence that HF can cause serious injury by inhalation, swallowing once or minor contact to skin/eyes, causing irreversible damage to organs. As pain may be delayed for up to 24hrs, treatment must occur immediately, no matter how minor the contact is. A first aid plan must be organised before commencing work with HF, which includes, but is not limited to, the following:

o Immediately call 000 to ensure transport to hospital and call university Security.

o Flush contacted areas with large amounts of water for at least 15mins and

apply Calcium gluconate gel which must be readily available.

o Contaminated clothing and/or contact lenses must be removed and not put

back on.

o Remove the casualty from contaminated area, ensuring first-aider is not placed

at risk.

o Appropriate PPE must be worn in accordance with the SDS, including

appropriate elbow length gloves, chemical goggles, a full-face shield, and

respirators due to inhalation exposure.

o If breathing stops, do not use mouth to mouth ventilation due to risk of

contamination. Use a resuscitation bag and valve mask.

o All incidents involving HF must be reported via the University WHS incident

reporting system FlinSafe.


o HF must only be used in a designated work area which excludes non-essential

workers from using the space.

o The work area must have a fume cupboard.

o Ensure there is a safety shower and eye wash in the laboratory where being

used.

o HF should be used in a fume cupboard and never in an open laboratory.

o HF should be purchased in less concentrated forms to avoid handling

concentrated acid.

o Ensure that any PPE items are in accordance with the SDS, including

appropriate elbow length gloves, chemical goggles, and a full-face shield if

there is the risk of being splashed and wearing of trousers or overalls outside of

boots, to avoid spills entering boots.

o Double Neoprene or Nitrile gloves must always be worn whilst handling HF.

Latex gloves are not to be used. See SDS for further information on suitable

gloves for differing concentrations.

o Never work alone or after hours whilst handling HF.

o To avoid violent reaction, always add material to water, never water to material.

o Ensure signage is placed to indicate that HF is in use. Sign must indicate

‘dangerous’ and ‘warning’.

o Neutralise equipment and surfaces with saturated calcium carbonate before

leaving the laboratory.

o HF reacts with glass so must never be stored in glass vessels and equipment.

The use of chemically compatible containers such as those made from

polyethylene or Teflon are to be used.

o SDS must be consulted for further information on reactivity to other substances.

o A record of use must be maintained.


Spillage




o Small spillages in a fume cupboard may be managed by a competent person

wearing suitable PPE.



o HF can be neutralised by covering with calcium carbonate, leaving for 24hrs to

allow for a reaction then using absorbent materials to clean up. Ensure

appropriate safe disposal methods are followed.

o All material from the spill and the clean-up must be disposed of as hazardous

waste.

o Large spills (greater than 50ml) should be contained using a spill kit, then the

area evacuated, and the alarm raised call 000 for emergency services/Security.

Storage

o HF reacts with glass so must never be stored in glass vessels and equipment.

The use of chemically compatible containers such as those made from

polyethylene or Teflon are to be used.

o HF should sit in secondary containment and bunding.

o HF must be stored in a secure, locked, cool, dry, and well-ventilated location

away from sources of heat.

o Storage incompatibility includes:

Most metals, glass, and other siliceous materials

Oxidisers

Organics

Acids

Ceramics

Alkalis

Various other materials: consult the SDS for further information.

o Ensure minimal amounts are purchased and stored.

o Packages shall be inspected regularly with any damaged or deteriorated



to users.


contamination.

Transporting

o As per SDS,

o Transport between store and facility must be in a double contained vessel, with

appropriate controls in place inclusive of a spill kit.

Disposal

o Disposal should be in line with training.

o Materials used for neutralization of HF with saturated calcium carbonate

solution must always be collected in closable plastic containers with signage

and labelling of contents and disposed of as HF hazardous waste.

o Empty containers may still present a hazard so should be disposed of as HF

hazardous waste.

o HF waste should never be disposed of down the drain and only placed in

appropriate containers.


o Any contaminated items e.g., PPE must be double bagged and labelled before

being disposed of via the chemical waste system.

