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29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

Health risk estimate for groundwater and soil contamination in the Slovak

Republic – a convenient tool for identification of risk areas

1Fajčíková K., 1Cvečková V., 1Rapant S.

1State Geological Institute of D. Štúr, Mlynská dolina 1, 817 04 Bratislava, Slovak Republic katarina.fajcikova@geology.sk

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Origin of this research has gone with new idea to find mechanism for

map visualization of quantitative assessment of health risks from contamination of geological

environment in the Slovak Republic by

combining international principles and methodology of health risk assessment with

methodological procedures used in environmental geochemistry

that would beeasy to understand and usefull in decision

make process

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

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Objective of the work was based on this idea and includes:

Quantitative estimation of health risk to residents living in the Slovak Republic of exposure to contaminated groundwater (adult population) and soils (adult and child population)

Identification of potential risk areas within the country based on map visualization.

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

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Background of the work

Identification and characterization of:

distribution of chemicals in groundwater and soils, contamination of geological environment and sources of contamination,

Within environmental-geochemical mapping programme in the Slovak Republic at:

national level – Geochemical Atlases of the Slovak Republic at the scale 1:1 000 000, regional level – environmental-geochemical maps of selected regions at the scale 1:50 000.

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

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Sources of groundwater and soil contamination in the Slovak Republic:

Background of the work

Main geogenic (natural) sources

Main anthropogenic sources

Geogenic-anthropogenic sources (e.g. historical mining areas)

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

specific rock types and associated mineralization occurrences and ore deposits

(e.g. hydrothermal vein mineralization associated with granitoids and metamorphic rocks, low-

sulphide mineralization associated with Neogene volcanics, Paleozoic sediment-hosted

mineralizations)

Increased groundwater and soil contents of potentially toxic elements: As, Pb, Zn, Cu, Hg, Sb

Mining activities, Metallurgy, Agriculture, Waste industry, Other industrial activities

(chemical industry, refineries etc.), Transport etc.

Increased groundwater and soil contents of various chemical elements / components: As, Cd,

Hg, Pb, Ni, Fe, Mn, Al, Zn, Cu, Cr, NO3-, SO4

2-, NH4+ etc.

www.geology.skBackground of the work

Output: Environmental – geochemical regionalization of the Slovak Republic (Rapant et al.

2004)

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

www.geology.skBackground of the work

Data source for health risk estimate for groundwater and soil contamination in the Slovak Republic

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

Datasets of 20 339 groundwater samples and 10 738 soil samples were transformed in mean values of respective chemical elements and components for single administrative units of the Slovak Republic (municipalities, districts, regions) based on grid data interpolation- calculation of arithmetic means for grid cells falling into bounds of every single administrative unit

GROUNDWATER (n=20 339) pH MIN ChSKMn Ca+Mg Li Na K Ca Mg Sr Fe Mn NH4 7.33 629.75 2.18 3.5 0.019 20.34 11.10 93.56 28.29 0.36 0.17 0.12 0.10

F Cl SO4 NO2 NO3 PO4 HCO3 SiO2 Cr Cu Zn As Cd 0.13 32.96 79.32 0.11 38.76 0.20 303.85 18.21 0.0013 0.0026 0.2673 0.0019 0.0010

Se Pb Hg Ba Al Sb Note: Data except of pH in mg.l-1

0.0010 0.0014 0.0001 0.0747 0.0297 0.0009 SOILS (n=10 738)

Al As B Ba Be Bi Ca Cd Ce Co Cr Cu F 5.90 12.45 65.03 392.78 1.39 0.41 1.46 0.60 64.65 11.77 87.55 26.15 330.98

Fe Hg K Mg Mn Mo Na Ni P Pb Sb Se Sn 2.71 0.24 1.70 0.87 0.08 0.68 0.85 29.29 0.07 29.62 3.69 0.16 4.71

Sr V W Zn pHH2O pHKCl carbonates Note: macrocomponents in %, microcomponents in mg.kg-1

