Heavy construction machines

AERIAL WORK PLATFORM (AWP):

An aerial device or elevating work platform is a mechanical device used to provide

temporary access for people or equipment to inaccessible areas, usually at height.

These two distinct types of mechanized access platforms may also be known as a

"cherry picker" or a "scissor lift".

They are generally used for temporary, flexible access purposes such

as maintenance andconstruction work or by firefighters for emergency access, which

distinguishes them from permanent access equipment such as elevators. They are

designed to lift limited weights (usually less than a ton, although some have a higher

safe working load (SWL)[1]), distinguishing them from most types of cranes. They are

usually capable of being fully operated (including setup) by a single person.

Lift table:

A scissor lift is a type of platform which can usually only move vertically. The

mechanism to achieve this is the use of linked, folding supports in a criss-cross 'X'

pattern, known as a pantograph. The upward motion is achieved by the application of

pressure to the outside of the lowest set of supports

The contraction of the scissor action can be hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical

Attachments:In recent years, capabilities of many machines have expanded far beyond than the tasks for which they are meant. With the advent of hydraulic powered attachments such as a bucket, breaker, a grapple or an auger, etc the machines are frequently used in many applications other than their meant tasks. These attachments help in increasing the machine's utilization on the jobsite.

Articulated dump truck:

An articulated dump truck, or "Yuke" in the construction world, has a hinge between the

cab and the dump box, but is distinct from semi trailer trucks in that the cab is a

permanent fixture, not a separable vehicle. Steering is accomplished via hydraulic rams

that pivot the entire cab, rather than rack and pinion steering on the front axle. This

vehicle is highly adaptable to rough terrain. In line with its use in rough terrain, longer

distances and overly flat surfaces tend to cause driveline troubles, and failures.

Articulated trucks are often referred to as the modern scraper, in the sense that they

carry a much higher maintenance burden than most trucks.

Asphalt paver:A paver (paver finisher, asphalt finisher) is an engineering vehicle used to lay asphalt on roadways. It is normally fed by a dump truck. A separate machine, a roller, is then used to press the hot asphalt mix, resulting a smooth, even surface. The sub-base being prepared by use of a grader to trim crushed stone to profile after rolling.

Backhoe loader:A backhoe loader is a heavy equipment vehicle that consists of a tractor fitted with a shovel/bucket on the front and a small backhoe on the back. Due to its (relatively) small size and versatility, backhoe loaders are very common in urban engineering and small construction projects (such as building a small house, fixing urban roads, etc.).

Use

Backhoe loaders are very common and can be used for a wide variety of tasks:

construction, small demolitions, light transportation of building materials etc. The

backhoe bucket can also be replaced with powered attachments such as

a breaker, grapple, auger, or a stump grinder. Many backhoes feature quick

coupler (quick-attach) mounting systems and auxiliary hydraulic circuits for simplified

attachment mounting, increasing the machine's utilization on the job site.

Back hoe

A backhoe, also called a rear actor or back actor, is a piece of excavating equipment or digger consisting of a digging bucket on the end of a two-part articulated arm. They are typically mounted on the back of a tractor or front loader. The section of the arm closest to the vehicle is known as the boom, and the section which carries the bucket is known as the dipper or dipperstick. The boom is attached to the vehicle through a pivot known as the kingpost, which allows the arm to slew left and right, usually through a total of around 200 degrees. Modern backhoes are powered by hydraulics.

Bulldozer:

A bulldozer is a crawler (Continuous tracked tractor) equipped with a substantial metal

plate (known as a blade) used to push large quantities of soil, sand, rubble, etc., during

construction work and typically equipped at the rear with a claw-like device (known as

a ripper) to loosen densely-compacted materials.

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Description

Most often, bulldozers are large and powerful tracked heavy equipment. The tracks give

them excellent ground hold and mobility through very rough terrain. Wide tracks help

distribute the bulldozer's weight over a large area, thus preventing it from sinking in

sandy or muddy ground.

The bulldozer's primary tools are the blade and the ripper.

Cherry picker:A cherry picker (also known as a boom lift, man lift, basket crane or hydraladder), is a type of aerial work platform that consists of a platform or bucket at the end of a hydraulic lifting system.

