helen santiago fink - urban breezes...• human beings inherent/innate relationship with the natural...
TRANSCRIPT
Helen Santiago FinkClimate Urbanist and Researcher
Webinar:Nature-based Solutions for
Climate Resilience
Webinar Outline• The Global Climate Trajectory and Societal
Challenge• Socio-Ecological Systems • Multiplicity of Nature and Urban Ecosystems • Nature-based Solutions for Climate Action• Human-Nature Nexus – Biophilia• People-based Solutions
Global Climate Impact and Forecast (Source: UN Environment Emissions Gap Report 2017)
Political Challenge and Common Reality …..
• The Global Climate Trajectory and Societal Challenge
• Socio-Ecological Systems • Multiplicity of Nature and Urban Ecosystems • Nature-based Solutions for Climate Action• Human-Nature Nexus – Biophilia• People-based Solutions
Source: Santiago Fink, H. et al. (2017). Urban ecosystems and biodiversity. In C. Rosenzweig, W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, and S. Ali Ibrahim (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press.
• The Global Climate Trajectory and Societal Challenge
• Socio-Ecological Systems • Urban Ecosystems Services and Multiplicity of
Nature • Nature-based Solutions for Climate Action• Human-Nature Nexus – Biophilia• People-based Solutions
Urban Ecosystems = Nature in Cities
(biotic and abiotic components)
Urban Biodiversity=all Flora and Fauna
URBAN ECOSYSTEM SERVICES
(Adapted with additions from the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment 2006)
PROVISIONING SERVICES
REGULATING SERVICES
CULTURAL SERVICES
Food Climate Regulation Spiritual Freshwater Disease Regulation Aesthetic
Fuelwood/timber Water Regulation Recreation/Leisure Fiber Air/Water Purification Health
Biochemicals Pollination Education Genetic
Resources Cultural Heritage
Medicines Ecological Stewardship
Biophilia SUPPORTING SERVICES
Ecosystem Functions
Soil formation Nutrient Cycling Evolution
Spatial Structure/Habitat
Primary Production
Multifunctionality of NatureSource: Rieke Hansen (2017), Multifunctionality as a Principle for Urban Green Infrastructure Planning – Theory, Application and Linkages to Ecosystem Services
• Multifunctional based on heterogeneous capacity to host a range of social, economic, and ecological functions simultaneously (Mander et al., 2007b).
• Requires different strategies ranging from integration, zoning, and segregation to increasing connectivity between habitats (and urban sectors, services and communities)
• Warrants “spatially-explicit policy and planning instruments and a stronger degree of coordination amongst institutions and actors operating across policy levels and spatial–temporal scales.” (Muñoz-Rojas et al. (2015: 47))
• The Global Climate Trajectory and Societal Challenge• Socio-Ecological Systems
• Urban Ecosystems Services and Multiplicity of Nature • Nature-based Solutions for Climate Action• Human-Nature Nexus – Biophilia
• People-based Solutions
Nature–based Solutions Definitions of the European Commission:
• Nature-based solutions: “as actions which are inspired by, supported by or copied from nature” that use the natural properties of ecosystems. They have the potential to limit impacts of climate change, enhance biodiversity and improve environmental quality while contributing to economic activities and social well-being. (EU Naturvation Project, https://naturvation.eu)
• Green Infrastructure: “a strategically planned network of natural and semi-natural areas with other environmental features designed and managed so as to deliver a wide range of ecosystem services”.
Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR)
• Nature-based solutions are more frequently considered for climate adaptation, yet, nature/ecosystems-based solutions can also support disaster risk reduction and recovery.
• The term Ecosystem-based Disaster Risk Reduction (Eco-DRR) was recently embraced by the 2017 Global Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction, and underscored in the 2017 report by the IUCN – International Union of Conservation of Nature entitled: Ecosystems protecting Infrastructure and Communities: Lessons learned and guidelines for implementation funded by the German government.
2017 report by the IUCN – International Union of Conservation of Nature: Ecosystems protecting Infrastructure and Communities: Lessons learned and guidelines for implementation
• Community mobilization and engagement in planning, design, implementation and management/monitoring –leads to empowerment and ownership
• Integrating livelihood improvement strategies with ecosystem-based interventions
• Multi-scale government cooperation and cross-sectoral and departmental cooperation to mainstream and scale use of NbS
• Evidenced – based design with multi-disciplinary stakeholder engagement and MRV; promote continued peer-peer learning
• Build on existing relationships with local networks and institutions for continued advocacy and investment for NbS
• The Global Climate Trajectory and Societal Challenge• Socio-Ecological Systems
• Urban Ecosystems Services and Multiplicity of Nature • Nature-based Solutions for Climate Action• Human-Nature Nexus – Biophilia - People-based Solutions
• Key Messages
What is Biophilia?• Human beings inherent/innate relationship with the natural environment
and other living things• Biophilia first coined by German-American psychologist Erich Fromm in in
The Anatomy of Human Destructiveness (1973) as the love of all living things
• Popularized by Harvard biologist, Edward O. Wilson, in his 1984 book Biophilia – identified the environmental/conservation ethic
• Biophilia Hypothesis (1993) by Yale’s social ecologist, Stephen R, Kellert, and E.O. Wilson further elaborated the hypothesis of biophilia and its applications to other disciplines including architecture and health care.
