health and safty

Health and SafetyThe term Health and Safety is generally used

to mean an employer should:

•Promote and maintain the mental, physical and social well-being of employees

•Protect employees and others affected by an organisation’s activities to harm from risk

•Establish a management framework to implement policies and achieve continual improvement in health and safety

Health: The protection of the bodies and minds of people from illness resulting from the materials, processes or procedures used in the workplace

Safety: The protection of people from physical injury

The differences between Safety and Health

The borderline between Safety and health is the ill-defined the two words are used together to indicates concerns for the physical and mental well-being of an individual in the workplace

The differences between Safety and Health

SafetySlips, trips, falls

Falls from height

Struck by vehicles

Contact with electricity

Contact with moving parts

HealthExposure to hazardous chemicals

Exposure to asbestos, dusts, etc.

Repetitive strain injuries

Definitions used in Health and Safety

Welfare Looking after people’s basic needs

EnvironmentThe surroundings in which an organisation operates including land, air and water, natural resources, flora, fauna, humans and their interrelationships

Accident Definitions

An AccidentAn unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event which results in a loss of some kind.

Near Miss (Incident)An unwanted, unforeseen, unplanned event that had the potential to result in a loss

Dangerous Occurrence (High Potential Near Miss)A near miss with serious injury potential

Ill-health Definitions

AcuteShort term exposure with immediate effect, usually reversible

ChronicRepeated or long term exposure, often irreversible

Hazard Something with the potential to cause harm

Physical

Chemical

Biological

Ergonomic

Psychological

RiskThe likelihood that harm will occur and the

severity of the harm

The extent of risks cover the population affected and the consequences for them

© TWI Gulf WLL 2008

Reasons for Good Health & Safety Practice

Humanitarian/MoralEthical and responsible behaviour

LegalCriminal and civil liability

CostThe costs of injuries and ill-health


Fatal Injuries by Cause UK99/00 00/01 01/02 02/03 03/04

Falls from height 68 74 69 50 67

Struck by falling object 35 51 46 30 29

Hit by moving vehicle 34 64 39 39 44

Contact with machinery 14 19 22 21 11

Trapped by collapse or overturning

16 40 8 11 7

Contact with electricity 18 14 12 15 13

Drowning/asphyxiation 7 6 11 8 21

Others 28 24 44 53 43

Total 220 292 251 227 235


Worldwide Work-Related Disease Deaths (ILO)

Causes of death Number of deaths attributed to occupation

Cancer 30+years 456,240

Cardiovascular and cerebrovascular disease 15-60 years

200,025

Chronic respiratory disease 15+ years 275,000

Pneumoconiosis (Proportional estimate from US figures)

36,000

Nervous system disorders 15+ years 12,080

Renal disorders (kidney disorders) 15+ years

13,100

Total 992,445

Costs of Accidents at Work

Iceberg Model of Accident Costs:

$16-75

$1

… Visible Costs Liability insurance

Invisible Costs

Hidden Costs of Accidents

Accident investigation

Payments to injured person

Payments non productive time

Replacement labour

Training

Business interruption

Loss of reputation

Damage repair

Replacement plant

Compensation

Legal fees

Insurance

Employer’s InsuranceCompulsory in many countries

Insurance is increasingly expensive

In UK claims have increased at about twice the rate of premium increases

Limited liability which may be linked to performance

£1

£8 - £36


Employer’s Insurance

Benefits of Good Health and Safety Practice

1) Increased levels of compliance2) Improved production3) Improved staff morale4) Improved company reputation5) Reduced accidents6) Reduced ill health7) Reduced damage to equipment8) Reduced staff complaints9) Reduced staff turnover10) Reduced insurance premiums 11) Reduced fines and compensation claims

Safety Management Systems


ISO 9001ISO 14001

PlanDo CheckAct

Step 1

Establish standards for health & safety

management based on risk assessment and legal requirements

Step 2

Implement plans to achieve objectives and standards

Step 4

Review against objectives and

standards and take appropriate action

Step 3

Measure progress with plans and compliance with standards

A C

DPPlan Do

Check

Act


Policy

Organisation

Planning and implementing

Measuring performance

Reviewing performance

Auditing


Policy: Health and Safety aims and objectives of the organisation, and management commitment