42. Nanomaterials

Nanomaterials, which is the precise engineering of materials at an atomic, molecular, and super molecular scale has in recent years raised concerns for possible health and safety implications. Whilst the effects of nanomaterials are largely unknown there is supporting documentation that highlights concerns that nanomaterial can get into the body via skin, lungs and digestive system affecting nervous systems, suppressing immunity and possible long-term damage to the lungs and brains. When working with nanomaterials read the literature on the material to be used. If there is limited information, adopt a precautionary principle where health implications are not yet known. Further information can also be found in Safe Work Australia’s Engineered Nanomaterials – an update on the Toxicology and Work Health Hazards 2015 Risk Control:

Where possible eliminate the use of nanomaterials where it is not essential

Substitute for a less potentially hazardous material

Review current literature and risk assess the nanomaterial and the effects it can

have on health; some nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes are potentially

more dangerous than others with research suggesting they may have carcinogenic

properties.

Minimize exposure by wearing PPE, such as respirators, gloves, and eye

protection, and by using a fume cupboard.

43. 2-Mercaptoethanol (-Mercaptoethanol)

Is a clear, colourless liquid with an unpleasant odour (like that of gas) that acts as an enzyme reactivator in inhibited systems and is used to dissociate proteins. 2-Mercaptoethanol is corrosive, flammable, and toxic. It can be fatal if inhaled or ingested and will rapidly absorb through skin.

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/engineered-nanomaterials-update-toxicology.pdf

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/engineered-nanomaterials-update-toxicology.pdf


Risk assessment and safe work procedure must be completed before working with 2-

Mercaptoethanol, referencing the SDS.

o Where possible eliminate the use of 2-Mercaptoethanol where it is not

essential, or






Role of user and previous experience and level of education of user


First aid

o Eyes - eyes must be irrigated for at least 15 minutes then medical treatment

must be sought.

o Skin – Quickly but gently wipe material off skin with a dry clean cloth.

Immediately remove all contaminated clothing. Flush area for at least 15

minutes then medical treatment must be sought.

o Inhalation – remove from contaminated area. Breathing may be affected, seek

medical treatment without delay.

o Ingestion – Do NOT induce vomiting. Rinse mouth with water and seek medical

attention.

o Review the SDS for additional first aid procedures.


o Never allow clothing that is wet with material to stay in contact with skin.

o Fume cupboards should always be used to aid ventilation.

o When equipment is used, careful design and assembly must occur to ensure

gases to not leak out. Refer to the SDS for further information.

o Containers should be kept closed as much as possible when not in use.

o PPE is specified by the SDS but includes chemical protective gloves, safety

glasses with side shields or chemical goggles, lab coat and enclosed shoes. A

risk assessment may identify other required PPE to be worn such as full-face

shield.

o If splashes occur on gloves, they should be immediately changed.

o The SDS must be consulted for further information on reactivity to other

substances such as leather and contact lenses which may absorb and

concentrate irritants.

Spillage

o Never use dry, powdered hypochlorite or other strong oxidizer for mercaptan

spills as auto-ignition can occur.

o Consult SDS for specific procedure for spill clean-up and use an appropriate

spill kit as identified by a risk assessment.

o Small spills – remove ignition sources, clean up immediately, avoid breathing

vapours, contact with skin and eyes.

o Large spills - evacuate area, raise the alarm, and wait for emergency

services/Security. Full body PPE and breathing apparatus is required for large

spill clean-up.

o Never allow material to enter drains as it is very toxic to aquatic life.


waste.



Storage

o Storage incompatibility includes – alkali metals, strong oxidisers, strong acids,

hydrogen sulphide.

o Store in a sealed secondary container in a well-ventilated area




contamination.

Transporting

o As per SDS,

o Transport between buildings must occur in secondary containment, preferably a

polyethylene or other non-reactive acid/solvent bottle carrier.

Disposal



appropriately including segregation and appropriate labelling.

