hazwoper awareness

Copyright © 2018 Midwest Consortium for Hazardous Waste Worker Training

HAZWOPER Awareness February 2004

3AW Participant

Acknowledgments

The Midwest Consortium developed this course for emergency responders under cooperative agreement number U45 ES 06184 from the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences. Member institutions of the Midwest Consortium who worked on the development of this refresher course include the University of Cincinnati, Michigan State University, the University of Illinois, Indiana University, the University of Louisville, the University of Kentucky, the University of Minnesota, the University of Tennessee, Lakeshore Technical College, the Greater Cincinnati Occupational Health Center, and the Southeast Michigan Coalition on Occupational Safety and Health. Michigan State personnel coordinated the development effort. The Midwest Consortium gratefully acknowledges the support from Ford Motor Company, which enabled Michigan State University to develop the concept for the program.

We encourage you to comment on these materials. Please give your suggestions to those teaching the program in which you are now enrolled, or forward them to the Midwest Consortium for Hazardous Waste Worker Training, University of Cincinnati, P.O. Box 670056, Cincinnati, OH 45267-0056.

Warning

The Midwest Consortium has copyrighted this material. A recipient of the material, other than the Federal Government, may not reproduce it without permission of the copyright owner. The material was prepared for use by instructors experienced in the training of persons who are or who anticipate responding to emergencies. Authors of this material have prepared it for the training of this category of workers as of the date specified on the title page. Users are cautioned that the subject is constantly evolving. Therefore, the material may require additions, deletions, or modifications to incorporate the effects of that evolution occurring after the date of this material preparation.

Disclaimer

The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) rule to help assure worker health and safety during emergency response activities requires specific training for members of the response team, depending upon the duties to be performed. Emergency response activities are conducted within a structured framework called the Incident Management System. Knowledge about this system will assist you in understanding the needs of all emergency response team members.

3AW Participant

For further information about the training requirements for emergency response personnel, consult the training instructor and/or your company emergency response plan or your health and safety representative.

Preface

You are here to increase your awareness and understanding of OSHA’s HAZWOPER Standard.

At the end of the session, you will be better able to do the following:

! Know what different kinds of operations and facilities are regulated by the Standard.

! Know where in the Standard to reference the clauses that apply to your job situation.

! Assess how well your organization is complying with the Standard and understand your company’s strengths and weaknesses.

! Understand the types of employee training that are available through the Midwest Consortium for Hazardous Waste Worker training.

Appendix B

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Table of Contents

Exercise – How Does Your Company Size Up? ................................................. 1

Assessing Your Company’s Program ...................................................................... 2

Sections of the HAZWOPER Standard ............................................................... 4

Site Characterization ............................................................................................... 5

Site Remediation ..................................................................................................... 6

Emergency Response ............................................................................................. 6

Generators and Transporters .................................................................................. 7

Training Sections (Site Remediation and Characterization) .................................... 8

Training Sections (Emergency Responders) ........................................................... 9

Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities .......................................................... 10

Training Sections (TSD Facilities) ......................................................................... 11

Appendices to the Standard .................................................................................. 12

Other OSHA Standards Referenced within the HAZWOPER Standard ............... 13

Appendix A ........................................................................................................... 15

Appendix B ........................................................................................................... 21

Appendix C ........................................................................................................... 97

Appendix D ......................................................................................................... 104

How Does Your Company Size Up?

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Exercise – How Does Your Company Size Up?

The purpose of this exercise is to help you assess how well your company is currently complying with the HAZWOPER requirements for a health and safety program. By doing the exercise, you will recognize your company’s current strengths, as well as any areas needing improvement. The exercise also provides a convenient way for you to preview the various elements of the Standard before they are discussed.


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Assessing Your Company’s Program

Directions: Please answer the following questions about your company’s current safety and health program. Please circle your response from the three possible answers: Yes, No, or Not Sure. If you do not know the answer, circle the “Not Sure” option.

Yes No Not Sure

1. Does your company have a written safety and health program? 1 2 3 2. Does your company modify the corporate safety and health program to write a site-specific S&H program? 1 2 3

3. Does your company have an Emergency Response/ Contingency plan? 1 2 3 4. If your company has on-site emergency response capability, does your company write site-specific/job-specific emergency response plans? 1 2 3

5. Does your company have a security system and/or and alarm system to notify employees and the community in the event of an emergency? 1 2 3

6. Does your company have an established medical surveillance program? 1 2 3 ! Pre-employment? 1 2 3

! Post-employment? 1 2 3

7. Have you had a company-paid medical exam? 1 2 3 ! Biannual/annual exams? 1 2 3

8. Does your company use chemical-resistant clothing and/ or personal protective equipment? 1 2 3

9. Does your company issue respirators for employee use? 1 2 3 10. Does your company have a written respirator program? 1 2 3 11. Does your company conduct respirator fit-test for the wearers? 1 2 3

! Annually? 1 2 3

12. Does your company have a written personal protective equipment program? 1 2 3 13. Does your company have air testing (monitoring) equipment? 1 2 3

! Calibrating equipment? 1 2 3

14. Does your company use a consultant to conduct air monitoring? 1 2 3 ! Use own staff? 1 2 3

15. Does your company have a written monitoring strategy and plan? 1 2 3 ! Site specific? 1 2 3

16. Does your company have a safety and health training program? 1 2 3 ! Conducted in-house? (If yes, go to #17.) 1 2 3

! Go outside company to obtain? 1 2 3

17. Does your company’s training program comply with the requirements of the OSHA Standard for Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response 1 2 3


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Yes No Not Sure

(HAZWOPER)?

Thank you for answering the questions. Now total up your points by adding the values of your circled response. (Example 1 + 1 + 3 + 2 + 3 = 10)

How did your company rate? Total points ________

0–16 You added wrong.

17–25 Very thorough written program

26–37 Company trying to comply.

38–51 Your company needs advice or they are not aware of their program.

Can the Midwest Consortium for Hazardous Waste Worker Training or any other NIEHS grantees help your company?

Sections of the Standard

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Sections of the HAZWOPER Standard

A copy of the entire Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Standard can be found in Appendix B. This chapter outlines the general issues which are regulated by the Standard and gives the corresponding paragraph and page numbers in Appendix B. Your instructor will review the issues that are covered and the relevant sections of the regulation.

This discussion will help you obtain a general understanding of the Standard so that you can better achieve company compliance.


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Site Characterization

Topic Section Appendix B,

Page(s) Scope (a)(1)(i) 3 Definition of a Qualified Person (a)(3) 5–6 Written Site Safety and Health Program (b)(1)(i) 6 Contractors and Subcontractors (b)(1)(iv) 6 General Site Characterization (c)(1) 8 Preliminary Evaluation—Requirement for “Qualified Person” to Evaluate with Detail the Site Characteristics (c)(2) 8 Written Information Program Required Before Start Characterization (c)(4) 8–9 Personal Protective Equipment (c)(5) 9 Monitoring (c)(6) 9 Risk Identification (c)(7) 9–10 Employee Notification (c)(8) 10 40-Hour Training—Respirators to be Worn (e)(3)(i) 10–11 24-Hour Training—No Respirators to be Worn (e)(3)(ii) 11 Illumination (m) 20 Sanitation at Temporary Work Places (n) 21–22


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Site Remediation

Topic Section Appendix B, Page(s) Scope (a)(1)(i) 3 Definition of Clean-up Operation (a)(3) 4 HazMat Response Team (a)(3) 4 Post-Emergency Response (a)(3) 5 Site Safety and Health Supervisor (a)(3) 6 Written Site Safety and Health Program (b)(1)(i) 6 Elements of Site-Specific Program (b)(4)(ii) 7–8 Pre-Entry Briefings (b)(4)(iii) 8 Site Control Program (d) 10 Training of Employees (e)(1), (3), (4), (7), (8) 10–11 Medical Surveillance Program (f) 12–14 Engineering Controls and Work Practices (g)(1)–(2) 14 Personal Protective Equipment (g)(3)–(5) 14–15 Monitoring Program (h) 15–16 Informational Programs (i) 16 Handling Drums and Containers (j)(1)(i) 16 Decontamination (k) 19 Emergency Response Plans(On-Site) (l) 19–20 Illumination (m) 20 Sanitation at Temporary Work Places (n) 21–22 New Technology Programs (o) 22

Emergency Response

Topic Section Appendix B, Page(s)

Clean-up Operations (a)(i) 3

Emergency Response Incidents (a)(v) 3

Definition of Emergency Response (a)(3) 4

Definition of Clean-up Operation (a)(3) 4

Definition of HazMat Response Team (a)(3) 4

Definition of Hazardous Waste Operation (a)(3) 5

Written Safety and Health Plan (b) 6–8

On-Site Emergency Response Plan (b)(4)(ii)(h) 8


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Spill Containment Program (b)(4)(ii)(j) 8

Emergency Response Training (e)(7) 11

Medical Surveillance (f) 12–14

Spill Containment Program (j)(1)(viii) 17

Emergency Response by Employees at Uncontrolled Hazardous Waste Sites (l) 19–20

Illumination (m) 20

Sanitation at Temporary Work Places (n) 21–22

Emergency Response to Hazardous Substances (q)(1–11) 25–30

Generators and Transporters


Page(s) Exemption to large-quantity generators who store less than 90 days (a)(2)(iii)(b) 3–4 Exemption to small-quantity generators (a)(2)(iii)(b) 3–4 Application TSD on-site emergency response to above two groups of (p)(8) (a)(2)(iii)(c) 4 Motor vehicle in definition of“Facility” (a)(3) 4


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Training Sections (Site Remediation and Characterization)


Page(s) 40-Hour Site Worker and Management (e)(3)(i) 10–11 3 Days On-the-job Training (e)(3)(i) 11 24-Hour Occasional Personnel (e)(3)(ii) 11 1-Day On-the-job Training (e)(3)(ii) 11 24-Hour Workers without Respirators (e)(3)(iii) 11 1-Day On-the-job Training (e)(3)(iii) 11 16-Hour Enhanced Training to Workers Now Needing Respiratory Protections (e)(3)(iv) 11 2 Days Additional On-the-job (e)(3)(iv) 11 Additional 8-Hour Site Management (e)(4) 11 Qualification of Trainer (e)(5) 11 Training Certification (e)(6) 11 Emergency Response—On-Site (e)(7) 11 8-Hour Annual Refresher Training (e)(8) 11 Equivalent Training (Grandfather Clause) (e)(9) 12 Rehearsal of Emergency Response Plan (l)(3)(iv) 20 Training Curriculum Guidelines Appendix E 46


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Training Sections (Emergency Responders)


Emergency Incident Responders (q)(1–11) 25–30

Specialist Employee Training (q)(5) 27

Training for First-Responder Awareness Level (q)(6)(i) 27–28

Training for First-Responder Operations Level (q)(6)(ii) 28

Training for Hazardous Materials Technician (q)(6)(iii) 28

Training for Hazardous Materials Specialist (q)(6)(iv) 29

Training for Incident Commander (q)(6)(v) 29

Trainer Qualifications (q)(7) 30

Annual Refresher Training (q)(8) 30

Training Curriculum Guidelines Appendix E 46

This section covers off-site and on-site emergency response personnel.


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Treatment, Storage, and Disposal Facilities


Page(s)

RCRA Operations (p) 22–24

Written Safety and Health Program (p)(1) 22

Written Hazard Communication Program (p)(2) 22

Medical Surveillance Program (p)(3) 22

Decontamination Program (p)(4) 22–23

New Technology Program (p)(5) 23

Material Handling Program (p)(6) 23

Training Program (p)(7)(i–iii) 23

Training of On-Site Emergency Responders (p)(8)(iii)(a–c) 24

Procedures for Handling Emergency Incidents (p)(8)(iv) 24–25


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Training Sections (TSD Facilities)


New Employees at TSD Facility (p)(7)(i) 21

Current Employees at TSD Facility (p)(7)(ii) 22

Training of Emergency Responders in a TSD Facility (p)(8)(iii) 22

Annual Competency Certification of Emergency Responders (p)(8)(iii)(c) 23

Annual Refresher for All TSD Employees (p)(7)(i) 21

Training Curriculum Guidelines Appendix E 46


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Appendices to the Standard

Appendix Topic Appendix B, Page(s)

A Personal Protective Equipment Test Methods 30–36

B General Descriptions and Discussion of the Levels of Protection and Protective Gear 36–39

C Compliance Guidelines 39–45

D References 45–46

E (Non-Mandatory) Training Curriculum Guidelines 46–56


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Other OSHA Standards Referenced within the HAZWOPER Standard


Page(s)

1910 General Industry Standards (a)(2)(i) 3

1926 Safety& Health Regulations for Construction (a)(2)(i) 3

1910 Sub-Part G Occupational Health and Environmental Control (a)(3) 5

(g)(1–2) 14

1910 Sub-Part Z Toxic and Hazardous Substances (a)(3) 5

(g)(1–2) 14

1910.1200 Hazard Communication Standard Appendix A (a)(3) 5

1926 Sub-Part P Excavations (b)(1)(iii) 6

1910.1200 Hazard Communication Standard (c)(7) 9

(p)(2) 22

(q)(11)(ii) 30

1910.134 Respiratory Protection (f)(2)(ii) 12

(f)(6)(v) 13

(q)(11)(ii) 30

1910 Sub-Part I Personal Protective Equipment (g)(3)(vi) 15


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Page(s)

1910 Sub-Part L Fire Protection (j)(1)(i) 17

1910.141 Sanitation (k)(8) 19

(n)(7)(i–ii) 22

1910.38 Emergency Action Plans (l)(1)(ii) 19

(p)(8)(i) 23

(q)(1) 25

(q)(11)(ii) 30

1910.165 Employee Alarm System (l)(3)(vi) 20

(p)(8)(iv)(E) 25

1910.156 Fire Brigades (q)(3)(iii) 26

1910.1020 Access to Employee Exposure and Medical Records (f)(8)(i) 14

Appendix A

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Appendix A

Appendix A

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HAZWOPER Standard Table of Contents

Final Rule of Hazardous Waste Operations Standard–29 CFR 1910.120

Appendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 3–6 Scope,ApplicationandDefinition

1.Scope2.Applications3.Definitions

6–8 SafetyandHealthPrograms1.General2.Organizationalstructurepartofsiteprogram3.Comprehensiveworkplanpartofthesiteprogram4.Site-specificsafetyandhealthplanpartoftheprogram

i.Generalii.Elementsiii.Pre-entrybriefingiv.Effectivenessofsitesafetyandhealthplan

8–10 SiteCharacterizationandAnalysis1.General2.Preliminaryevaluation3.Hazardidentification4.Requiredinformation5.Personalprotectiveequipment6.Monitoring7.Riskidentification8.Employeenotification

10 SiteControl1.General2.Sitecontrolprogram3.Elementsofthesitecontrolprogram

Appendix A

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TableofContents,continued

Appendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 10–12Training

1.General2.Elementstobecovered3.Frequencyoftraining4.Managementandsupervisortraining5.Qualificationsfortrainers6.Trainingcertification7.Emergencyresponse8.Refreshertraining9.Equivalenttraining

12–14MedicalSurveillance1.General2.Employeescovered3.Frequencyofmedicalexaminationsandconsultations4.Contentofmedicalexaminationsandconsultations5.Examinationbyaphysicianandcosts6.Informationprovidedtothephysician7.Physician’swrittenopinion8.Recordkeeping

14–15 EngineeringControls,WorkPractices,andPersonalProtectiveEquipmentforEmployeeProtection

1.Engineeringcontrols,workpracticesandPPEforsubstancesregulatedinSub-PartsGandZ2.Engineeringcontrols,workpracticesandPPEforsubstancesnotregulatedinSub-PartsGandZ

3.Personalprotectiveequipmentselection4.Totally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuits5.Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)programs

Appendix A

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TableofContents,continued

Appendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 15–16Monitoring

1.General2.Initialentry3.Periodicmonitoring4.Monitoringofhigh-riskemployees

16 InformationalPrograms16–18HandlingDrumsandContainers

1.General2.Openingdrumsandcontainers3.Materialhandlingequipment4.Radioactivewastes5.Shocksensitivewastes6.Laboratorywastepacks7.Samplingofdrumandcontainercontents8.Shippingandtransport9.Tankandvaultprocedures

19 Decontamination1.General2.Decontaminationprocedures3.Location4.Equipmentandsolvents5.Personalprotectiveclothingandequipment6.Unauthorizedemployees7.Commerciallaundriesorcleaningestablishments8.Showersandchangerooms

19–20 EmergencyResponsebyEmployeesatUncontrolledHazardousWasteSites1.EmergencyResponsePlan2.Elementsofanemergencyresponseplan3.Proceduresforhandlingemergencyincidents

Appendix A

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TableofContents,continuedAppendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 20 Illumination21–22SanitationatTemporaryWorkPlaces

1.Potablewater2.Non-potablewater3.Toiletfacilities4.Foodhandling5.Temporarysleepingquarters6.Washingfacilities7.Showersandchangingrooms

22 NewTechnologyPrograms22–25 CertainOperationsConductedUndertheResourceConservationand

RecoveryActof1976(RCRA)1.Safetyandhealthprogram2.Hazardcommunicationprogram3.Medicalsurveillanceprogram4.Decontaminationprogram5.Newtechnologyprogram6.Materialhandlingprogram7.Trainingprogram

i.Newemployeesii.Currentemployeesiii.Trainers

8.Emergencyresponseprogrami.Emergencyresponseplanii.Elementsofanemergencyresponseprogramiii.Trainingiv.Proceduresforhandlingemergencyincidents

Appendix A

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TableofContents,continuedAppendix B, Page(s) Section and Description 25–30EmergencyResponsetoHazardousSubstancesReleases

1.Emergencyresponseplan2.Elementsofanemergencyresponseplan3.Proceduresforhandlingemergencyresponses4.Skilledsupportpersonnel5.Specialistemployees6.Training

i.Firstresponderawarenesslevelii.Firstresponderoperationleveliii.Hazardousmaterialstechnicianiv.Hazardousmaterialsspecialistv.On-sceneincidentcommander

7.Trainers8.Refreshertraining9.Medicalsurveillanceandconsultation10.Chemicalprotectiveclothing11.Post-emergencyresponseoperations

30–36AppendixA:PersonalProtectiveEquipmentTestMethods36–39AppendixB:GeneralDescriptionandDiscussionoftheLevelsof

ProtectionandProtectiveGear39–45AppendixC:ComplianceGuidelines45–46AppendixD:References46–56AppendixE:(NonMandatory)TrainingCurriculumGuidelines

Appendix B

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Appendix B

1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response

a)Scope,application,anddefinitions.(1)Scope.Thissectioncoversthefollowing

operations,unlesstheemployercandemonstratethattheoperationdoesnotinvolveemployeeexposureorthereasonablepossibilityforemployeeexposuretosafetyorhealthhazards.(i)Clean-upoperationsrequiredbya

governmentalbody,whetherFederal,state,localorotherinvolvinghazardoussubstancesthatareconductedatuncontrolledhazardouswastesites(including,butnotlimitedto,theEPA’sNationalPrioritySiteList(NPL),stateprioritysitelists,sitesrecommendedforthe

EPANPL,andinitialinvestigationsofgovernmentidentifiedsiteswhichareconductedbeforethepresenceorabsenceofhazardoussubstanceshasbeenascertained);

(ii)CorrectiveactionsinvolvingcleanupoperationsatsitescoveredbytheResourceConservationandRecoveryActof1976(RCRA)asamended(42USC6901etseq.);

(iii)Voluntaryclean-upoperationsatsitesrecognizedbyFederal,state,localorothergovernmentalbodiesasuncontrolledhazardouswastesites;

Appendix B

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(iv)Operationsinvolvinghazardouswastesthatareconductedattreatment,storage,anddisposal(TSD)facilitiesregulatedby40CFRParts264and265pursuanttoRCRA;orbyagenciesunderagreementwithUSEPAtoimplementRCRAregulations;and

(v)Emergencyresponseoperationsforreleasesof,orsubstantialthreatsofreleasesof,hazardoussubstanceswithoutregardtothelocationofthehazard.

(2)Application.(i)AllrequirementsofPart1910andPart

1926ofTitle29oftheCodeoftheFed-1910.120HazardousWasteOperationsandEmergencyResponseFederalRegulationsapplypursuanttotheirtermstohazardouswasteandemergencyresponseoperationswhethercoveredbythissectionornot.Ifthereisaconflictoroverlap,theprovisionmoreprotectiveofemployeesafetyandhealthshallapplywithoutregardto29CFR1910.5(c)(1).

(ii)Hazardoussubstanceclean-upoperationswithinthescopeofparagraphs(a)(1)(i)through(a)(1)(iii)ofthissectionmustcomplywithallparagraphsofthissectionexceptparagraphs(p)and(q).

(iii)Operationswithinthescopeofparagraph(a)(1)(iv)ofthissectionmustcomplyonlywiththerequirementsofparagraph(p)ofthissection.

NotesandExceptions:(a)Allprovisionsofparagraph(p)ofthissectioncoveranytreatment,storage,ordisposal(TSD)operation

regulatedby40CFRparts264and265orbystatelawauthorizedunderRCRA,andrequiredtohaveapermitorinterimstatusfromEPApursuantto40CFR270.1orfromastateagencypursuanttoRCRA.(b)Employerswhoarenotrequiredtohaveapermitorinterimstatusbecausetheyareconditionallyexemptsmallquantitygeneratorsunder40CFR261.5oraregeneratorswhoqualifyunder40CFR262.34forexemptionsfromregulationunder40CFRparts264,265and270(“exceptedemployers”)arenotcoveredbyparagraphs(p)(1)through(p)(7)ofthissection.ExceptedemployerswhoarerequiredbytheEPAorstateagencytohavetheiremployeesengageinemergencyresponseorwhodirecttheiremployeestoengageinemergencyresponsearecoveredbyparagraph(p)(8)ofthissection,andcannotbeexemptedby(p)(8)(i)ofthissection.Exceptedemployerswhoarenotrequiredtohavetheiremployeesengageinemergencyresponse,whodirecttheiremployeestoevacuateinthecaseofsuchemergenciesandwhomeettherequirementsofparagraph(p)(8)(i)ofthissectionareexemptfromthebalanceofparagraph(p)(8)ofthissection.(c)Ifanareaisusedprimarilyfortreatment,storageordisposal,anyemergencyresponseoperationsinthatareashallcomplywithparagraph(p)(8)ofthissection.Inotherareasnotusedprimarilyfortreatment,storage,ordisposal,anyemergencyresponseoperations

Appendix B

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shallcomplywithparagraph(q)ofthissection.Compliancewiththerequirementsofparagraph(q)ofthissectionshallbedeemedtobeincompliancewiththerequirementsofparagraph(p)(8)ofthissection.[55F.R.14073,April13,1990](iv)Emergencyresponseoperationsforreleasesof,orsubstantialthreatsofreleasesof,hazardoussubstanceswhicharenotcoveredbyparagraphs(a)(1)(i)through(a)(1)(iv)ofthissectionmustonlycomplywiththerequirementsofparagraph(q)ofthissection.

(3)Definitions.“Buddysystem”meansasystemoforganizingemployeesintoworkgroupsinsuchamannerthateachemployeeoftheworkgroupisdesignatedtobeobservedbyatleastoneotheremployeeintheworkgroup.Thepurposeofthebuddysystemistoproviderapidassistancetoemployeesintheeventofanemergency.“Clean-upoperation”meansanoperationwherehazardoussubstancesareremoved,contained,incinerated,neutralized,stabilized,cleared-up,orinanyothermannerprocessedorhandledwiththeultimategoalofmakingthesitesaferforpeopleortheenvironment.“Decontamination”meanstheremovalofhazardoussubstancesfromemployeesandtheirequipmenttotheextentnecessarytoprecludetheoccurrenceofforeseeableadversehealtheffects.“Emergencyresponse”or“respondingtoemergencies”meansaresponseeffortbyemployeesfromoutsidetheimmediatereleaseareaorbyotherdesignatedresponders(i.e.,mutual-aidgroups,localfiredepartments,etc.)to

anoccurrencewhichresultsorislikelytoresult,inanuncontrolledreleaseofahazardoussubstance.Responsestoincidentalreleasesofhazardoussubstanceswherethesubstancecanbeabsorbed,neutralized,orotherwisecontrolledatthetimeofreleasebyemployeesintheimmediatereleasearea,orbymaintenancepersonnelarenotconsideredtobeemergencyresponseswithinthescopeofthisstandard.Responsestoreleasesofhazardoussubstanceswherethereisnopotentialsafetyorhealthhazard(i.e.,fire,explosion,orchemicalexposure)arenotconsideredtobeemergencyresponses.“Facility”means(A)anybuilding,structure,installation,equipment,pipeorpipeline(includinganypipeintoasewerorpubliclyownedtreatmentworks),well,pit,pond,lagoon,impoundment,ditch,storagecontainer,motorvehicle,rollingstock,oraircraft,or(B)anysiteorareawhereahazardoussubstancehasbeendeposited,stored,disposedof,orplaced,orotherwisecometobelocated;butdoesnotincludeanyconsumerproductinconsumeruseoranywater-bornevessel.“Hazardousmaterialsresponse(HAZMAT)team”meansanorganizedgroupofemployees,designatedbytheemployer,whoareexpectedtoperformworktohandleandcontrolactualorpotentialleaksorspillsofhazardoussubstancesrequiringpossiblecloseapproachtothesubstance.Theteammembersperformresponsestoreleasesorpotentialreleasesofhazardoussubstancesforthepurposeofcontrolorstabilizationoftheincident.AHAZMATteamisnotafire

Appendix B

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brigadenorisatypicalfirebrigadeaHAZMATteam.AHAZMATteam,however,maybeaseparatecomponentofafirebrigadeorfiredepartment.“Hazardoussubstance”meansanysubstancedesignatedorlistedunderparagraphs(A)through(D)ofthisdefinition,exposuretowhichresultsormayresultinadverseaffectsonthehealthorsafetyofemployees:

(a)Anysubstancedefinedundersection101(14)ofCERCLA;(b)Anybiologicalagentandotherdiseasecausingagentwhichafterreleaseintotheenvironmentanduponexposure,ingestion,inhalation,orassimilationintoanyperson,eitherdirectlyfromtheenvironmentorindirectlybyingestionthroughfoodchains,willormayreasonablybeanticipatedtocausedeath,disease,behavioralabnormalities,cancer,geneticmutation,physiologicalmalfunctions(includingmalfunctionsinreproduction)orphysicaldeformationsinsuchpersonsortheiroffspring.[55F.R.14073,April13,l990](c)AnysubstancelistedbytheU.S.DepartmentofTransportationashazardousmaterialsunder49CFR172.101andappendices;and(d)Hazardouswasteashereindefined.“Hazardouswaste”means(a)Awasteorcombinationofwastesasdefinedin40CFR261.3,or(b)Thosesubstancesdefinedashazardouswastesin49CFR171.8.

“Hazardouswasteoperation”meansanyoperationconductedwithinthescopeofthisstandard.

“Hazardouswastesite”or“Site”meansanyfacilityorlocationwithinthescopeofthisstandardatwhichhazardouswasteoperationstakeplace.“Healthhazard”meansachemical,mixtureofchemicalsorapathogenforwhichthereisstatisticallysignificantevidencebasedonatleastonestudyconductedinaccordancewithestablishedscientificprinciplesthatacuteorchronichealtheffectsmayoccurinexposedemployees.Theterm“healthhazard”includeschemicalswhicharecarcinogens,toxicorhighlytoxicagents,reproductivetoxins,irritants,corrosives,sensitizers,hepatotoxins,nephrotoxins,neurotoxins,agentswhichactonthehematopoieticsystem,andagentswhichdamagethelungs,skin,eyes,ormucousmembranes.Italsoincludesstressduetotemperatureextremes.FurtherdefinitionofthetermsusedabovecanbefoundinAppendixAto29CFR1910.1200.“IDLH”or“Immediatelydangeroustolifeorhealth”meansanatmosphericconcentrationofanytoxic,corrosiveorasphyxiantsubstancethatposesanimmediatethreattolifeorwouldcauseirreversibleordelayedadversehealtheffectsorwouldinterferewithanindividual’sabilitytoescapefromadangerousatmosphere.“Oxygendeficiency”meansthatconcentrationofoxygenbyvolumebelowwhichatmospheresupplyingrespiratoryprotectionmustbeprovided.Itexistsinatmosphereswherethepercentageofoxygenbyvolumeislessthan19.5percentoxygen.“Permissibleexposurelimit”meanstheexposure,inhalationordermal

Appendix B

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permissibleexposurelimitspecifiedin29CFRPart1910,SubpartsGandZ.“Publishedexposurelevel”meanstheexposurelimitspublishedin“NIOSHRecommendationsforOccupationalHealthStandards”dated1986incorporatedbyreference,orifnoneisspecified,theexposurelimitspublishedinthestandardsspecifiedbytheAmericanConferenceofGovernmentalIndustrialHygienistsintheirpublication“ThresholdLimitValuesandBiologicalExposureIndicesfor1987-88”dated1987incorporatedbyreference.“Postemergencyresponse”meansthatportionofanemergencyresponseperformedaftertheimmediatethreatofareleasehasbeenstabilizedoreliminatedandclean-upofthesitehasbegun.Ifpost-emergencyresponseisperformedbyanemployer’sownemployeeswhowerepartoftheinitialemergencyresponse,itisconsideredtobepartoftheinitialresponseandnotpost-emergencyresponse.However,ifagroupofanemployer’sownemployees,separatefromthegroupprovidinginitialresponse,performstheclean-upoperation,thentheseparategroupofemployeeswouldbeconsideredtobeperformingpostemergencyresponseandsubjecttoparagraph(g)(11)ofthissection.“Qualifiedperson”meansapersonwithspecifictraining,knowledgeandexperienceintheareaforwhichthepersonhastheresponsibilityandtheauthoritytocontrol.“Sitesafetyandhealthsupervisor(orofficial)”meanstheindividuallocatedonahazardouswastesitewhoisresponsibletotheemployerandhastheauthorityandknowledgenecessaryto

implementthesitesafetyandhealthplanandverifycompliancewithapplicablesafetyandhealthrequirements.“Small-quantitygenerator”meansageneratorofhazardouswasteswhoinanycalendarmonthgeneratesnomorethan1,000kilograms(2,205pounds)ofhazardouswasteinthatmonth.“Uncontrolledhazardouswastesite”meansanareawhereanaccumulationofhazardouswastecreatesathreattothehealthandsafetyofindividualsortheenvironmentorboth.Somesitesarefoundonpubliclands,suchasthosecreatedbyformermunicipal,countyorstatelandfillswhereillegalorpoorlymanagedwastedisposalhastakenplace.Othersitesarefoundonprivateproperty,oftenbelongingtogeneratorsorformergeneratorsofhazardouswaste.Examplesofsuchsitesinclude,butarenotlimitedto,surfaceimpoundments,landfills,dumps,andtankordrumfarms.NormaloperationsatTSDsitesarenotcoveredbythisdefinition.