Design

It is often mounted on the back of a large vehicle such as a truck , it can also be

mounted on a flat back pick up van, or sometimes on a stand-alone trailer. The bucket

is designed for a person to stand in and work from. It is also operated by the remote

control used by the person in the bucket, allowing to position himself. The lifting arms of

some cherry pickers are capable of telescoping to adjust the reach of the device.

Uses

Cherry pickers were originally designed to be used as fruit picker. But It is also used for

other purposes like window cleaning, mining, construction, painting etc. It also provides

safety from electric shocks because the rubber tires insulate the truck from the ground,

thus giving no path for the flow of current.

Cold planer:

A cold planer (also known as a pavement planer, pavement recycler, mill or asphalt

milling machine or rot mill) is an Heavy equipment used to remove bituminous

pavement or asphalt concrete from roadways, resulting in a smooth, even surface. This

is accomplished by bringing a spinning mandrel or "head" into contact with the

pavement at an exact depth or slope. It is normally fed by conveyor into a dump truck,

or semi trailer but can be left in place or "wind-rowed" to be removed at a later date or

used in reclaiming.

Compact excavator:

A compact or mini excavator is a tracked or wheeled vehicle with an approximate

operating weight from 0.7 to 7.5 tonnes. It generally includes a standard backfill blade

and features independent boom swing.

Hydraulic Excavators are somewhat different from other construction equipment in that

all movement and functions of the machine are accomplished through the transfer of

hydraulic fluid. The compact excavator's work group and blade are activated by

hydraulic fluid acting upon hydraulic cylinders. The excavator's slew (rotation) and travel

functions are also activated by hydraulic fluid powering hydraulic motors.

Construction & mining tractor:

The durability and engine power of tractors made them very suitable for engineering

tasks. Tractors can be fitted with engineering tools such as dozer blade, bucket, hoe,

ripper, and so on. When attached with engineering tools the tractor is called

an engineering vehicle.

A bulldozer is a track-type tractor attached with blade in the front and a rope-winch

behind. Bulldozers are very powerful tractors and have excellent ground-hold, as their

main tasks are to push or drag things.

A front-loader or loader is a tractor with an engineering tool which consists of two hydraulic powered arms on either side of the front engine compartment and a tilting implement. This is usually a wide open box called a bucket but other common attachments are a pallet fork and a bale grappler.

Construction & mining trucks:Off-road dump trucks [6] more closely resemble heavy construction equipment or engineering vehicles than they do highway dump trucks. Off-road dump trucks are used strictly off-road for mining and heavy dirt hauling jobs. There are two primary forms: rigid frame and articulating frame.

Cranes:A crane, can also be known as a bridge crane, overhead crane is a type of machine used for lifting, generally equipped with a hoist (device) or winder (also called a wire rope drum), wire ropes or chains and sheaves, that can be used both to lift and lower materials and to move them horizontally. It uses one or more simple machines like a hoist to create mechanical advantageand thus move loads beyond the normal capability of a human. Cranes are commonly employed in the transport industry for the loading and unloading of freight, in the construction industry for the movement of materials and in the manufacturing industry for the assembling of heavy equipment.

Dragline excavator:

A dragline excavator is a piece of heavy equipment used in civil engineering and

surfacemining.

In civil engineering the smaller types are used for road, port construction, and

as pile driving rigs. The larger types are used in strip-mining operations to

move overburden above coal, and for tar-sand mining. Draglines are amongst the

largest mobile equipment ever built on land, and weigh in the vicinity of 2000

metric tonnes, though specimens weighing up to 13,000 metric tonnes have also been

constructed.

A dragline bucket system consists of a large bucket which is suspended from a boom (a

large truss-like structure) with wire ropes. The bucket is manoeuvred by means of a

number of ropes and chains. The hoist rope, powered by large diesel or electric motors,

supports the bucket and hoist-coupler assembly from the boom. The dragrope is used

to draw the bucket assembly horizontally. By skillful manoeuvre of the hoist and the

dragropes the bucket is controlled for various operations.

DredgingDredging is an excavation activity or operation usually carried out underwater for

collecting sediments and depositing them to some other location.It is also used to

spread some sand on public beaches, where too much sand has been lost because

of any reason. A dredge is a device for scraping or sucking the seabed, used for

dredging. A dredger is a ship or boat equipped with a dredge.