44. Organic Peroxides (Class 5.2)

Organic peroxides can be extremely unstable, including thermally and sensitivity to impact or friction. This may result in exothermic self-accelerating decomposition. In addition, organic peroxides may be liable to explosion, burning, cause eye damage and react dangerously with other substances or heat. It is important to read the SDS for the substance intended to be used for specific information on its requirements for storage, use, disposal, and reactivity to other substances.


o Users must be trained, by a competent person in identifying organic peroxides,

their properties and hazards as outlined by the SDS.




Role and previous experience and level of education of user


First aid

o Eyes - organic peroxides can cause corneal damage after contact so eyes must

be irrigated for at least 15 minutes then medical treatment shall be sought.

o Review the SDS for additional first aid procedures specific to the substance in

use.


o Fume cupboards should be used to aid ventilation.

o PPE will be specified by the SDS but may include PVC gloves, safety glasses

or chemical goggles, lab coat and enclosed shoes. A risk assessment may

identify other required PPE to be worn such as full-face shields or respirators.


o Containers, tools, and equipment must be compatible for use such as glass,

porcelain, and some grades of plastics. Incompatible materials may include

steel, copper, brass, or alloy metals e.g., spatulas for weighing.

o The SDS must be consulted for further information on reactivity to other

substances.

o Containers, tools, and equipment must be thoroughly cleaned leaving no

residue.

o Dilution of organic peroxides must occur as per the instructions in SDS to avoid

violent reactions.

Spillage

o Consult SDS for specific procedure for spill clean-up and use an appropriate

spill kit as identified by a risk assessment.

o Large spills - evacuate area, raise the alarm, and wait for emergency

services/Security.

o Spills must be dealt with immediately, as per the SDS and the risk assessment.




waste.


Storage

o Organic peroxides should be stored at the correct temperature as outlined in

the SDS.


written on container. Organic peroxides should not be stored for more than 1

year.

o Segregate organic peroxides from all incompatible substances.

o Where storage in a refrigerator is required, either to maintain chemical stability

or for experimental requirements, the refrigerator must be intrinsically safe i.e.,

no internal ignition sources) and must be on backup power.


to users.

o Cabinet designs must be according to the AS 2714-2008 and shall include:

Self-closing and close-fitting door with either friction type or magnetic

type lock to release pressure inside cabinet.

Non plastic (e.g., metal) catches and hinges.

Cabinets must be ventilated (AS 2714-2008: Clause 4.5.2).




contamination.

Transporting

o As per SDS,



Disposal

o Class 5.2 chemicals shall be packed separately, and temperature stability must

be maintained whilst waiting for disposal.

o Contact the waste organiser for the safest methods of storing organic peroxide

waste until it is picked up.




appropriately.

45. Perchloric Acid and its Perchlorate salts

Primary Risk Subsidiary Risk

Perchlorates can be unstable and decompose explosively and may act as an oxidizer when heated and will react violently when water is added to concentrated acid.



perchlorates.

First aid

o Refer to SDS.


o Concentrated solutions above 73% and anhydrous acids are unstable.

Perchloric acid in lower concentrations may behave as a strong but non-

oxidizing acid, however, will become an extreme oxidant with elevated

temperatures. Perchloric acids are not compatible with certain materials,

including, but not limited to, wood, metals, alcohols. The SDS must be reviewed

for all incompatible materials.

o PPE must be worn in accordance with the SDS.

o Perchloric acids MUST ONLY be handled in a fume cupboard that has been

engineered for use of perchloric acid. Some vapours may form perchlorates in

the ductwork which can be shock sensitive and potentially explosive and

therefore need to have scrubbers.

See examples of fume cupboard labels below to look for:


Spillage

o Small spillages must be cleaned up immediately with avoidance of contact with

any organic matter, fuels, solvents, sawdust, paper, or cloth as ignition may

result.



o Spills must be dealt with immediately, as per the SDS and the risk assessment.




waste


Storage

o Perchloric acids must be stored in fireproof cabinet with no other classes as is

unstable in the presence of incompatible materials.

o Pressure may develop in containers, open carefully, check and vent 6 monthly.

o Do not allow to dry out.

o Perchloric acid that has darkened and formed crystals has a high potential of

explosion and must not be touched as it is may be unstable and sensitive to

shock.





o Prevent unauthorised access to storage area.



to users.


contamination.