(b)Safetyandhealthprogram.Noteto(b):SafetyandhealthprogramsdevelopedandimplementedtomeetotherFederal,state,orlocalregulationsareconsideredacceptableinmeetingthisrequirementiftheycoveroraremodifiedtocoverthetopicsrequiredinthisparagraph.Anadditionalorseparatesafetyandhealthprogramisnotrequiredbythisparagraph.(1)General.

(i)Employersshalldevelopandimplementawrittensafetyandhealthprogramfortheiremployeesinvolvedinhazardouswasteoperations.Theprogramshallbedesignedtoidentify,evaluate,and

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controlsafetyandhealthhazards,andprovideforemergencyresponseforhazardouswasteoperations.(ii)Thewrittensafetyandhealthprogramshallincorporatethefollowing:

(a)Anorganizationalstructure;(b)Acomprehensiveworkplan;(c)Asite-specificsafetyandhealthplanwhichneednotrepeattheemployer’sstandardoperatingproceduresrequiredinparagraph(b)(1)(ii)(F)ofthissection;(d)Thesafetyandhealthtrainingprogram;(e)Themedicalsurveillanceprogram;(f)Theemployer’sstandardoperatingproceduresforsafetyandhealth;and(g)Anynecessaryinterfacebetweengeneralprogramandsitespecificactivities.

(iii)Siteexcavation.SiteexcavationscreatedduringinitialsitepreparationorduringhazardouswasteoperationsshallbeshoredorslopedasappropriatetopreventaccidentalcollapseinaccordancewithSubpartPof29CFRPart1926.(iv)Contractorsandsubcontractors.Anemployerwhoretainscontractororsubcontractorservicesforworkinhazardouswasteoperationsshallinformthosecontractors,subcontractors,ortheirrepresentativesofthesiteemergencyresponseproceduresandanypotentialfire,explosion,

health,safetyorotherhazardsofthehazardouswasteoperationthathavebeenidentifiedbytheemployer,includingthoseidentifiedintheemployer’sinformationprogram.(v)Programavailability.Thewrittensafetyandhealthprogramshallbemadeavailabletoanycontractororsubcontractorortheirrepresentativewhowillbeinvolvedwiththehazardouswasteoperation;toemployees;toemployeedesignatedrepresentatives;toOSHApersonnel,andtopersonnelofotherFederal,state,orlocalagencieswithregulatoryauthorityoverthesite.

(2)Organizationalstructurepartofthesiteprogram.

(i)Theorganizationalstructurepartoftheprogramshallestablishthespecificchainofcommandandspecifytheoverallresponsibilitiesofsupervisorsandemployees.Itshallinclude,ataminimum,thefollowingelements:

(a)Ageneralsupervisorwhohastheresponsibilityandauthoritytodirectallhazardouswasteoperations.(b)Asitesafetyandhealthsupervisorwhohastheresponsibilityandauthoritytodevelopandimplementthesitesafetyandhealthplanandverifycompliance.(c)Allotherpersonnelneededforhazardouswastesiteoperationsandemergencyresponseandtheirgeneralfunctionsandresponsibilities.

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(d)Thelinesofauthority,responsibility,andcommunication.

(ii)Theorganizationalstructureshallbereviewedandupdatedasnecessarytoreflectthecurrentstatusofwastesiteoperations.

(3)Comprehensiveworkplanpartofthesiteprogram.Thecomprehensiveworkplanpartoftheprogramshalladdressthetasksandobjectivesofthesiteoperationsandthelogisticsandresourcesrequiredtoreachthosetasksandobjectives.

(i)Thecomprehensiveworkplanshalladdressanticipatedclean-upactivitiesaswellasnormaloperatingprocedureswhichneednotrepeattheemployer’sproceduresavailableelsewhere.(ii)Thecomprehensiveworkplanshalldefineworktasksandobjectivesandidentifythemethodsforaccomplishingthosetasksandobjectives.(iii)Thecomprehensiveworkplanshallestablishpersonnelrequirementsforimplementingtheplan.(iv)Thecomprehensiveworkplanshallprovidefortheimplementationofthetrainingrequiredinparagraph(e)ofthissection.(v)Thecomprehensiveworkplanshallprovidefortheimplementationoftheinformationalprogramsrequiredinparagraph(i)ofthissection.(vi)Thecomprehensiveworkplanshallprovidefortheimplementationofthemedicalsurveillanceprogramdescribedinparagraph(f)ofthissection.

(4)Site-specificsafetyandhealthplanpartoftheprogram.

(i)General.Thesitesafetyandhealthplan,whichmustbekeptonsite,shalladdressthesafetyandhealthhazardsofeachphaseofsiteoperationandincludetherequirementsandproceduresforemployeeprotection.(ii)Elements.Thesitesafetyandhealthplan,asaminimum,shalladdressthefollowing:

(a)Asafetyandhealthriskorhazardanalysisforeachsitetaskandoperationfoundintheworkplan.(b)Employeetrainingassignmentstoassurecompliancewithparagraph(e)ofthissection.(c)Personalprotectiveequipmenttobeusedbyemployeesforeachofthesitetasksandoperationsbeingconductedasrequiredbythepersonalprotectiveequipmentprograminparagraph(g)(5)ofthissection.(d)Medicalsurveillancerequirementsinaccordancewiththeprograminparagraph(f)ofthissection.(e)Frequencyandtypesofairmonitoring,personnelmonitoring,andenvironmentalsamplingtechniquesandinstrumentationtobeused,includingmethodsofmaintenanceandcalibrationofmonitoringandsamplingequipmenttobeused.

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(f)Sitecontrolmeasuresinaccordancewiththesitecontrolprogramrequiredinparagraph(d)ofthissection.(g)Decontaminationproceduresinaccordancewithparagraph(k)ofthissection.(h)Anemergencyresponseplanmeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(l)ofthissectionforsafeandeffectiveresponsestoemergencies,includingthenecessaryPPEandotherequipment.(i)Confinedspaceentryprocedures.(j)Aspillcontainmentprogrammeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(j)ofthissection.

(iii)Pre-entrybriefing.Thesitespecificsafetyandhealthplanshallprovideforpre-entrybriefingstobeheldpriortoinitiatinganysiteactivity,andatsuchothertimesasnecessarytoensurethatemployeesareapprisedofthesitesafetyandhealthplanandthatthisplanisbeingfollowed.Theinformationanddataobtainedfromsitecharacterizationandanalysisworkrequiredinparagraph(c)ofthissectionshallbeusedtoprepareandupdatethesitesafetyandhealthplan.(iv)Effectivenessofsitesafetyandhealthplan.Inspectionsshallbeconductedbythesitesafetyandhealthsupervisoror,intheabsenceofthatindividual,anotherindividualwhoisknowledgeablein

occupationalsafetyandhealth,actingonbehalfoftheemployerasnecessarytodeterminetheeffectivenessofthesitesafetyandhealthplan.Anydeficienciesintheeffectivenessofthesitesafetyandhealthplanshallbecorrectedbytheemployer.c)Sitecharacterizationandanalysis.

(1)General.Hazardouswastesitesshallbeevaluatedinaccordancewiththisparagraphtoidentifyspecificsitehazardsandtodeterminetheappropriatesafetyandhealthcontrolproceduresneededtoprotectemployeesfromtheidentifiedhazards.

(2)Preliminaryevaluation.Apreliminaryevaluationofasite’scharacteristicsshallbeperformedpriortositeentrybyaqualifiedpersoninordertoaidintheselectionofappropriateemployeeprotectionmethodspriortositeentry.Immediatelyafterinitialsiteentry,amoredetailedevaluationofthesite’sspecificcharacteristicsshallbeperformedbyaqualifiedpersoninordertofurtheridentifyexistingsitehazardsandtofurtheraidintheselectionoftheappropriateengineeringcontrolsandpersonalprotectiveequipmentforthetaskstobeperformed.

(3)Hazardidentification.Allsuspectedconditionsthatmayposeinhalationorskinabsorptionhazardsthatareimmediatelydangeroustolifeorhealth(IDLH),orotherconditionsthatmaycausedeathorseriousharm,shallbeidentifiedduringthepreliminarysurveyandevaluatedduringthedetailedsurvey.Examplesofsuchhazardsinclude,butarenotlimitedto,confinedspaceentry,potentiallyexplosiveorflammablesituations,visiblevapor

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clouds,orareaswherebiologicalindicatorssuchasdeadanimalsorvegetationarelocated.

(4)Requiredinformation.Thefollowinginformationtotheextentavailableshallbeobtainedbytheemployerpriortoallowingemployeestoenterasite:

(i)Locationandapproximatesizeofthesite.(ii)Descriptionoftheresponseactivityand/orthejobtasktobeperformed.(iii)Durationoftheplannedemployeeactivity.(iv)Sitetopographyandaccessibilitybyairandroads.(v)Safetyandhealthhazardsexpectedatthesite.(vi)Pathwaysforhazardoussubstancedispersion.(vii)Presentstatusandcapabilitiesofemergencyresponseteamsthatwouldprovideassistancetohazardouswasteclean-upsiteemployeesatthetimeofanemergency.(viii)Hazardoussubstancesandhealthhazardsinvolvedorexpectedatthesite,andtheirchemicalandphysicalproperties.

(5)Personalprotectiveequipment.Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)shallbeprovidedandusedduringinitialsiteentryinaccordancewiththefollowingrequirements:

(i)Basedupontheresultsofthepreliminarysiteevaluation,anensembleofPPEshallbeselectedandusedduringinitialsiteentrywhichwillprovideprotectiontoalevelofexposurebelowpermissibleexposurelimitsandpublishedexposurelevelsforknownor

suspectedhazardoussubstancesandhealthhazards,andwhichwillprovideprotectionagainstotherknownandsuspectedhazardsidentifiedduringthepreliminarysiteevaluation.Ifthereisnopermissibleexposurelimitorpublishedexposurelevel,theemployermayuseotherpublishedstudiesandinformationasaguidetoappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment.(ii)Ifpositive-pressureself-containedbreathingapparatusisnotusedaspartoftheentryensemble,andifrespiratoryprotectioniswarrantedbythepotentialhazardsidentifiedduringthepreliminarysiteevaluation,anescapeself-containedbreathingapparatusofatleastfiveminute’sdurationshallbecarriedbyemployeesduringinitialsiteentry.(iii)Ifthepreliminarysiteevaluationdoesnotproducesufficientinformationtoidentifythehazardsorsuspectedhazardsofthesite,anensembleprovidingprotectionequivalenttoLevelBPPEshallbeprovidedasminimumprotection,anddirectreadinginstrumentsshallbeusedasappropriateforidentifyingIDLHconditions.(SeeforadescriptionofLevelBhazardsandtherecommendationsforLevelBprotectiveequipment.)(iv)Oncethehazardsofthesitehavebeenidentified,theappropriatePPEshallbeselectedandusedinaccordancewithparagraph(g)ofthissection.

(6)Monitoring.Thefollowingmonitoringshallbeconductedduringinitialsite

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entrywhenthesiteevaluationproducesinformationthatshowsthepotentialforionizingradiationorIDLHconditions,orwhenthesiteinformationisnotsufficientreasonablytoeliminatethesepossibleconditions:

(i)Monitoringwithdirectreadinginstrumentsforhazardouslevelsofionizingradiation.(ii)Monitoringtheairwithappropriatedirectreadingtestequipment(i.e.,combustiblegasmeters,detectortubes)forIDLHandotherconditionsthatmaycausedeathorseriousharm(combustibleorexplosiveatmospheres,oxygendeficiency,toxicsubstances).(iii)VisuallyobservingforsignsofactualorpotentialIDLHorotherdangerousconditions.(iv)Anongoingairmonitoringprograminaccordancewithparagraph(h)ofthissectionshallbeimplementedaftersitecharacterizationhasdeterminedthesiteissafeforthestartupofoperations.

(7)Riskidentification.Oncethepresenceandconcentrationsofspecifichazardoussubstancesandhealthhazardshavebeenestablished,therisksassociatedwiththesesubstancesshallbeidentified.Employeeswhowillbeworkingonthesiteshallbeinformedofanyrisksthathavebeenidentified.InsituationscoveredbytheHazardCommunicationStandard,29CFR1910.1200,trainingrequiredbythatstandardneednotbeduplicated.Noteto(c)(7).Riskstoconsiderinclude,butarenotlimitedto:

(a)Exposuresexceedingthepermissibleexposurelimitandpublishedexposurelevels.

(b)IDLHconcentrations.(c)Potentialskinabsorptionandirritationsources.(d)Potentialeyeirritationsources.(e)Explosionsensitivityandflammabilityranges.(f)Oxygendeficiency.

(8)Employeenotification.Anyinformationconcerningthechemical,physical,andtoxicologicalpropertiesofeachsubstanceknownorexpectedtobepresentonsitethatisavailabletotheemployerandrelevanttothedutiesanemployeeisexpectedtoperformshallbemadeavailabletotheaffectedemployeespriortothecommencementoftheirworkactivities.Theemployermayutilizeinformationdevelopedforthehazardcommunicationstandardforthispurpose.

(d)Sitecontrol.(1)General.Appropriatesitecontrolproceduresshallbeimplementedtocontrolemployeeexposuretohazardoussubstancesbeforecleanupworkbegins.

(2)Sitecontrolprogram.Asitecontrolprogramforprotectingemployeeswhichispartoftheemployer’ssitesafetyandhealthprogramrequiredinparagraph(b)ofthissectionshallbedevelopedduringtheplanningstagesofahazardouswasteclean-upoperationandmodifiedasnecessaryasnewinformationbecomesavailable.

(3)Elementsofthesitecontrolprogram.Thesitecontrolprogramshall,asaminimum,include:Asitemap;siteworkzones;theuseofa“buddysystem”;sitecommunicationsincludingalertingmeansforemergencies;thestandardoperatingproceduresorsafeworkpractices;and,identificationofthenearestmedicalassistance.Wherethese

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requirementsarecoveredelsewheretheyneednotberepeated.

(e)Training.(1)General.

(i)Allemployeesworkingonsite(suchasbutnotlimitedtoequipmentoperators,generallaborersandothers)exposedtohazardoussubstances,healthhazards,orsafetyhazardsandtheirsupervisorsandmanagementresponsibleforthesiteshallreceivetrainingmeetingtherequirementsofthisparagraphbeforetheyarepermittedtoengageinhazardouswasteoperationsthatcouldexposethemtohazardoussubstances,safety,orhealthhazards,andtheyshallreceivereviewtrainingasspecifiedinthisparagraph.(ii)Employeesshallnotbepermittedtoparticipateinorsupervisefieldactivitiesuntiltheyhavebeentrainedtoalevelrequiredbytheirjobfunctionandresponsibility.

(2)Elementstobecovered.Thetrainingshallthoroughlycoverthefollowing:

(i)Namesofpersonnelandalternatesresponsibleforsitesafetyandhealth;(ii)Safety,healthandotherhazardspresentonthesite;(iii)Useofpersonalprotectiveequipment;(iv)Workpracticesbywhichtheemployeecanminimizerisksfromhazards;(v)Safeuseofengineeringcontrolsandequipmentonthesite;(vi)Medicalsurveillancerequirements,includingrecognitionofsymptomsandsignswhichmight

indicateoverexposuretohazards;and(vii)Thecontentsofparagraphs(g)through(j)ofthesitesafetyandhealthplansetforthinparagraph(b)(4)(ii)ofthissection.

(3)InitialTraining.(i)Generalsiteworkers(suchasequipmentoperators,generallaborersandsupervisorypersonnel)engagedinhazardoussubstanceremovalorotheractivitieswhichexposeorpotentiallyexposeworkerstohazardoussubstancesandhealthhazardsshallreceiveaminimumof40hoursofinstructionoffthesite,andaminimumofthreedaysactualfieldexperienceunderthedirectsupervisionofatrained,experiencedsupervisor.(ii)Workersonsiteonlyoccasionallyforaspecificlimitedtask(suchas,butnotlimitedto,groundwatermonitoring,landsurveying,orgeo-physicalsurveying)andwhoareunlikelytobeexposedoverpermissibleexposurelimitsandpublishedexposurelimitsshallreceiveaminimumof24hoursofinstructionoffthesite,andtheminimumofonedayactualfieldexperienceunderthedirectsupervisionofatrained,experiencedsupervisor.(iii)Workersregularlyonsitewhoworkinareaswhichhavebeenmonitoredandfullycharacterizedindicatingthatexposuresareunderpermissibleexposurelimitsandpublishedexposurelimitswhererespiratorsarenotnecessary,andthecharacterizationindicatesthattherearenohealthhazardsorthe

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possibilityofanemergencydeveloping,shallreceiveaminimumof24hoursofinstructionoffthesiteandtheminimumofonedayactualfieldexperienceunderthedirectsupervisionofatrained,experiencedsupervisor.(iv)Workerswith24hoursoftrainingwhoarecoveredbyparagraphs(e)(3)(ii)and(e)(3)(iii)ofthissection,andwhobecomegeneralsiteworkersorwhoarerequiredtowearrespirators,shallhavetheadditional16hoursandtwodaysoftrainingnecessarytototalthetrainingspecifiedinparagraph(e)(3)(i).[55F.R.14073,April13,1990]

(4)Managementandsupervisortraining.Onsitemanagementandsupervisorsdirectlyresponsiblefor,orwhosuperviseemployeesengagedin,hazardouswasteoperationsshallreceive40hoursinitialtraining,andthreedaysofsupervisedfieldexperience(thetrainingmaybereducedto24hoursandonedayiftheonlyareaoftheirresponsibilityisemployeescoveredbyparagraphs(e)(3)(ii)and(e)(3)(iii)andatleasteightadditionalhoursofspecializedtrainingatthetimeofjobassignmentonsuchtopicsas,butnotlimitedto,theemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogramandtheassociatedemployeetrainingprogram,personalprotectiveequipmentprogram,spillcontainmentprogram,andhealthhazardmonitoringprocedureandtechniques.

(5)Qualificationsfortrainers.Trainersshallbequalifiedtoinstructemployeesaboutthesubjectmatterthatisbeingpresentedintraining.Suchtrainersshallhavesatisfactorilycompletedatraining

programforteachingthesubjectstheyareexpectedtoteach,ortheyshallhavetheacademiccredentialsandinstructionalexperiencenecessaryforteachingthesubjects.Instructorsshalldemonstratecompetentinstructionalskillsandknowledgeoftheapplicablesubjectmatter.

(6)Trainingcertification.Employeesandsupervisorsthathavereceivedandsuccessfullycompletedthetrainingandfieldexperiencespecifiedinparagraphs(e)(1)through(e)(4)ofthissectionshallbecertifiedbytheirinstructorortheheadinstructorandtrainedsupervisorashavingsuccessfullycompletedthenecessarytraining.Awrittencertificateshallbegiventoeachpersonsocertified.Anypersonwhohasnotbeensocertifiedorwhodoesnotmeettherequirementsofparagraph(e)(9)ofthissectionshallbeprohibitedfromengaginginhazardouswasteoperations.

(7)Emergencyresponse.Employeeswhoareengagedinrespondingtohazardousemergencysituationsathazardouswastecleanupsitesthatmayexposethemtohazardoussubstancesshallbetrainedinhowtorespondtosuchexpectedemergencies.

(8)Refreshertraining.Employeesspecifiedinparagraph(e)(1)ofthissection,andmanagersandsupervisorsspecifiedinparagraph(e)(4)ofthissection,shallreceiveeighthoursofrefreshertrainingannuallyontheitemsspecifiedinparagraph(e)(2)and/or(e)(4)ofthissection,anycritiqueofincidentsthathaveoccurredinthepastyearthatcanserveastrainingexamplesofrelatedwork,andotherrelevanttopics.

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(9)Equivalenttraining.Employerswhocanshowbydocumentationorcertificationthatanemployee’sworkexperienceand/ortraininghasresultedintrainingequivalenttothattrainingrequiredinparagraphs(e)(1)through(e)(4)ofthissectionshallnotberequiredtoprovidetheinitialtrainingrequirementsofthoseparagraphstosuchemployees.However,certifiedemployeesoremployeeswithequivalenttrainingnewtoasiteshallreceiveappropriate,sitespecifictrainingbeforesiteentryandhaveappropriatesupervisedfieldexperienceatthenewsite.Equivalenttrainingincludesanyacademictrainingorthetrainingthatexistingemployeesmighthavealreadyreceivedfromactualhazardouswastesiteworkexperience.[55F.R.14073,April13,1990]

(f)Medicalsurveillance.(1)General.Employersengagedinoperationsspecifiedinparagraphs(a)(1)(i)through(a)(1)(iv)ofthissectionandnotcoveredby(a)(2)(iii)exceptionsandemployersofemployeesspecifiedinparagraph(g)(9)shallinstituteamedicalsurveillanceprograminaccordancewiththisparagraph.

(2)Employeescovered.Themedicalsurveillanceprogramshallbeinstitutedbytheemployerforthefollowingemployees:

(i)Allemployeeswhoareormaybeexposedtohazardoussubstancesorhealthhazardsatorabovethepermissibleexposurelimitsor,ifthereisnopermissibleexposurelimit,abovethepublishedexposurelevelsforthesesubstances.Withoutregardtotheuseofrespirators,for30daysormoreayear;

(ii)Allemployeeswhoweararespiratorfor30daysormoreayearorasrequiredby§1910.134;iii)Allemployeeswhoareinjuredbecomeillordevelopsignsorsymptomsduetopossibleoverexposureinvolvinghazardoussubstancesorhealthhazardsfromanemergencyresponseorhazardouswasteoperation;and[55F.R.14073,April13,l990](iv)MembersofHAZMATteams.

(3)Frequencyofmedicalexaminationsandconsultations.Medicalexaminationsandconsultationsshallbemadeavailablebytheemployertoeachemployeecoveredunderparagraph(f)(2)ofthissectiononthefollowingschedules:

(i)Foremployeescoveredunderparagraphs(f)(2)(i),(f)(2)(ii),and(f)(2)(IV):(a)Priortoassignment;

(b)Atleastonceeverytwelvemonthsforeachemployeecoveredunlesstheattendingphysicianbelievesalongerinterval(notgreaterthanbiennially)isappropriate;(c)Atterminationofemploymentorreassignmenttoanareawheretheemployeewouldnotbecoverediftheemployeehasnothadanexaminationwithinthelastsixmonths;(d)Assoonaspossibleuponnotificationbyanemployeethattheemployeehasdevelopedsignsorsymptomsindicatingpossible

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overexposuretohazardoussubstancesorhealthhazards,orthattheemployeehasbeeninjuredorexposedabovethepermissibleexposurelimitsorpublishedexposurelevelsinanemergencysituation;(e)Atmorefrequenttimes,iftheexaminingphysiciandeterminesthatanincreasedfrequencyofexaminationismedicallynecessary.

(ii)Foremployeescoveredunderparagraph(f)(2)(iii)andforallemployeesincludingthoseofemployerscoveredbyparagraph(a)(1)(v)whomayhavebeeninjured,receivedahealthimpairment,developedsignsorsymptomswhichmayhaveresultedfromexposuretohazardoussubstancesresultingfromanemergencyincident,orexposedduringanemergencyincidenttohazardoussubstancesatconcentrationsabovethepermissibleexposurelimitsorthepublishedexposurelevelswithoutthenecessarypersonalprotectiveequipmentbeingused:

(a)Assoonaspossiblefollowingtheemergencyincidentordevelopmentofsignsorsymptoms;(b)Atadditionaltimes,iftheexaminingphysiciandeterminesthatfollow-upexaminationsorconsultationsaremedicallynecessary.

(4)Contentofmedicalexaminationsandconsultations.

(i)Medicalexaminationsrequiredbyparagraph(f)(3)ofthissectionshallincludeamedicalandworkhistory(orupdatedhistoryifoneisintheemployee’sfile)withspecialemphasisonsymptomsrelatedtothehandlingofhazardoussubstancesandhealthhazards,andtofitnessfordutyincludingtheabilitytowearanyrequiredPPEunderconditions(i.e.,temperatureextremes)thatmaybeexpectedattheworksite.(ii)Thecontentofmedicalexaminationsorconsultationsmadeavailabletoemployeespursuanttoparagraph(f)shallbedeterminedbytheattendingphysician.TheguidelinesintheOccupationalSafetyandHealthGuidanceManualforHazardousWasteSiteActivities(SeeAppendixD,Reference#10)shouldbeconsulted.

(5)Examinationbyaphysicianandcosts.Allmedicalexaminationsandproceduresshallbeperformedbyorunderthesupervisionofalicensedphysician,preferablyoneknowledgeableinoccupationalmedicine,andshallbeprovidedwithoutcosttotheemployee,withoutlossofpay,andatareasonabletimeandplace.

(6)Informationprovidedtothephysician.Theemployershallprovideonecopyofthisstandardanditsappendicestotheattendingphysician,andinaddition,thefollowingforeachemployee:

(i)Adescriptionoftheemployee’sdutiesastheyrelatetotheemployee’sexposures.(ii)Theemployee’sexposurelevelsoranticipatedexposurelevels.

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(iii)Adescriptionofanypersonalprotectiveequipmentusedortobeused.(iv)Informationfrompreviousmedicalexaminationsoftheemployeewhichisnotreadilyavailabletotheexaminingphysician.(v)Informationrequiredby§1910.134.

(7)Physician’swrittenopinion.(i)Theemployershallobtainandfurnishtheemployeewithacopyofawrittenopinionfromtheattendingphysiciancontainingthefollowing:

(a)Thephysician’sopinionastowhethertheemployeehasanydetectedmedicalconditionswhichwouldplacetheemployeeatincreasedriskofmaterialimpairmentoftheemployee’shealthfromworkinhazardouswasteoperationsoremergencyresponse,orfromrespiratoruse.(b)Thephysician’srecommendedlimitationsupontheemployee’sassignedwork.(c)Theresultsofthemedicalexaminationandtestsifrequestedbytheemployee.(d)Astatementthattheemployeehasbeeninformedbythephysicianoftheresultsofthemedicalexaminationandanymedicalconditionswhichrequirefurtherexaminationortreatment.

(ii)Thewrittenopinionobtainedbytheemployershallnotreveal

specificfindingsordiagnosesunrelatedtooccupationalexposures.

(8)Recordkeeping.(i)Anaccuraterecordofthemedicalsurveillancerequiredbyparagraph(f)ofthissectionshallberetained.Thisrecordshallberetainedfortheperiodspecifiedandmeetthecriteriaof29CFR1910.1020.(ii)Therecordrequiredinparagraph(f)(8)(i)ofthissectionshallincludeatleastthefollowinginformation:

(a)Thenameandsocialsecuritynumberoftheemployee;(b)Physician’swrittenopinions,recommendedlimitations,andresultsofexaminationsandtests;(c)Anyemployeemedicalcomplaintsrelatedtoexposuretohazardoussubstances;(d)Acopyoftheinformationprovidedtotheexaminingphysicianbytheemployer,withtheexceptionofthestandardanditsappendices.

g)Engineeringcontrols,workpractices,andpersonalprotectiveequipmentforemployeeprotection.Engineeringcontrols,workpractices,personalprotectiveequipment,oracombinationoftheseshallbeimplementedinaccordancewiththisparagraphtoprotectemployeesfromexposuretohazardoussubstancesandsafetyandhealthhazards.(1)Engineeringcontrols,workpracticesandPPEforsubstancesregulatedinSubpartsGandZ.