The process of dredging creates spoils (excess material), which are carried away from

the dredged area. Dredging can produce materials for land reclamation or other

purposes (usually construction-related), and has also historically played a significant

role in gold mining. Dredging can create disturbance in aquatic ecosystems, often with

adverse impacts.

Drilling rig

A drilling rig is a machine which creates holes (usually called boreholes) and/or shafts in the ground. Drilling rigs can be massive structures housing equipment used to drill water wells, oil wells, or natural gas extraction wells, or they can be small enough to be moved manually by one person. They sample sub-surface mineral deposits, test rock, soil and groundwater physical properties. Drilling rigs can be mobile equipment mounted on trucks, tracks or trailers, or more permanent land or marine-based structures (such as oil platforms, commonly called 'offshore oil rigs' even if they don't contain a drilling rig). The term "rig" therefore generally refers to the complex of equipment that is used to penetrate the surface of the Earth's crust.

Dump truck:

A dump truck (or, UK, dumper truck) is a truck used for transporting loose material (such as sand, gravel, or dirt) for construction. A typical dump truck is equipped with a hydraulically operated open-box bed hinged at the rear, the front of which can be lifted up to allow the contents to be deposited on the ground behind the truck at the site of delivery. In the UK and Australia the term applies to off-road construction plant only, and the road vehicle is known as a tipper, tipper lorry (UK) or tip truck (AU).

Excavator (wheel)

Bucket-wheel excavator

Bucket-wheel excavators (BWEs) are heavy equipment used in surface miningand civil engineering. The primary function of BWEs is to act as a continuous digging machine in large-scale open pit mining operations. What sets BWEs apart from other large-scale mining equipment, such as bucket chain excavators, is their use of a large wheel consisting of a continuous pattern of buckets used to scoop material as the wheel turns. They are among the largest vehicles ever constructed.

Excavator(bagger, digger):

Excavators are heavy construction equipment consisting of a boom, bucket and cab on a rotating platform (known as the "house"). The house sits atop an undercarriage with tracks or wheels. All movement and functions of the excavator are accomplished through the use of hydraulic fluid, be it with rams or motors. Their design is a natural progression from the steam shovel.

Excavators are used in many ways:

Digging of trenches, holes, foundations

Material handling

Brush cutting with hydraulic attachments

Forestry work

Feller buncher:

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A feller buncher is a type of harvester used in logging. It is a motorized vehicle with an

attachment that can rapidly cut and gather several trees before felling them.

A feller buncher consists of a standard heavy equipment base with a tree-grabbing

device furnished with a circular saw or a shear - a pinching device designed to cut small

trees off at the base. The machine then places the cut tree on a stack suitable for

a skidder or forwarder, or other means of transport (yarding) for further processing

(e.g., delimbing, bucking, loading, or chipping).

Forklift truck

A forklift (also called a lift truck, a high/low, a stacker-truck, trailer loader, sideloader, fork truck, tow-motor or a fork hoist) is a powered industrial truck used to lift and transportmaterials. The modern forklift was developed in the 1920s by various companies including thetransmission manufacturing company Clark and the hoist company Yale & Towne Manufacturing.[1] The forklift has since become an indispensable piece of equipment in manufacturing and warehousing operations.

Fresno scraper

The Fresno Scraper is a machine used for constructing canals and ditches in sandy soil.

The design of the Fresno Scraper forms the basis of most modern earthmoving scrapers, having the

ability to not only scrape and move a quantity of soil, but also to discharge it at a controlled depth, thus

quadrupling the volume which could be handled manually.

The blade scooped up the soil, instead of merely pushing it along, and ran along a C-shaped bowl which

could be adjusted in order to alter the angle of the bucket to the ground, so that the dirt could be

deposited in low spots.

Grader

A grader is a construction machine with a long blade used to create a flat surface. Typical

models have three axles, with the engine and cab situated above the rear axles at one end

of the vehicle and a third axle at the front end of the vehicle, with the blade in between.

In civil engineering, the grader's purpose is to "finish grade" (refine, set precisely) the "rough

grading" performed by heavy equipment or engineering vehicles such as scrapers and

bulldozers.

Graders are commonly used in the construction and maintenance of dirt roads and gravel

roads. In the construction of paved roads they are used to prepare the base course to

create a wide flat surface for the asphalt to be placed on. Graders are also used to set

native soil foundation pads to finish grade prior to the construction of large buildings. They

are also used for snow removing.