Transporting

o As per SDS,



Disposal

o SDS and risk assessment must be consulted for safe disposal procedures

including segregation and appropriate labelling.


appropriately.

46. Peroxide Forming Chemicals

Peroxide forming liquid chemicals are susceptible to violent reactions when exposed to air and sometimes catalysed by light and heat.

Risk assessment and safe work procedure must be completed before working with this

substance, referencing the SDS.


o Substitute for a less potentially hazardous material such as a material that does

not form peroxides

There are three general categories of peroxide forming chemicals, each category has a level of

risk for reaction and must be managed in a certain way. It should be noted that there are

additional chemicals, other than these three categories, that are potential peroxide formers,

and this information can be gained from the SDS or the manufacturer.

Class A - Severe Peroxide Hazard Spontaneously decompose and become explosive when exposed to water in the air

Butadiene Divinyl ether Sodium amide

Chloroprene Isopropyl ether Tetrafluoroethylene

Divinyl acetylene Potassium amide Vinylidene chloride

Class B - Concentration Hazard Spontaneously decompose and becomes explosive upon concentration

Acetal Dicyclopentadiene Methyl cyclopentane

Acetaldehyde Diethylene glycol dimethyl ether

Methyl isobutyl ketone

Benzyl alcohol Diethyl ether (ether) 4-Methyl-2-pentanol


Class B - Concentration Hazard Spontaneously decompose and becomes explosive upon concentration

2-Butanol Dioxanes 2-Pentanol

Cumene Ethylene glycol ether acetates 4-Penten-1-ol

Cyclohexanol Furan 1-Phenylethanol

Cyclohexene 4-Heptanol 2-Phenylethanol

2-Cyclohexen-1-ol 2-Hexanol Tetrahydrofuran (THF)

Decahydronaphthalene (decalin)

Methylacetylene (gas) Tetrahydronaphthalene

Diacetylene (butadine, gas) 3-Methyl-1-butanol Vinyl ethers

Class C – Shock and Heat Sensitive Hazard Spontaneously decompose and become explosive when exposed to shock of heat

Acrylic acid Chlorotrifluoroethylene (gas) Vinylacetylene (gas)

Acrylonitrile Methyl methacrylate Vinyladiene chloride

Butadiene (gas) Styrene Vinyl chloride (gas)

Chlorobutadiene Tetrafluoroethylene (gas) Vinyl pyridine

Chloroprene Vinyl acetate



these materials, including properties and hazards as outlined by the SDS.

o Training should include how to safely handle, use, store and dispose of these

materials and what must be done in the event of a spill.


o Visually inspect container for deterioration prior to use. Do not open container if

there are signs of deterioration. Signs of deterioration include:

Crystallization

Cloudiness

Liquid stratification

String/wisp like formations


o Once used, wipe the top of the bottle to remove any remains of substance

which has the potential to crystalize. If dry crystals are present in the thread of

the screw top containers this may also present a detonation hazard.

Spillage

o Small spills must be dealt with immediately


appropriate spill kit as identified by the risk assessment such as vermiculite.

o If a large spill occurs, evacuate building and call emergency services.



waste, as per SDS and RA.

Storage

o Ensure minimal amounts are purchased and stored, with date of received and

opened written on container. Label example below.

o Always use a “first in, first out” method when using peroxide forming chemicals

o Ensure peroxide forming chemicals has an inhibitor added wherever possible

o Must be stored in dark coloured glass with airtight lids.

o Must be stored dry as substance becomes highly unstable with moisture

o Ensure inspection and testing of container and contents occurs regularly (3

monthly) to ensure there are no dried crystals, discolouration, or stratification

present. Storage timeframes must be according to the schedule below.