Organisation: Clear roles and lines of responsibility, competence, commitment and control, co-operation and communication

Planning and Implementation: Identify hazards, assess risks and decide how risks can be eliminated or controlled. Sets standards against which performance can be measured


Measuring Performance: A means of determining the extent to which health and safety policy and objectives are being implemented and should be both reactive and proactive

Reviewing: Analysing data gathered through monitoring to see whether performance is adequate

Audit: Systematic critical examination of each stage of an organisation’s management systems and procedures

Setting Policy for Health and Safety

Purpose of Safety Policy

1. Management Commitment to Safety

2. Organisation and Arrangements for controlling work related hazards

3. Protect people from injury and ill-health

4. Comply with legal requirements

5. Manage health and safety on a cost effective basis

Safety Policy

1) General StatementDeclaration of intent

What2) The Organisation

ResponsibilitiesWho

3) ArrangementsProcedures

How

Statement of Intent

Demonstrates Management’s commitment to health and safety and sets goals and objectives

• Signed by most senior person in organisation because:

• Shows management commitment

• Gives policy authority

• Person who signs it has ultimate responsibility

OrganisationTo identify health and safety responsibilities and reporting lines within the company

Directors and Senior Managers – setting policy and objectives

Line Managers – Implementing policy in their department

Supervisors – Checking compliance with the policy

Safety Advisors – Advising company on accident and safety compliance

Employees – Responsibility for own and others safety

Fire Marshals – Ensure evacuation of building and roll calls

First Aiders – to provide first aid

ArrangementsSet out in detail the specific systems and procedures for implementing the safety policy

• Risk Assessments• Emergency Arrangements e.g. Fire, First Aid,• Written Procedures, e.g. Permits• Training Programmes, e.g. Manual Handling, Fork Lift Trucks• Maintenance Information• Information/Consultation• Personal Protective Equipment

Safety Policy – Review/Revision

a) Accidents / Incidentsb) Changes in Organisationc) Processesd) Materialse) Premisesf) Legislationg) Work Patternsh) Risk Assessmentsi) Following Accident Investigationj) Enforcement Actionk) Policy Reviewl) Professional Advise

Communicating the PolicyEmployers must bring the policy to Employees attention. This can be done by:

•Displaying it on notice boards

•Introducing it on induction and training session

•Considering it on team briefings and tool box talks

•Using newsletters

•Inserts in wage slips

•Posters

•Build into safe systems and codes of practice

•Managers to discuss with workforce

Objectives and Targets

Objectives: General goals

Targets: Specific performance requirements

Importance to an organisation of setting targets:

Gives evidence on Management commitment and motivates staff by giving them something to aim for

Targets in Health and Safety

• Reduce/Zero Accidents• Zero Prosecutions• Reduced sickness absence• Reduction in compensation claims• Improve reporting of minor accidents• Improve reporting of near misses• Increase numbers trained in health and

safety• Improve audit scores

Smart Goal SettingSpecific

Measurable

Achievable

Realistic

Timescale

Benchmarking

Advantages:• Identifies key performance indicators• Ensures monitoring procedures are effective• Feeds back into continuous improvement• Helps by learning lessons from others

Issues that could be used to benchmark

1. Existence and quality of health and safety policy

2. Staff roles and responsibilities clearly outlined

3. Documented health and safety plans measured

4. Reporting of accidents

5. Reporting of near misses

6. The quality of risk assessments

7. Type of training provided

8. Level of monitoring i.e. reactive and pro-active

Ineffective Health & Safety Policies• No commitment or leadership• No annual objectives • Health and Safety not given enough priority• Insufficient resources provided• Personnel do not understand aims• Too much emphasis on employee

responsibility• No measure of performance• Management unaware of their role• No training of management in their

responsibilities

Organising for Health and Safety

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Roles and Responsibilities

• Employer• Employees• Self-employed• Designers and manufacturers

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Management’s Responsibilities for Employees

1. Safe plant and equipment

2. Information, instruction, and training

3. Supervision

4. Safe place of work and access and egress

5. Safe environment and welfare facilities

6. Safety policy

7. Consult and inform employees

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Management’s Responsibilities for Employees

