heat - amazon s3...the laws of thermodynamics do not prohibit the concurrent analysis of energy...
TRANSCRIPT
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HEAT
ENERGY TRANSFERRED BY VIRTUE OF
A TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE
Rohsenow and Hartnett, Handbook of Heat Transfer, 1973
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HEAT TRANSFER
• INVOLVES ENERGY TRANSPORT --- NOT ENERGY CONVERSION
• FUNDAMENTAL LAWS OF HEAT TRANSFER ARE NOT THERMODYNAMIC LAWS
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HEAT TRANSFER FUNDAMENTAL MECHANISMS
HEAT CONDUCTION
RADIATIVE TRANSFER
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HEAT TRANSFER GENERAL MECHANISMS
• HEAT CONDUCTION • RADIATIVE TRANSFER • HEAT CONVECTION
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CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER
HEAT TRANSFER IN THE PRESENCE OF FLUID FLOW
CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER AND RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
ARE BOTH PRESENT IN FLUID FLOW
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CONDUCTION HEAT TRANSFER
• FOURIER’S LAW OF HEAT CONDUCTION
The Time Rate of Heat Transfer Through
A Material is Proportional to the Negative
Gradient in the Temperature
and to the Area
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CONVECTION HEAT TRANSFER (HEAT CONDUCTION INVOLVING FLUID FLOW)
NEWTON’S LAW OF COOLING
The Rate of Heat Loss from a Body
Is Proportional to the Difference
In Temperature between the Body
And the Environment
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RADIATIVE HEAT TRANSFER
STEFAN-BOLTZMANN’S LAW The Total Energy Radiated from a surface area
of a ‘Black’ Body per Unit Time is Directly
Proportional to the FOURTH Power of the
ABSOLUTE Thermodynamic Temperature
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HEAT, MASS & MOMENTUM TRANSFER
NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS
CREATE THE DRIVING FORCES
FOR HEAT TRANSFER
ALSO - FOR MASS TRANSFER
ALSO - MOMENTUM (FORCE) TRANSFER
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TRANSFER PROCESSES
NON-EQUILIBRIUM CONDITIONS
GENERATE THE DRIVING FORCES FOR ENERGY TRANSPORT
REQUIRE TIME TO OCCUR INTRODUCE RATES AND PROCESSES INTO
THERMODYNAMIC / ENERGY SYSTEMS CREATE ENERGY LOSSES NECESSARY TO
TRANSPORT ENERGY IN THE THERMODYNAMIC PROCESSES THAT CONVERT ENERGY FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
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HEAT TRANSFER IS IT PART OF THERMODYNAMICS
? ? ? ? CLASSICAL THERMODYNAMICS
NO HEAT TRANSFER IS NOT PART OF CLASSICAL
THERMODYNAMICS
THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS INVOLVE ENERGY CONVERSION – NOT ENERGY TRANSPORT OR HEAT TRANSFER
WHY - Classical Thermodynamics Involves Changes between Equilibrium States (Uniform System Conditions) Necessitated to Facilitate the Thermodynamic Analysis
WHY - Classical Thermodynamics is Concerned Only with Initial and Final State Conditions which are in Equilibrium by
Definition
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HEAT TRANSFER IS IT PART OF THERMODYNAMICS ?
? ? ? ? ? NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS
YES ! ! ! ! THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS DO NOT PROHIBIT THE CONCURRENT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY TRANSFERS, MOMENTUM AND
MASS TRANSFERS, OR THE TRANSIENT ANALYSIS OF PROCESSES
NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMICS INCORPORATES THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS, AS WELL AS, OTHER FUNDAMENTAL LAWS TO ANALYSIS ENERGY CONVERSION
TIME, TRANSIENTS, RATES, CHANGING STATE CONDITIONS, TRANSPORT PHENOMENON ARE INCORPORATED INTO NON-EQUILIBRIUM THRERMODYNAMICS
ENERGY MUST BE TRANSPORTED IN ORDER TO BE CONVERTED FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER
ENERGY TRANSPORT REQUIRED FOR ENERGY CONVERSION CREATES SIGNIFICANT IRREVERSIBLE LOSSES
ENERGY CONVERSION REQUIRES ENERGY TRANSPORT THAT REQUIRES DRIVING FORCES AND, THEREFORE. TIME TO OCCUR
ENERGY CONVERSION IS THE DRIVING FORCE OF CHANGE, I.E., LIFE AS WE KNOW IT.