Storage Timeframes Receiving and opening dates must be labelled on the container

Date Opened Date Received

Class A 3 months 18 months

Class B 12 months 18 months

Class C 12 months 18 months


Label Example Receiving and opening label to be placed on the container

Testing

o Commercial testing dip strips are available for purchase. The instructions of

use, as outlined on the packaging, should be followed.

o It should be noted that testing strips may have limited shelf life and will have

specific storage requirements

o If there are any detected levels of peroxide, the chemical is unsafe and should

be disposed of.

Transporting

o As per SDS,



Disposal

o Peroxide forming chemicals must be disposed of once the storage timeframes

above have lapsed.

o Peroxide forming chemicals must be disposed of by a registered waste

contractor experienced in the handling and disposal of explosive

materials. The disposal of these should be discussed with your college

hazardous waste organiser or WHS Unit.





47. Picric acid (Trinitrophenol)

Picric acid when wet is a flammable solid however dried picric acid can form unstable crystals that are sensitive to shock, friction, or heat, creating an explosion. Therefore Picric acid must not be allowed to dry out. Wherever possible, the phasing out of picric acid is encouraged.







o Handle in a well-ventilated area such as a fume cupboard and ensure that

appropriate PPE, in accordance with the SDS, is worn.

o Do not use metal spatulas to remove picric acid.

o Picric acid must never be allowed to dry out as dried picric acid is capable of

explosion and must only be handled by a trained explosive handler if it does.

o Once used, wipe the top of the bottle to remove any remains of substance

which has the potential to crystalize. If dry crystals are present in the thread of

the screw top containers this may also present a detonation hazard.

o Unused substances must be disposed of to reduce amounts stored.

Spillage





o Never allow spilled material to dry out and never sweep up dry material – clean

up with a dampened pad and place spilled solids/pad in a suitable container of

solution. The waste must be labelled with a “picric acid” warning.

o If a large spill occurs, evacuate building and call emergency services.





Storage

o Must be stored in dark coloured glass not metal containers.

o Must not be stored dry as substance becomes highly unstable.

o Must not be stored with oxidisers, reducing agents, nitric acids, alkalis, metals

(metal salts). The full incompatibility list can be retrieved from the SDS.

o Ensure inspection of container and contents (liquid) occurs six monthly to

ensure it hasn’t dried out and there are no dried crystals present.







to users.


contamination.

Transporting

o As per SDS,



Disposal

o Picric acid must ONLY be disposed of by a registered waste contractor

experienced in the handling and disposal of explosive materials.

o Picric acid containers being disposed of must have liquid in the container.

o Any item that has encountered picric acid must be placed in water and stored in

a suitable container and disposed of accordingly.




48. Prohibited and Restricted Carcinogens

WHS Regulations prohibit or restrict the use of certain chemicals including several carcinogens that are prohibited or restricted except for genuine research. These are listed in Appendix C, Code of Practice: Managing risks of hazardous chemicals in the workplace

Carcinogenic substances can also be cytotoxic chemicals. Further information on controlling

cytotoxic hazards can be found section 38.

Risk assessment and safe work procedure must be completed before applying to work

with this substance, referencing the SDS.



Application and Permits

These carcinogens require authorisation and a permit issued by SafeWork SA (or equivalent in

each State & Territory) before they can be purchased, used, handled, or stored.

Each application must include the following:

Every worker or research higher degree student wishing to use a prohibited or restricted

carcinogen must complete a Prohibited or Restricted Carcinogen Worker Registration

Form including the following information:

amounts and location of the carcinogen(s), estimated frequency of exposure.

risk management procedures including risk assessment and safe work procedures.

approval of the details by the Supervisor who oversees the work involving the

prohibited or restricted carcinogen.

The form must be signed by the relevant Dean of Research or Portfolio Head or

delegate as a competent person, confirming that risk management processes are

adequate and in place.

https://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/system/files/documents/1702/managing_risks_of_hazardous_chemicals2.pdf


https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/information-documents/topic/carcinogenic-substances-scheduled

https://staff.flinders.edu.au/workplace-support/whs/information-documents/topic/carcinogenic-substances-scheduled


The form must be submitted to the relevant Vice-President and Executive Dean for

signature also confirming that risk management processes are adequate.