(i)Engineeringcontrolsandworkpracticesshallbeinstitutedto

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reduceandmaintainemployeeexposuretoorbelowthepermissibleexposurelimitsforsubstancesregulatedby29CFRPart1910,totheextentrequiredbySubpartZ,excepttotheextentthatsuchcontrolsandpracticesarenotfeasible.Noteto(g)(1)(i):Engineeringcontrolswhichmaybefeasibleincludetheuseofpressurizedcabsorcontrolboothsonequipment,and/ortheuseofremotelyoperatedmaterialhandlingequipment.Workpracticeswhichmaybefeasibleareremovingallnon-essentialemployeesfrompotentialexposureduringopeningofdrums,wettingdowndustyoperationsandlocatingemployeesupwindofpossiblehazards.(ii)“Wheneverengineeringcontrolsandworkpracticesarenotfeasibleornotrequired,anyreasonablecombinationofengineeringcontrols,workpracticesandPPEshallbeused.”[55F.R.14073,April13,l990](iii)Theemployershallnotimplementascheduleofemployeerotationasameansofcompliancewithpermissibleexposurelimitsordoselimitsexceptwhenthereisnootherfeasiblewayofcomplyingwiththeairborneordermaldoselimitsforionizingradiation.(iv)Theprovisionsof29CFR,SubpartG,shallbefollowed.

(2)Engineeringcontrols,workpractices,andPPEforsubstancesnotregulatedinSubpartsGandZ.Anappropriatecombinationofengineeringcontrols,workpracticesandpersonalprotectiveequipmentshallbeusedtoreduceand

maintainemployeeexposuretoorbelowpublishedexposurelevelsforhazardoussubstancesandhealthhazardsnotregulatedby29CFRPart1910,SubpartsGandZ.TheemployermayusethepublishedliteratureandMSDSasaguideinmakingtheemployer’sdeterminationastowhatlevelofprotectiontheemployerbelievesisappropriateforhazardoussubstancesandhealthhazardsforwhichthereisnopermissibleexposurelimitorpublishedexposurelimit.

(3)Personalprotectiveequipmentselection.

(i)Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)shallbeselectedandusedwhichwillprotectemployeesfromthehazardsandpotentialhazardstheyarelikelytoencounterasidentifiedduringthesitecharacterizationandanalysis.(ii)PersonalprotectiveequipmentselectionshallbebasedonanevaluationoftheperformancecharacteristicsofthePPErelativetotherequirementsandlimitationsofthesite,thetask-specificconditionsandduration,andthehazardsandpotentialhazardsidentifiedatthesite.(iii)Positivepressureself-containedbreathingapparatus,orpositivepressureairlinerespiratorsequippedwithanescapeairsupply,shallbeusedwhenchemicalexposurelevelspresentwillcreateasubstantialpossibilityofimmediatedeath,immediateseriousillnessorinjury,orimpairtheabilitytoescape.(iv)Totally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuits(protection

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equivalenttoLevelAprotectionasrecommendedin)shallbeusedinconditionswhereskinabsorptionofahazardoussubstancemayresultinasubstantialpossibilityofimmediatedeath,immediateseriousillnessorinjury,orimpairtheabilitytoescape.(v)ThelevelofprotectionprovidedbyPPEselectionshallbeincreasedwhenadditionalinformationonsiteconditionsindicatesthatincreasedprotectionisnecessarytoreduceemployeeexposuresbelowpermissibleexposurelimitsandpublishedexposurelevelsforhazardoussubstancesandhealthhazards.(SeeforguidanceonselectingPPEensembles.)Noteto(g)(3):Thelevelofemployeeprotectionprovidedmaybedecreasedwhenadditionalinformationorsiteconditionsshowthatdecreasedprotectionwillnotresultinhazardousexposurestoemployees.(vi)Personalprotectiveequipmentshallbeselectedandusedtomeettherequirementsof29CFRPart1910,SubpartI,andadditionalrequirementsspecifiedinthissection.

(4)Totally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuits.

(i)Totally-encapsulatingsuitsshallprotectemployeesfromtheparticularhazardswhichareidentifiedduringsitecharacterizationandanalysis.(ii)Totally-encapsulatingsuitsshallbecapableofmaintainingpositiveairpressure.(SeeAppendixAfora

testmethodwhichmaybeusedtoevaluatethisrequirement.)(iii)Totally-encapsulatingsuitsshallbecapableofpreventinginwardtestgasleakageofmorethan0.5percent.(SeeAppendixAforatestmethodwhichmaybeusedtoevaluatethisrequirement.)

(5)Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE)program.Awrittenpersonalprotectiveequipmentprogram,whichispartoftheemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogramrequiredinparagraph(b)ofthissectionorrequiredinparagraph(p)(1)ofthissectionandwhichisalsoapartofthesite-specificsafetyandhealthplanshallbeestablished.ThePPEprogramshalladdresstheelementslistedbelow.Whenelements,suchasdonninganddoffingprocedures,areprovidedbythemanufacturerofapieceofequipmentandareattachedtotheplan,theyneednotberewrittenintotheplanaslongastheyadequatelyaddresstheprocedureorelement.

(i)PPEselectionbaseduponsitehazards,(ii)PPEuseandlimitationsoftheequipment,(iii)Workmissionduration,(iv)PPEmaintenanceandstorage,(v)PPEdecontaminationanddisposal,(vi)PPEtrainingandproperfitting,(vii)PPEdonninganddoffingprocedures,(viii)PPEinspectionandprocedurespriorto,during,andafteruse.(ix)EvaluationoftheeffectivenessofthePPEprogram,and(x)Limitationsduringtemperatureextremes,heatstress,andotherappropriatemedicalconsiderations.

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h)Monitoring.(1)General.

(i)Monitoringshallbeperformedinaccordancewiththisparagraphwheretheremaybeaquestionofemployeeexposuretohazardousconcentrationsofhazardoussubstancesinordertoassureproperselectionofengineeringcontrols,workpracticesandpersonalprotectiveequipmentsothatemployeesarenotexposedtolevelswhichexceedpermissibleexposurelimitsorpublishedexposurelevelsiftherearenopermissibleexposurelimits,forhazardoussubstances.[55F.R.14073,April13,l990](ii)Airmonitoringshallbeusedtoidentifyandquantifyairbornelevelsofhazardoussubstancesandsafetyandhealthhazardsinordertodeterminetheappropriatelevelofemployeeprotectionneededonsite.

(2)Initialentry.Uponinitialentry,representativeairmonitoringshallbeconductedtoidentifyanyIDLHcondition,exposureoverpermissibleexposurelimitsorpublishedexposurelevels,exposureoveraradioactivematerial’sdoselimitsorotherdangerousconditionsuchasthepresenceofflammableatmospheresoroxygen-deficientenvironments.

(3)Periodicmonitoring.PeriodicmonitoringshallbeconductedwhenthepossibilityofanIDLHconditionorflammableatmospherehasdevelopedorwhenthereisindicationthatexposuresmayhaverisenoverpermissibleexposurelimitsorpublishedexposurelevelssincepriormonitoring.Situationswhereitshallbeconsideredwhetherthe

possibilitythatexposureshaverisenareasfollows:

(i)Whenworkbeginsonadifferentportionofthesite.(ii)Whencontaminantsotherthanthosepreviouslyidentifiedarebeinghandled.(iii)Whenadifferenttypeofoperationisinitiated(e.g.,drumopeningasopposedtoexploratorywelldrilling).(iv)Whenemployeesarehandlingleakingdrumsorcontainersorworkinginareaswithobviousliquidcontamination(e.g.,aspillorlagoon).

(4)Monitoringofhigh-riskemployees.Aftertheactualclean-upphaseofanyhazardouswasteoperationcommences;forexample,whensoil,surfacewaterorcontainersaremovedordisturbed;theemployershallmonitorthoseemployeeslikelytohavethehighestexposuretohazardoussubstancesandhealthhazardslikelytobepresentabovepermissibleexposurelimitsorpublishedexposurelevelsbyusingpersonalsamplingfrequentlyenoughtocharacterizeemployeeexposures.Iftheemployeeslikelytohavethehighestexposureareoverpermissibleexposurelimitsorpublishedexposurelimits,thenmonitoringshallcontinuetodetermineallemployeeslikelytobeabovethoselimits.Theemployermayutilizearepresentativesamplingapproachbydocumentingthattheemployeesandchemicalschosenformonitoringarebasedonthecriteriastatedabove.Noteto(h):Itisnotrequiredtomonitoremployeesengagedinsitecharacterizationoperationscoveredbyparagraph(c)ofthissection.

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i)Informationalprograms.Employersshalldevelopandimplementaprogram,whichispartoftheemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogramrequiredinparagraph(b)ofthissection,toinformemployees,contractors,andsubcontractors(ortheirrepresentative)actuallyengagedinhazardouswasteoperationsofthenature,levelanddegreeofexposurelikelyasaresultofparticipationinsuchhazardouswasteoperations.Employees,contractorsandsubcontractorsworkingoutsideoftheoperationspartofasitearenotcoveredbythisstandard.j)Handlingdrumsandcontainers.(1)General.

(i)Hazardoussubstancesandcontaminatedsoils,liquids,andotherresiduesshallbehandled,transported,labeled,anddisposedofinaccordancewiththisparagraph.(ii)Drumsandcontainersusedduringtheclean-upshallmeettheappropriateDOT,OSHA,andEPAregulationsforthewastesthattheycontain.(iii)Whenpractical,drumsandcontainersshallbeinspectedandtheirintegrityshallbeassuredpriortobeingmoved.Drumsorcontainersthatcannotbeinspectedbeforebeingmovedbecauseofstorageconditions(i.e.,buriedbeneaththeearth,stackedbehindotherdrums,stackedseveraltiershighinapile,etc.)shallbemovedtoanaccessiblelocationandinspectedpriortofurtherhandling.(iv)Unlabeleddrumsandcontainersshallbeconsideredtocontainhazardoussubstancesandhandledaccordinglyuntilthecontentsarepositivelyidentifiedandlabeled.

(v)Siteoperationsshallbeorganizedtominimizetheamountofdrumorcontainermovement.(vi)Priortomovementofdrumsorcontainers,allemployeesexposedtothetransferoperationshallbewarnedofthepotentialhazardsassociatedwiththecontentsofthedrumsorcontainers.(vii)U.S.DepartmentofTransportationspecifiedsalvagedrumsorcontainersandsuitablequantitiesofproperabsorbentshallbekeptavailableandusedinareaswherespills,leaks,orrupturesmayoccur.(viii)Wheremajorspillsmayoccur,aspillcontainmentprogram,whichispartoftheemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogramrequiredinparagraph(b)ofthissection,shallbeimplementedtocontainandisolatetheentirevolumeofthehazardoussubstancebeingtransferred.(ix)Drumsandcontainersthatcannotbemovedwithoutrupture,leakage,orspillageshallbeemptiedintoasoundcontainerusingadeviceclassifiedforthematerialbeingtransferred.(x)Aground-penetratingsystemorothertypeofdetectionsystemordeviceshallbeusedtoestimatethelocationanddepthofburieddrumsorcontainers.(xi)Soilorcoveringmaterialshallberemovedwithcautiontopreventdrumorcontainerrupture.(xii)Fireextinguishingequipmentmeetingtherequirementsof29CFRPart1910,SubpartL,shallbeon

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handandreadyforusetocontrolincipientfires.

(2)Openingdrumsandcontainers.Thefollowingproceduresshallbefollowedinareaswheredrumsorcontainersarebeingopened:

(i)Whereanairlinerespiratorsystemisused,connectionstothesourceofairsupplyshallbeprotectedfromcontaminationandtheentiresystemshallbeprotectedfromphysicaldamage.(ii)Employeesnotactuallyinvolvedinopeningdrumsorcontainersshallbekeptasafedistancefromthedrumsorcontainersbeingopened.(iii)Ifemployeesmustworknearoradjacenttodrumsorcontainersbeingopened,asuitableshieldthatdoesnotinterferewiththeworkoperationshallbeplacedbetweentheemployeeandthedrumsorcontainersbeingopenedtoprotecttheemployeeincaseofaccidentalexplosion.(iv)Controlsfordrumorcontaineropeningequipment,monitoringequipment,andfiresuppressionequipmentshallbelocatedbehindtheexplosion-resistantbarrier.(v)Whenthereisareasonablepossibilityofflammableatmospheresbeingpresent,materialhandlingequipmentandhandtoolsshallbeofthetypetopreventsourcesofignition.(vi)Drumsandcontainersshallbeopenedinsuchamannerthatexcessinteriorpressurewillbesafelyrelieved.Ifpressurecannotberelievedfromaremotelocation,appropriateshieldingshallbeplacedbetweentheemployeeandthe

drumsorcontainerstoreducetheriskofemployeeinjury.(vii)Employeesshallnotstanduponorworkfromdrumsorcontainers.

(3)Materialhandlingequipment.Materialhandlingequipmentusedtotransferdrumsandcontainersshallbeselected,positionedandoperatedtominimizesourcesofignitionrelatedtotheequipmentfromignitingvaporsreleasedfromruptureddrumsorcontainers.

(4)Radioactivewastes.Drumsandcontainerscontainingradioactivewastesshallnotbehandleduntilsuchtimeastheirhazardtoemployeesisproperlyassessed.

(5)Shocksensitivewastes.Asaminimum,thefollowingspecialprecautionsshallbetakenwhendrumsandcontainerscontainingorsuspectedofcontainingshock-sensitivewastesarehandled:

(i)Allnon-essentialemployeesshallbeevacuatedfromtheareaoftransfer.(ii)Materialhandlingequipmentshallbeprovidedwithexplosivecontainmentdevicesorprotectiveshieldstoprotectequipmentoperatorsfromexplodingcontainers.(iii)Anemployeealarmsystemcapableofbeingperceivedabovesurroundinglightandnoiseconditionsshallbeusedtosignalthecommencementandcompletionofexplosivewastehandlingactivities.(iv)Continuouscommunications(i.e.,portableradios,handsignals,telephones,asappropriate)shallbemaintainedbetweentheemployee-in-chargeoftheimmediatehandlingareaandboththesitesafetyand

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healthsupervisorandthecommandpostuntilsuchtimeasthehandlingoperationiscompleted.Communicationequipmentormethodsthatcouldcauseshocksensitivematerialstoexplodeshallnotbeused.(v)Drumsandcontainersunderpressure,asevidencedbybulgingorswelling,shallnotbemoveduntilsuchtimeasthecauseforexcesspressureisdeterminedandappropriatecontainmentprocedureshavebeenimplementedtoprotectemployeesfromexplosivereliefofthedrum.(vi)Drumsandcontainerscontainingpackagedlaboratorywastesshallbeconsideredtocontainshock-sensitiveorexplosivematerialsuntiltheyhavebeencharacterized.Caution:ShippingofshocksensitivewastesmaybeprohibitedunderU.S.DepartmentofTransportationregulations.Employersandtheirshippersshouldreferto49CFR173.21and173.50.

(6)Laboratorywastepacks.Inadditiontotherequirementsofparagraph(j)(5)ofthissection,thefollowingprecautionsshallbetaken,asaminimum;inhandlinglaboratorywastepacks(labpacks):

(i)Labpacksshallbeopenedonlywhennecessaryandthenonlybyanindividualknowledgeableintheinspection,classification,andsegregationofthecontainerswithinthepackaccordingtothehazardsofthewastes.(ii)Ifcrystallinematerialisnotedonanycontainer,thecontentsshallbehandledasashock-sensitivewasteuntilthecontentsareidentified.

(7)Samplingofdrumandcontainercontents.Samplingofcontainersanddrumsshallbedoneinaccordancewithasamplingprocedurewhichispartofthesitesafetyandhealthplandevelopedforandavailabletoemployeesandothersatthespecificworksite.

(8)Shippingandtransport.(i)Drumsandcontainersshallbeidentifiedandclassifiedpriortopackagingforshipment.(ii)Drumorcontainerstagingareasshallbekepttotheminimumnumbernecessarytoidentifyandclassifymaterialssafelyandpreparethemfortransport.(iii)Stagingareasshallbeprovidedwithadequateaccessandegressroutes.(iv)Bulkingofhazardouswastesshallbepermittedonlyafterathoroughcharacterizationofthematerialshasbeencompleted.

(9)Tankandvaultprocedures.(i)Tanksandvaultscontaininghazardoussubstancesshallbehandledinamannersimilartothatfordrumsandcontainers,takingintoconsiderationthesizeofthetankorvault.(ii)Appropriatetankorvaultentryproceduresasdescribedintheemployer’ssafetyandhealthplanshallbefollowedwheneveremployeesmustenteratankorvault.

k)Decontamination.(1)General.Proceduresforallphasesofdecontaminationshallbedevelopedandimplementedinaccordancewiththisparagraph.

(2)Decontaminationprocedures.

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(i)Adecontaminationprocedureshallbedeveloped,communicatedtoemployeesandimplementedbeforeanyemployeesorequipmentmayenterareasonsitewherepotentialforexposuretohazardoussubstancesexists.(ii)Standardoperatingproceduresshallbedevelopedtominimizeemployeecontactwithhazardoussubstancesorwithequipmentthathascontactedhazardoussubstances.(iii)Allemployeesleavingacontaminatedareashallbeappropriatelydecontaminated;allcontaminatedclothingandequipmentleavingacontaminatedareashallbeappropriatelydisposedofordecontaminated.(iv)Decontaminationproceduresshallbemonitoredbythesitesafetyandhealthsupervisortodeterminetheireffectiveness.Whensuchproceduresarefoundtobeineffective,appropriatestepsshallbetakentocorrectanydeficiencies.

(3)Location.Decontaminationshallbeperformedingeographicalareasthatwillminimizetheexposureofuncontaminatedemployeesorequipmenttocontaminatedemployeesorequipment.

(4)Equipmentandsolvents.Allequipmentandsolventsusedfordecontaminationshallbedecontaminatedordisposedofproperly.

(5)Personalprotectiveclothingandequipment.

(i)Protectiveclothingandequipmentshallbedecontaminated,cleaned,laundered,maintainedor

replacedasneededtomaintaintheireffectiveness.(ii)Employeeswhosenon-impermeableclothingbecomeswettedwithhazardoussubstancesshallimmediatelyremovethatclothingandproceedtoshower.Theclothingshallbedisposedofordecontaminatedbeforeitisremovedfromtheworkzone.

(6)Unauthorizedemployees.Unauthorizedemployeesshallnotremoveprotectiveclothingorequipmentfromchangerooms.

(7)Commerciallaundriesorcleaningestablishments.Commerciallaundriesorcleaningestablishmentsthatdecontaminateprotectiveclothingorequipmentshallbeinformedofthepotentiallyharmfuleffectsofexposurestohazardoussubstances.

(8)Showersandchangerooms.Wherethedecontaminationprocedureindicatesaneedforregularshowersandchangeroomsoutsideofacontaminatedarea,theyshallbeprovidedandmeettherequirementsof29CFR1910.141.Iftemperatureconditionspreventtheeffectiveuseofwater,thenothereffectivemeansforcleansingshallbeprovidedandused.

l)Emergencyresponsebyemployeesatuncontrolledhazardouswastesites

(1)Emergencyresponseplan.(i)Anemergencyresponseplanshallbedevelopedandimplementedbyallemployerswithinthescopeofthisparagraphs(a)(1)(i)-(ii)ofthissectiontohandleanticipatedemergenciespriortothecommencementofhazardouswasteoperations.Theplanshallbeinwritingandavailableforinspection

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andcopyingbyemployees,theirrepresentatives,OSHApersonnelandothergovernmentalagencieswithrelevantresponsibilities.[55F.R.14073,April13,l990](ii)Employerswhowillevacuatetheiremployeesfromthedangerareawhenanemergencyoccurs,andwhodonotpermitanyoftheiremployeestoassistinhandlingtheemergency,areexemptfromtherequirementsofthisparagraphiftheyprovideanemergencyactionplancomplyingwithsection1910.38ofthispart.[55F.R.14073,April13,l990]

(2)Elementsofanemergencyresponseplan.Theemployershalldevelopanemergencyresponseplanforemergencieswhichshalladdress,asaminimum,thefollowing:

(i)Pre-emergencyplanning.(ii)Personnelroles,linesofauthority,andcommunication.(iii)Emergencyrecognitionandprevention.(iv)Safedistancesandplacesofrefuge.(v)Sitesecurityandcontrol.(vi)Evacuationroutesandprocedures.(vii)Decontaminationprocedureswhicharenotcoveredbythesitesafetyandhealthplan.(viii)Emergencymedicaltreatmentandfirstaid.(ix)Emergencyalertingandresponseprocedures.(x)Critiqueofresponseandfollow-up.(xi)PPEandemergencyequipment.

(3)Proceduresforhandlingemergencyincidents.

(i)Inadditiontotheelementsfortheemergencyresponseplanrequiredinparagraph(1)(2)ofthissection,thefollowingelementsshallbeincludedforemergencyresponseplans:

(a)Sitetopography,layout,andprevailingweatherconditions.(b)Proceduresforreportingincidentstolocal,state,andfederalgovernmentalagencies.

(ii)TheemergencyresponseplanshallbeaseparatesectionoftheSiteSafetyandHealthplan.(iii)Theemergencyresponseplanshallbecompatibleandintegratedwiththedisaster,fireand/oremergencyresponseplansoflocal,state,andfederalagencies.(iv)Theemergencyresponseplanshallberehearsedregularlyaspartoftheoveralltrainingprogramforsiteoperations.(v)Thesiteemergencyresponseplanshallbereviewedperiodicallyand,asnecessary,beamendedtokeepitcurrentwithneworchangingsiteconditionsorinformation.(vi)Anemployeealarmsystemshallbeinstalledinaccordancewith29CFR1910.165tonotifyemployeesofanemergencysituation;tostopworkactivitiesifnecessary;tolowerbackgroundnoiseinordertospeedcommunication;andtobeginemergencyprocedures.(vii)Basedupontheinformationavailableattimeoftheemergency,theemployershallevaluatetheincidentandthesiteresponsecapabilitiesandproceedwiththe

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appropriatestepstoimplementthesiteemergencyresponseplan.m)Illumination.AreasaccessibletoemployeesshallbelightedtonotlessthantheminimumilluminationintensitieslistedinthefollowingTableH-120.1whileanyworkisinprogress:TableH-120.1:MinimumIlluminationIntensitiesinFoot-CandlesFoot-CandlesAreaorOperations5Generalsiteareas.3Excavationandwasteareas,accessways,activestorageareas,loadingplatforms,refueling,andfieldmaintenanceareas.5Indoors:Warehouses,corridors,hallways,andexitways.5Tunnels,shafts,andgeneralundergroundworkareas.(Exception:Minimumof10foot-candlesisrequiredattunnelandshaftheadingduringdrillingmucking,andscaling.MineSafetyandHealthAdministrationapprovedcaplightsshallbeacceptableforuseinthetunnelheading.)10Generalshops(e.g.,mechanicalandelectricalequipmentrooms,activestorerooms,barracksorlivingquarters,lockerordressingrooms,diningareas,andindoortoiletsandworkrooms).30Firstaidstations,infirmaries,andoffices.

n)Sanitationattemporaryworkplaces.(1)Potablewater.

(i)Anadequatesupplyofpotablewatershallbeprovidedonthesite.(ii)Portablecontainersusedtodispensedrinkingwatershallbecapableofbeingtightlyclosed,andequippedwithatap.Watershallnotbedippedfromcontainers.

(iii)Anycontainerusedtodistributedrinkingwatershallbeclearlymarkedastothenatureofitscontentsandnotusedforanyotherpurpose.(iv)Wheresingleservicecups(tobeusedbutonce)aresupplied,bothasanitarycontainerfortheunusedcupsandareceptaclefordisposingoftheusedcupsshallbeprovided.

(2)Non-potablewater.(i)Outletsfornon-potablewater,suchaswaterforfirefightingpurposes,shallbeidentifiedtoindicateclearlythatthewaterisunsafeandisnottobeusedfordrinking,washing,orcookingpurposes.(ii)Thereshallbenocross-connection,openorpotential,betweenasystemfurnishingpotablewaterandasystemfurnishingnon-potablewater.

(3)Toiletfacilities.(i)ToiletsshallbeprovedforemployeesaccordingtotheTableH-120.2.(ii)Undertemporaryfieldconditions,provisionsshallbemadetoassurethatatleastonetoiletfacilityisavailable.(iii)Hazardouswastesitesnotprovidedwithasanitarysewershallbeprovidedwiththefollowingtoiletfacilitiesunlessprohibitedbylocalcodes:

(a)Chemicaltoilets;(b)Recirculatingtoilets;(c)Combustiontoilets;or(d)Flushtoilets.

(iv)Therequirementsofthisparagraphforsanitationfacilitiesshallnotapplytomobilecrews

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havingtransportationreadilyavailabletonearbytoiletfacilities.(v)Doorsenteringtoiletfacilitiesshallbeprovidedwithentrancelockscontrolledfrominsidethefacility.

(4)Foodhandling.Allfoodservicefacilitiesandoperationsforemployeesshallmeettheapplicablelaws,ordinances,andregulationsofthejurisdictionsinwhichtheyarelocated.

(5)Temporarysleepingquarters.Whentemporarysleepingquartersareprovided,theyshallbeheated,ventilated,andlighted.

(6)Washingfacilities.Theemployershallprovideadequatewashingfacilitiesforemployeesengagedinoperationswherehazardoussubstancesmaybeharmfultoemployees.Suchfacilitiesshallbeinnearproximitytotheworksite;inareaswhereexposuresarebelowpermissibleexposurelimitsandpublishedexposurelevelsandwhichareunderthecontrolsoftheemployer;andshallbesoequippedastoenableemployeestoremovehazardoussubstancesfromthemselves.

(7)Showersandchangerooms.Whenhazardouswasteclean-uporremovaloperationscommenceonasiteandthedurationoftheworkwillrequiresixmonthsorgreatertimetocomplete,theemployershallprovideshowersandchangeroomsforallemployeesexposedtohazardoussubstancesandhealthhazardsinvolvedinhazardouswastecleanuporremovaloperations.

TableH-120.1:ToiletFacilitiesNo.ofEmployeesMinimumNumberofFacilities20orfewerOneMorethan20,Onetoiletseatandoneurinalperfewerthan20040

employeesMorethan200Onetoiletseatandoneurinalper50employees

(i)Showersshallbeprovidedandshallmeettherequirementsof29CFR1910.141(d)(3).(ii)Changeroomsshallbeprovidedandshallmeettherequirementsof29CFR1910.141(e).Changeroomsshallconsistoftwoseparatechangeareasseparatedbytheshowerarearequiredinparagraph(n)(7)(i)ofthissection.Onechangearea,withanexitleadingofftheworksite,shallprovideemployeeswithacleanareawheretheycanremove,store,andputonstreetclothing.Thesecondarea,withanexittotheworksite,shallprovideemployeeswithanareawheretheycanputon,removeandstoreworkclothingandpersonalprotectiveequipment.(iii)Showersandchangeroomsshallbelocatedinareaswhereexposuresarebelowthepermissibleexposurelimitsandpublishedexposurelevels.Ifthiscannotbeaccomplished,thenaventilationsystemshallbeprovidedthatwillsupplyairthatisbelowthepermissibleexposurelimitsandpublishedexposurelevels.(iv)Employersshallassurethatemployeesshowerattheendoftheirworkshiftandwhenleavingthehazardouswastesite.

o)Newtechnologyprograms.(1)Theemployershalldevelopandimplementproceduresfortheintroductionofeffectivenewtechnologiesandequipmentdevelopedfortheimprovedprotectionofemployeesworkingwithhazardouswasteclean-upoperations,andthesameshallbeimplementedaspartofthesite

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safetyandhealthprogramtoassurethatemployeeprotectionisbeingmaintained.

(2)Newtechnologies,equipmentorcontrolmeasuresavailabletotheindustry,suchastheuseoffoams,absorbents,adsorbents,neutralizers,orothermeanstosuppressthelevelofaircontaminantswhileexcavatingthesiteorforspillcontrol,shallbeevaluatedbyemployersortheirrepresentatives.Suchanevaluationshallbedonetodeterminetheeffectivenessofthenewmethods,materials,orequipmentbeforeimplementingtheiruseonalargescaleforenhancingemployeeprotection.Informationanddatafrommanufacturersorsuppliersmaybeusedasapartoftheemployer’sevaluationeffort.SuchevaluationsshallbemadeavailabletoOSHAuponrequest.

p)CertainOperationsConductedUndertheResourceConservationandRecoveryActof1976(RCRA):“Employersconductingoperationsattreatment,storageanddisposal(TSD)facilitiesspecifiedinparagraph(a)(1)(iv)ofthissectionshallprovideandimplementtheprogramspecifiedinthisparagraph.Seethe“NotesandExceptions”toparagraph(a)(2)(iii)ofthissectionforemployersnotcovered.”[55F.R.14073,April13,l990](1)Safetyandhealthprogram.Theemployershalldevelopandimplementawrittensafetyandhealthprogramforemployeesinvolvedinhazardouswasteoperationsthatshallbeavailableforinspectionbyemployees,theirrepresentativesandOSHApersonnel.Theprogramshallbedesignedtoidentify,evaluateandcontrolsafetyandhealthhazardsintheirfacilitiesforthepurposeofemployeeprotection,to

provideforemergencyresponsemeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(p)(8)ofthissectionandtoaddressasappropriatesiteanalysis,engineeringcontrols,maximumexposurelimits,hazardouswastehandlingproceduresandusesofnewtechnologies.