8. Risk Assessments

9. Effective health and safety management

10.Competent health and safety assistance

11.Health and surveillance

12.Serious and imminent danger

If employer is in control of premises:• Safe premises

• Safe access and egress

• Safe plant or substances 40

Non employees include:

1. Contractors2. Visitors3. General public4. Other employees5. Trespassers

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Precautions for visitors safety• Signing in

• Providing identification badges

• Providing PPE

• Site induction e.g. Fire precautions

• Escorting visitor to area of work

• Remain with visitor or regular monitoring

• Escorting visitor back to reception area

• Signing out visitor and removing badge42

Duties of Employees

a) Not to endanger themselves and othersb) Co-operation with their employerc) Not to interfere with anything provided for safetyd) Follow instructions and training givene) Inform Employer of dangers and problems with

health and safety arrangements

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Risk Assessment

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INTRODUCTION• The concept of risk assessment requires to take

reasonably practicable precautions to safeguard staff and everyone else who may be affected by the operations.

• The risk assessment should be based on a balanced judgement of the extent and realisation of the risk against time, trouble and cost of the steps required to remove or reduce it.

• If the cost is grossly disproportionate, then the company is entitled to say that the steps proposed are not reasonably practicable.

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Risk Assessment: Definitions Hazard: Something with the potential to cause harm

Risk:The likelihood that harm will occurThe extent of risks cover the population affected and the consequences for them

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Risk Assessment – 5 Steps

1) Identify the Hazards

2) Decide who may be harmed and how

3) Evaluate risks & existing precautions

4) Record the findings

5) Review Assessments

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Risk Assessment – 5 Steps

Select a siteKnown or Unknown

Step 1Identify hazards

associated with site

Step 2Decide who & what might

be harmed and how

Step 3Evaluate the risk arising

From the hazard & evaluateExisting precautions

Step 4Record assessmentby writing out plan

Step 5Review assessment

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1) Identify the hazards

• Workplace inspections• Task observation• Job safety analysis• Accident, ill-health or near

miss data• Documentation• Consultation with the

workforce

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Hazard Identification

50

Hazard Identification

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2) Who may be harmed & how?

• What are the Hazards? • How likely to occur?

• Consequences? • Number of people? • Frequency/Duration?• Effects of exposure?• Competence?• Existing Controls?

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Severity and Likelihood

Severity1) Minor no lost time2) Under 3 days3) Over 3 days4) Disabling injury5) Fatality

Likelihood1) Very unlikely2) Unlikely3) Likely4) Very likely5) Certain, imminent

1-7 Low risk 8-14 Medium risk 15-25 High risk

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Risk Matrix

15

20

1 2 3 4 5

2

3

4 6 8 10

S

E

V

E

R

I

T

Y

LIKELIHOOD

54

Likelihood & Severity Exercise

55


56


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3) Evaluate risks and decide whether existing precautions are adequate

• The effectiveness of the existing precautions Workplace precautions Risk control systems

• An estimation of the risk

• What further actions necessary to eliminate risk

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4) Record the Significant findings

• The significant hazards• People affected• Adequacy of controls• Further actions required

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5) Review Risk AssessmentCircumstance requiring RA Review• Accidents• Changes in Process• Changes in Work Methods• Changes in Materials• New Plant or Technology• New Information• Changes in Legislation• Prosecutions/Enforcement notices• Changes in Personnel• Monitoring Results not as expected

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Risk Assessment Summary

Factors to be considered:

• Tasks/activities• Hazards involved• Likelihood and severity of harm• Frequency and duration of activity• Number of employees involved• Frequency of exposure• Competence of employees doing task• Competence of risk assessor• Evaluation of existing control measures• Review/monitoring provision

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Principles of Control

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Principles of Prevention

• Avoid risks (eliminate hazards) • Evaluate risks (risk assessments)• Combat risks at source (enclose noisy equipment)• Adapt to individual (design of workplace)• Adapt to technical progress (automate tasks)• Implement Risk prevention measures• Priority to collective measures• Ensure workers understand what they must do• Promote a positive safety culture

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Hazard Control Strategy

E liminate: Remove trailing cableR eduction: Use lower voltage toolsI solate: Guard dangerous machineryC ontrol: Reduce time/frequency of exposureP ersonal Protective Equipment: Issue PPED iscipline: Enforce rules and procedures

Hierarchy of control definition:

A preferred series of measures to control risks in order of priority starting with elimination and ending with discipline.