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COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS
A NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
TIME DEPENDENT ANALYSIS OF ENERGY CONVERSION
IN ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
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COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS
A NON-EQUILIBRIUM THERMODYNAMIC ANALYSIS
ENERGY CONVERSION IN ASSOCIATION WITH ENERGY, MASS, AND MOMENTUM TRANSPORT
TIME DEPENDENT THREE DIMENSIONAL COMPLEX NUMERICAL ANALYSIS UTILIZING COMPUTATIONAL METHODS REQUIRES LARGE COMPUTATIONAL EFFORT CAN NOT MAKE ACCURATE PREDICTIONS WITHOUT USER ADJUSTMENTS REQUIRES CONSIDERABLE EFFORT BY AN EXPERIENCED USER TO PRODUCE USEFUL
RESULTS
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THERMODYNAMICS AND FIRE DYNAMICS
• COMPUTATIONAL FIRE DYNAMICS: • A Comprehensive Thermal-Fluid Mechanic Study
• A “Non-Equilibrium Thermodynamic Analysis”
• THIS IS THE VIDEO ! ! !
• OF FIRE INVESTIGATION-------
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
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THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
• THERMOPHYSICAL DATA – MUST BE KNOWN
– FOR SUBSTANCES AND MATERIALS
– WITHIN A THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEM
Enthalpy, Internal Energy, Entropy, Density,
Specific Heats, Viscosity, Surface Tension, Thermal
Conductivity, Specific Volume, Sonic Velocity, etc.
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THERMODYNAMIC SYSTEMS
PHYSICAL DATA
IS A
MANDATORY AND INTEGRAL
PART OF THERMODYNAMICS
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BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS
• “Energy, the source of all life on earth, begins as nuclear reactions that convert mass into nuclear energy inside the sun which creates the electromagnetic energy that drives photosynthesis. Photosynthesis creates glucose from air, water, and sunlight, i.e., converts light energy into chemical energy. Glucose is the basic building block of both starch and cellulose, the molecular structures that plants use to store energy. Sugars, starches, and cellulosics, i.e., carbohydrates [Morowitz, Energy Flow in Biology, 1968] are the feed materials for most of the chemical fuels encountered in fire science and for the food for living organisms.” *
• * --- Thomas E. Eaton, “THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED, (Eaton Engineering Co. , 2016)
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BIOLOGICAL THERMODYNAMICS
‘Original Objective: Define THERMODYNAMICS ………………’
“The science of energy conversion”
‘Has Evolved into:
“The source of all life as we know it
on the planet Earth.” *
“With life come the intimate issues of THOUGHT, AWARENESS, and CONSCIOUSNESS --- all thermodynamic phenomenon.” *
• * --- Thomas E. Eaton, “THERMODYNAMICS DEFINED AND DISCUSSED, (Eaton Engineering Co. , 2016)
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CONCEPTS
OF
THERMODYNAMICS
TEMPERATURE
ENERGY
IRREVERSIBILITY
(AVAILABILITY / ENTROPY)
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CONCEPTS
OF
THERMODYNAMICS
TEMPERATURE - Energy Intensity
ENERGY ----------- Energy Quantity
AVAILABILITY - Energy Convertibility
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THERMODYNAMICS
WHAT ? ? ?
IS ? ? ?
THERMODYNAMICS
? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? • Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
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THERMODYNAMICS
THE SCIENCE
OF
ENERGY CONVERSION
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
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THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
? ? ? IS ? ? ?
ANYTHING THAT HAS
EVER HAPPENED
• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
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THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
IS
EVERYTHING THAT IS
HAPPENING NOW
• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
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THERMODYNAMICS
THERMODYNAMICS
IS
EVERYTHING THAT IS
GOING TO HAPPEN
• Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
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WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
--- ENERGY ---
--- CONVERSION ---
ENERGY CAUSES
CHANGE
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THERMODYNAMICS
THE STUDY OF
1. THE PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONSERVATION,
2. THE RESTRICTIONS REGARDING ENERGY
CONVERSION FROM ONE FORM TO ANOTHER, AND
-- THE THERMAL-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF
SUBSTANCES
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright 2016. Eaton Engineering Co.
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WHAT
IS
THERMODYNAMICS
IT IS
“ WHAT’S
HAPPENING “
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WHAT IS
THERMODYNAMICS
IT IS:
The energy conversion that causes change which is perceived as the
passage of time
The source of knowledge of the physical world
The source of Food which makes life possible
The source of thought, consciousness, and the perception of existence
The driving force of life as we know it
Thermodynamics Defined and Discussed, Copyright © 2016, Eaton Engineering Co.
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SCIENCE “KNOWLEDGE”
“SCIENCE: knowledge about or study of the natural world ….” *
* www.meriam-webster.com/dictionary/science
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TECHNOLOGY
THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION
OF
SCIENTIFIC KNOWLEDGE
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ENGINEERING
THE PRACTICAL APPLICATION
OF
SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS
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WHAT
IS
THERMODYNAMICS
THE SCIENCE OF
ENERGY CONVERSION
CLASSICAL Thermodynamics
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WHAT
IS
THERMODYNAMICS
THE SCIENCE
OF ENERGY
General Thermodynamics
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WHAT
IS
THERMODYNAMICS
AND YOU
THOUGHT
YOU DIDN’T KNOW
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REVIEW
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References
• See Separate Listing