(2)Hazardcommunicationprogram.Theemployershallimplementahazardcommunicationprogrammeetingtherequirementsof29CFR1910.1200asapartoftheemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogram.Noteto1910.120.Theexemptionforhazardouswasteprovidedin§1910.1200isapplicabletothissection.

(3)Medicalsurveillanceprogram.Theemployershalldevelopandimplementamedicalsurveillanceprogrammeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(f)ofthissection.

(4)Decontaminationprogram.Theemployershalldevelopandimplementadecontaminationproceduremeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(k)ofthissection.

(5)Newtechnologyprogram.Theemployershalldevelopandimplementproceduresmeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(o)ofthissectionforintroducingnewandinnovativeequipmentintotheworkplace.

(6)Materialhandlingprogram.Whereemployeeswillbehandlingdrumsorcontainers,theemployershalldevelopandimplementproceduresmeetingtherequirementsofparagraphs(j)(1)(ii)through(viii)and(xi)ofthissection,aswellas(j)(3)and(j)(8)ofthissectionpriortostartingsuchwork.

(7)Trainingprogram.(i)Newemployees.“Theemployershalldevelopandimplementa

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trainingprogram,whichispartoftheemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogram,foremployeesexposedtohealthhazardsorhazardoussubstancesatTSDoperationstoenabletheemployeestoperformtheirassigneddutiesandfunctionsinasafeandhealthfulmannersoasnottoendangerthemselvesorotheremployees.”Theinitialtrainingshallbefor24hoursandrefreshertrainingshallbeforeighthoursannually.Employeeswhohavereceivedtheinitialtrainingrequiredbythisparagraphshallbegivenawrittencertificateattestingthattheyhavesuccessfullycompletedthenecessarytraining.[55F.R.14074,April13,1990](ii)Currentemployees.Employerswhocanshowbyanemployee’spreviousworkexperienceand/ortrainingthattheemployeehashadtrainingequivalenttotheinitialtrainingrequiredbythisparagraph,shallbeconsideredasmeetingtheinitialtrainingrequirementsofthisparagraphastothatemployee.Equivalenttrainingincludesthetrainingthatexistingemployeesmighthavealreadyreceivedfromactualsiteworkexperience.Currentemployeesshallreceiveeighthoursofrefreshertrainingannually.(iii)Trainers.Trainerswhoteachinitialtrainingshallhavesatisfactorilycompletedatrainingcourseforteachingthesubjectstheyareexpectedtoteachortheyshallhavetheacademiccredentialsandinstructionexperiencenecessarytodemonstrateagoodcommandofthesubjectmatterof

thecoursesandcompetentinstructionalskills.

(8)Emergencyresponseprogram.(i)Emergencyresponseplan.Anemergencyresponseplanshallbedevelopedandimplementedbyallemployers.Suchplansneednotduplicateanyofthesubjectsfullyaddressedintheemployer’scontingencyplanningrequiredbypermits,suchasthoseissuedbytheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,providedthatthecontingencyplanismadepartoftheemergencyresponseplan.Theemergencyresponseplanshallbeawrittenportionoftheemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogramrequiredinparagraph(p)(1)ofthissection.Employerswhowillevacuatetheiremployeesfromtheworksitelocationwhenanemergencyoccursandwhodonotpermitanyoftheiremployeestoassistinhandlingtheemergencyareexemptfromtherequirementsofparagraph(p)(8)iftheyprovideanemergencyactionplancomplyingwith§1910.38(a)ofthispart.(ii)Elementsofanemergencyresponseplan.Theemployershalldevelopanemergencyresponseplanforemergencieswhichshalladdress,asaminimum,thefollowingareastotheextentthattheyarenotaddressedinanyspecificprogramrequiredinthisparagraph:

(a)Pre-emergencyplanningandcoordinationwithoutsideparties.

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(b)Personnelroles,linesofauthority,andcommunication.(c)Emergencyrecognitionandprevention.(d)Safedistancesandplacesofrefuge.(e)Sitesecurityandcontrol.(f)Evacuationroutesandprocedures.(g)Decontaminationprocedures.(h)Emergencymedicaltreatmentandfirstaid.(i)Emergencyalertingandresponseprocedures.(j)Critiqueofresponseandfollow-up.(k)PPEandemergencyequipment.

(iii)Training.(a)Trainingforemergencyresponseemployeesshallbecompletedbeforetheyarecalledupontoperforminrealemergencies.Suchtrainingshallincludetheelementsoftheemergencyresponseplan,standardoperatingprocedurestheemployerhasestablishedforthejob,thepersonalprotectiveequipmenttobewornandproceduresforhandlingemergencyincidents.Exception#1:Anemployerneednottrainallemployeestothedegreespecifiediftheemployerdividestheworkforceinamannersuchthatasufficientnumberofemployeeswhohave

responsibilitytocontrolemergencieshavethetrainingspecified,andallotheremployees,whomayfirstrespondtoanemergencyincident,havesufficientawarenesstrainingtorecognizethatanemergencyresponsesituationexistsandthattheyareinstructedinthatcasetosummonthefullytrainedemployeesandnotattempttocontrolactivitiesforwhichtheyarenottrained.Exception#2:Anemployerneednottrainallemployeestothedegreespecifiedifarrangementshavebeenmadeinadvanceforanoutsidefully-trainedemergencyresponseteamtorespondinareasonableperiodandallemployees,whomaycometotheincidentfirst,havesufficientawarenesstrainingtorecognizethatanemergencyresponsesituationexistsandtheyhavebeeninstructedtocallthedesignatedoutsidefully-trainedemergencyresponseteamforassistance.(b)EmployeemembersofTSDfacilityemergencyresponseorganizationsshallbetrainedtoalevelofcompetenceintherecognitionofhealthandsafetyhazardstoprotectthemselvesandotheremployees.Thiswould

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includetraininginthemethodsusedtominimizetheriskfromsafetyandhealthhazards;inthesafeuseofcontrolequipment;intheselectionanduseofappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment;inthesafeoperatingprocedurestobeusedattheincidentscene;inthetechniquesofcoordinationwithotheremployeestominimizerisks;intheappropriateresponsetooverexposurefromhealthhazardsorinjurytothemselvesandotheremployees;andintherecognitionofsubsequentsymptomswhichmayresultfromoverexposures.(c)Theemployershallcertifythateachcoveredemployeehasattendedandsuccessfullycompletedthetrainingrequiredinparagraph(p)(8)(iii)ofthissection,orshallcertifytheemployee’scompetencyatleastyearly.Themethodusedtodemonstratecompetencyforcertificationoftrainingshallberecordedandmaintainedbytheemployer.

(iv)Proceduresforhandlingemergencyincidents.

(a)Inadditiontotheelementsfortheemergencyresponseplanrequiredinparagraph(p)(8)(ii)ofthissection,thefollowingelementsshallbeincluded

foremergencyresponseplanstotheextentthattheydonotrepeatanyinformationalreadycontainedintheemergencyresponseplan:

(1)Sitetopography,layout,andprevailingweatherconditions.(2)Proceduresforreportingincidentstolocal,state,andfederalgovernmentalagencies.

(b)Theemergencyresponseplanshallbecompatibleandintegratedwiththedisaster,fireand/oremergencyresponseplansoflocal,state,andfederalagencies.(c)Theemergencyresponseplanshallberehearsedregularlyasapartoftheoveralltrainingprogramforsiteoperations.(d)Thesiteemergencyresponseplanshallbereviewedperiodicallyand,asnecessary,beamendedtokeepitcurrentwithneworchangingsiteconditionsorinformation.(e)Anemployeealarmsystemshallbeinstalledinaccordancewith29CFR1910.165tonotifyemployeesofanemergencysituation;tostopworkactivitiesifnecessary;tolowerbackgroundnoiseinordertospeedcommunication;andtobeginemergencyprocedures.

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(f)Basedupontheinformationavailableatthetimeoftheemergency,theemployershallevaluatetheincidentandthesiteresponsecapabilitiesandproceedwiththeappropriatestepstoimplementthesiteemergencyresponseplan.

q)Emergencyresponsetohazardoussubstancereleases.Thisparagraphcoversemployerswhoseemployeesareengagedinemergencyresponsenomatterwhereitoccursexceptthatitdoesnotcoveremployeesengagedinoperationsspecifiedinparagraphs(a)(1)(i)through(a)(1)(iv)ofthissection.Thoseemergencyresponseorganizationswhohavedevelopedandimplementedprogramsequivalenttothisparagraphforhandlingreleasesofhazardoussubstancespursuanttosection303oftheSuperfundAmendmentsandReauthorizationActof1986(EmergencyPlanningandCommunityRight-to-KnowActof1986,42U.S.C.11003)shallbedeemedtohavemettherequirementsofthisparagraph.(1)Emergencyresponseplan.Anemergencyresponseplanshallbedevelopedandimplementedtohandleanticipatedemergenciespriortothecommencementofemergencyresponseoperations.Theplanshallbeinwritingandavailableforinspectionandcopyingbyemployees,theirrepresentativesandOSHApersonnel.Employerswhowillevacuatetheiremployeesfromthedangerareawhenanemergencyoccurs,andwhodonotpermitanyoftheiremployeestoassistinhandlingtheemergency,areexemptfromtherequirementsofthisparagraphifthey

provideanemergencyactionplaninaccordancewith§1910.38ofthispart.

(2)Elementsofanemergencyresponseplan.Theemployershalldevelopanemergencyresponseplanforemergencieswhichshalladdress,asaminimum,thefollowingtotheextentthattheyarenotaddressedelsewhere:

(i)Pre-emergencyplanningandcoordinationwithoutsideparties.(ii)Personnelroles,linesofauthority,training,andcommunication.(iii)Emergencyrecognitionandprevention.(iv)Safedistancesandplacesofrefuge.(v)Sitesecurityandcontrol.(vi)Evacuationroutesandprocedures.(vii)Decontamination.(viii)Emergencymedicaltreatmentandfirstaid.(ix)Emergencyalertingandresponseprocedures.(x)Critiqueofresponseandfollow-up.(xi)PPEandemergencyequipment.(xii)Emergencyresponseorganizationsmayusethelocalemergencyresponseplanorthestateemergencyresponseplanorboth,aspartoftheiremergencyresponseplantoavoidduplication.ThoseitemsoftheemergencyresponseplanthatarebeingproperlyaddressedbytheSARATitleIIIplansmaybesubstitutedintotheiremergencyplanorotherwisekepttogetherfortheemployerandemployee’suse.

(3)Proceduresforhandlingemergencyresponse.

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(i)Thesenioremergencyresponseofficialrespondingtoanemergencyshallbecometheindividualinchargeofasite-specificIncidentCommandSystem(ICS).AllemergencyrespondersandtheircommunicationsshallbecoordinatedandcontrolledthroughtheindividualinchargeoftheICSassistedbytheseniorofficialpresentforeachemployer.Noteto(q)(3)(i).The“seniorofficial”atanemergencyresponseisthemostseniorofficialonthesitewhohastheresponsibilityforcontrollingtheoperationsatthesite.Initiallyitistheseniorofficeronthefirst-duepieceofrespondingemergencyapparatustoarriveontheincidentscene.Asmoreseniorofficersarrive(i.e.,battalionchief,firechief,statelawenforcementofficial,sitecoordinator,etc.)thepositionispassedupthelineofauthoritywhichhasbeenpreviouslyestablished.(ii)TheindividualinchargeoftheICSshallidentify,totheextentpossible,allhazardoussubstancesorconditionspresentandshalladdressasappropriatesiteanalysis,useofengineeringcontrols,maximumexposurelimits,hazardoussubstancehandlingprocedures,anduseofanynewtechnologies.(iii)Basedonthehazardoussubstancesand/orconditionspresent,theindividualinchargeoftheICSshallimplementappropriateemergencyoperations,andassurethatthepersonalprotectiveequipmentwornisappropriateforthehazardstobeencountered.

However,personalprotectiveequipmentshallmeet,ataminimum;thecriteriacontainedin29CFR1910.156(e)whenwornwhileperformingfirefightingoperationsbeyondtheincipientstageforanyincident.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990](iv)Employeesengagedinemergencyresponseandexposedtohazardoussubstancespresentinganinhalationhazardorpotentialinhalationhazardshallwearpositivepressureself-containedbreathingapparatuswhileengagedinemergencyresponse,untilsuchtimethattheindividualinchargeoftheICSdeterminesthroughtheuseofairmonitoringthatadecreasedlevelofrespiratoryprotectionwillnotresultinhazardousexposurestoemployees.(v)TheindividualinchargeoftheICSshalllimitthenumberofemergencyresponsepersonnelattheemergencysite,inthoseareasofpotentialoractualexposuretoincidentorsitehazards,tothosewhoareactivelyperformingemergencyoperations.However,operationsinhazardousareasshallbeperformedusingthebuddysystemingroupsoftwoormore.(vi)Back-uppersonnelshallstandbywithequipmentreadytoprovideassistanceorrescue.Advancedfirstaidsupportpersonnel,asaminimum,shallalsostandbywithmedicalequipmentandtransportationcapability.(vii)TheindividualinchargeoftheICSshalldesignateasafetyofficial,whoisknowledgeableinthe

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operationsbeingimplementedattheemergencyresponsesite,withspecificresponsibilitytoidentifyandevaluatehazardsandtoprovidedirectionwithrespecttothesafetyofoperationsfortheemergencyathand.(viii)WhenactivitiesarejudgedbythesafetyofficialtobeanIDLHconditionand/ortoinvolveanimminentdangercondition,thesafetyofficialshallhavetheauthoritytoalter,suspend,orterminatethoseactivities.ThesafetyofficialshallimmediatelyinformtheindividualinchargeoftheICSofanyactionsneededtobetakentocorrectthesehazardsattheemergencyscene.(ix)Afteremergencyoperationshaveterminated,theindividualinchargeoftheICSshallimplementappropriatedecontaminationprocedures.(x)Whendeemednecessaryformeetingthetasksathand,approvedself-containedcompressedairbreathingapparatusmaybeusedwithapprovedcylindersfromotherapprovedself-containedcompressedairbreathingapparatusprovidedthatsuchcylindersareofthesamecapacityandpressurerating.Allcompressedaircylindersusedwithself-containedbreathingapparatusshallmeetU.S.DepartmentofTransportationandNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealthcriteria.

(4)Skilledsupportpersonnel.Personnel,notnecessarilyanemployer’sownemployees,whoareskilledintheoperationofcertainequipment,suchas

mechanizedearthmovingordiggingequipmentorcraneandhoistingequipment,andwhoareneededtemporarilytoperformimmediateemergencysupportworkthatcannotreasonablybeperformedinatimelyfashionbyanemployer’sownemployees,andwhowillbeormaybeexposedtothehazardsatanemergencyresponsescene,arenotrequiredtomeetthetrainingrequiredinthisparagraphfortheemployer’sregularemployees.However,thesepersonnelshallbegivenaninitialbriefingatthesitepriortotheirparticipationinanyemergencyresponse.Theinitialbriefingshallincludeinstructioninthewearingofappropriatepersonalprotectiveequipment,whatchemicalhazardsareinvolved,andwhatdutiesaretobeperformed.Allotherappropriatesafetyandhealthprecautionsprovidedtotheemployer’sownemployeesshallbeusedtoassurethesafetyandhealthofthesepersonnel.

(5)Specialistemployees.Employeeswho,inthecourseoftheirregularjobduties,workwithandaretrainedinthehazardsofspecifichazardoussubstances,andwhowillbecalledupontoprovidetechnicaladviceorassistanceatahazardoussubstancereleaseincidenttotheindividualincharge,shallreceivetrainingordemonstratecompetencyintheareaoftheirspecializationannually.

(6)Training.Trainingshallbebasedonthedutiesandfunctiontobeperformedbyeachresponderofanemergencyresponseorganization.Theskillandknowledgelevelsrequiredforallnewresponders,thosehiredaftertheeffectivedateofthisstandard,shallbeconveyedtothemthroughtraining

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beforetheyarepermittedtotakepartinactualemergencyoperationsonanincident.Employeeswhoparticipate,orareexpectedtoparticipate,inemergencyresponse,shallbegiventraininginaccordancewiththefollowingparagraphs:

(i)Firstresponderawarenesslevel.Firstrespondersattheawarenesslevelareindividualswhoarelikelytowitnessordiscoverahazardoussubstancereleaseandwhohavebeentrainedtoinitiateanemergencyresponsesequencebynotifyingtheproperauthoritiesoftherelease.Theywouldtakenofurtheractionbeyondnotifyingtheauthoritiesoftherelease.Firstrespondersattheawarenesslevelshallhavesufficienttrainingorhavehadsufficientexperiencetoobjectivelydemonstratecompetencyinthefollowingareas:

(a)Anunderstandingofwhathazardousmaterialsare,andtherisksassociatedwiththeminanincident.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990](b)Anunderstandingofthepotentialoutcomesassociatedwithanemergencycreatedwhenhazardoussubstancesarepresent.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990](c)Theabilitytorecognizethepresenceofhazardoussubstancesinanemergency.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990]B–28HAZWOPERAwareness—StudentManual,Ver.022804

(d)Theabilitytoidentifythehazardoussubstances,ifpossible.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990](e)Anunderstandingoftheroleofthefirstresponderawarenessindividualintheemployer’semergencyresponseplanincludingthesitesecurityandcontrolandtheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation’sEmergencyResponseGuidebook.(f)Theabilitytorealizetheneedforadditionalresources,andtomakeappropriatenotificationstothecommunicationcenter.

(ii)Firstresponderoperationslevel.Firstrespondersattheoperationslevelareindividualswhorespondtoreleasesorpotentialreleasesofhazardoussubstancesaspartoftheinitialresponsetothesiteforthepurposeofprotectingnearbypersons,property,ortheenvironmentfromtheeffectsoftherelease.Theyaretrainedtorespondinadefensivefashionwithoutactuallytryingtostoptherelease.Theirfunctionistocontainthereleasefromasafedistance,keepitfromspreading,andpreventexposures.Firstrespondersattheoperationallevelshallhavereceivedatleasteighthoursoftrainingorhavehadsufficientexperiencetoobjectivelydemonstratecompetencyinthefollowingareasinadditiontothoselistedfortheawarenesslevelandtheemployershallsocertify:

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(a)Knowledgeofthebasichazardandriskassessmenttechniques.(b)Knowhowtoselectanduseproperpersonalprotectiveequipmentprovidedtothefirstresponderoperationallevel.(c)Anunderstandingofbasichazardousmaterialsterms.(d)Knowhowtoperformbasiccontrol,containmentand/orconfinementoperationswithinthecapabilitiesoftheresourcesandpersonalprotectiveequipmentavailablewiththeirunit.(e)Knowhowtoimplementbasicdecontaminationprocedures.(f)Anunderstandingoftherelevantstandardoperatingproceduresandterminationprocedures.

(iii)Hazardousmaterialstechnician.Hazardousmaterialstechniciansareindividualswhorespondtoreleasesorpotentialreleasesforthepurposeofstoppingtherelease.Theyassumeamoreaggressiverolethanafirstresponderattheoperationslevelsinthattheywillapproachthepointofreleaseinordertoplug,patchorotherwisestopthereleaseofahazardoussubstance.Hazardousmaterialstechniciansshallhavereceivedatleast24hoursoftrainingequaltothefirstresponderoperationslevelandinadditionhavecompetencyinthefollowingareasandtheemployershallsocertify:

(a)Knowhowtoimplementtheemployer’semergencyresponseplan.(b)Knowtheclassification,identificationandverificationofknownandunknownmaterialsbyusingfieldsurveyinstrumentsandequipment.(c)BeabletofunctionwithinanassignedroleintheIncidentCommandSystem.(d)Knowhowtoselectanduseproperspecializedchemicalpersonalprotectiveequipmentprovidedtothehazardousmaterialstechnician.(e)Understandhazardandriskassessmenttechniques.(f)Beabletoperformadvancecontrol,containment,and/orconfinementoperationswithinthecapabilitiesoftheresourcesandpersonalprotectiveequipmentavailablewiththeunit.(g)Understandandimplementdecontaminationprocedures.(h)Understandterminationprocedures.(i)Understandbasicchemicalandtoxicologicalterminologyandbehavior.

(iv)Hazardousmaterialsspecialist.Hazardousmaterialsspecialistsareindividualswhorespondwithandprovidesupporttohazardousmaterialstechnicians.Theirdutiesparallelthoseofthehazardousmaterialstechnician;however,

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thosedutiesrequireamoredirectedorspecificknowledgeofthevarioussubstancestheymaybecalledupontocontain.ThehazardousmaterialsspecialistwouldalsoactasthesiteliaisonwithFederal,state,local,andothergovernmentauthoritiesinregardstositeactivities.Hazardousmaterialsspecialistsshallhavereceivedatleast24hoursoftrainingequaltothetechnicianlevelandinadditionhavecompetencyinthefollowingareasandtheemployershallsocertify:

(a)Knowhowtoimplementthelocalemergencyresponseplan.(b)Understandclassification,identificationandverificationofknownandunknownmaterialsbyusingadvancedsurveyinstrumentsandequipment.(c)Knowofthestateemergencyresponseplan.(d)Beabletoselectanduseproperspecializedchemicalpersonalprotectiveequipmentprovidedtothehazardousmaterialsspecialist.(e)Understandin-depthhazardandrisktechniques.(f)Beabletoperformspecializedcontrol,containment,and/orconfinementoperationswithinthecapabilitiesoftheresourcesandpersonalprotectiveequipmentavailable.

(g)Beabletodetermineandimplementdecontaminationprocedures.(h)Havetheabilitytodevelopasitesafetyandcontrolplan.(i)Understandchemical,radiologicalandtoxicologicalterminologyandbehavior.

(v)Onsceneincidentcommander.Incidentcommanders,whowillassumecontroloftheincidentscenebeyondthefirstresponderawarenesslevel,shallreceiveatleast24hoursoftrainingequaltothefirstresponderoperationslevelandinadditionhavecompetencyinthefollowingareasandtheemployershallsocertify:

(a)Knowandbeabletoimplementtheemployer’sincidentcommandsystem.(b)Knowhowtoimplementtheemployer’semergencyresponseplan.(c)Knowandunderstandthehazardsandrisksassociatedwithemployeesworkinginchemicalprotectiveclothing.(d)Knowhowtoimplementthelocalemergencyresponseplan.(e)KnowofthestateemergencyresponseplanandoftheFederalRegionalResponseTeam.(f)Knowandunderstandtheimportanceofdecontaminationprocedures.

(7)Trainers.Trainerswhoteachanyoftheabovetrainingsubjectsshallhavesatisfactorilycompletedatrainingcourse

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forteachingthesubjectstheyareexpectedtoteach,suchasthecoursesofferedbytheU.S.NationalFireAcademy,ortheyshallhavethetrainingand/oracademiccredentialsandinstructionalexperiencenecessarytodemonstratecompetentinstructionalskillsandagoodcommandofthesubjectmatterofthecoursestheyaretoteach.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990]

(8)Refreshertraining.(i)Thoseemployeeswhoaretrainedinaccordancewithparagraph(q)(6)ofthissectionshallreceiveannualrefreshertrainingofsufficientcontentanddurationtomaintaintheircompetencies,orshalldemonstratecompetencyinthoseareasatleastyearly.(ii)Astatementshallbemadeofthetrainingorcompetency,andifastatementofcompetencyismade,theemployershallkeeparecordofthemethodologyusedtodemonstratecompetency.

(9)Medicalsurveillanceandconsultation.(i)MembersofanorganizedanddesignatedHAZMATteamandhazardousmaterialsspecialistsshallreceiveabaselinephysicalexaminationandbeprovidedwithmedicalsurveillanceasrequiredinparagraph(f)ofthissection.(ii)Anyemergencyresponseemployeeswhoexhibitsignsorsymptomswhichmayhaveresultedfromexposuretohazardoussubstancesduringthecourseofanemergencyincident,eitherimmediatelyorsubsequently,shallbeprovidedwithmedicalconsultationasrequiredinparagraph(f)(3)(ii)ofthissection.

(10)Chemical-protectiveclothing.Chemical-protectiveclothingandequipmenttobeusedbyorganizedanddesignatedHAZMATteammembers,ortobeusedbyhazardousmaterialsspecialists,shallmeettherequirementsofparagraphs(g)(3)through(5)ofthissection.

(11)Post-emergencyresponseoperations.Uponcompletionoftheemergencyresponse,ifitisdeterminedthatitisnecessarytoremovehazardoussubstances,healthhazards,andmaterialscontaminatedwiththem(suchascontaminatedsoilorotherelementsofthenaturalenvironment)fromthesiteoftheincident,theemployerconductingtheclean-upshallcomplywithoneofthefollowing:

(i)Meetalloftherequirementsofparagraphs(b)through(o)ofthissection;or(ii)Wheretheclean-upisdoneonplantpropertyusingplantorworkplaceemployees,suchemployeesshallhavecompletedthetrainingrequirementsofthefollowing:29CFR1910.38;1910.134;1910.1200,andotherappropriatesafetyandhealthtrainingmadenecessarybythetasksthattheyareexpectedtobeperformedsuchaspersonalprotectiveequipmentanddecontaminationprocedures.Allequipmenttobeusedintheperformanceofthecleanupworkshallbeinserviceableconditionandshallhavebeeninspectedpriortouse.

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Appendices to 1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response Note:Thefollowingappendicesserveasnon-mandatoryguidelinestoassistemployeesandemployersincomplyingwiththeappropriaterequirementsofthissection.However,paragraph1910.120(g)makesmandatoryincertaincircumstancestheuseofLevelAandLevelBPPEprotection.

Appendix A: Personal Protective Equipment Test Methods Thisappendixsetsforththenon-mandatoryexamplesoftestswhichmaybeusedtoevaluatecompliancewith§1910.120(g)(4)(ii)and(iii).Othertestsandotherchallengeagentsmaybeusedtoevaluatecompliance.A.Totally-encapsulatingchemical-protectivesuitpressuretest1.0Scope

1.1Thispracticemeasurestheabilityofagastighttotally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuitmaterial,seams,andclosurestomaintainafixedpositivepressure.Theresultsofthispracticeallowthegas-tightintegrityofatotally-encapsulatingchemical-protectivesuittobeevaluated.1.2Resistanceofthesuitmaterialstopermeation,penetration,anddegradationbyspecifichazardoussubstancesisnotdeterminedbythistestmethod.

2.0Definitionofterms

2.1“Totally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuit(TECPsuit)”meansafullbodygarmentwhichisconstructedofprotectiveclothingmaterials;coversthewearer’storso,head,arms,legsandrespirator;maycoverthewearer’shandsandfeetwithtightlyattachedglovesandboots;completelyenclosesthewearerandrespiratorbyitselforincombinationwiththewearer’sglovesandboots.2.2“Protectiveclothingmaterial”meansanymaterialorcombinationofmaterialsusedinanitemofclothingforthepurposeofisolatingpartsofthebodyfromdirectcontactwithpotentiallyhazardousliquidorgaseouschemicals.2.3“Gas-tight”means,forthepurposeofthistestmethod,thelimitedflowofagasunderpressurefromtheinsideofaTECPsuittoatmosphereataprescribedpressureandtimeinterval.

3.0Summaryoftestmethod3.1TheTECPsuitisvisuallyinspectedandmodifiedforthetest.Thetestapparatusisattachedtothesuittopermitinflationtothepre-testsuitexpansionpressureforremovalofsuitwrinklesandcreases.Thepressureisloweredtothetestpressureandmonitoredforthree

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minutes.Ifthepressuredropisexcessive,theTECPsuitfailsthetestandisremovedfromservice.Thetestisrepeatedafterleaklocationandrepair.

4.0RequiredSupplies4.1Sourceofcompressedair.4.2Testapparatusforsuittesting,includingapressuremeasurementdevicewithasensitivityofatleast1/4inchwatergauge.4.3Ventvalveclosureplugsorsealingtape.4.4Soapywatersolutionandsoftbrush.4.5Stopwatchorappropriatetimingdevice.

5.0SafetyPrecautions5.1Careshallbetakentoprovidethecorrectpressuresafetydevicesrequiredforthesourceofcompressedairused.

6.0TestProcedure6.1Priortoeachtest,thetestershallperformavisualinspectionofthesuit.Checkthesuitforseamintegritybyvisuallyexaminingtheseamsandgentlypullingontheseams.Ensurethatallairsupplylines,fittings,visor,zippers,andvalvesaresecureandshownosignsofdeterioration.