Harvester (forestry)

A harvester is a type of heavy forestry vehicle employed in cut-to-length logging operations

for felling, delimbing and bucking trees. A forest harvester is typically employed together

with a forwarder that hauls the logs to a roadside landing.

Uses

Harvesters are employed effectively in level to moderately steep terrain for clear cutting areas of forest. For very steep hills or for removing individual trees, humans working with chain saws are still preferred in some countries.

Highway 10 yard rear dump:

Standard dump truck

A standard dump truck is a truck having a dump body mounted to the frame. The bed is raised by a

hydraulic ram, the back of the bed is hinged at the back to the truck. The tailgate can be configured to

swing on hinges or it can be configured in the "High Lift Tailgate" format wherein pneumatic rams lift the

gate open and up above the dump body.

Common configurations for a standard dump truck include the six wheeler , the ten wheeler , the tri-axle ,

and the quad. The largest of the standard dump trucks is commonly called a "centipede" and has seven

axles.

Highway bottom dump (stiff), pup (belly), triple:

Semi trailer bottom dump truck

A semi bottom dump (or "belly dump") is a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle trailer with a clam shell

type dump gate in the belly of the trailer. The key advantage of a semi bottom dump is its ability to lay

material in a wind row (a linear heap). In addition, a semi bottom dump is maneuverable in reverse. These

trailers may be found either of the windrow type shown in the photo, or may be of the 'cross spread' type

with the gates opening front to rear instead of left and right. The cross spread gates will actually spread

gravel fairly evenly the width of the trailer.

Truck and pup

A truck and pup is very similar to a transfer dump. It consists of a standard dump truck pulling a dump

trailer. The pup trailer, unlike the transfer, has its own hydraulic ram and is capable of self-unloading.

Double and triple trailer bottom dump truck

Double and triple bottom dumps consist of a 2-axle tractor pulling one single-axle semi-trailer and an

additional full trailer (or two full trailers in the case of triples). These dump trucks allow the driver to lay

material in windrows without leaving the cab or stopping the truck. The main disadvantage is the difficulty

in backing double and triple units.

Highway end dump and side dump:

Semi trailer end dump truck

A semi end dump is a tractor-trailer combination wherein the trailer itself contains the hydraulic hoist. A

typical semi end dump has a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer. The key advantage of a semi end

dump is rapid unloading. A key disadvantage is that they are very unstable when raised in the dumping

position limiting their use in many applications.

Side dump truck

A side dump truck (S.D.T) consists of a 3-axle tractor pulling a 2-axle semi-trailer. The key advantages of

the side dump are that it allows rapid unloading and can carry more weight. In addition, it is almost

immune to upset (tipping over) while dumping unlike the semi end dumps which are very prone to tipping

over.

Highway transfer, transfer train:

Transfer dump truck

A transfer dump is a standard dump truck which pulls a separate trailer which can also be loaded

with aggregate (gravel, sand, asphalt, etc.)

The second aggregate container, (B box) on the trailer, is powered by either an electric, pneumatic motor

or hydraulic line. It rolls on small wheels.

Another configuration seen is called a Triple Transfer Train, which consists of a B and C box. A Triple

Transfer can haul up to 129,000 kilograms (280,000 pounds). Transfer dump trucks typically haul

between 26 and 27 short tons (23.6 and 24.5 t; 23.2 and 24.1 long tons) of aggregate per load, each truck

is capable of 3-5 loads per day, generally speaking.

Highway transit mixer:

A concrete mixer (also commonly called a cement mixer) is a device that homogeneously combines

cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. A typical concrete mixer uses a

revolving drum to mix the components. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used

so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers ample time to use the

concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete or cement by hand. This is

usually done in a wheelbarrow; however, several companies have recently begun to sell

modified tarps for this purpose.

The concrete mixer was invented by Columbus industrialist Gebhardt Jaeger.

Knuckleboom loader (trailer mount):

Grapple truck

Grapple truck is a term used to describe a truck that has a grapple loader mounted to its

frame which is used for loading and sometimes hauling bulky waste. A grapple loader is

defined by ANSI Z245.1 as:

“a hydro-mechanical device able to rotate on an axis with a grapple or bucket attached at

the end of the boom, which is intended for the collection of waste that due to size and/or

weight is impractical to containerize.”

