helio vs geo 2 ge notes
TRANSCRIPT
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The Copernican The Copernican RevolutionRevolution
The Birth of Modern ScienceThe Birth of Modern Science
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What do we see in the sky?What do we see in the sky?• The stars move in the sky but not
with respect to each other• The planets (or “wanderers”) move
differently from stars– They move with respect to the
stars– They exhibit strange retrograde
motion• What does all this mean?• How can we explain these
movements?• What does the universe
look like?
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Geocentric vs. HeliocentricGeocentric vs. Heliocentric
• How do we decide between two theories?
• Use the Scientific method:– These are both explanations
based on the observation of retrograde motion
– What predictions do the models make?
– How can these predictions be tested?
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Geocentric vs. Heliocentric Models of the Solar System
Aristotle vs. Aristarchus (3rd century B.C.)
Aristotle: Sun, Moon, Planets and Stars revolved around fixed Earth.
Aristarchus: 1st Heliocentric model
Aristotle: But there's no wind - Doesn’t “feel” like we are moving. (Actually orbiting sun at 70,000 mph!)
Difficulties with "Geocentric" model - Retrograde (Backwards) motion of planets
- Phases of Venus
Ancient Greeks knew of Sun, Moon, Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter and Saturn.
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What are some reasons that the geocentric model of the universe seems to make intuitive sense?
It doesn't feel like we are It doesn't feel like we are moving – wouldn't there be a moving – wouldn't there be a
wind or something?wind or something?Why would things fall down and Why would things fall down and
not towards the center of the not towards the center of the universe?universe?
Why don't we see stellar Why don't we see stellar parallax?parallax?
Geocentric Model of Solar System (Earth Centered)
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GeoCentricGeoCentric
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Geocentric TheoryGeocentric Theory
Ancient Greece
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Geocentric ModelGeocentric Model(Earth Centered)(Earth Centered)
• Fairly good agreement with retrograde motion of planets
• Some predictive power• More precise
measurements showed errors
• To account for unusual planetary motion epicycles were introduced
• Fit the Greek model of heavenly perfection – spheres are the perfect shape, circular the perfect motion
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Ptolemy’s Prediction: Future planetary positions
Observation: retrograde motion of planets
Refine: epicycles
Success! For 1500 years
cfa-www.harvard.edu/seuforum/mtu/MTUcosmology.ppt
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Motion of the other planetsMotion of the other planets
Mars Retrograde Motion
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Ptolemy's geocentric model (A.D. 140) (VIDEO CLIP)
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Problems with Geocentric Problems with Geocentric TheoryTheory
1. This model does not explain all apparent motions of celestial (space) objects
2. Cannot explain Foucault’s Pendulum or the Coriolis Effect
Ptolemy’s system provided the first framework for all discussion of the universe for nearly 1500 years!!
But… there was a problem
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Geocentric model fails to Geocentric model fails to account for phases of Venus account for phases of Venus
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Aside: AristarchusAside: Aristarchus Written in the second century BC he calculated the ratio of the distance between the Earth and Sun to that between the Earth and the Moon. (His estimate was more than an order of magnitude too small, but the fault was in his lack of accurate instruments rather than in his method of reasoning.) -This image compares the line subtending the arc dividing the light and dark portions of the Moon in a lunar eclipse with the relative diameters of the Moon and Sun. -Aristarchus also found an improved value for the length of the solar year.
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Heliocentric (Copernican) SystemHeliocentric (Copernican) System• Sun at center (heliocentric)• Uniform, circular motion
– No epicycles (almost)• Moon orbited the earth, the earth
orbited the sun as another planet• Planets and stars still on fixed
spheres, stars don’t move• The daily motion of the stars
results from the Earth’s spin• The annual motion of the stars
results from the Earth’s orbit
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Heliocentric model easily Heliocentric model easily accounts for phases of Venusaccounts for phases of Venus
TimelineTimeline
1473-1543Copernicus
Tycho
1546-1601
Galileo
1564-1642 1642-1727 Newton
1571-1630 Kepler
Heliocentric Model
“Rediscovered” by Copernicus in 16th century.
Much simpler was the main attraction for Copernicus. Simply explains retrograde motion. Put Sun at center of everything, but still insisted on circles, thereby retainig unnecessary complexity.
Opposed by Catholic Church
Copernican revolution – critical realization that Earth is not at the center of the universe, only accepted after his death.
Copernicus 1473-1543
Heliocentric TheoryHeliocentric Theory
• In the heliocentric model, apparent retrograde motion of the planets is a direct consequence of the Earth’s motion
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Planets sometimes appear to loop back - retrograde motion
Loops are called "epicycles"
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7
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3
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67Earth
Mars
Apparent motion of Mars against "fixed" stars
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January
July
Retrograde Motion of PlanetsEarth overtakes slow outer planet so the outer planet appears to slow down, move in reverse, and then move forward again with respect to the fixed stars
Tycho Brahe (1546-1601): the greatest of the pre-telescope observers in Europe.20+ years measuring the positions of the Sun, Moon and planets with great accuracy.
Tycho BraheTycho Brahe• Had two sets of astronomical
tables: one based on Ptolemy’s theory and one based on Copernicus’.
• He found that both tables’ predictions were off by days to a month.
• He believed that much better tables could be constructed just by more accurate observations.
• Tycho’s homemade instruments improved measurement precision from ten minutes of arc (which had held since Ptolemy) to less than one
The skies changeThe skies change• Tycho observed 2 phenomena that
showed the heavens DO change:– In November 1572, Tycho noticed
a new star in the constellation Cassiopeia
– Comet of 1577• Prior to this sighting,
comets were thought to be atmospheric phenomena because of the immutability of the heavens
• But neither the star nor the comet changed position as the observer moved, as expected for atmospheric phenomena
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• Johannes Kepler (1609)• Johannes Kepler was an assistant to
Tycho Brahe. He used Brahe’s observations to study the orbit of Mars
• Discovered three laws of planetary motion: predict with accuracy the motions of the planets
Galileo (1564-1642), Experimentalist
Built his own telescope.
Discovered four moons orbiting Jupiter. What does this suggest?
Discovered sunspots. What might we infer about the Sun from these observations?
Observed phases of Venus.
Was imprisoned for the last 9 years of his life for his scientific discoveries.
Galileo GalileiGalileo Galilei
• Turned a telescope toward the heavens• Made observations that:
– contradicted the perfection of the heavens• Mountains, valleys, and craters on the Moon• Imperfections on the Sun (sunspots)
– Supported the heliocentric universe• Moons of Jupiter• Phases of Venus – shows a full phase
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• Galileo (1564-1642) first scientist to use a telescope to observe the sky. He observed the phases of Venus and the moons of Jupiter. Both observations supported the heliocentric model.
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Modern UniverseModern Universe• Is the Sun the center of the
Universe?