6.1.1Sealofftheventvalvesalongwithanyothernormalinletorexhaustpoints(suchasumbilicalairline

fittingsorfacepieceopening)withtapeorotherappropriatemeans(caps,plugs,fixture,etc.).Careshouldbeexercisedinthesealingprocessnottodamageanyofthesuitcomponents.6.1.2Closeallclosureassemblies.6.1.3Preparethesuitforinflationbyprovidinganimprovisedconnectionpointonthesuitforconnectinganairline.Attachthepressuretestapparatustothesuittopermitsuitinflationfromacompressedairsourceequippedwithapressureindicatingregulator.Theleaktightnessofthepressuretestapparatusshouldbetestedbeforeandaftereachtestbyclosingofftheendofthetubingattachedtothesuitandassuringapressureofthreeincheswatergaugeforthreeminutescanbemaintained.Ifacomponentisremovedforthetest,thatcomponentshallbereplacedanda

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secondtestconductedwithanothercomponentremovedtopermitacompletetestoftheensemble.6.1.4Thepre-testexpansionpressure(A)andthesuittestpressure(B)shallbesuppliedbythesuitmanufacturer,butinnocaseshalltheybelessthan:(A)=threeincheswatergauge;and(B)=twoincheswatergauge.Theendingsuitpressure(C)shallbenolessthan80percentofthetestpressure(B);i.e.,thepressuredropshallnotexceed20percentofthetestpressure(B).6.1.5Inflatethesuituntilthepressureinsideisequaltopressure(A),thepre-testexpansionsuitpressure.Allowatleastoneminutetofilloutthewrinklesinthesuit.Releasesufficientairtoreducethesuitpressuretopressure(B),thesuittestpressure.Begintiming.Attheendofthreeminutes,recordthesuitpressureaspressure(C),the

endingsuitpressure.Thedifferencebetweenthesuittestpressureandtheendingsuittestpressure(B-C)shallbedefinedasthesuitpressuredrop.6.1.6Ifthesuitpressuredropismorethan20percentofthesuittestpressure(B)duringthethreeminutetestperiod,thesuitfailsthetestandshallberemovedfromservice.

7.0RetestProcedure7.1Ifthesuitfailsthetest,checkforleaksbyinflatingthesuittopressure(A)andbrushingorwipingtheentiresuit(includingseams,closures,lensgaskets,glove-to-sleevejoints,etc.)withamildsoapandwatersolution.Observethesuitfortheformationofsoapbubbles,whichisanindicationofaleak.Repairallidentifiedleaks.7.2RetesttheTECPsuitasoutlinedinTestprocedure6.0.

8.0Report8.1EachTECPsuittestedbythispracticeshallhavethefollowinginformationrecorded:

8.1.1Uniqueidentificationnumber,identifyingbrandname,dateof

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purchase,materialofconstruction,anduniquefitfeatures,e.g.,specialbreathingapparatus.8.1.2Theactualvaluesfortestpressure(A),(B),and(C)shallberecordedalongwiththespecificobservationtimes.Iftheendingpressure(C)islessthan80percentofthetestpressure(B),thesuitshallbeidentifiedasfailingthetest.Whenpossible,thespecificleaklocationshallbeidentifiedinthetestrecords.Retestpressuredatashallberecordedasanadditionaltest.8.1.3Thesourceofthetestapparatususedshallbeidentifiedandthesensitivityofthepressuregaugeshallberecorded.8.1.4Recordsshallbekeptforeachpressuretestevenifrepairsarebeingmadeatthetestlocation.Caution:Visuallyinspectallpartsofthesuittobesuretheyarepositionedcorrectlyandsecuredtightly

beforeputtingthesuitbackintoservice.Specialcareshouldbetakentoexamineeachexhaustvalvetomakesureitisnotblocked.Careshouldalsobeexercisedtoassurethattheinsideandoutsideofthesuitiscompletelydrybeforeitisputintostorage.

B.Totally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuitqualitativeleaktest1.0Scope

1.1Thispracticesemi-qualitativelytestsgas-tighttotallyencapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuitintegritybydetectinginwardleakageofammoniavapor.Sincenomodificationsaremadetothesuittocarryoutthistest,theresultsfromthispracticeprovidearealistictestfortheintegrityoftheentiresuit.1.2Resistanceofthesuitmaterialstopermeation,penetration,anddegradationisnotdeterminedbythistestmethod.ASTMtestmethodsareavailabletotestsuitmaterialsforthesecharacteristicsandthetestsareusuallyconductedbythemanufacturersofthesuits.

2.0Definitionofterms2.1“Totally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuit(TECPsuit)”meansafullbodygarmentwhichis

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constructedofprotectiveclothingmaterials;coversthewearer’storso,head,arms,legsandrespirator;maycoverthewearer’shandsandfeetwithtightlyattachedglovesandboots;completelyenclosesthewearerandrespiratorbyitselforincombinationwiththewearer’sglovesandboots.2.2“Protectiveclothingmaterial”meansanymaterialorcombinationofmaterialsusedinanitemofclothingforthepurposeofisolatingpartsofthebodyfromdirectcontactwithpotentiallyhazardousliquidorgaseouschemicals.2.3“Gas-tight”means,forthepurposeofthistestmethod,thelimitedflowofagasunderpressurefromtheinsideofaTECPsuittoatmosphereataprescribedpressureandtimeinterval.2.4“IntrusionCoefficient”meansanumberofexpressingthelevelofprotectionprovidedbyagastighttotally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuit.Theintrusioncoefficientiscalculatedbydividingthetestroomchallengeagentconcentrationbytheconcentrationofchallengeagentfoundinsidethesuit.Theaccuracyoftheintrusioncoefficientisdependentonthechallengeagent

monitoringmethods.Thelargertheintrusioncoefficient,thegreatertheprotectionprovidedbytheTECPsuit.

3.0Summaryofrecommendedpractice

3.1Thevolumeofconcentratedaqueousammoniasolution(ammoniahydroxideNH4OH)requiredtogeneratethetestatmosphereisdeterminedusingthedirectionsoutlinedin6.1.Thesuitisdonnedbyapersonwearingtheappropriaterespiratoryequipment(eitherapositivepressureself-containedbreathingapparatusorapositivepressuresuppliedairrespirator)andworninsidetheenclosedtestroom.Theconcentratedaqueousammoniasolutionistakenbythesuitedindividualintothetestroomandpouredintoanopenplasticpan.Atwo-minuteevaporationperiodisobservedbeforethetestroomconcentrationismeasured,usingahighrangeammonialengthofstaindetectortube.Whentheammoniavaporreachesaconcentrationofbetween1000and1200ppm,thesuitedindividualstartsastandardizedexerciseprotocoltostressandflexthesuit.Afterthisprotocoliscompleted,thetestroomconcentrationismeasured

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again.Thesuitedindividualexitsthetestroomandhisstand-bypersonmeasurestheammoniaconcentrationinsidethesuitusingalowrangeammonialengthofstaindetectortubeorothermoresensitiveammoniadetector.Astand-bypersonisrequiredtoobservethetestindividualduringthetestprocedure;aidthepersonindonninganddoffingtheTECPsuit;andmonitorthesuitinterior.Theintrusioncoefficientofthesuitcanbecalculatedbydividingtheaveragetestareaconcentrationbytheinteriorsuitconcentration.Acolorimetricammoniaindicatorstripofbromophenolblueorequivalentisplacedontheinsideofthesuitfacepiecelenssothatthesuitedindividualisabletodetectacolorchangeandknowifthesuithasasignificantleak.Ifacolorchangeisobservedtheindividualshallleavethetestroomimmediately.

4.0Requiredsupplies4.1Asupplyofconcentratedaqueousammoniumhydroxide(58%byweight).[55F.R.14074,April13,l990]4.2Asupplyofbromophenol/blueindicatingpaperorequivalent,sensitiveto5-10ppmammoniaorgreateroveratwominuteperiodof

exposure[pH3.0(yellow)topH4.6(blue)].4.3Asupplyofhighrange(0.5-10volumepercent)andlowrange(5-700ppm)detectortubesforammoniaandthecorrespondingsamplingpump.Moresensitiveammoniadetectorscanbesubstitutedforthelowrangedetectortubestoimprovethesensitivityofthispractice.4.4Ashallowplasticpan(PVC)atleast12”:14”:1”andahalf-pintplasticcontainer(PVC)withtightlyclosinglid.4.5Agraduatedcylinderorothervolumetricmeasuringdeviceofatleast50millilitersinvolumewithanaccuracyofatleast+1milliliters.

5.0Safetyprecautions5.1Concentratedaqueousammoniumhydroxide,NH4OH,isacorrosivevolatileliquidrequiringeye,skin,andrespiratoryprotection.ThepersonconductingthetestshallreviewtheMSDSforaqueousammonia.5.2Sincetheestablishedpermissibleexposurelimitforammoniais35ppmasa15-minuteSTEL,onlypersonswearingapositivepressureself-containedbreathingapparatusorapositivepressuresuppliedairrespiratorshallbeinthechamber.Normally,onlythe

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personwearingthetotally-encapsulatingsuitwillbeinsidethechamber.Astand-bypersonshallhaveapositivepressureself-containedbreathingapparatus,orapositivepressuresuppliedairrespiratoravailabletoenterthetestarea,shouldthesuitedindividualneedassistance.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990]5.3Amethodtomonitorthesuitedindividualmustbeusedduringthistest.Visualcontactisthesimplestbutothermethodsusingcommunicationdevicesareacceptable.5.4Thetestroomshallbelargeenoughtoallowtheexerciseprotocoltobecarriedoutandthentobeventilatedtoallowforeasyexhaustoftheammoniatestatmosphereafterthetest(s)arecompleted.5.5Individualsshallbemedicallyscreenedfortheuseofrespiratoryprotectionandcheckedforallergiestoammoniabeforeparticipatinginthistestprocedure.

6.0TestProcedure6.1.1Measurethetestareatothenearestfootandcalculateitsvolumeincubicfeet.Multiplythetestareavolumeby0.2millilitersof

concentratedaqueousammoniasolutionpercubicfootoftestareavolumetodeterminetheapproximatevolumeofconcentratedaqueousammoniarequiredtogenerate1000ppminthetestarea.6.1.2Measurethisvolumefromthesupplyofconcentratedaqueousammoniaandplaceitintoaclosedplasticcontainer.6.1.3Placethecontainer,severalhighrangeammoniadetectortubes,andthepumpinthecleantestpanandlocateitnearthetestareaentrydoorsothatthesuitedindividualhaseasyaccesstothesesupplies.6.2.1Inanon-contaminatedatmosphere,openapre-sealedammoniaindicatorstripandfastenoneendofthestriptotheinsideofthesuitfaceshieldlenswhereitcanbeseenbythewearer.Moistentheindicatorstripwithdistilled

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water.Careshallbetakennottocontaminatethedetectorpartoftheindicatorpaperbytouchingit.Asmallpieceofmaskingtapeorequivalentshouldbeusedtoattachtheindicatorstriptotheinteriorofthesuitfaceshield.6.2.2Ifproblemsareencounteredwiththismethodofattachment,theindicatorstripcanbeattachedtotheoutsideoftherespiratorfacepiecelensbeingusedduringthetest.

6.3Dontherespiratoryprotectivedevicenormallyusedwiththesuit,andthendontheTECPsuittobetested.Checktobesureallopeningswhichareintendedtobesealed(zippers,gloves,etc.)arecompletelysealed.DONOT,however,plugoffanyventingvalves.6.4Stepintotheenclosedtestroomsuchasacloset,bathroom,ortestboothequippedwithanexhaustfan.Noairshouldbeexhaustedfromthechamberduringthetestbecausethiswilldilutetheammoniachallengeconcentrations.6.5Openthecontainerwiththepre-measuredvolumeof

concentratedaqueousammoniawithintheenclosedtestroom,andpourtheliquidintotheemptyplastictestpan.Waittwominutestoallowforadequatevolatilizationoftheconcentratedaqueousammonia.Asmallmixingfancanbeusedneartheevaporationpantoincreasetheevaporationrateoftheammoniasolution.6.6Aftertwominutesadeterminationoftheammoniaconcentrationwithinthechambershouldbemadeusingthehighrangecolorimetricdetectortube.Aconcentrationof1000ppmammoniaorgreatershallbegeneratedbeforetheexercisesarestarted.6.7Totesttheintegrityofthesuit,thefollowingfour-minuteexerciseprotocolshouldbefollowed:

6.7.1Raisingthearmsabovetheheadwithatleast15raisingmotionscompletedinoneminute.6.7.2Walkinginplaceforoneminutewithatleast15raisingmotionsofeachleginaone-minuteperiod.6.7.3Touchingthetoeswithatleast10completemotionsofthearmsfromabovetheheadtotouching

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ofthetoesinaoneminuteperiod.6.7.4Kneebendswithatleast10completestandingandsquattingmotionsinaone-minuteperiod.

6.8Ifatanytimeduringthetestthecolorimetricindicatingpapershouldchangecolors,thetestshouldbestoppedandsection6.10and6.12initiated(seeparagraph4.2).6.9Aftercompletionofthetestexercise,thetestareaconcentrationshouldbemeasuredagainusingthehighrangecolorimetricdetectortube.6.10Exitthetestarea.6.11Theopeningcreatedbythesuitzipperorotherappropriatesuitpenetrationshouldbeusedtodeterminetheammoniaconcentrationinthesuitwiththelowrangelengthofstaindetectortubeorotherammoniamonitor.TheinternalTECPsuitairshouldbesampledfarenoughfromtheenclosedtestareatopreventafalseammoniareading.6.12Aftercompletionofthemeasurementofthesuitinteriorammoniaconcentration,thetestisconcludedandthesuitisdoffedandtherespiratorremoved.

6.13Theventilatingfanforthetestroomshouldbeturnedonandallowedtorunforenoughtimetoremovetheammoniagas.Thefanshallbeventedtotheoutsideofthebuilding.6.14Anydetectableammoniainthesuitinterior(fiveppmammonia(NH3)ormoreforthelengthofstaindetectortube)indicatesthatthesuithasfailedthetest.Whenotherammoniadetectorsareusedalowerlevelofdetectionispossible,anditshouldbespecifiedasthepass/failcriteria.6.15Byfollowingthistestmethod,anintrusioncoefficientofapproximately200ormorecanbemeasuredwiththesuitinacompletelyoperationalcondition.Iftheintrusioncoefficientis200ormore,thenthesuitissuitableforemergencyresponseandfielduse.

7.0Retestprocedures7.1Ifthesuitfailsthistest,checkforleaksbyfollowingthepressuretestintestAabove.7.2RetesttheTECPsuitasoutlinedinthetestprocedure6.0.

8.0Report8.1Eachgastighttotally-encapsulatingchemicalprotectivesuittestedbythispracticeshallhavethe

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followinginformationrecorded.

8.1.1Uniqueidentificationnumber,identifyingbrandname,dateofpurchase,materialofconstruction,anduniquesuitfeatures,e.g.,specialbreathingapparatus.8.1.2Generaldescriptionoftestroomusedfortest.8.1.3Brandnameandpurchasedateofammoniadetectorstripsandcolorchangedata.8.1.4Brandname,samplingrange,andexpirationdateofthelengthofstainammoniadetectortubes.Thebrandnameandmodelofthesamplingpumpshouldalsoberecorded.Ifanothertypeofammoniadetectorisused,itshouldbeidentifiedalongwithitsminimumdetectionlimitforammonia.8.1.5Actualtestresultsshalllistthetwotestareaconcentrations,theiraverage,theinteriorsuitconcentration,andthecalculatedintrusioncoefficient.

Retestdatashallberecordedasanadditionaltest.

8.2Theevaluationofthedatashallbespecifiedas“suitpassed”or“suitfailed,”andthedateofthetest.Anydetectableammonia(fiveppmorgreaterforthelengthofstaindetectortube)inthesuitinteriorindicatesthesuithasfailedthistest.Whenotherammoniadetectorsareused,alowerlevelofdetectionispossibleanditshouldbespecifiedasthepass-failcriteria.Caution:Visuallyinspectallpartsofthesuittobesuretheyarepositionedcorrectlyandsecuredtightlybeforeputtingthesuitbackintoservice.Specialcareshouldbetakentoexamineeachexhaustvalvetomakesureitisnotblocked.Careshouldalsobeexercisedtoassurethattheinsideandoutsideofthesuitiscompletelydrybeforeitisputintostorage.

General Description and Discussion of the Levels of Protection and Protective Gear Thisappendixsetsforthinformationaboutpersonalprotectiveequipment(PPE)protectionlevelswhichmaybeusedtoassistemployersincomplyingwiththePPErequirementsofthissection.Asrequiredbythestandard,PPEmustbeselectedwhichwillprotectemployeesfromthespecifichazardswhichtheyarelikelytoencounterduringtheirworkon-site.

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SelectionoftheappropriatePPEisacomplexprocesswhichshouldtakeintoconsiderationavarietyoffactors.Keyfactorsinvolvedinthisprocessareidentificationofthehazards,orsuspectedhazards;theirroutesofpotentialhazardtoemployees(inhalation,skinabsorption,ingestion,andeyeorskincontact);andtheperformanceofthePPEmaterials(andseams)inprovidingabarriertothesehazards.TheamountofprotectionprovidedbyPPEismaterial-hazardspecific.Thatis,protectiveequipmentmaterialswillprotectwellagainstsomehazardoussubstancesandpoorly,ornotatall,againstothers.Inmanyinstances,protectiveequipmentmaterialscannotbefoundwhichwillprovidecontinuousprotectionfromtheparticularhazardoussubstance.Inthesecases,thebreakthroughtimeoftheprotectivematerialshouldexceedtheworkdurations.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990]OtherfactorsinthisselectionprocesstobeconsideredarematchingthePPEtotheemployee’sworkrequirementsandtask-specificconditions.ThedurabilityofPPEmaterials,suchastearstrengthandseamstrength,shouldbeconsideredinrelationtotheemployee’stasks.TheeffectsofPPEinrelationtoheatstressandtaskdurationareafactorinselectingandusingPPE.InsomecaseslayersofPPEmaybenecessarytoprovidesufficientprotection,ortoprotectexpensivePPEinnergarments,suitsorequipment.Themorethatisknowaboutthehazardsatthesite,theeasierthejobofPPEselectionbecomes.Asmoreinformationaboutthehazardsandconditionsatthesitebecomesavailable,thesitesupervisorcanmakedecisionstoup-gradeordown-gradethelevelofPPEprotectiontomatchthetasksathand.Thefollowingareguidelineswhichanemployer

canusetobegintheselectionoftheappropriatePPE.Asnotedabove,thesiteinformationmaysuggesttheuseofcombinationsofPPEselectedfromthedifferentprotectionlevels(i.e.,A,B,C,orD)asbeingmoresuitabletothehazardsofthework.ItshouldbecautionedthatthelistingbelowdoesnotfullyaddresstheperformanceofthespecificPPEmaterialinrelationtothespecifichazardsatthejobsite,andthatPPEselection,evaluationandre-selectionisanongoingprocessuntilsufficientinformationaboutthehazardsandPPEperformanceisobtained.PartA.Personalprotectiveequipmentisdividedintofourcategoriesbasedonthedegreeofprotectionafforded.(SeePartBofthisappendixforfurtherexplanationofLevelsA,B,C,andDhazards.)I.LevelA.Tobeselectedwhenthegreatestlevelofskin,respiratory,andeyeprotectionisrequired.ThefollowingconstituteLevelAequipment;itmaybeusedasappropriate.

1.Positivepressure,fullface-pieceself-containedbreathingapparatus(SCBA),orpositivepressuresuppliedairrespiratorwithescapeSCBA,approvedbytheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH).2.Totally-encapsulatingchemical-protectivesuit.3.Coveralls(optional,asapplicable).4.Longunderwear(optional,asapplicable).5.Gloves,outer,chemical-resistant.6.Gloves,inner,chemical-resistant.7.Boots,chemical-resistant,steeltoeandshank.8.Hardhat(undersuit)(optional,asapplicable).

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9.Disposableprotectivesuit,glovesandboots(dependingonsuitconstruction,maybewornovertotally-encapsulatingsuit).

II.LevelB.Thehighestlevelofrespiratoryprotectionisnecessarybutalesserlevelofskinprotectionisneeded.ThefollowingconstituteLevelBequipment;itmaybeusedasappropriate.

1.Positivepressure,fullface-pieceself-containedbreathingapparatus(SCBA),orpositivepressuresuppliedairrespiratorwithescapeSCBA(NIOSHapproved).2.Hoodedchemical-resistantclothing(overallsandlong-sleevedjacket;coveralls;oneortwo-piecechemical-splashsuit;disposablechemical-resistantoveralls).3.Coveralls(optional,asapplicable).4.Gloves,outer,chemical-resistant.5.Gloves,inner,chemical-resistant.6.Boots,outer,chemical-resistant,steeltoeandshank.7.Boot-covers,outer,chemical-resistant(disposable)(optional,asapplicable).8.Hardhat(optional,asapplicable).9.[Reserved]10.Faceshield(optional,asapplicable).

III.LevelC.Theconcentration(s)andtype(s)ofairbornesubstance(s)areknownandthecriteriaforusingairpurifyingrespiratorsaremet.ThefollowingconstituteLevelCequipment;itmaybeusedasappropriate.

1.Full-faceorhalf-maskairpurifyingrespirators(NIOSHapproved).2.Hoodedchemical-resistantclothing(overalls;two-piecechemical-splashsuit;disposablechemical-resistantoveralls).3.Coveralls(optional,asapplicable).

4.Gloves,outer,chemical-resistant.5.Gloves,inner,chemical-resistant.6.Boots(outer),chemical-resistantsteeltoeandshank(optional,asapplicable).7.Boot-covers,outer,chemical-resistant(disposable)(optional,asapplicable).8.Hardhat(optional,asapplicable).9.Escapemask(optional,asapplicable).10.Faceshield(optional,asapplicable).

IV.LevelD.Aworkuniformaffordingminimalprotection,usedfornuisancecontaminationonly.ThefollowingconstituteLevelDequipment;itmaybeusedasappropriate.

1.Coveralls.2.Gloves(optional,asapplicable).3.Boots/shoes,chemical-resistantsteeltoeandshank.4.Boots,outer,chemical-resistant(disposable)(optional,asapplicable).5.Safetyglassesorchemicalsplashgoggles.6.Hardhat(optional,asapplicable).7.Escapemask(optional,asapplicable).8.Faceshield(optional,asapplicable).

PartB.ThetypesofhazardsforwhichlevelsA,B,C,andDprotectionareappropriatearedescribedbelow:I.LevelA.LevelAprotectionshouldbeusedwhen:

1.Thehazardoussubstancehasbeenidentifiedandrequiresthehighestlevelofprotectionforskin,eyes,andtherespiratorysystembasedoneitherthemeasured(orpotentialfor)highconcentrationof

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atmosphericvapors,gases,orparticulates;orthesiteoperationsandworkfunctionsinvolveahighpotentialforsplash,immersion,orexposuretounexpectedvapors,gases,orparticulatesofmaterialsthatareharmfultoskinorcapableofbeingabsorbedthroughtheskin;2.Substanceswithahighdegreeofhazardtotheskinareknownorsuspectedtobepresent,andskincontactispossible;or3.Operationsarebeingconductedinconfined,poorlyventilatedareas,andtheabsenceofconditionsrequiringLevelAhasnotyetbeendetermined.

II.LevelB.LevelBprotectionshouldbeusedwhen:

1.Thetypeandatmosphericconcentrationofsubstanceshavebeenidentifiedandrequireahighlevelofrespiratoryprotection,butlessskinprotection;2.Theatmospherecontainslessthan19.5percentoxygen;or3.Thepresenceofincompletelyidentifiedvaporsorgasesisindicatedbyadirect-readingorganicvapordetectioninstrument,butvaporsandgasesarenotsuspectedofcontaininghighlevelsofchemicalsharmfultoskinorcapableofbeingabsorbedthroughtheskin.Note:ThisinvolvesatmosphereswithIDLHconcentrationsofspecificsubstancesthatpresentsevereinhalationhazardsandthatdonotrepresentasevereskinhazard;orthatdonotmeetthecriteriaforuseofair-purifyingrespirators.

III.LevelC.LevelCprotectionshouldbeusedwhen:

1.Theatmosphericcontaminants,liquidsplashes,orotherdirectcontactwillnotadverselyaffectorbeabsorbedthroughanyexposedskin;2.Thetypesofaircontaminantshavebeenidentified,concentrationsmeasured,andanairpurifyingrespiratorisavailablethatcanremovethecontaminants;and3.Allcriteriafortheuseofair-purifyingrespiratorsaremet.IV.LevelD.LevelDprotectionshouldbeusedwhen:1.Theatmospherecontainsnoknowhazard;and2.Workfunctionsprecludesplashes,immersion,orthepotentialforunexpectedinhalationoforcontactwithhazardouslevelsofanychemicals.Note:AsstatedinNFPA1992—StandardonLiquidSplash-ProtectiveSuitsforHazardousChemicalEmergencies(EPALevelBProtectiveClothing).[55F.R.14074,April13,l990]Asanaidinselectingsuitablechemicalprotectiveclothing,itshouldbenotedthattheNationalFireProtectionAssociationisdevelopingstandardsonchemicalprotectiveclothing.Thesestandardsarecurrentlyundergoingpublicreviewpriortoadoption,including:NFPA1991:StandardonVapor-ProtectiveSuitsforHazardousChemicalEmergencies(EPALevelAProtectiveClothing)NFPA1991:StandardonLiquidSplash-ProtectiveSuitsforHazardousChemicalEmergencies(EPALevelBProtectiveClothing)NFPA1993:StandardonLiquidSplash-ProtectiveSuitsforNon-Emergency.NonflammableHazardousChemicalSituations(EPALevelBProtectiveClothing)Thesestandardswouldapplydocumentationandperformancerequirementstothemanufactureofchemicalprotectivesuits.Chemicalprotectivesuitsmeetingthese

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requirementswouldbelabeledascompliantwiththeappropriatestandard.WhenthesestandardsareadoptedbytheNationalFireProtectionAssociation,itisrecommendedthatchemicalprotectivesuitswhichmeetthesestandardsbeused.

Appendix C: Compliance Guidelines 1.OccupationalSafetyandHealthProgram.Eachhazardouswastesiteclean-upeffortwillrequireanoccupationalsafetyandhealthprogramheadedbythesitecoordinatorortheemployer’srepresentative.Thepurposeoftheprogramwillbetheprotectionofemployeesatthesiteandwillbeanextensionoftheemployer’soverallsafetyandhealthprogram.Theprogramwillneedtobedevelopedbeforeworkbeginsonthesiteandimplementedasworkproceedsasstatedinparagraph(b).Theprogramistofacilitatecoordinationandcommunicationofsafetyandhealthissuesamongpersonnelresponsibleforthevariousactivitieswhichwilltakeplaceatthesite.Itwillprovidetheoverallmeansforplanningandimplementingtheneededsafetyandhealthtrainingandjoborientationofemployeeswhowillbeworkingatthesite.Theprogramwillprovidethemeansforidentifyingandcontrollingworksitehazardsandthemeansformonitoringprogrameffectiveness.Theprogramwillneedtocovertheresponsibilitiesandauthorityofthesitecoordinatorortheemployer’smanageronthesiteforthesafetyandhealthofemployeesatthesite,andtherelationshipswithcontractorsorsupportservicesastowhateachemployer’ssafetyandhealthresponsibilitiesarefortheiremployeesonthesite.Eachcontractoronthesiteneedstohaveitsownsafetyand

healthprogramsostructuredthatitwillsmoothlyinterfacewiththeprogramofthesitecoordinatororprincipalcontractor.Alsothoseemployersinvolvedwithtreating,storingordisposalofhazardouswasteascoveredinparagraph(p)mushhaveimplementedasafetyandhealthprogramfortheiremployees.Thisprogramistoincludethehazardcommunicationprogramrequiredinparagraph(p)(1)andthetrainingrequiredinparagraphs(p)(7)and(p)(8)aspartsoftheemployers’comprehensiveoverallsafetyandhealthprogram.Thisprogramistobeinwriting.Eachsiteorworkplacesafetyandhealthprogramwillneedtoincludethefollowing:

(1)Policystatementsofthelineofauthorityandaccountabilityforimplementingtheprogram,theobjectivesoftheprogramandtheroleofthesitesafetyandhealthsupervisorormanagerandstaff;(2)meansormethodsforthedevelopmentofproceduresforidentifyingandcontrollingworkplacehazardsatthesite;(3)meansormethodsforthedevelopmentandcommunicationtoemployeesofthevariousplans,workrules,standardoperatingproceduresandpracticesthatpertaintoindividualemployeesandsupervisors;(4)meansforthetrainingofsupervisorsandemployeestodeveloptheneededskillsandknowledgetoperformtheirworkinasafeandhealthfulmanner;(5)meanstoanticipateandprepareforemergencysituations;and(6)meansforobtaininginformationfeedbacktoaidinevaluationthe

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programandforimprovingtheeffectivenessoftheprogram.