The form must be submitted to Flinders University WHS Unit and approved by

SafeWork SA.

All processes of storage, handling, training, disposal, and record keeping will be

reviewed by the WHS Unit on a regular basis.

Any changes to the original information provided in the application must be advised

as soon as reasonably practicable, in writing, to the WHS Unit who will notify

SafeWork SA.

Health monitoring

o Health monitoring may need to be conducted. At the end of employment, a

statement of exposure will be provided by the University upon request if Health

monitoring has occurred.






First aid

o As per SDS and may need to seek medical advice.


o Staff and students using these substances must comply with the measures (risk

management strategies) for handling, storage and disposal as stated within the

application. Failure to do so will see the authorisation cancelled.

o A record indicating the quantity of each prohibited or restricted carcinogen,

received, used, or destroyed during the currency of use must be kept by the

area that purchased the chemical.

o Ensure that any PPE used is in accordance with the SDS, checking if the

carcinogen is also cytotoxic.

o Containers, tools, and equipment must be labelled and dedicated for use with

the substance – including labelling as a cytotoxic if it is in that category.

Spillage


appropriate spill kit as identified by the risk assessment. Regard must also be

given to whether the carcinogen is also cytotoxic.





o Any unexpected exposures must be reported as outlined by the Accident,

Incident and Hazard Reporting and Investigation Procedure

o Seek medical advice if there has been an exposure.

Storage

o Access to the prohibited and restricted carcinogens shall be restricted to staff

and students who are approved by SafeWork SA and registered with the WHS

Unit.

https://re.sajari.com/token/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.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.PTSwns8pGTwVlX6_HbABmiojYFxKL7NWA98cb8x56LU

https://re.sajari.com/token/eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.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.PTSwns8pGTwVlX6_HbABmiojYFxKL7NWA98cb8x56LU





to users as Carcinogens and/or cytotoxic if applicable.

o Storage must be in suitable containers, appropriately labelled as a prohibited or

restricted carcinogen and/or cytotoxic if applicable, in a locked receptacle.



o Any loss or theft must be reported immediately to the WHS Unit.

Transporting

o As per SDS,



Disposal


including segregation and appropriate labelling i.e., carcinogenic and/or

cytotoxic purple bins.


appropriately.

49. Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate

The Regulations subject to the University to a range of conditions outlined below.

Note there is some parts of the Regulations that University has a gazetted exemption from).

All purchase use and disposal of Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate must be recorded in an auditable format – e.g., register / log.

Each record being kept for a period of at least five years.

All processes of storage, handling, disposal, and record keeping may be reviewed by the WHS Unit on a regular basis.

Permitted users.

o Any staff member who is intending to use SSAN for research or educational

purposes must contact the WHS Unit, prior to purchasing.



material.


First aid

o As per SDS


o Avoid personal contact and inhalation of dust, mist, or vapours.

o Provide adequate ventilation.


o Ensure that any PPE used is in accordance with the SDS such as eye

protection.

o Do not wear cotton or leather gloves.

o Containers, tools, and equipment must be compatible for use with the

substance.

o SDS must be consulted for further information on reactivity to other

substances.

o All purchase use and disposal of Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate must be

recorded in an auditable format by the lab – e.g., register / log. Each record

being kept for a period of at least five years.

o All records will be made available to a gazetted Inspector of Explosives on

request within 14 days.

Spillage



o Avoid all contact with any organic matter including fuel, solvents, sawdust,

paper or cloth and other incompatible materials, as ignition may result.

Storage

o No more than 3kg of Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate is to be kept in

any laboratory or other area of use at any time.

o All quantities of Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate must be kept in a secure

manner (stored in a suitable container, appropriately labelled as SSAN, in a

locked receptacle such as a cabinet) and accessible only by the registered

person/s.



o Do not repack. Use containers supplied by manufacturer only.



o Do not store near heat sources such as open flames, steam pipes, radiators, or

other combustible materials such as flammable liquids.

o Any loss or theft of Security Sensitive Ammonium Nitrate to be reported

immediately to the WHS Unit who will inform the Manager, Dangerous

Substances, SafeWork SA and the South Australian Police Department.