• Roger Ulrich’s seminal study “View through a Window May Influence Recovery from Surgery” (Science (1984)) - hospital patients covered from gall bladder surgery faster and required less pain medication on account of simple views of trees from their room windows (control = view of brick wall)
Biophilic Design
Sector Design element Human/Societal Benefit Economic Benefits/year
Business/Office Views of Nature Increased productivity; reduced stress
$3.6 million/employer
Medical – Hospitals Views of Nature Reduced hospital stays after surgery
$93,324,031/year (industry savings);
Education Daylighting Heighten cognitive capacities
7-26% improved test scores
Real Estate/health care Access to park (500 m) Restoration of physiological and mental states
5% premium in residential prices; $2,200/person saving to health care industry to address obesity
Retail Daylighting Positive environment 40% increased sales
Criminal Justice Views/simulations to/of nature
Reduced aggression, stress and violence
52% fewer felonies (of public housing residents); approx. $162,200 savings/yr by State (Illinois)
Economic Benefits of Biophilic Design Source: Terrapin Bright Green, LLC (2012)
What is the Trajectory of Environmental Stewardship towards Climate Action?
- Access to Nature (wild blue/green spaces) - Environmental Awareness and Education- Biophilia/topophia/placemaking- Environmental Stewardship- Climate Action
Research is needed to better understand the effects of different types of green space and activities that enhance the impacts of cultural ecosystem services and catalyze behavior change among individuals and societies.
CULTURAL SERVICES Spiritual
Aesthetic Recreation/Leisure
Health Education
Cultural Heritage Ecological Stewardship
Biophilia
Sustainability Journal Article: Human-Nature for Climate Action: Nature-BasedSolutions for Urban Sustainability (Santiago Fink 2016)
PEOPLE – BASED SOLUTIONS
ARC3.2 Chapter 8: Urban Ecosystems and Biodiversity (2016) - (Urban Climate Change Researchers Network (UCCRN), http://uccrn.org/
MAJOR FINDINGS:
• Urban ecosystems are rich in biodiversity and provide critical natural capital for climate adaptation and mitigation. (Tim Beatley, UVA, BiophilicCities Network)
• Urban species and ecosystems are already being affected by climate change. Climate change and urbanization are likely to increase the vulnerability of biodiversity hotspots, urban species, and critical ecosystem services
• Investing in urban ecosystems and green infrastructure can provide cost-effective, nature-based solutions for adapting to climate change while also creating opportunities to increase social equity, environmental justice, green economies, and sustainable urban development
• Cities warrant a systems approach for an ecology in, of, and for cities -with interdisciplinary and sectoral engagement, multi-scalar focus on interactions and feedbacks among social, ecological and technological systems (SETs) (Grimm et al., 2000; Pickett et al., 2001; McDonald et al., 2013; Childers et al., 2014, 2015; McPhearson et al 2016)
REFERENCES:[email protected]
• McPhearson, T., Karki, M., Herzog, C., Santiago Fink, H., Abbadie, L., Kremer, P., Clark, C. M., Palmer, M. I., and Pernini, K. (2017). Urban ecosystems and biodiversity. In C. Rosenzweig, W. Solecki, P. Romero-Lankao, S. Mehrotra, S. Dhakal, and S. Ali Ibrahim (eds.), Climate Change and Cities: Second Assessment Report of the Urban Climate Change Research Network. Cambridge University Press.
• Monty, F., Murti, R., Miththapala, S. and Buyck, C. (eds). 2017. Ecosystems protecting infrastructure and communities: lessons learned and guidelines for implementation. Gland, Switzerland: IUCN. x + 108pp.
• Santiago Fink, H. Human-Nature for Climate Action: Nature-Based Solutions for Urban Sustainability. Sustainability 2016, 8, 254.. , http://www.mdpi.com/2071-1050/8/3/254
• EU Naturvation Project, https://naturvation.eu/
• Natural Infrastructure for Busiiness, https://www.naturalinfrastructureforbusiness.org/