Themanagementandemployeesshouldbetryingcontinuallytoimprovetheeffectivenessoftheprogram,therebyenhancingtheprotectionbeingaffordedthoseworkingonthesite.Accidentsonthesiteorworkplaceshouldbeinvestigatedtoprovideinformationonhowsuchoccurrencescanbeavoidedinthefuture.Wheninjuriesorillnessesoccuronthesiteorworkplace,theywillneedtobeinvestigatedtodeterminewhatneedstobedonetopreventthisincidentfromoccurringagain.Suchinformationwillneedtobeusedasfeedbackontheeffectivenessoftheprogramandtheinformationturnedintopositivestepstopreventanyreoccurrence.Receiptofemployeesuggestionsorcomplaintsrelatingtosafetyandhealthissuesinvolvedwithsiteorworkplaceactivitiesisalsoafeedbackmechanismthatcanbeusedeffectivelytoimprovetheprogramandmayserveinpartasanevaluativetool(s).Forthedevelopmentandimplementationoftheprogramtobethemosteffective,professionalsafetyandhealthpersonnelshouldbeused.CertifiedSafetyProfessionals,BoardCertifiedIndustrialHygienistsorRegisteredProfessionalSafetyEngineersaregoodexamplesofprofessionalstatureforsafetyandhealthmanagerswhowilladministertheemployer’sprogram.2.Training.Thetrainingprogramsforemployeessubjecttotherequirementsofparagraph(e)ofthisstandardshouldaddress:thesafetyandhealthhazardsemployeesshouldexpecttofindonhazardouswasteclean-upsites;whatcontrolmeasuresortechniques

areeffectiveforthosehazards;whatmonitoringproceduresareeffectiveincharacterizingexposurelevels;whatmakesaneffectiveemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogram;whatasitesafetyandhealthplanshouldinclude;hands-ontrainingwithpersonalprotectiveequipmentandclothingtheymaybeexpectedtouse;thecontentsoftheOSHAstandardrelevanttotheemployee’sdutiesandfunction;and,employee’sresponsibilitiesunderOSHAandotherregulations.Supervisorswillneedtrainingintheirresponsibilitiesunderthesafetyandhealthprogramanditssubjectareassuchasthespillcontainmentprogram,thepersonalprotectiveequipmentprogram,themedicalsurveillanceprogram,theemergencyresponseplanandotherareas.Thetrainingprogramsforemployeessubjecttotherequirementsofparagraph(p)ofthisstandardshouldaddress:theemployer’ssafetyandhealthprogramelementsimpactingemployees;thehazardcommunicationprogram;themedicalsurveillanceprogram;thehazardsandthecontrolsforsuchhazardsthatemployeesneedtoknowfortheirjobdutiesandfunctions.Allrequireannualrefreshertraining.Thetrainingprogramsforemployeescoveredbytherequirementsofparagraph(q)ofthisstandardshouldaddressthosecompetenciesrequiredforthevariouslevelsofresponsesuchas:thehazardsassociatedwithhazardoussubstances;hazardidentificationandawareness;notificationofappropriatepersons;theneedforanduseofpersonalprotectiveequipmentincludingrespirators;thedecontaminationprocedurestobesued;preplanningactivitiesforhazardoussubstanceincidentsincludingtheemergencyresponseplan;company

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standardoperatingproceduresforhazardoussubstanceemergencyresponses;theuseoftheincidentcommandsystemandothersubjects.Hands-ontrainingshouldbestressedwheneverpossible.Critiquesdoneafteranincidentwhichincludeanevaluationofwhatworkedandwhatdidnotandhowcouldtheincidentbebetterhandledthenexttimemaybecountedastrainingtime.Forhazardousmaterialsspecialists(usuallymembersofhazardousmaterialsteams),thetrainingshouldaddressthecare,useand/ortestingofchemicalprotectiveclothingincludingtotally-encapsulatingsuits,themedicalsurveillanceprogram,thestandardoperatingproceduresforthehazardousmaterialsteamincludingtheuseofpluggingandpatchingequipmentandothersubjectareas.Officersandleaderswhomaybeexpectedtobeinchargeatanincidentshouldbefullyknowledgeableoftheircompany’sincidentcommandsystem.Theyshouldknowwhereandhowtoobtainadditionalassistanceandbefamiliarwiththelocaldistrict’semergencyresponseplanandthestateemergencyresponseplan.Specialistemployeessuchastechnicalexperts,medicalexpertsorenvironmentalexpertsthatworkwithhazardousmaterialsintheirregularjobs,whomaybesenttotheincidentscenebytheshipper,manufacturerorgovernmentalagencytoadviseandassistthepersoninchargeoftheincidentshouldhavetrainingonanannualbasis.Theirtrainingshouldincludethecareanduseofpersonalprotectiveequipmentincludingrespirators;knowledgeoftheincidentcommandsystemandhowtheyaretorelatetoit;andthoseareasneededtokeepthemcurrentntheirrespectivefieldasitrelatestosafetyandhealthinvolvingspecifichazardoussubstances.

Thoseskilledsupportpersonnel,suchasemployeeswhoworkforpublicworksdepartmentsorequipmentoperatorswhooperatebulldozers,sandtrucks,backhoes,etc.,whomaybecalledtotheincidentscenetoprovideemergencysupportassistance,shouldhaveatleastasafetyandhealthbriefingbeforeenteringtheareaofpotentialoractualexposure.Theseskilledsupportpersonnel,whohavenotbeenapartoftheemergencyresponseplananddonotmeetthetrainingrequirements,shouldbemadeawareofthehazardstheyfaceandshouldbeprovidedallnecessaryprotectiveclothingandequipmentrequiredfortheirtasks,.TherearetwoNationalFireProtectionAssociationstandards,NFPA472—“StandardforProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterialIncidents”andNFPA471—“RecommendedPracticeforRespondingtoHazardousMaterialIncidents,”whichareexcellentresourcedocumentstoaidfiredepartmentsandotheremergencyresponseorganizationsindevelopingtheirtrainingprogrammaterials.NFPA472providesguidanceontheskillsandknowledgeneededforfirstresponderawarenesslevel,firstresponderoperationslevel,hazmattechnicians,andhazmatspecialist.Italsooffersguidancefortheofficercorpswhowillbeinchargeofhazardoussubstanceincidents.[55F.R.14074,April13,l990]3.Decontamination.Decontaminationproceduresshouldbetailoredtothespecifichazardsofthesite,andmayvaryincomplexityandnumberofsteps,dependingonthelevelofhazardandtheemployee’sexposuretothehazard.DecontaminationproceduresandPPEdecontaminationmethodswillvarydependinguponthespecificsubstance,sinceoneprocedureormethodmaynotworkforallsubstances.

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Evaluationofdecontaminationmethodsandproceduresshouldbeperformed,asnecessary,toassurethatemployeesarenotexposedtohazardsbyre-usingPPE.ReferencesinAppendixDmaybeusedforguidanceinestablishinganeffectivedecontaminationprogram.Inaddition,theU.S.CoastGuard’smanual,“PolicyGuidanceforResponsetoHazardousChemicalReleases,”U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,Washington,DC(COMDTINSTM16465.30)isagoodreferenceforestablishinganeffectivedecontaminationprogram.4.Emergencyresponseplans.States,alongwithdesignateddistrictswithinthestates,willbedevelopingorhavedevelopedlocalemergencyresponseplans.Thesestateanddistrictplansshouldbeutilizedintheemergencyresponseplanscalledforinthestandard.Eachemployershouldassurethatitsemergencyresponseplaniscompatiblewiththelocalplan.ThemajorreferencebeingusedtoaidindevelopingthestateandlocaldistrictplansistheHazardousMaterialsEmergencyPlanningGuide,NRT-1.ThecurrentEmergencyResponseGuidebookfromtheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation,CMA’sCHEMTRECandtheFireServiceEmergencyManagementHandbookmayalsobeusedasresources.Employersinvolvedwithtreatment,storage,anddisposalfacilitiesforhazardouswaste,whichhavetherequiredcontingencyplancalledforbytheirpermit,wouldnotneedtoduplicatethesameplanningelements.Thoseitemsoftheemergencyresponseplanthatareproperlyaddressedinthecontingencyplanmaybesubstitutedintotheemergencyresponseplanrequiredin1910.120orotherwisekepttogetherforemployerandemployeeuse.

5.Personalprotectiveequipmentprograms.Thepurposeofpersonalprotectiveclothingandequipment(PPE)istoshieldorisolateindividualsfromthechemical,physical,andbiologichazardsthatmaybeencounteredatahazardoussubstancesite.AsdiscussedinAppendixB,nosinglecombinationofprotectiveequipmentandclothingiscapableofprotectingagainstallhazards.Thus,PPEshouldbeusedinconjunctionwithotherprotectivemethodsanditseffectivenessevaluatedperiodically.TheuseofPPEcanitselfcreatesignificantworkerhazards,suchasheatstress;physicalandpsychologicalstress;andimpairedvision,mobility,andcommunication.Foranygivensituation,equipmentandclothingshouldbeselectedthatprovideanadequatelevelofprotection.However,over-protection,aswellasunder-protection,canbehazardousandshouldbeavoidedwherepossible.TwobasicobjectivesofanyPPEprogramshouldbetoprotectthewearerfromsafetyandhealthhazards,andtopreventinjurytothewearerfromincorrectuseand/ormalfunctionofthePPE.Toaccomplishthesegoals,acomprehensivePPEprogramshouldincludehazardidentification,medicalmonitoring,environmentalsurveillance,selection,use,maintenance,anddecontaminationofPPEanditsassociatedtraining.ThewrittenPPEprogramshouldincludepolicystatements,procedures,andguidelines.Copiesshouldbemadeavailabletoallemployees,andareferencecopyshouldbemadeavailableattheworksite.Technicaldataonequipment,maintenancemanuals,relevantregulations,andotheressentialinformationshouldalsobecollectedandmaintained.6.Incidentcommandsystem(ICS).Paragraph1910.120(q)(3)(ii)requiresthe

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implementationofanICS.TheICSisanorganizedapproach;toeffectivelycontrolandmanageoperationsatanemergencyincident.TheindividualinchargeoftheICSistheseniorofficialrespondingtotheincident.TheICSisnotmuchdifferentthanthe“commandpost”approachusedformanyyearsbythefireservice.Duringlargecomplexfiresinvolvingseveralcompaniesandmanypiecesofapparatus,acommandpostwouldbeestablished.Thisenabledoneindividualtobeinchargeofmanagingtheincident,ratherthanhavingseveralofficersfromdifferentcompaniesmakingseparate,andsometimesconflicting,decisions.Theindividualinchargeofthecommandpostwoulddelegateresponsibilityforperformingvarioustaskstosubordinateofficers.Additionally,allcommunicationswereroutedthroughthecommandposttoreducethenumberofradiotransmissionsandeliminateconfusion.However,strategy,tactics,andalldecisionsweremadebyoneindividual.TheICSisaverysimilarsystem,exceptitisimplementedforemergencyresponsetoallincidents,bothlargeandsmall,thatinvolvehazardoussubstances.Forasmallincident,theindividualinchargeoftheICSmayperformmanytasksoftheICS.Theremaynotbeany,orlittle,delegationoftaskstosubordinates.Forexample,inresponsetoasmallincident,theindividualinchargeoftheICS,inadditiontonormalcommandactivities,maybecomethesafetyofficerandmaydesignateonlyoneemployee(withproperequipment)asabackuptoprovideassistanceifneeded.OSHAdoesrecommend,however,thatatleasttwoemployeesbedesignatedasback-uppersonnelsincetheassistanceneededmayincluderescue.ToillustratetheoperationoftheICS,thefollowingscenariomight

developduringasmallincident,suchasanoverturnedtanktruckwithasmallleakofflammableliquid.ThefirstrespondingseniorofficerwouldimplementandtakecommandoftheICS.Thatpersonwouldsize-uptheincidentanddetermineifadditionalpersonnelandapparatuswerenecessary;woulddeterminewhatactionstotaketocontroltheleak;and,determinetheproperlevelofpersonalprotectiveequipment.Ifadditionalassistanceisnotneeded,theindividualinchargeoftheICSwouldimplementactionstostopandcontroltheleakusingthefewestnumberofpersonnelthatcaneffectivelyaccomplishthetasks.TheindividualinchargeoftheICSthenwoulddesignatehimselfasthesafetyofficerandtwootheremployeesasaback-upincaserescuemaybecomenecessary.Inthisscenario,decontaminationprocedureswouldnotbenecessary.Alargecomplexincidentmayrequiremanyemployeesanddifficult,time-consumingeffortstocontrol.Inthesesituations,theindividualinchargeoftheICSwillwanttodelegatedifferenttaskstosubordinatesinordertomaintainaspanofcontrolthatwillkeepthenumberofsubordinatesthatarereportingtoamanageablelevel.Delegationoftasksatlargeincidentsmaybebylocation,wheretheincidentsceneisdividedintosectors,andsubordinateofficerscoordinateactivitieswithinthesectorthattheyhavebeenassigned.Delegationoftaskscanalsobyfunction.SomeofthefunctionsthattheindividualinchargeoftheICSmaywanttodelegateatalargeincidentare:medicalservices;evacuation;watersupply;resources(equipment,apparatus);mediarelations;safety;and,sitecontrol(integrateactivitieswithpoliceforcrowdandtrafficcontrol).Alsoforalargeincident,theindividualinchargeoftheICSwilldesignate

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severalemployeesasbackuppersonnel;andanumberofsafetyofficerstomonitorconditionsandrecommendsafetyprecautions.Therefore,nomatterwhatsizeorcomplexityanincidentmaybe,byimplementinganICStherewillbeoneindividualinchargewhomakesthedecisionsandgivesdirections;andallactionsandcommunicationsarecoordinatedthroughonecentralpointofcommand.Suchasystemshouldreduceconfusion,improvesafety,organizeandcoordinateactions,andshouldfacilitateeffectivemanagementoftheincident.7.SiteSafetyandControlPlans.Thesafetyandsecurityofresponsepersonnelandothersintheareaofemergencyresponseincidentsiteshouldbeofprimaryconcerntotheincidentcommander.Theuseofasitesafetyandcontrolplancouldgreatlyassistthoseinchargeofassuringthesafetyandhealthofanemployeeonthesite.Acomprehensivesitesafetyandcontrolplanshouldincludethefollowing:summaryanalysisofhazardsonthesiteandariskanalysisofthosehazards;sitemaporsketch;siteworkzones(cleanzone,transitionordecontaminationzone,workorhotzone);useofthebuddysystem;sitecommunications;commandpostorcommandcenter;standardoperatingproceduresandsafeworkpractices;medicalassistanceandtriagearea;hazardmonitoringplan(aircontaminatemonitoring,etc.);decontaminationproceduresandarea;andotherrelevantareas.Thisplanshouldbeapartoftheemployer’semergencyresponseplanoranextensionofittothespecificsite.8.Medicalsurveillanceprograms.Workershandlinghazardoussubstancesmaybeexposedtotoxicchemicals,safetyhazards,biologichazards,andradiation.Therefore,a

medicalsurveillanceprogramisessentialtoassessandmonitorworkers’healthandfitnessforemploymentinhazardouswasteoperationsandduringthecourseofwork;toprovideemergencyandothertreatmentasneeded;andtokeepaccuraterecordsforfuturereference.9.Newtechnologyandspillcontainmentprograms.Wherehazardoussubstancesmaybereleasedbyspillingfromacontainerthatwillexposeemployeestothehazardsofthematerials,theemployerwillneedtoimplementaprogramtocontainandcontrolthespilledmaterial.Dikingandditching,aswellasuseofabsorbentslikediatomaceousearth,aretraditionaltechniqueswhichhaveproventobeeffectiveovertheyears.However,inrecentyearsnewproductshavecomeintothemarketplace,theuseofwhichcomplementandincreasetheeffectivenessofthesetraditionalmethods.Thesenewproductsalsoprovideemergencyrespondersandotherswithadditionaltoolsoragentstousetoreducethehazardsofspilledmaterials.Theseagentscanberapidlyappliedoveralargeareaandcanbeuniformlyappliedorotherwisecanbeusedtobuildasmalldam,thusimprovingtheworkers’abilitytocontrolspilledmaterial.Theseapplicationtechniquesenhancetheintimatecontactbetweentheagentandthespilledmaterial,allowingforthequickesteffectbytheagentorquickestcontrolofthespilledmaterial.Agentsareavailabletosolidifyliquidspilledmaterials,tosuppressvaporgenerationfromspilledmaterials,andtodoboth.Somespecialagents,whichwhenappliedasrecommendedbythemanufacturer,willreactinacontrolledmannerwiththespilledmaterialtoneutralizeacidsorcaustics,orgreatlyreducethelevelofhazardofthespilledmaterial.Thereare

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severalmodernmethodsanddevicesforusebyemergencyresponsepersonnelorothersinvolvedwithspillcontroleffortstosafelyapplyspillcontrolagentstocontrolspilledmaterialhazards.Theseincludeportablepressurizedapplicatorssimilartohand-heldportablefire-extinguishingdevices,andnozzleandhosesystemssimilartoportablefirefightingfoamsystemswhichallowtheoperatortoapplytheagentwithouthavingtocomeintocontactwiththespilledmaterial.Theoperatorisabletoapplytheagenttothespilledmaterialfromaremoteposition.Thesolidificationofliquidsprovidesforrapidcontainmentandisolationofhazardoussubstancespills.Bydirectingtheagentatrun-offpointsorattheedgesofthespill,thereactantsolidwillautomaticallycreateabarriertosloworstopthespreadofthematerial.Clean-upofhazardoussubstancesisgreatlyimprovedwhensolidifyingagents,acidorcausticneutralizers,oractivatedcarbonabsorbentsareused.Properlyapplied,theseagentscantotallysolidifyliquidhazardoussubstancesorneutralizeorabsorbthem,whichresultsinmaterialswhicharelesshazardousandeasiertohandle,transport,anddisposeof.Theconceptofspilltreatmenttocreatelesshazardoussubstanceswillimprovethesafetyandlevelofprotectionofemployeesworkingatspillcleanupoperationsoremergencyresponseoperationstospillsofhazardoussubstances.Theuseofvaporsuppressionagentsforvolatilehazardoussubstances,suchasflammableliquidsandthosesubstanceswhichpresentaninhalationhazardisimportantforprotectingworkers.Therapidanduniformdistributionoftheagentoverthesurfaceofthespilledmaterialcanprovidequickvaporknockdown.Therearetemporaryandlong-

termfoam-typeagentswhoareeffectiveonvaporsanddusts,andactivatedcarbonadsorptionagentswhoareeffectiveforvaporcontrolandsoaking-upoftheliquid.Theproperuseofhoselinesorhand-heldportablepressurizedapplicatorsprovidesgoodmobilityandpermitstheworkertodelivertheagentfromasafedistancewithouthavingtostepintotheuntreatedspilledmaterial.Someofthesesystemscanberechargedinthefieldtoprovidecoverageoflargerspillareasthanthedesignlimitsofasinglechargedapplicatorunit.Someofthemoreeffectiveagentscansolidifytheliquidflammablehazardoussubstancesandatthesametimeelevatetheflashpointabove140oFsotheresultingsubstancemaybehandledasanonhazardouswastematerialifitmeetstheU.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency’s40CFRPart261requirements.(Seeparticularlyparagraph261.21.)Allworkersperforminghazardoussubstancespillcontrolareexpectedtoweartheproperprotectiveclothingandequipmentforthematerialspresentandtofollowtheemployer’sestablishedstandardoperatingproceduresforspillcontrol.Allinvolvedworkersneedtobetrainedintheestablishedstandardoperatingprocedures;intheuseandcareofspillcontrolequipment;andintheassociatedhazardsandcontrolofsuchhazardsofspillcontainmentwork.Thesenewtoolsandagentsarethethingsthatemployerswillwanttoevaluateaspartoftheirnewtechnologyprogram.ThetreatmentofspillsofhazardoussubstancesorwastesatanemergencyincidentaspartoftheimmediatespillcontainmentandcontroleffortsissometimesacceptabletoEPA,andapermitexceptionisdescribedin40CFR

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264.1(g)(8)and265.1(c)(11).[55F.R.14074,April13,l990]TheOccupationalSafetyandHealthGuidanceManualforHazardousWasteSiteActivitiesdevelopedbytheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH),theOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),theU.S.CoastGuard(USCG),andtheEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA);October1985providesanexcellentexampleofthetypesofmedicaltestingthatshouldbedoneaspartofamedicalsurveillanceprogram.

Appendix D: References Thefollowingreferencesmaybeconsultedforfurtherinformationonthesubjectofthisstandard:

1.OSHAInstructionDFOCPL2.70—January29,1986,SpecialEmphasisProgram:HazardousWasteSites.2.OSHAInstructionDFOCPL2-2.37A—January29,1986,TechnicalAssistanceandGuidelinesforSuperfundandOtherHazardousWasteSiteActivities.3.OSHAInstructionDTSCPL2.74—January29,1986,HazardousWasteActivityForm,OSHA175.4.HazardousWasteInspectionsReferenceManual,U.S.DepartmentofLabor,OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration,1986.5.MemorandumofUnderstandingAmongtheNationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth,theOccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration,theUnitedStatesCoastGuard,andtheUnitedStatesEnvironmentalProtectionAgency,GuidanceforWorkerProtectionDuringHazardousWasteSiteInvestigationsandClean-upand

HazardousSubstanceEmergencies.December18,1980.6.NationalPrioritiesList,1stEdition,October1984;U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Revisedperiodically.7.TheDecontaminationofResponsePersonnel,FieldStandardOperatingProcedures(F.S.O.P.)7;U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofEmergencyandRemedialResponse,HazardousResponseSupportDivision,December1984.8.PreparationofaSiteSafetyPlan,FieldStandardOperatingProcedures(F.S.O.P.)9;U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofEmergencyandRemedialResponse,HazardousResponseSupportDivision,April1985.9.StandardOperatingSafetyGuidelines;U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,OfficeofEmergencyandRemedialResponse,HazardousResponseSupportDivision,November1984.10.OccupationalSafetyandHealthGuidanceManualforHazardousWasteSiteActivities,NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth(NIOSH),OccupationalSafetyandHealthAdministration(OSHA),U.S.CoastGuard(USCG),andEnvironmentalProtectionAgency(EPA);October1985.11.ProtectingHealthandSafetyatHazardousWasteSites:AnOverview,U.S.EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,EPA/625/9-85/006;September1985.12.HazardousWasteSitesandHazardousSubstanceEmergencies,NIOSHWorkerBulletin,U.S.

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DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,PublicHealthService,CentersforDiseaseControl,NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth;December1982.13.PersonalProtectiveEquipmentforHazardousMaterialsIncidents:ASelectionGuide;U.S.DepartmentofHealthandHumanServices,PublicHealthService,CentersforDiseaseControl,NationalInstituteforOccupationalSafetyandHealth;October1984.14.FireServiceEmergencyManagementHandbook,InternationalAssociationofFireChiefsFoundation,101EastHollyAvenue,Unit10B,Sterling,VA22170,January1985.15.EmergencyResponseGuidebook,U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,Washington,DC,1987.16.ReporttotheCongressonHazardousMaterialsTraining,PlanningandPreparedness,AppendixE:TrainingCurriculumGuidelinesThefollowingnon-mandatorygeneralcriteriamaybeusedforassistanceindevelopingsite-specifictrainingcurriculumusedtomeetthetrainingrequirementsof29CFR1910.120(e);29CFR1910.120(p)(7),(p)(8)(iii);and29CFR1910.120(q)(6),(q)(7),and(q)(8).Thesearegenericguidelinesandtheyarenotpresentedasacompletetrainingcurriculumforanyspecificemployer.Site-specifictrainingprogramsmustbedevelopedonthebasisofaneedsassessmentofthehazardouswastesite,RCRA/TSDF,or

emergencyresponseoperationinaccordancewith29CFR1910.120.FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,Washington,DC,July1986.17.WorkbookforFireCommand,AlanV.BrunaciniandJ.DavidBeageron,NationalFireProtectionAssociation,BatterymarchPark,Quincy,MA02269,1985.18.FireCommand.AlanV.Brunacini,NationalFireProtection,BatterymarchPark,Quincy,AM02269,1985.19.IncidentCommandSystem,FireProtectionPublications,OklahomaStateUniversity,Stillwater,OK74078,1983.20.SiteEmergencyResponsePlanning,ChemicalManufacturersAssociation,Washington,DC20037,1986.21.HazardousMaterialsEmergencyPlanningGuide,NRT-1,EnvironmentalProtectionAgency,Washington,DC,March1987.22.CommunityTeamwork:WorkingTogethertoPromoteHazardousMaterialsTransportationSafety,U.S.DepartmentofTransportation,Washington,DCMay1983.23.DisasterPlanningGuideforBusinessandIndustry,FederalEmergencyManagementAgency,PublicationNo.FEMA141,August1987.(TheOfficeofManagementandBudgethasapprovedtheinformationcollectionrequirementsinthissectionundercontrolnumber1218-0139)

ItisnotedthatthelegalrequirementsaresetforthintheregulatorytextofSec.1910.120.Theguidancesetforthherepresentsahighlyeffectiveprogramthatin

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theareascoveredwouldmeetorexceedtheregulatoryrequirements.Inaddition,otherapproachescouldmeettheregulatoryrequirements.SuggestedDefinitions:“Competent”meanspossessingtheskills,knowledge,experience,andjudgmenttoperformassignedtasksoractivitiessatisfactorilyasdeterminedbytheemployer.“Demonstration”meanstheshowingbyactualuseofequipmentorprocedures.“Hands-ontraining”meanstraininginasimulatedworkenvironmentthatpermitseachstudenttohaveexperienceperformingtasks,makingdecisions,orusingequipmentappropriatetothejobassignmentforwhichthetrainingisbeingconducted.“Initialtraining”meanstrainingrequiredpriortobeginningwork.“Lecture”meansaninteractivediscoursewithaclassleadbyaninstructor.“Proficient”meansmeetingastatedlevelofachievement.“Site-specific”meansindividualtrainingdirectedtotheoperationsofaspecificjobsite.“Traininghours”meansthenumberofhoursdevotedtolecture,learningactivities,smallgroupworksessions,demonstration,evaluations,orhands-onexperience.SuggestedCoreCriteria:

1.Trainingfacility.Thetrainingfacilityshouldhaveavailablesufficientresources,equipment,andsitelocationstoperformdidacticandhands-ontrainingwhenappropriate.Trainingfacilitiesshouldhavesufficientorganization,supportstaff,andservicestoconducttrainingineachofthecoursesoffered.2.TrainingDirector.Eachtrainingprogramshouldbeunderthedirectionofatrainingdirectorwhoisresponsiblefortheprogram.The

TrainingDirectorshouldhaveaminimumoftwoyearsofemployeeeducationexperience.3.Instructors.Instructorsshouldbedeemedcompetentonthebasisofpreviousdocumentedexperienceintheirareaofinstruction,successfulcompletionofa“train-the-trainer”programspecifictothetopicstheywillteachandanevaluationofinstructionalcompetencebytheTrainingDirector.InstructorsshouldberequiredtomaintainprofessionalcompetencybyparticipatingincontinuingeducationorprofessionaldevelopmentprogramsorbycompletingsuccessfullyanannualrefreshercourseandhavinganannualreviewbytheTrainingDirector.TheannualreviewbytheTrainingDirectorshouldincludeobservationofaninstructor’sdelivery,areviewofthoseobservationswiththetrainer,andananalysisofanyinstructororclassevaluationscompletedbythestudentsduringthepreviousyear.4.Coursematerials.TheTrainingDirectorshouldapproveallcoursematerialstobeusedbythetrainingprovider.Coursematerialsshouldbereviewedandupdatedatleastannually.Materialsandequipmentshouldbeingoodworkingorderandmaintainedproperly.Allwrittenandaudio-visualmaterialsintrainingcurriculashouldbepeer-reviewedbytechnicallycompetentoutsidereviewersorbyastandingadvisorycommittee.Reviewersshouldpossessexpertiseinthefollowingdisciplineswhereapplicable:occupationalhealth,industrial

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hygieneandsafety,chemical/environmentalengineering,employeeeducation,oremergencyresponse.Oneormoreofthepeerreviewersshouldbeaemployeeexperiencedintheworkactivitiestowhichthetrainingisdirected.5.Students.Theprogramforacceptingstudentsshouldinclude:

a.Assurancethatthestudentisorwillbeinvolvedinworkwherechemicalexposuresarelikelyandthatthestudentpossessestheskillsnecessarytoperformthework.b.Apolicyonthenecessarymedicalclearance.