Grapple trucks are commonly used by municipal sanitation or public works departments,

and by waste collection companies. Grapple trucks can also sometimes be used in road

construction and repairs. There are 6 bulky waste collection systems in which grapple

trucks are used:

 Knuckleboom crane(trailer mount):

Loader crane

A loader crane (also called a knuckle-boom crane or articulating crane) is a hydraulically-powered

articulated arm fitted to a truck or trailer, and is used for loading/unloading the vehicle. The

numerous jointed sections can be folded into a small space when the crane is not in use.

Unlike most cranes, the operator must move around the vehicle to be able to view his load; hence modern

cranes may be fitted with a portable cabled or radio-linked control system to supplement the crane-

mounted hydraulic control levers.

Loader:

Loader (equipment)

A loader is a heavy equipment machine often used in construction, primarily used to

load material (such as asphalt, demolition debris, dirt, snow, feed, gravel, logs,

raw minerals, recycled material, rock, sand, and woodchips) into or onto another type of

machinery (such as a dump truck, conveyor belt, feed-hopper, or railcar).

A Toothbar is commonly added to the front edge of a loader bucket to aid with digging.

Some loaders are equipped with a quick coupler, which allows the easy replacement of

attachmennts. Common additions would include a set of Pallet Forks for lifting pallets

of goods or a Bale Spear for lifting hay bales.

Lowboy (trailer)

A lowboy (low loader in UK English) is a semi-trailer that has two drops in deck height;

one drop right after the gooseneck and one drop right before the wheels. This allows the

deck to be extremely low versus normal trailers. It offers the ability to carry legal loads

up to 12 ft (3.66 m) tall that other trailers could not.

Military engineering vehicles:

Military engineering vehicles are vehicles built for military engineering work on the

battlefield or for the transportation of combat engineers. These vehicles can range from

civilian equipment to purpose built military vehicles.

Types of military engineering vehicles

Military engineering employs a wide variety of heavy equipment with some

modifications(adding armour protection from battlefield hazards)these includes

Bulldozers, cranes, graders, excavators, dump trucks etc.

Armoured earth mover

These vehicles are designed for earth-moving work on the battlefield. They have high

speed mobility and are protected against the effects of blast and fragmentation.

Bridging vehicles

They carry bridge which is used to cross ditches, small waterways etc. An ARMOURED

VEHICLE-LAUNCHED BRIDGE (AVLB) is typical example of that.

Military ferries and amphibious crossing vehicles

These vehicles are used to cross rivers. One of the more common types is the

amphibious ferry. These vehicles are self-propelled on land, they can transform into raft

type ferries when in the water, and often multiple vehicles can connect to form larger

rafts or floating bridges.

Pile driver

A pile driver is a mechanical device used to drive piles into soil to

provide foundation support for buildings or other structures. The term is also used in

reference to members of the construction crew that work with pile-driving rigs.

One traditional type of pile driver includes a heavy weight placed between guides so

that it is able to freely slide up and down in a single line. It is placed upon a pile. The

weight is raised, which may involve the use of hydraulics, steam, diesel, or manual

labour. When the weight reaches its highest point it is then released and smashes on to

the pile in order to drive it into the ground.

Reclaimer

A reclaimer is a large machine used in bulk material handling applications. A

reclaimer's function is to recover bulk material such as ores and cereals from a

stockpile. A stacker is used to stack the material.

Reclaimers normally travel on a rail between stockpiles in the stockyard. A bucket wheel

reclaimer can typically move in three directions: horizontally along the rail; vertically by

"luffing" its boom and rotationally by slewing its boom. Reclaimers are generally

electrically powered by means of a trailing cable.

Roadheader

A roadheader, is a piece of excavating equipment consisting of a boom-mounted

cutting head, a loading device usually involving a conveyor, and a crawler travelling

track to move the entire machine forward into the rock face.

The cutting head can be a general purpose rotating drum mounted in line or

perpendicular to the boom, or can be special function heads such as jack-hammer like

spikes, or simple jaw-like buckets of traditional excavators.

Road roller

A road roller (sometimes called a roller-compactor, or just roller) is a compactor type

engineering vehicle used to compact soil, gravel, concrete, or asphalt in

the construction of roads and foundations, similar rollers are used also at landfills or in

agriculture.