101.38 79.07 0.92 75.79 6.26 5.52 2.45

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29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

Example for surface distribution of arsenic in groundwater in municipalities of the Slovak Republic

Background of the work

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29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

Background of the work

Example for surface distribution of arsenic in soils in municipalities of the Slovak Republic

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Mean values for Slovak municipalities for following contaminants with defined toxicity data were included in calculation of health risk estimates:Groundwater – As, Ba, Cd, Cu, F, Hg, Mn, NO3, Pb, Sb, Se, ZnSoils - As, B, Ba, Be, Cd, Cu, F, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Sb, Se, Zn

Data evaluation

Exposure assessment Toxicity assessment (IRIS database)

Risk characterizationATBW

EFEDCRCADD

RfDADDHQ

CSFADDCR

Chronic effects: principle of REFERENCE DOSE (RfD) was applied („existence of „safe“ dose)

Carcinogenic effects: principle of cancer slope factor (CSF) was applied(„no dose is safe“)

CHRONIC RISK

CANCER RISK

RISC Workbench – software used for calculations

Health risk estimate – US EPA methodology

Groundwater and soil contents (C) – specific value,Other exposure data – model values for (US EPA)Exposure route - ingestion

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

HQiHI

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Analyzed media Parameter Value Unit Reference  BW Body weight 70 kg US EPA, 1991  AT* Averaged exposure period       

  - cancer risk 25 550 day US EPA, 1989a

Groundwater AT* Averaged exposure period       

  - chronic risk 25 550 day US EPA, 1989a

  CW Groundwater concentration of chemical Specific locally mg l-1   

IR Daily water intake 2 l day-1 US EPA, 1989b

 EF Exposure frequency 365 day year-1 US EPA, 1989a

 ED Exposure duration 70 year US EPA, 1989a

Soils AT* Averaged exposure period       

  - chronic risk 23360 day US EPA, 1989a

  CS Soil concentration of chemical Specific locally mg kg-1    IR Daily soil intake 50 mg day-1 US EPA, 1991 

FIFraction ingested from contaminated

source 1 - US EPA, 1991

 EF Exposure frequency 40 day year-1 US EPA, 1999b

  ED Exposure duration 64 year US EPA, 1991 

CF Conversion factor 10-6 kg mg-1 US EPA, 1989a

Input exposure parameters were following:for adult population

Health risk estimate

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

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Analyzed media Parameter Value Unit Reference

  BW Body weight 15 kg US EPA, 1991

  AT* Averaged exposure period      

 

  - Chronic risk 2190 day US EPA, 1989a

Soils CS Soil concentration of chemical Specific locally mg kg-1  

  IR Daily soil intake 100 mg day-1 US EPA, 1991

 

FI Fraction ingested from contaminated source 1 - US EPA, 1991

 

EF Exposure frequency 120 day year-1 US EPA, 1999b

  ED Exposure duration 6 year US EPA, 1991

 

CF Conversion factor 10-6 kg mg-1 US EPA, 1989a

for child population

Input exposure parameters were following:

Health risk estimate

29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013

www.geology.skHealth risk estimate

Database of Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) was used for definition of input toxicity parameters:

Chronic risk: reference doses

Cancer risk: Arsenic as known human carcinogen - cancer slope factor for arsenic 1.5 mg.kg-1-day

Element RfD Confidence

As 0.0003 medium

B 0.2 high

Ba 0.2 medium

Be 0.002 low-medium

Cdgw 0.0005 high

Cdsoil 0.001 high

Cu 0.04 -

F 0.06 high

Hg 0.0003 -

Mn 0.14 medium

Mo 0.005 medium

Ni 0.02 medium

NO3 1.6 high

Pb 0.0036 -

Sb 0.0004 low

Se 0.005 high

Zn 0.3 medium - high29thInternational conference SEGH, 8-12 July Toulouse, FRANCE 2013