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Permit to Work

Definition: Definition: A Permit to Work procedure is a formal written system used to control certain types of work which are potentially hazardous

Work requiring permits

•Confined spaces•Hot work/Cold work•Electrical

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Design of Permits to Work (1)Permit Title Permit Number

Date

1) Job Location/Plant Identification

2) Description of work

3) Time limits

4) Description of hazards

5) Tests and checks prior to work commencing

6) Further precautions: emergency procedures, PPE, etc.

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Design of Permit to Work (2)

7) Authorisation: Signature by competent person confirming that isolations and precautions have been carried out

8) Acceptance: Signature of person in charge of work confirming understanding of work to be done, hazards involved and precautions required

9) Time Extensions/Shift Change procedures

10) Hand Back: Confirming work completed

11) Cancellation: Confirming work satisfactorily completed

Note: All signatures to be legible

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Confined Spaces

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Safe Working in Confined Spaces

Definition of Confined Space:

Any enclosed space, where there is a reasonably foreseeable specified risk associated with that enclosed space. Includes chambers, tanks, vats, silos, pits, trenches, pipes, sewers, flues, wells or other similar spaces.

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Specified Risks of Confined Spaces

• Serious injury from fire or explosion

• Increased body temperature resulting in unconsciousness

• Unconsciousness or asphyxiation resulting from work exposure to gas, fume, vapour, lack of oxygen

• Drowning from rising liquid level

• Asphyxiation from a free flowing solid

• Entrapment in the free flowing solid which prevents escape to a respirable environment

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Confined Space Hazards

•Previous contents of confined space (Chemical/biological)•Are there any residues•What cleaning materials are being used•Reactions between residues and cleaning materials•Could there be an oxygen deficient/enrichment atmosphere•Could there be an explosive/toxic atmosphere•What are the access and egress facilities•What tools and equipment need to be used•What are physical dimensions of confined space•Structural collapse

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Safe System for Workingin Confined Spaces

• Permit to work• Emptying• Isolation• Atmospheric tests• Suitable Access & egress• Suitable tools/equipment • Lighting

• P.P.E.• Communication• Competent staff• Supervision• Emergency arrangements

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Monitoring, Review & Audit

• This helps you know whether targets have been met or whether you are complying with the law.

• Typically, a combination of reactive and active monitoring techniques are used to gather performance data.

Reactive monitoring (after the event) e.g. accident statistics/investigations

Active monitoring (before the event) e.g. inspections , audits

Measuring Performance

Reasons for Monitoring

• Identify sub-standard H & S practices

• Identify Trends

• Compare actual performance against targets

• To benchmark

• Identify use and effectiveness of control measures

• Make decisions on suitable remedial measures

• Set priorities and establish realistic timescales

• Assess compliance with legal requirements

• Provide information to Board, Committees etc.

Monitoring Health and SafetyReactive Monitoring

• Examining accident figures• Claims records• Number of defects reported• Prosecutions• Enforcement notices

Health and Safety MonitoringPro-active Monitoring

• Safety Audit• Safety Inspections• Safety Surveys• Safety Tour• Safety Sampling• Benchmarking• HAZOPS• Health Surveillance

Safety AuditA safety audit is a thorough, critical examination of an organisation’s safety management systems and procedures.

It is normally a lengthy process carried out by a trained auditor, often someone from outside the organisation looking at the strengths and weaknesses of the organisation.

It is a structured way of assessing the health and safety performance of an organisation by supplying answers to a series of questions and often involves a scoring system so that improvements can be made.

Pre - Audit Preparation & Procedure• Setting audit objectives

• Selecting the audit team

• Requirements from auditees

• Information gathering

• Interviews

• Draw conclusions

• Report and presentation

• Action by the organisation

Safety Audit DocumentsDocuments looked at during audits include:

•Safety policy•Safety procedures•Risk assessments•Training records•Inspection records•Previous audit reports•Safety committee minutes•Accident reports and procedure

health and safty

Health & Medicine