Uses

Road rollers use the weight of the vehicle to compress the surface being rolled. Initial

compaction of the substrate is done using a pneumatic-tyred roller, with two rows

(front and back) of pneumatic tyres. The finish is done using metal-drum rollers to

ensure a smooth, even result.

Compactor

A compactor is a machine or mechanism used to reduce the size of waste material or

soil through compaction. A trash compactor is often used by homes and businesses to

reduce the volume of trash.

Normally powered by hydraulics, compactors take many shapes and sizes.

In landfill sites for example, a large bulldozer with spiked wheels called a landfill

compactor is used to drive over waste deposited by waste collection vehicles (WCVs).

Rotary tillerA rotary tiller, also known as a rototiller, rotavator, is a motorised cultivator that works the soil by means of

rotating tines or blades. Rotary tillers are either self-propelled or drawn as an attachment behind either a two-

wheel tractor or four-wheel tractor.

The Rototiller

Rotary tillers are popular with home gardeners who want large vegetable gardens. The garden may

be tilled a few times before planting each crop.

Rotary tiller is also used for road making.

Wheel tractor-scraper

In civil engineering, a wheel tractor-scraper is a piece of heavy equipment used

for earthmoving.

The rear part has a vertically moveable hopper (also known as the bowl) with a sharp

horizontal front edge. The hopper can be hydraulically lowered and raised. When the

hopper is lowered, the front edge cuts into the soil or clay like a plane and fills the

hopper. When the hopper is full heaped, it is raised, and closed with a vertical blade

(known as the apron). The scraper can transport its load to the fill area where the blade

is raised, the back panel of the hopper, or the ejector, is hydraulically pushed forward

and the load tumbles out. Then the empty scraper returns to the cut site and repeats the

cycle.

Skid loader

A skid loader or skid steer loader is a small rigid frame, engine-powered machine with lift

arms used to attach a wide variety of labor-saving tools or attachments. Though sometimes

they are equipped with tracks, skid-steer loaders are typically four-wheel drive vehicles with

the left-side drive wheels independent of the right-side drive wheels. By having each side

independent of the other, wheel speed and direction of rotation of the wheels determine the

direction the loader will turn. It can push material from one location to another, carry

material in its bucket or load material into a truck or trailer.

Skidder

A skidder is any type of heavy vehicle used in a logging operation for pulling

cut trees out of a forest in a process called "skidding", in which the logs are transported

from the cutting site to a landing. Here they are loaded onto trucks and sent to the mill.

Modern forms of skidders can pull trees with a cable/winch, just like the old steam

donkeys, or a grapple or a clam-bunk.

Steam shovel

A steam shovel is a large steam-powered excavating machine designed for lifting and

moving material such as rock and soil. It is the earliest type of power

shovel or excavator. They played a major role in public works in the 19th and early 20th

century, being key to the construction of railroads and the Panama Canal. The

development of simpler, cheaper diesel-powered shovels  caused steam shovels to fall

out of use in the 1930s.

Street sweeperA street sweeper or street cleaner can refer to a person's profession or a machine

that cleans streets, usually in an urban area.

Modern street sweepers are equipped with water tanks and sprayers used to loosen

particles and reduce dust. The brooms gather debris into a main collection area from

which it is vacuumed and pumped into a collection bin or hopper.

A regenerative air street sweeper uses forced air to create a swirling effect inside a

contained sweeping head and then uses the negative pressure on the suction side to

place the road debris inside a hopper. Debris is removed from the air by centrifugal

separation and reused, keeping particulate matter inside the hopper.

Suction excavatorA suction excavator or vacuum excavator is a construction vehicle that removes earth from a hole on

land, or removes heavy debris on land, from various places, by powerful suction through a wide suction

pipe which is up to a foot or so diameter. The suction inlet air speed may be up to 100 meters/second

(224 mph).

The end of the tube may be toothed. This helps to cut earth when use for excavating; but when it is used

to suck up loose debris and litter, some types of debris items may snag on the teeth.

The earth to be sucked out may be loosened first with a compressed-air lance, or a powerful water jet.

Telescopic handler

A telescopic handler, or telehandler, is a machine widely used in agriculture and industry. It is similar in

appearance and function to a forklift but is more a crane than forklift, with the increased versatility of a single

telescopic boom that can extend forwards and upwards from the vehicle. On the end of the boom the operator

can fit one of several attachments, such as a bucket, palletforks, muck grab, or lift table.