Transporting

o As per SDS,



Disposal


including segregation and appropriate labelling.


appropriately.


50. Related Documents

WHS Policy WHS Risk Management Procedure Hazardous Chemical Safety Procedure First Aid Procedures. Emergency Management Procedure

51. Appendix A – Legislative Framework

South Australia

Work Health and Safety Act 2012

Work Health and Safety Regulations 2012

Controlled Substances Act 1984

Controlled Substances (Controlled Drugs, Precursors and Plants) Regulations 20014

Controlled Substances (Poisons) Regulations 2011

Explosives Act 1936

Explosives (Security Sensitive Substances) Regulations 2021

Code of Practice - How to manage work health and safety risks

Code of Practice: Managing risks of hazardous chemicals in the workplace

Code of Practice: Labelling of workplace hazardous chemicals

National Code of Practice for Chemicals of Security Concern

Note- equivalent Act and Regulations exist in each State and Territory

52. Appendix B – Australian Standards

Users must refer to SAI Global for the latest version

AS/NZS 2243.1:2005

Safety in Laboratories – Planning and operational aspects

AS/NZS 2243.2:2006

Safety in laboratories - Chemical aspects

AS/NZS 2243.3:2010

Safety in laboratories – Fume cupboards

AS/NZS 2243.9:2009

Safety in laboratories – Recirculating fume cabinets

AS/NZS 2243.10:2004

Safety in laboratories – Storage of chemicals

AS/NZS 2982.2010

Laboratory design and construction

AS 4332: 2004

Storage and handling of gases in cylinders

AS 4332: 2004/Amdt 1-2005

Storage and handling of gases in cylinders

AS 1894:1997

Storage and handling of non-flammable cryogenic & refrigerated liquids

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/work-health-safety-policy.pdf



https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/first-aid-procedures.pdf

https://www.flinders.edu.au/content/dam/documents/staff/policies/health-safety/emergency-management-procedures.pdf

http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/A/Work%20Health%20and%20Safety%20Act%202012.aspx

http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/R/Work%20Health%20and%20Safety%20Regulations%202012.aspx

http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz/c/a/controlled%20substances%20act%201984.aspx

http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/LZ/C/R/Controlled%20Substances%20(Poisons)%20Regulations%202011.aspx

http://www.legislation.sa.gov.au/lz/c/a/explosives%20act%201936.aspx

https://www.safework.sa.gov.au/sites/g/files/net4331/f/5.4.7-workhealthsafety-riskscop.pdf?v=1524451500


http://www.safeworkaustralia.gov.au/sites/swa/about/publications/pages/labelling-hazardous-chemicals-cop

http://www.chemicalsecurity.gov.au/Governments/DevelopingaNationalCodeofPractice/Pages/default.aspx

https://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp

http://www.saiglobal.com/online/autologin.asp


















AS 1894:1997/Amdt no1 -1999

Storage and handling of non-flammable cryogenic & refrigerated liquids

AS 1940:2004

Storage and handling of flammable and combustible liquids

AS 1940:2004/Amdt 1 -2004


AS 1940:2004/Amdt 2 -2006


AS 4326:2008

Storage and handling of oxidizing agents

AS 2714:2008

The storage and handling of organic peroxides

AS 4452:1997

The storage and handling of toxic substances

AS 3780:2008

The storage and handling of corrosive substances

AS 3780:2008/Amdt 1 – 2009

The storage and handling of corrosive substances

AS 1216:2006

Class labels for dangerous goods

AS 1216: 2006/Amdt 1 – 2006

Class labels for dangerous goods

AS 2187.1:1998

Explosives – Storage, transport & use – Storage

AS 2187.1;1998/Amdt 1 -2000

Explosives – storage, transport and use - storage

AS 2187.2:2006

Explosives – Storage and use – Use of explosives

AS 1319 :1994

Safety signs for the occupational environment

AS 1345:1995

Identification of the contents of pipes, conduits and ducts




