6.Ratios.Student-instructorratiosshouldnotexceed30studentsperinstructor.Hands-onactivityrequiringtheuseofpersonalprotectiveequipmentshouldhavethefollowingstudentinstructorratios.ForLevelCorLevelDpersonalprotectiveequipment,theratioshouldbe10studentsperinstructor.ForLevelAorLevelBpersonalprotectiveequipment,theratioshouldbe5studentsperinstructor.7.Proficiencyassessment.ProficiencyshouldbeevaluatedanddocumentedbytheuseofawrittenassessmentandaskilldemonstrationselectedanddevelopedbytheTrainingDirectorandtrainingstaff.Theassessmentanddemonstrationshouldevaluatetheknowledgeandindividualskillsdevelopedinthecourseoftraining.Thelevelofminimumachievementnecessaryforproficiencyshallbe

specifiedinwritingbytheTrainingDirector.Ifawrittentestisused,thereshouldbeaminimumof50questions.Ifawrittentestisusedincombinationwithaskillsdemonstration,aminimumof25questionsshouldbeused.Ifaskillsdemonstrationisused,thetaskschosenandthemeanstoratesuccessfulcompletionshouldbefullydocumentedbytheTrainingDirector.Thecontentofthewrittentestoroftheskilldemonstrationshallberelevanttotheobjectivesofthecourse.ThewrittentestandskilldemonstrationshouldbeupdatedasnecessarytoreflectchangesinthecurriculumandanyupdateshouldbeapprovedbytheTrainingDirector.Theproficiencyassessmentmethods,regardlessoftheapproachorcombinationofapproachesused,shouldbejustified,documentedandapprovedbytheTrainingDirector.TheproficiencyofthosetakingtheadditionalcoursesforsupervisorsshouldbeevaluatedanddocumentedbyusingproficiencyassessmentmethodsacceptabletotheTrainingDirector.Theseproficiencyassessmentmethodsmustreflecttheadditionalresponsibilitiesbornebysupervisorypersonnelinhazardouswasteoperationsoremergencyresponse.8.Coursecertificate.Writtendocumentationshouldbeprovidedtoeachstudentwhosatisfactorilycompletesthetrainingcourse.Thedocumentationshouldinclude:a.Student’sname.b.Coursetitle.

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c.Coursedate.d.Statementthatthestudenthassuccessfullycompletedthecourse.e.Nameandaddressofthetrainingprovider.

3.Theprocessforthedevelopmentofcurriculum,whichincludesappropriatetechnicalinput,outsidereview,evaluation,programpretesting.4.Theadequateandappropriateinclusionofhands-on,demonstration,andinstructionmethods;5.Adequatemonitoringofstudentsafety,progress,andperformanceduringthetraining.

B.Programmanagement,TrainingDirector,staff,andconsultants.Adequacyandappropriatenessofstaffperformanceanddeliveringaneffectivetrainingprogramshouldbeconsidered,including:

1.Demonstrationofthetrainingdirector’sleadershipinassuringqualityofhealthandsafetytraining.2.Demonstrationofthecompetencyofthestafftomeetthedemandsofdeliveringhighqualityhazardouswasteemployeehealthandsafetytraining.3.Organizationchartsestablishingclearlinesofauthority.4.Clearlydefinedstaffdutiesincludingtherelationshipofthetrainingstafftotheoverallprogram.5.Evidencethatthetrainingorganizationalstructuresuitstheneedsofthetrainingprogram.6.Appropriatenessandadequacyofthetrainingmethodsusedbytheinstructors.

7.Sufficiencyofthetimecommittedbythetrainingdirectorandstafftothetrainingprogram.8.Adequacyoftheratiooftrainingstafftostudents.9.Availabilityandcommitmentofthetrainingprogramofadequatehumanandequipmentresourcesintheareasof:a.Healtheffects,b.Safety,

c.Personalprotectiveequipment(PPE),

d.Operationalprocedures,e.Employeeprotectionpractices/procedures.

10.Appropriatenessofmanagementcontrols.11.Adequacyoftheorganizationandappropriateresourcesassignedtoassureappropriatetraining.12.Inthecaseofmultiple-sitetrainingprograms,adequacyofsatellitecentersmanagement.

f.Anindividualidentificationnumberforthecertificate.g.Listofthelevelsofpersonalprotectiveequipmentusedbythestudenttocompletethecourse.Thisdocumentationmayincludeacertificateandanappropriatewallet-sizedlaminatedcardwithaphotographofthestudentandtheaboveinformation.Whensuchcoursecertificatecardsareused,theindividualidentificationnumberforthetrainingcertificateshouldbeshownonthecard.

9.Recordkeeping.Trainingprovidersshouldmaintainrecordslistingthe

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datescourseswerepresented,thenamesoftheindividualcourseattendees,thenamesofthosestudentssuccessfullycompletingeachcourse,andthenumberoftrainingcertificatesissuedtoeachsuccessfulstudent.Theserecordsshouldbemaintainedforaminimumoffiveyearsafterthedateanindividualparticipatedinatrainingprogramofferedbythetrainingprovider.Theserecordsshouldbeavailableandprovideduponthestudent’srequestorasmandatedbylaw.10.Programqualitycontrol.TheTrainingDirectorshouldconductordirectanannualwrittenauditofthetrainingprogram.Programmodificationstoaddressdeficiencies,ifany,shouldbedocumented,approved,andimplementedbythetrainingprovider.Theauditandtheprogrammodificationdocumentsshouldbemaintainedatthetrainingfacility.SuggestedProgramQualityControlCriteriaFactorslistedherearesuggestedcriteriafordeterminingthequalityandappropriatenessofemployeehealthandsafetytrainingforhazardouswasteoperationsandemergencyresponse.

A.TrainingPlan.Adequacyandappropriatenessofthetrainingprogram’scurriculumdevelopment,instructortraining,distributionofcoursematerialsanddirectstudenttrainingshouldbeconsidered,including:

1.Thedurationoftraining,coursecontent,andcourseschedules/agendas;

2.Thedifferenttrainingrequirementsofthevarioustargetpopulations,asspecifiedintheappropriategenerictrainingcurriculum;

C.Trainingfacilitiesandresources.Adequacyandappropriatenessofthefacilitiesandresourcesforsupportingthetrainingprogramshouldbeconsidered,including:

1.Spaceandequipmenttoconductthetraining.2.Facilitiesforrepresentativehands-ontraining.3.Inthecaseofmultiple-siteprograms,equipmentandfacilitiesatthesatellitecenters.4.Adequacyandappropriatenessofthequalitycontrolandevaluationsprogramtoaccountforinstructorperformance.5.Adequacyandappropriatenessofthequalitycontrolandevaluationprogramtoensureappropriatecourseevaluation,feedback,updating,andcorrectiveaction.6.Adequacyandappropriatenessofdisciplinesandexpertisebeingusedwithinthequalitycontrolandevaluationprogram.7.Adequacyandappropriatenessoftheroleofstudentevaluationstoprovidefeedbackfortrainingprogramimprovement.

D.Qualitycontrolandevaluation.Adequacyandappropriatenessofqualitycontrolandevaluationplansfortrainingprogramsshouldbeconsidered,including:

1.Abalancedadvisorycommitteeand/orcompetentoutsidereviewerstogiveoverallpolicyguidance;2.Clearandadequatedefinitionofthecompositionandactive

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programmaticroleoftheadvisorycommitteeoroutsidereviewers.3.Adequacyoftheminutesorreportsoftheadvisorycommitteeoroutsidereviewers’meetingsorwrittencommunication.4.Adequacyandappropriatenessofthequalitycontrolandevaluationsprogramtoaccountforinstructorperformance.5.Adequacyandappropriatenessofthequalitycontrolandevaluationprogramtoensureappropriatecourseevaluation,feedback,updating,andcorrectiveaction.6.Adequacyandappropriatenessofdisciplinesandexpertisebeingusedwithinthequalitycontrolandevaluationprogram.7.Adequacyandappropriatenessoftheroleofstudentevaluationstoprovidefeedbackfortrainingprogramimprovement.

E.Students.Adequacyandappropriatenessoftheprogramforacceptingstudentsshouldbeconsidered,including:

1.Assurancethatthestudentsalreadypossessthenecessaryskillsfortheirjob,includingnecessarydocumentation.2.Appropriatenessofmethodstheprogramusestoensurethatrecruitsarecapableofsatisfactorilycompletingtraining.3.Reviewandcompliancewithanymedicalclearancepolicy.

F.InstitutionalEnvironmentandAdministrativeSupport.Theadequacyandappropriatenessoftheinstitutionalenvironmentandadministrativesupportsystemforthetrainingprogramshouldbeconsidered,including:

1.Adequacyoftheinstitutionalcommitmenttotheemployeetrainingprogram.2.Adequacyandappropriatenessoftheadministrativestructureandadministrativesupport.

G.SummaryofEvaluationQuestions.Keyquestionsforevaluatingthequalityandappropriatenessofanoveralltrainingprogramshouldincludethefollowing:

1.Aretheprogramobjectivesclearlystated?2.Istheprogramaccomplishingitsobjectives?3.Areappropriatefacilitiesandstaffavailable?4.Isthereanappropriatemixofclassroom,demonstration,andhands-ontraining?5.Istheprogramprovidingqualityemployeehealthandsafetytrainingthatfullymeetstheintentofregulatoryrequirements?6.Whataretheprogram’smainstrengths?7.Whataretheprogram’smainweaknesses?8.Whatisrecommendedtoimprovetheprogram?9.Areinstructorsinstructingaccordingtotheirtrainingoutlines?10.Istheevaluationtoolcurrentandappropriatefortheprogramcontent?11.Isthecoursematerialcurrentandrelevanttothetargetgroup?

Suggested Training Curriculum Guidelines Thefollowingtrainingcurriculumguidelinesareforthoseoperationsspecificallyidentifiedin29CFR1910.120asrequiringtraining.Issuessuchasqualificationsof

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instructors,trainingcertification,andsimilarcriteriaappropriatetoallcategoriesofoperationsaddressedin1910.120havebeencoveredintheprecedingsectionandarenotre-addressedineachofthegenericguidelines.Basiccorerequirementsfortrainingprogramsthatareaddressedinclude:

1.GeneralHazardousWasteOperations,2.RCRAoperations—Treatment,storage,anddisposalfacilities,and3.EmergencyResponse.

A.GeneralHazardousWasteOperationsandSite-specificTraining

1.Off-sitetraining.Trainingcoursecontentforhazardouswasteoperations,requiredby29CFR1910.120(e),shouldincludethefollowingtopicsorprocedures:a.Regulatoryknowledge.

(1)Anreviewof29CFR1910.120andthecoreelementsofanoccupationalsafetyandhealthprogram.(2)Thecontentofamedicalsurveillanceprogramasoutlinedin29CFR1910.120(f).(3)Thecontentofaneffectivesitesafetyandhealthplanconsistentwiththerequirementsof29CFR1910.120(b)(4)(ii).(4)Emergencyresponseplanandproceduresasoutlinedin29CFR1910.38and29CFR1910.120(l).

(5)Adequateillumination.(6)Sanitationrecommendationandequipment.(7)ReviewandexplanationofOSHA’shazardcommunicationstandard(29CFR1910.1200)andlock-out/tag-outstandard(29CFR1910.147).(8)Reviewofotherapplicablestandardsincludingbutnotlimitedtothoseintheconstructionstandards(29CFRPart1926).(9)RightsandresponsibilitiesofemployersandemployeesunderapplicableOSHAandEPAlaws.

b.Technicalknowledge.(1)Typeofpotentialexposurestochemical,biological,andradiologicalhazards;typesofhumanresponsestothesehazardsandrecognitionofthoseresponses;principlesoftoxicologyandinformationaboutacuteandchronichazards;healthandsafetyconsiderationsofnewtechnology.

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(2)Fundamentalsofchemicalhazardsincludingbutnotlimitedtovaporpressure,boilingpoints,flashpoints,pH,otherphysicalandchemicalproperties.(3)Fireandexplosionhazardsofchemicals.(4)Generalsafetyhazardssuchasbutnotlimitedtoelectricalhazards,poweredequipmenthazards,motorvehiclehazards,walkingworkingsurfacehazards,excavationhazards,andhazardsassociatedwithworkinginhotandcoldtemperatureextremes.(5)Reviewandknowledgeofconfinedspaceentryproceduresin29CFR1910.146.(6)Workpracticestominimizeemployeeriskfromsitehazards.(7)Safeuseofengineeringcontrols,equipment,andanynewrelevantsafetytechnologyorsafetyprocedures.(8)Reviewanddemonstrationofcompetencywithair

samplingandmonitoringequipmentthatmaybeusedinasitemonitoringprogram.(9)Containersamplingproceduresandsafeguarding;generaldrumandcontainerhandlingproceduresincludingspecialrequirementforlaboratorywastepacks,shock-sensitivewastes,andradioactivewastes.(10)Theelementsofaspillcontrolprogram.(11)Properuseandlimitationsofmaterialhandlingequipment.(12)Proceduresforsafeandhealthfulpreparationofcontainersforshippingandtransport.(13)Methodsofcommunicationincludingthoseusedwhilewearingrespiratoryprotection.

c.Technicalskills.(1)Selection,usemaintenance,andlimitationsofpersonalprotectiveequipmentincludingthecomponentsandproceduresforcarryingouta

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respiratorprogramtocomplywith29CFR1910.134.(2)Instructionindecontaminationprogramsincludingpersonnel,equipment,andhardware;hands-ontrainingincludinglevelA,B,andCensemblesandappropriatedecontaminationlines;fieldactivitiesincludingthedonninganddoffingofprotectiveequipmenttoalevelcommensuratewiththeemployee’santicipatedjobfunctionandresponsibilityandtothedegreerequiredbypotentialhazards.(3)Sourcesforadditionalhazardinformation;exercisesusingrelevantmanualsandhazardcodingsystems.

d.Additionalsuggesteditems.

(1)Alaminated,datedcardorcertificatewithphoto,denotinglimitationsandlevelofprotectionforwhichtheemployeeistrained,shouldbe

issuedtothosestudentssuccessfullycompletingacourse.(2)Attendanceshouldberequiredatalltrainingmodules,withsuccessfulcompletionofexercisesandafinalwrittenororalexaminationwithatleast50questions.(3)Aminimumofone-thirdoftheprogramshouldbedevotedtohands-onexercises.(4)Acurriculumshouldbeestablishedforthe8-hourrefreshertrainingrequiredby29CFR1910.120(e)(8),withdeliveryofsuchcoursesdirectedtowardthoseareasofprevioustrainingthatneedimprovementorreemphasis.(5)Acurriculumshouldbeestablishedfortherequired8-hourtrainingforsupervisors.Demonstratedcompetencyintheskillsandknowledgeprovidedina40-hourcourseshouldbeaprerequisiteforsupervisortraining.

2.Refreshertraining.The8-hourannualrefreshertrainingrequiredin29CFR

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1910.120(e)(8)shouldbeconductedbyqualifiedtrainingproviders.Refreshertrainingshouldincludeataminimumthefollowingtopicsandprocedures:

a.Reviewofandretrainingonrelevanttopicscoveredinthe40-hourprogram,asappropriate,usingreportsbythestudentsontheirworkexperiences.b.Updateondevelopmentswithrespecttomaterialcoveredinthe40-hourcourse.c.ReviewofchangestopertinentprovisionsofEPAorOSHAstandardsorlaws.d.Introductionofadditionalsubjectareasasappropriate.e.Hands-onreviewofneworalteredPPEordecontaminationequipmentorprocedures.Reviewofnewdevelopmentsinpersonalprotectiveequipment.f.Reviewofnewlydevelopedairandcontaminantmonitoringequipment.

3.On-sitetraining.a.Theemployershouldprovideemployeesengagedinhazardouswastesiteactivitieswithinformationandtrainingpriortoinitialassignmentintotheirworkarea,asfollows:

(1)Therequirementsofthehazardcommunicationprogramincludingthelocationandavailabilityofthewrittenprogram,requiredlistsofhazardouschemicals,andmaterialsafetydatasheets.(2)Activitiesandlocationsintheirworkareawherehazardoussubstancemaybepresent.

(3)Methodsandobservationsthatmaybeusedtodetectthepresentorreleaseofahazardouschemicalintheworkarea,(suchasmonitoringconductedbytheemployer,continuousmonitoringdevices,visualappearances,orotherevidence(sight,soundorsmell)ofhazardouschemicalsbeingreleased,andapplicablealarmsfrommonitoringdevicesthatrecordchemicalreleases.(4)Thephysicalandhealthhazardsofsubstancesknownorpotentiallypresentintheworkarea.(5)Themeasuresemployeescantaketohelpprotectthemselvesfromwork-sitehazards,includingspecificprocedurestheemployerhasimplemented.(6)Anexplanationofthelabelingsystemandmaterialsafetydatasheetsandhowemployeescanobtainanduseappropriatehazardinformation.(7)TheelementsoftheconfinedspaceprogramincludingspecialPPE,permits,monitoringrequirements,communicationprocedures,emergencyresponse,andapplicablelockoutprocedures.

b.Theemployershouldprovidehazardouswasteemployeesinformationandtrainingandshould

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provideareviewandaccesstothesitesafetyandplanasfollows:

(1)Namesofpersonnelandalternateresponsibleforsitesafetyandhealth.(2)Safetyandhealthhazardspresentonthesite.(3)Selection,use,maintenance,andlimitationsofpersonalprotectiveequipmentspecifictothesite.(4)Workpracticesbywhichtheemployeecanminimizerisksfromhazards.(5)Safeuseofengineeringcontrolsandequipmentavailableonsite.(6)Safedecontaminationproceduresestablishedtominimizeemployeecontactwithhazardoussubstances,including:a.employeedecontamination,b.clothingdecontamination,andc.equipmentdecontamination.(7)Elementsofthesiteemergencyresponseplan,including:

a.pre-emergencyplanning,b.personnelrolesandlinesofauthorityandcommunication,c.emergencyrecognitionandprevention,d.safedistancesandplacesofrefuge,e.sitesecurityandcontrol,f.evacuationroutesandprocedures,g.

decontaminationproceduresnotcoveredbythesitesafetyandhealthplan,h.emergencymedicaltreatmentandfirstaid,andi.emergencyequipmentandproceduresforhandlingemergencyincidents.

c.Theemployershouldprovidehazardouswasteemployeesinformationandtrainingonpersonalprotectiveequipmentusedatthesite,suchasthefollowing:

(1)PPEtobeusedbaseduponknownoranticipatedsitehazards.(2)PPElimitationsofmaterialsandconstruction;limitationsduringtemperatureextremes,heatstress,andotherappropriatemedicalconsiderations;useandlimitationsofrespiratorequipmentaswellasdocumentationproceduresasoutlinedin29CFR1910.134.(3)PPEinspectionprocedurespriorto,during,andafteruse.(4)PPEdonninganddoffingprocedures.(5)PPEdecontaminationanddisposalprocedures.(6)PPEmaintenanceandstorage.(7)TaskdurationasrelatedtoPPElimitations.

d.Theemployershouldinstructtheemployeeaboutthesitemedicalsurveillanceprogramrelativetotheparticularsite,including:

(1)Specificmedicalsurveillanceprogramsthathavebeenadaptedforthesite.

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(2)Specificsignsandsymptomsrelatedtoexposuretohazardousmaterialsonthesite.(3)Thefrequencyandextentofperiodicmedicalexaminationsthatwillbeusedonthesite.(4)Maintenanceandavailabilityofrecords.(5)Personneltobecontactedandprocedurestobefollowedwhensignsandsymptomsofexposuresarerecognized.

e.Theemployeeswillreviewanddiscussthesitesafetyplanaspartofthetrainingprogram.Thelocationofthesitesafetyplanandallwrittenprogramsshouldbediscussedwithemployeesincludingadiscussionofthemechanismsforaccess,review,andreferencesdescribed.

B. RCRA Operations Training for Treatment, Storage and Disposal Facilities. 1.Asaminimum,thetrainingcourserequiredin29CFR1910.120(p)shouldincludethefollowingtopics:

a.Reviewoftheapplicableparagraphsof29CFR1910.120andtheelementsoftheemployer’soccupationalsafetyandhealthplan.b.Reviewofrelevanthazardssuchas,butnotlimitedto,chemical,biological,andradiologicalexposures;fireandexplosionhazards;thermalextremes;andphysicalhazards.c.Generalsafetyhazardsincludingthoseassociatedwithelectricalhazards,poweredequipmenthazards,lock-out/tag-outprocedures,motorvehiclehazardsandwalkingworkingsurfacehazards.

d.Confined-spacehazardsandprocedures.e.Workpracticestominimizeemployeeriskfromworkplacehazards.f.EmergencyresponseplanandproceduresincludingFirstAidmeetingtherequirementsofparagraph(p)(8).g.Areviewofprocedurestominimizeexposuretohazardouswasteandvarioustypeofwastestreams,includingthematerialshandlingprogramandspillcontainmentprogram.h.Areviewofhazardcommunicationprogramsmeetingtherequirementsof29CFR1910.1200.i.Areviewofmedicalsurveillanceprogramsmeetingtherequirementsof29CFR1910.120(p)(3)includingtherecognitionofsignsandsymptomsofoverexposuretohazardoussubstanceincludingknownsynergisticinteractions.j.Areviewofdecontaminationprogramsandproceduresmeetingtherequirementsof29CFR1910.120(p)(4).k.Areviewofanemployer’srequirementstoimplementatrainingprogramanditselements.l.Areviewofthecriteriaandprogramsforproperselectionanduseofpersonalprotectiveequipment,includingrespirators.m.Areviewoftheapplicableappendicesto29CFR1910.120.n.Principlesoftoxicologyandbiologicalmonitoringastheypertaintooccupationalhealth.

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o.RightsandresponsibilitiesofemployeesandemployersunderapplicableOSHAandEPAlaws.p.Hands-onexercisesanddemonstrationsofcompetencywithequipmenttoillustratethebasicequipmentprinciplesthatmaybeusedduringtheperformanceofworkduties,includingthedonninganddoffingofPPE.q.Sourcesofreference,efficientuseofrelevantmanuals,andknowledgeofhazardcodingsystemstoincludeinformationcontainedinhazardouswastemanifests.r.Atleast8hoursofhands-ontraining.s.Traininginthejobskillsrequiredforanemployee’sjobfunctionandresponsibilitybeforetheyarepermittedtoparticipateinorsupervisefieldactivities.

2.Theindividualemployershouldprovidehazardouswasteemployeeswithinformationandtrainingpriortoanemployee’sinitialassignmentintoaworkarea.Thetrainingandinformationshouldcoverthefollowingtopics:

a.Theemergencyresponseplanandproceduresincludingfirstaid.b.Areviewoftheemployer’shazardouswastehandlingproceduresincludingthematerialshandlingprogramandelementsofthespillcontainmentprogram,locationofspillresponsekitsorequipment,andthenamesofthosetrainedtorespondtoreleases.c.Thehazardouscommunicationprogrammeetingtherequirementsof29CFR1910.1200.d.Areviewoftheemployer’smedicalsurveillanceprogram

includingtherecognitionofsignsandsymptomsofexposuretorelevanthazardoussubstanceincludingknownsynergisticinteractions.e.Areviewoftheemployer’sdecontaminationprogramandprocedures.f.Anreviewoftheemployer’strainingprogramandthepartiesresponsibleforthatprogram.g.Areviewoftheemployer’spersonalprotectiveequipmentprogramincludingtheproperselectionanduseofPPEbaseduponspecificsitehazards.h.Allrelevantsite-specificproceduresaddressingpotentialsafetyandhealthhazards.Thismayinclude,asappropriate,biologicalandradiologicalexposures,fireandexplosionhazards,thermalhazards,andphysicalhazardssuchaselectricalhazards,poweredequipmenthazards,lock-out/tag-outhazards,motorvehiclehazards,andwalking/workingsurfacehazards.i.Safeuseengineeringcontrolsandequipmentonsite.j.Namesofpersonnelandalternatesresponsibleforsafetyandhealth.

C. Emergency response training. FederalOSHAstandardsin29CFR1910.120(q)aredirectedtowardprivate-sectoremergencyresponders.Therefore,theguidelinesprovidedinthisportionoftheappendixaredirectedtowardthatemployeepopulation.However,theyalsoimpactindirectlythroughStateOSHAorU.S.EPAregulationssomepublicsectoremergencyresponders.Therefore,theguidelinesprovidedinthisportionoftheappendixmaybeappliedtobothemployee

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populations.StateswithOSHAstateplansmustcovertheiremployeeswithregulationsatleastaseffectiveastheFederalOSHAstandards.PublicemployeesinstateswithoutapprovedstateOSHAprogramscoveringhazardouswasteoperationsandemergencyresponsearecoveredbytheU.S.EPAunder40CFR311,aregulationvirtuallyidenticaltoSec.1910.120.Sincethisisanon-mandatoryappendixandthereforenotanenforceablestandard,OSHArecommendsthatthoseemployers,employeesorvolunteersinpublic-sectoremergencyresponseorganizationsoutsideFederalOSHAjurisdictionconsiderthefollowingcriteriaindevelopingtheirowntrainingprograms.AunifiedapproachtotrainingatthecommunitylevelbetweenemergencyresponseorganizationscoveredbyFederalOSHAandthosenotcovereddirectlybyFederalOSHAcanhelpensureaneffectivecommunityresponsetothereleaseorpotentialreleaseofhazardoussubstancesinthecommunity.Generalconsiderations.EmergencyresponseorganizationsarerequiredtoconsiderthetopicslistedinSec.1910.120(q)(6).Emergencyresponseorganizationsmayusesomeorallofthefollowingtopicstosupplementthosemandatorytopicswhendevelopingtheirresponsetrainingprograms.Manyofthetopicswouldrequireaninteractionbetweentheresponseproviderandtheindividualsresponsibleforthesitewheretheresponsewouldbeexpected.1.Hazardrecognition,including:

a.Natureofhazardoussubstancespresent,b.Practicalapplicationsofhazardrecognition,includingpresentationsonbiology,chemistry,andphysics.

2.Principlesoftoxicology,biologicalmonitoring,andriskassessment.3.Safeworkpracticesandgeneralsitesafety.4.Engineeringcontrolsandhazardouswasteoperations.5.Sitesafetyplansandstandardoperatingprocedures.6.Decontaminationproceduresandpractices.7.Emergencyprocedures,firstaid,andself-rescue.8.Safeuseoffieldequipment.9.Storage,handling,useandtransportationofhazardoussubstances.10.Use,care,andlimitationsofpersonalprotectiveequipment.11.Safesamplingtechniques.12.RightsandresponsibilitiesofemployeesunderOSHAandotherrelatedlawsconcerningrightto-know,safetyandhealth,compensationsandliability.13.Medicalmonitoringrequirements.14.Communityrelations.Suggestedcriteriaforspecificcourses.1.Firstresponderawarenesslevel.

a.Reviewofanddemonstrationofcompetencyinperformingtheapplicableskillsof29CFR1910.120(q).b.Hands-onexperiencewiththeU.S.DepartmentofTransportation’sEmergencyResponseGuidebook(ERG)andfamiliarizationwithOSHAstandard29CFR1910.1201.c.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticesforanalyzinganincidenttodetermineboththehazardoussubstancespresentandthebasichazardandresponseinformationforeachhazardoussubstancepresent.d.Reviewofproceduresforimplementingactionsconsistent

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3AW Participant 92

withthelocalemergencyresponseplan,theorganization’sstandardoperatingprocedures,andthecurrenteditionofDOT’sERGincludingemergencynotificationproceduresandfollow-upcommunications.e.Reviewoftheexpectedhazardsincludingfireandexplosionshazards,confinedspacehazards,electricalhazards,poweredequipmenthazards,motorvehiclehazards,andwalking/workingsurfacehazards.f.AwarenessandknowledgeofthecompetenciesfortheFirstResponderattheAwarenessLevelcoveredintheNationalFireProtectionAssociation’sStandardNo.472,ProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterialsIncidents.

2.Firstresponderoperationslevel.a.Reviewofanddemonstrationofcompetencyinperformingtheapplicableskillsof29CFR1910.120(q).b.Hands-onexperiencewiththeU.S.DepartmentofTransportation’sEmergencyResponseGuidebook(ERG),manufacturermaterialsafetydatasheets,CHEMTREC/CANUTEC,shipperormanufacturercontacts,andotherrelevantsourcesofinformationaddressinghazardoussubstancereleases.FamiliarizationwithOSHAstandard29CFR1910.1201.c.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticesforanalyzinganincidenttodeterminethehazardoussubstancespresent,thelikelybehaviorofthehazardoussubstanceandits

container,thetypesofhazardoussubstancetransportationcontainersandvehicles,thetypesandselectionoftheappropriatedefensivestrategyforcontainingtherelease.d.Reviewofproceduresforimplementingcontinuingresponseactionsconsistentwiththelocalemergencyresponseplan,theorganization’sstandardoperatingprocedures,andthecurrenteditionofDOT’sERGincludingextendedemergencynotificationproceduresandfollow-upcommunications.e.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticeforproperselectionanduseofpersonalprotectiveequipment.f.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticeofpersonnelandequipmentdecontamination.g.Reviewoftheexpectedhazardsincludingfireandexplosionshazards,confinedspacehazards,electricalhazards,poweredequipmenthazards,motorvehiclehazards,andwalkingworkingsurfacehazards.h.AwarenessandknowledgeofthecompetenciesfortheFirstResponderattheOperationsLevelcoveredintheNationalFireProtectionAssociation’sStandardNo.472,ProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterialsIncidents.