Track loader

A track loader is an engineering vehicle consisting of a tracked chassis with a loader for digging and loading

material. The history of track loaders can be defined by three evolutions of their design. Each of these

evolutions made the track loader a more viable and versatile tool in the excavation industry. These machines

are capable in nearly every task, but master of none. A dozer, excavator, or wheel loader will out perform a

track loader under a set of conditions, but the ability of a track loader perform almost every task on a job site is

why it remains a part of many companies' fleets.

Tracked vehicleA tracked vehicle (also called: track-type tractor) is a vehicle that runs on continuous tracks instead of wheels.

Typically used as part of an Engineering vehicle once additional attachments have been added.

The principal design advantages of tracked over wheeled vehicles are that they are in contact with a larger

surface area than would generally be the case with a wheeled vehicle, and as a result exert a much lower force

per unit area on the ground being traversed than a conventional wheeled vehicle of the same weight. This

makes them suitable for use on soft, low friction and uneven ground such as mud, ice and snow. The principal

disadvantage is that tracks are a more complex mechanism than a wheel, and relatively prone to failure modes

such as snapped or derailed tracks.

Tractor

A tractor is a vehicle specifically designed to deliver a high tractive effort (or torque) at slow speeds, for the

purposes of hauling a trailer or machinery used in agriculture or construction. Most commonly, the term is used

to describe a farm vehicle that provides the power and traction to mechanize agricultural tasks, especially (and

originally) tillage but nowadays a great variety of tasks. Agricultural implements may be towed behind or

mounted on the tractor, and the tractor may also provide a source of power if the implement is mechanised.

Trencher (machine)A trencher is piece of construction equipment used to dig trenches, typically for laying pipes or cable, or

for drainage. Trenchers may range in size from walk-behind models, to attachments for a skid loader or tractor,

to very heavy tracked heavy equipment.

A trencher may be combined with a drainage pipe or geotextile feeder unit and backfiller, so drain or textile may be placed and the trench filled in one go.

Tunnel boring machine:

A tunnel boring machine (TBM) also known as a "mole", is a machine used to

excavate tunnels with a circular cross section through a variety of soil and rock strata.

They can bore through hard rock, sand, and almost anything in between. Tunnel

diameters can range from a meter to almost 16 meters. Tunnels of less than a meter or

so in diameter are typically done using trenchless construction methods or horizontal

directional drilling rather than TBMs.

Tunnel boring machines are used as an alternative to drilling and blasting methods in

rock and conventional 'hand mining' in soil. TBMs have the advantages of limiting the

disturbance to the surrounding ground and producing a smooth tunnel wall. The major

disadvantage is the upfront cost. TBMs are expensive to construct, and can be difficult

to transport.

Underground mining equipment:Underground hard rock mining refers to various underground mining techniques used to

excavate hard minerals, mainly those containing metals such as ore containing

gold, silver,iron, copper, zinc, nickel and lead, but also involves using the same techniques for excavating ores

of gems such as diamonds. In contrast soft rock mining refers to excavation of softer minerals such

as salt, coal, or tar sands. Many machines are also developed for these processes as shown in figure.

Wheel dozers- soil compactors:

Waste compactionWaste compaction is the process of compacting waste. Compaction means to compress, condense or

consolidate. It is often used to reduce the size of waste material. Garbage compactors and waste

collection vehicles compress waste so that more of it can be stored in the same space.

Landfill compaction

Landfill compactor

A landfill compaction vehicle has two main functions: to spread the waste evenly in layers over the landfill

and to compact waste to reduce its volume and help stabilize the landfill. Proper waste compacting

includes the process of using a steel wheeled/drum landfill compactor to shred, tear and press together

various items in the waste stream so they consume a minimal volume of landfill airspace.

Wheel forwarder:

Forwarder

A forwarder is a forestry vehicle that carries felled logs from the stump to a roadside landing. Unlike a skidder,

a forwarder carries logs clear of the ground, which can reduce soil impacts but tends to limit the size of the logs

it can move. Forwarders are typically employed together with harvesters in cut-to-length logging operations.

YarderA yarder is piece of logging equipment which uses a system of cables to pull or fly logs from the stump to the

landing. It generally consists of an engine, drums, and spar, but has a range of configurations and

variations such as the Swing yarder.