3.Hazardousmaterialstechnician.a.Reviewofanddemonstrationofcompetencyinperformingtheapplicableskillsof29CFR1910.120(q).b.Hands-onexperiencewithwrittenandelectronicinformationrelativetoresponsedecisionmaking

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includingbutnotlimitedtotheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation’sEmergencyResponseGuidebook(ERG),manufacturermaterialsafetydatasheets,CHEMTREC/CANUTEC,shipperormanufacturercontacts,computerdatabasesandresponsemodels,andotherrelevantsourcesofinformationaddressinghazardoussubstancereleases.FamiliarizationwithOSHAstandard29CFR1910.1201.c.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticesforanalyzinganincidenttodeterminethehazardoussubstancespresent,theirphysicalandchemicalproperties,thelikelybehaviorofthehazardoussubstanceanditscontainer,thetypesofhazardoussubstancetransportationcontainersandvehiclesinvolvedintherelease,theappropriatestrategyforapproachingreleasesitesandcontainingtherelease.d.Reviewofproceduresforimplementingcontinuingresponseactionsconsistentwiththelocalemergencyresponseplan,theorganization’sstandardoperatingprocedures,andthecurrenteditionofDOT’sERGincludingextendedemergencynotificationproceduresandfollow-upcommunications.e.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticeforproperselectionanduseofpersonalprotectiveequipment.f.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticesofestablishingexposurezones,properdecontaminationandmedicalsurveillancestationsandprocedures.g.Reviewoftheexpectedhazardsincludingfireandexplosions

hazards,confined-spacehazards,electricalhazards,poweredequipmenthazards,motorvehiclehazards,andwalkingworkingsurfacehazards.h.AwarenessandknowledgeofthecompetenciesfortheHazardousMaterialsTechniciancoveredintheNationalFireProtectionAssociation’sStandardNo.472,ProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterialsIncidents.

4.Hazardousmaterialsspecialist.a.Reviewofanddemonstrationofcompetencyinperformingtheapplicableskillsof29CFR1910.120(q).b.Hands-onexperiencewithretrievalanduseofwrittenandelectronicinformationrelativetoresponsedecisionmakingincludingbutnotlimitedtotheU.S.DepartmentofTransportation’sEmergencyResponseGuidebook(ERG),manufacturermaterialsafetydatasheets,CHEMTREC/CANUTEC,shipperormanufacturercontacts,computerdatabasesandresponsemodels,andotherrelevantsourcesofinformationaddressinghazardoussubstancereleases.FamiliarizationwithOSHAstandard29CFR1910.1201.c.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticesforanalyzinganincidenttodeterminethehazardoussubstancespresent,theirphysicalandchemicalproperties,andthelikelybehaviorofthehazardoussubstanceanditscontainer,vessel,orvehicle.d.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticesforidentificationofthe

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typesofhazardoussubstancetransportationcontainers,vesselsandvehiclesinvolvedintherelease;selectingandusingthevarioustypesofequipmentavailableforpluggingorpatchingtransportationcontainers,vesselsorvehicles;organizinganddirectingtheuseofmultipleteamsofhazardousmaterialtechniciansandselectingtheappropriatestrategyforapproachingreleasesitesandcontainingorstoppingtherelease.e.Reviewofproceduresforimplementingcontinuingresponseactionsconsistentwiththelocalemergencyresponseplan,theorganization’sstandardoperatingprocedures,includingknowledgeoftheavailablepublicandprivateresponseresources,establishmentofanincidentcommandpost,directionofhazardousmaterialtechnicianteams,andextendedemergencynotificationproceduresandfollow-upcommunications.f.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticeforproperselectionanduseofpersonalprotectiveequipment.g.Reviewoftheprinciplesandpracticesofestablishingexposurezonesandproperdecontamination,monitoringandmedicalsurveillancestationsandprocedures.h.Reviewoftheexpectedhazardsincludingfireandexplosionshazards,confinedspacehazards,electricalhazards,poweredequipmenthazards,motorvehiclehazards,andwalking/workingsurfacehazards.i.AwarenessandknowledgeofthecompetenciesfortheOff-site

SpecialistEmployeecoveredintheNationalFireProtectionAssociation’sStandardNo.472,ProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterialsIncidents.

5.Incidentcommander.Theincidentcommanderistheindividualwho,atanyonetime,isresponsibleforandincontroloftheresponseeffort.Thisindividualisthepersonresponsibleforthedirectionandcoordinationoftheresponseeffort.Anincidentcommander’spositionshouldbeoccupiedbythemostsenior,appropriatelytrainedindividualpresentattheresponsesite.Yet,asnecessaryandappropriatebythelevelofresponseprovided,thepositionmaybeoccupiedbymanyindividualsduringaparticularresponseastheneedforgreaterauthority,responsibility,ortrainingincreases.Itispossibleforthefirstresponderattheawarenessleveltoassumethedutiesofincidentcommanderuntilamoreseniorandappropriatelytrainedindividualarrivesattheresponsesite.Therefore,anyemergencyresponderexpectedtoperformasanincidentcommandershouldbetrainedtofulfilltheobligationsofthepositionatthelevelofresponsetheywillbeprovidingincludingthefollowing:

a.Abilitytoanalyzeahazardoussubstanceincidenttodeterminethemagnitudeoftheresponseproblem.b.Abilitytoplanandimplementanappropriateresponseplanwithinthecapabilitiesofavailablepersonnelandequipment.c.Abilitytoimplementaresponsetofavorablychangetheoutcomeoftheincidentinamannerconsistentwiththelocalemergencyresponse

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3AW Participant 95

planandtheorganization’sstandardoperatingprocedures.d.Abilitytoevaluatetheprogressoftheemergencyresponsetoensurethattheresponseobjectivesarebeingmetsafely,effectively,andefficiently.e.Abilitytoadjusttheresponseplantotheconditionsoftheresponseandtonotifyhigherlevelsofresponsewhenrequiredbythechangestotheresponseplan.f.AwarenessandknowledgeofthecompetenciesfortheincidentcommandercoveredintheNationalFireProtectionAssociation’sStandardNo.472,ProfessionalCompetenceofResponderstoHazardousMaterialsIncidents.[54FR9317,Mar.6,1898,asamendedat55FR14073,Apr.13,1990;56FR15832,Apr.18,1991;59FR43268,Aug.22,1994;61FR9227,March7,1996]

Appendix C

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Appendix C

3AW Participant 97

Appendix C

Appendix C

3AW Participant 98

U.S. Department of Labor— Occupational Safety and Health Administration Regional Offices

Region I Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maine, New Hampshire, Rhode Island and Vermont JFK Federal Building, Room E340 Boston, MA 02203 Phone........ (617) 565-9860 Fax............. (617) 565-9827 Region 2 New Jersey, New York and Puerto Rico 201 Varick Street, Room 670 New York, New York 10014 Phone.... (212) 337-2378 Fax....... (212) 337-2371 Region 3 District of Columbia, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia The Curtis Center-Suite 740 West 170 S. Independence Mall West Philadelphia, PA 19106-3309 Phone...... (215) 861-4900

Fax........... (215) 861-4904 Region 4 Alabama, Florida, George, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina and Tennessee 61 Forsyth Street, SW Atlanta, GA 30303 Phone....... (404) 562-2300 Fax............ (404) 562-2295 FAX Region 5 Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio and Wisconsin 230 South Dearborn Street, Room 3244 Chicago, IL 60604 Phone........... (312) 353-2220 Fax................ (312) 353-7774 Region 6 Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma and Texas 525 Griffin Street, Room 602

Appendix C

Dallas, TX 75202 Phone.......... (214) 767-4731 Fax............... (214) 767-4693 Region 7 Iowa, Kansas, Missouri and Nebraska City Center Square 1100 Main Street, Suite 800 Kansas City, MO 64105 Phone........ (816) 426-5861 Fax............. (816) 426-2750 Region 8 Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah and Wyoming 1999 Broadway, Suite 1690 P.O. Box 46550 Denver, CO 80201-6550 Phone.... (303) 844-1600 Fax......... (303) 844-1616 Region 9 American Samoa, Arizona, California, Guam, Hawaii and Nevada 71 Stevenson Street, Room 420 San Francisco, CA 94105 Main Public, 8 a.m.–4:30 p.m. PST....... (800) 475-4019 Technical Assistance ... (800) 475-4019 Complaints—Accidents/Fatalities.......... (800) 475-4020 Publication Requests... (800) 475-4022 Fax...... (415) 975-4319 Region 10 Alaska, Idaho, Oregon and Washington 1111 Third Avenue, Suite 715 Seattle, WA 98101-3212 Phone....... (206) 553-5930 Fax............ (206) 553-6499

Appendix C

Directory of States With Approved Occupational Safety and Health Plans

Alaska Department of Labor and Workforce Development P.O. Box 21149 1111 W. 8th Street, Room 306 Juneau, AK 99802-1149 Greg O’Claray, Commissioner. (907) 465-2700 Fax ... (907) 465-2784 Grey Mitchell, Director... (907) 465-4855 Fax... (907) 465-6012 Industrial Commission of Arizona 800 W. Washington Phoenix, AZ 85007-2922 Larry Etchechury, Director, ICA... (602) 542-4411 Fax... (602) 542-1614 Darin Perkins, Program Director (602) 542-5795 Fax ... (602) 542-1614 California Department of Industrial Relations 455 Golden Gate Avenue—10th Floor San Francisco, CA 94102 John Rea, Acting Director... (415) 703-5050 Fax. (415) 703-5059 Len Welsh, Chief, Cal/OSHA ... (415) 703-5100 Fax. (415) 703-5114 Vicky Heza, Deputy Chief, Cal/OSHA. (714) 939-8093 Fax. (714) 939-8094 Connecticut Department of Labor 200 Folly Brook Boulevard Wethersfield, CT 06109 Shaun Cashman, Commissioner ... (860) 566-5123 Fax ... (860) 566-1520 Conn-OSHA 38 Wolcott Hill Road

Wethersfield, CT 06109 Richard Palo, Acting Director. (860) 566-4550 Fax... (860) 566-6916 Hawaii Department of Labor and Industrial Relations 830 Punchbowl Street Honolulu, HI 96813 Nelson B. Befitel, Director... (808) 586-8844 Fax. (808) 586-9099 Jennifer Shishido, Administrator (808) 586-9116 Fax... (808) 586-9104 Indiana Department of Labor State Office Building 402 West Washington Street, Room W195 Indianapolis, IN 46204-2751 Nancy Guyott, Commissioner... (317) 232-2378 Fax. (317) 233-3790 John Jones, Deputy Commissioner. (317) 232-3325 Fax... (317) 233-3790 Iowa Division of Labor 1000 E. Grand Avenue Des Moines, IA 50319-0209 Byron K. Orton, Commissioner... (515) 281-6432 Fax... (515) 281-4698 Mary L. Bryant, Administrator... (515) 242-5870 Fax. (515) 281-7995 Kentucky Labor Cabinet 1047 U.S. Highway 127 South, Suite 4 Frankfort, KY 40601 Joe Norsworthy, Secretary. (502) 564-3070 Fax ... (502) 564-5387 William Ralston,

Appendix C

Federal\State Coordinator.... (502) 564-3070 ext. 240 Fax ... (502) 564-1682 Maryland Division of Labor and Industry Department of Labor, Licensing and Regulation 1100 North Eutaw Street, Room 613 Baltimore, MD 21201-2206 Keith Goddard, Commissioner... (410) 767-2241 Fax.... (410) 767-2986 Deputy Commissioner (410) 767-2992 Fax ... (410) 767-2986 Cheryl Kammerman, Assistant Commissioner, MOSH... (410) 767-2215 Fax..... (410) 333-7747 Michigan Department of Labor and Economic Growth Noelle Clark, Director Bureau of Safety and Regulation P.O. Box 30643 Lansing, MI 48909-8143 Doug Kalinowski, Director. (517) 322-1814 Fax.... (517) 322-1775 Martha Yoder, Deputy Director for Enforcement... (517) 322-1817 Fax. (517) 322-1775 Minnesota Department of Labor and Industry 443 Lafayette Road St. Paul, MN 55155 Scott Brener, Commissioner. (651) 284-5010 Fax.... (651) 282-5405 Robin Kelleher, Assistant Commissioner... (651) 284-5018 Fax..... (651) 282-5293 Patricia Todd, Administrative Director, OSHA Management Team (651) 284-5372 Fax... (651) 297-2527 Nevada Division of Industrial Relations 400 West King Street, Suite 400

Carson City, NV 89703 Roger Bremmer, Administrator... (775) 684-7260 Fax... (775) 687-6305 Occupational Safety and Health Enforcement Section (OSHES) 1301 N. Green Valley Parkway Henderson, NV 89014 Tom Czehowski, Chief Administrative Officer... (702) 486-9168 Fax...... (702) 486-9020 Las Vegas... (702) 687-5240 New Jersey Department of Labor Office of Public Employees Occupational Safety & Health (PEOSH) 1 John Fitch Plaza P.O. Box 386 Trenton, NJ 08625-0386 Albert G. Kroll, Commissioner... (609) 292-2975 Fax. (609) 633-9271 Leonard Katz, Assistant Commissioner... (609) 292-2313 Fax ... (609) 695-1314 Howard Black, Assistant Director... (609) 292-2425 Fax.... (609) 292-3749 New Mexico Environment Department 1190 St. Francis Drive P.O. Box 26110 Santa Fe, NM 87502 Ron Curry, Jr., Secretary (505) 827-2850 Fax. (505) 827-2836 Georgia Cleverley, Chief. (505) 827-4230 Fax ... (505) 827-4422 New York Department of Labor New York Public Employee Safety and Health Program State Office Campus Building 12, Room 158 Albany, NY 12240 Linda Angello, Commissioner... (518) 457-2741 Fax...... (518) 457-6908

Appendix C

Anthony Germano, Acting Director, Division of Safety and Health... (518) 457-3518 Fax.... (518) 457-1519 Maureen Cox, Program Manager (518) 457-1263 Fax. (518) 457-5545 North Carolina Department of Labor 4 West Edenton Street Raleigh, NC 27601-1092 Cherie Berry, Commissioner... (919) 733-0359 Fax... (919) 733-1092 Allen McNeely, Deputy Commissioner, OSH Director..... (919) 807-2861 Fax.... (919) 807-2855 Kevin Beauregard, OSH Assistant Director... (919) 807-2863 Fax... (919) 807-2856 Oregon Occupational Safety and Health Division Department of Consumer and Business Services 350 Winter Street, NE, Room 430 Salem, OR 97301-3882 Peter De Luca, Administrator. (503) 378-3272 Fax. (503) 947-7461 Michele Patterson, Deputy Administrator for Operations ... (503) 378-3272 Fax. (503) 947-7461 David Sparks, Special Assistant for Federal & External Affairs... (503) 378-3272 Fax: ... (503) 947-7461 Puerto Rico Department of Labor Prudencio Rivera Martínez Building 505 Muñoz Rivera Avenue Hato Rey, PR 00918 Frank Zorrilla Maldonado, Secretary..... (787) 754-2119 Fax.... (787) 753-9550 Brenda Sepúlveda, Assistant Secretary for Occupational

Safety and Health ... (787) 756-1100, 1106 / 754-2171 Fax.... (787) 767-6051 José Droz, Deputy Director for Occupational Safety and Health ... (787) 756-1100, 1106 / 754-2188 Fax... (787) 767-6051 South Carolina Department of Labor, Licensing, and Regulation Koger Office Park, Kingstree Building 110 Centerview Drive P.O. Box 11329 Columbia, SC 29211 Adrienne R. Youmans, Director... (803) 896-4300 Fax...... (803) 896-4393 Dottie Ison, Administrator... (803) 734-9606 Fax...... (803) 734-9772 Robert Peck, Administrator, Office of Voluntary Programs (OVP) ... (803) 734-9614 Fax.... (803) 734-9741 Tennessee Department of Labor 710 James Robertson Parkway Nashville, TN 37243-0659 James G. Neeley, Commissioner. (615) 741-2582 Fax..... (615) 741-5078 John Winkler, Acting Program Director... (615) 741-2793 Fax...... (615) 741-3325 Utah Labor Commission 160 East 300 South, 3rd Floor P.O. Box 146650 Salt Lake City, UT 84114-6650 R. Lee Ellertson, Commissioner. (801) 530-6901 Fax..... (801) 530-7906 Larry Patrick, Administrator. (801) 530-6898 Fax.... (801) 530-6390 Vermont Department of Labor and Industry National Life Building—Drawer 20

Appendix C

Montpelier, VT 05620-3401 Michael Bertrand, Commissioner... (802) 828-2288 Fax........... (802) 828-2748 Robert McLeod, Project Manager. (802) 828-2765 Fax..... (802) 828-2195 Virgin Islands Department of Labor 3012 Golden Rock Christiansted, St. Croix, VI 00820-4660 Cecil R. Benjamin, Commissioner......... (340) 773-1994 Fax.... (340) 773-1858 John Sheen, Assistant Commissioner ... (340) 772-1315 Fax...... (340) 772-4323 Francine Lang, Program Director... (340) 772-1315 Fax... (340) 772-4323 Virginia Department of Labor and Industry Powers-Taylor Building 13 South 13th Street Richmond, VA 23219 C. Raymond Davenport, Commissioner (804) 786-2377 Fax ... (804) 371-6524 Jay Withrow, Director, Office of Legal Support... (804) 786-9873 Fax... (804) 786-8418 Glenn Cox, Director, Safety Compliance, VOSHA... (804) 786-2391 Fax ... (804) 371-6524 Washington Department of Labor and Industries General Administration Building P.O. Box 44001 Olympia, WA 98504-4001 7273 Linderson Way SW Tumwater, WA 98501-5414 Paul Trause, Director ... (360) 902-4200 Fax... (360) 902-4202 Michael Silverstein, Assistant Director [P.O. Box 44600].... (360) 902-5495 Fax.... (360) 902-5529

Steve Cant, Program Manager, Federal-State Operations [P.O. Box 44600]. (360) 902-5430 Fax ... (360) 902-5529 Wyoming Department of Employment Workers’ Safety and Compensation Division Cheyenne Business Center 1510 East Pershing Boulevard Cheyenne, WY 82002 Gary W. Child, Administrator. (307) 777-7159 Fax.... (307) 777-5524 Stephan R. Foster, OSHA Program Manager. (307) 777-7786 Fax: (307) 777-3646

Appendix D

Appendix D: Glossary

Appendix D

Glossary

A

Absorption—Materials may be taken into the body (absorbed) through the skin or lungs.

ACGIH—American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienists: An organization of professional personnel in governmental agencies or education institutions engaged in occupational safety and health programs. ACGIH develops and publishes recommended occupational exposure limits (see TLV) for hundreds of chemical substances and physical agents.

Acid—Any chemical with a low pH that in water solution can burn the skin, eyes, or lungs. (See also pH.)

Acute Effect—A health effect which develops rapidly. Exposure to carbon monoxide may cause a person to pass out, an acute effect.

Additive Effect—One in which the combined effect of two chemicals is equal to the sum of the agents acting alone.

Aerosol—Liquid or solid particles in the air. Aerosols include dust, mists, fog, and fumes.

Alkali—Any chemical with a high pH that in water solution is bitter, more or less irritating, or corrosive to the skin. Strong alkalies in solution are corrosive to the skin and mucous membranes. (See also pH.)

Asphyxiant—A vapor or gas which can cause unconsciousness or death by suffocation (lack of oxygen). Asphyxiation is one of the principal potential hazards of working in confined spaces.

Appendix D

B

Boiling Point—Temperature at which a liquid changes to a vapor. Flammable materials with low boiling points generally present special fire hazards.

C

Carcinogen—A substance capable of causing cancer.

CAS Number—A unique number assigned to a chemical by the Chemical Abstract Service.

cc—Cubic centimeter, about the size of a sugar cube.

CFR—Code of Federal Regulations.

Chronic Effect—A health effect which develops slowly over a long period of time.

Appendix D

CNS—Central nervous system—the part of the nervous system protected by the skull and the spinal column.

Combustible Liquids—A term used by NFPA, DOT, and others to classify certain liquids that will burn, on the basis of flash points. Both NFPA and DOT generally define “combustible liquids” as having a flash point of 100oF (37.8oC) or higher. They do not ignite as easily as flammable liquids; however, they can be ignited under certain circumstances and must be handled with caution. Class II liquids have flash points at or above 100oF but below 140oF. Class III liquids are subdivided into two subclasses:

• Class III A—Those having flash points at or above 140oF but below 200oF.

• Class III B—Those having flash points at or above 200oF.

Concentration—The amount of one material in another.

Corrosive—A liquid or solid that eats away a material when it touches it.

cu m or m3—Cubic meter.

D

Decomposition—Breakdown of a material (by heat, chemical reaction, electrolysis, decay, or other processes) into smaller parts.

Dermal Toxicity—Adverse effects resulting from skin exposure to a substance.

Dermatitis—Redness (or inflammation of the skin).

Dose—The quantity of a chemical taken into the body.

Dose-response—The relationship between the dose of the chemical and the response in humans or animals.

DOT—Department of Transportation.

Dust—Solid particles in the air generated by handling, crushing, or grinding.

Appendix D

Dyspnea—Shortness of breath.

E

EPA—Environmental Protection Agency.

Epidemiology—The science that deals with the study of disease in a population.

Appendix D

Evaporation Rate—How fast a liquid enters the air when compared with a known material.

The evaporation rate can be useful in evaluating the health and fire hazards of a material. The known material is usually normal butyl acetate, with a vaporization rate designated as

1.0. Evaporation rates of other solvents or materials are then classified as:

• FAST evaporating if greater than 3.0.

• MEDIUM evaporating if 0.8 to 3.0.

• SLOW evaporating if less than 0.8.

Exposure—The concentration of a material in the air. Usually, exposure is measured near the nose of the worker.

F

Flammable—A liquid with a flash point below 100oF (37.8oC). Flammable liquids are designated as Class I liquids and may be subdivided as follows:

• Class I A—Those having flash points below 73oF and having a boiling point below 100oF.

• Class I B—Those having flash points below 73o F and having a boiling point at or above 100oF.

• Class I C—Those having flash points at or above 73oF and below 100oF.

Flash Point—The temperature at which a liquid will give off enough flammable vapor to burn. There are several flash point test methods, and flash points may vary for the same material depending on the method used, so the test method is indicated when the flash point is given.

G

Generic Name—The name used to identify a material regardless of which company manufactures it. For example, crank case oil.

Appendix D

H

Hazardous Material—Any substance capable of producing unwanted effects on health, safety, or the environment.

Hazardous Waste—A legal term. (To be considered hazardous, a waste must be on the list of specific hazardous waste streams or chemicals, or else it must exhibit one or more of certain specific characteristics including ignitability, corrosively, reactivity, and toxicity. The definition excludes household waste, agricultural waste returned to the soil, and mining overburden returned to the mine site. It also excludes all wastewater returned directly or indirectly to surface waters. However, hazardous waste may physically be in the liquid state.)

Heavy Metals—The major toxic metals (includes lead, cadmium, and arsenic).

Hematotoxin—Toxic to the blood or organs where the blood is made.

Hepatotoxin—Toxic to the liver.

I

ICS—Incident Command System. The unit which manages the response to an emergency.

IDLH—Immediately Dangerous to Life and Health. Any condition which may result in immediate, life-threatening damage to health.

Impervious—Something a chemical cannot go through. Frequently used to describe gloves. Inactivation—A reaction between two chemicals to produce a less toxic product. Incompatible Materials—Materials which could cause dangerous reactions from direct contact with one another.

Ingestion—Taking a substance in through the mouth.

Inhalation—Breathing in a substance in the form of a gas, vapor, fume, mist, or dust through the mouth or nose.

Irritant—When a substance touches the eye, skin or respiratory system and causes it to get red (inflammatory response)

Appendix D

K

kg—Kilogram; a metric unit of weight equal to 1000 grams, about 2.2 U.S. pounds.

L

Latency—The time interval between exposure and the development of a disease.

Lethal—Can cause death

M

M—Meter; a metric unit of length, equal to about 39 inches.

Melting Point—The temperature at which a solid substance changes to a liquid state. For mixtures, the melting range may be given.

Metabolism—The chemical reactions that go on in the body to maintain life.

mg/kg—Milligrams per kilogram. See also g/kg.

mg/m3—Milligrams per cubic meter.

ml—Milliliter; a metric unit of liquid volume. 1 teaspoon = 5 ml. Monitoring—Measuring concentrations of substances in the workplace. Morbidity—Non-fatal disease.

Mortality—The result of a fatal disease.

N

Nephrotoxin—A substance which is toxic to the kidney.

Neurotoxin—Toxic to the brain and nerves.

NFPA—National Fire Protection Association produces many guidelines, including a four- color diamond used on labels to indicate a hazard. Health, fire, and reactivity hazards are rated from 0 (none) to 4 (extreme). The Health rating is in the blue section, Fire in red and Instability in yellow. A white section is reserved for other Special Hazards (for example, radiation, do not use water on fire).

NIOSH—National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health.

Appendix D

O

Olfactory—Relating to the nose or sense of smell.

Oral Toxicity—Adverse effects resulting from taking a substance into the body through the mouth.

OSHA—Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Oxidizer—A substance that gives up oxygen readily. Presence of an oxidizer increases the fire hazard.

P

Percutaneous Absorption—Absorption into the skin.

Pesticide—A chemical that kills bugs.

pH—Applies to liquids: pH less than 7 is an acid; pH = 7 is neutral; pH greater than 7 is caustic (alkali).

Physical Agent—Heat, noise, radiation, vibration.

Polymerization—A chemical reaction in which one or more small molecules combines to form larger molecules.

ppm—Parts per million; a measure of concentration of gas or vapors in the air.

Pulmonary Toxin—Toxic to the lungs.

R

RCRA—Resources Conservation and Recovery Act.

Reactivity—A description of the tendency of a substance to undergo chemical reaction with the release of energy. Undesirable effects—such as pressure build-up, temperature increase, formation of noxious, toxic or corrosive by-products—may occur because of the reactivity of a substance to heating, burning, direct contact with other materials, or other conditions in use or in storage.

REM—Roentgen Equivalent Man; a measure of radiation dose.

Appendix D

Renal—Pertaining to the kidney.

Route of Entry—How material gets into the body—nose (inhale), mouth (ingest), skin (dermal), eye.

S

SCBA—Self-contained breathing apparatus.

Sensitizer—A substance which on first exposure causes little or no reaction but which on repeated exposure may cause a marked response not necessarily limited to the contact site. Skin sensitization is the most common form of sensitization in the industrial setting.

Stability—An expression of the ability of a material to remain unchanged. For MSDS purposes, a material is stable if it remains in the same form under expected and reasonable conditions of storage or use. Conditions which may cause instability (dangerous change) are stated. Examples are temperatures above 150oF or shock from dropping.

Systemic—Relating to whole body, rather than its individual parts.

T

Teratogen—A substance or agent to which exposure of a pregnant female can result in changes in the fetus.

Threshold—The lowest dose or exposure to a chemical at which a specific effect is ob- served.

TLV—Threshold Limit Value; a term used by ACGIH to express the airborne concentration of a material to which nearly all persons can be exposed day after day, without adverse effects in most individuals. ACGIH expresses TLVs in three ways:

• TLV-TWA: The allowable Time Weighted Average concentration for a normal 8-hour workday.

• TLV-STEL: The Short-Term Exposure Limit, or maximum concentration for a continuous 15-minute exposure period (maximum of four such periods per day, with at

Appendix D

least 60 minutes between exposure periods and provided that the daily TLV-TWA is not exceeded.)

• TLV-C: The Ceiling exposure limit, “the concentration that should not be exceeded during any part of the working exposure ... a 15-minute period except for those substances which may cause immediate irritation...”

Toxicity—The adverse effects from exposure.

TSCA—Toxic Substances Control Act.

TWA—Time-Weighted Average.

U

UEL or UFL—Upper explosive limit or upper flammable limit of a vapor or gas; the highest concentration (highest percentage of the substance in air) that will produce a flash of fire when an ignition source (heat, arc, or flame) is present. At higher concentration, the mixture is too “rich” to burn. (Also see LEL.)

ug—Microgram; one millionth of a gram.

UN Number—United Nations’ Identification Number. A number used internationally to identify a hazardous material.

Unstable—Tending to undergo unwanted chemical changes during normal handling or storage.

V

Vapor—Gaseous form of a substance normally in the liquid or solid state at room temperature.

Vapor Density—The weight of a vapor or gas compared to the weight of an equal volume of air; an expression of the density of the vapor or gas. Materials lighter than air have vapor densities less than 1.0. Now generally referred to as Relative Gas Density.

Vapor Pressure—Indicates the tendency of a liquid to evaporate into the air.

Appendix D

Viscosity—Measure of how easily a liquid flows. For example, molasses has a high viscosity, but water has a low viscosity.

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