Agricultural Technologies for Adaptation to Climate Change

CTCN webinar13 May 2015

Henry NeufeldtWorld Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF)

Why do we need agriculture to change?

Historical and projected GHG emissions

Smith et al in IPCC AR4 GWIII, 2007

38% as N2O from soils

32% as CH4 from ruminant enteric fermentation

12% mainly as N2O and CH4 through biomass burning

11% mainly as CH4 in rice production

7% as N2O and CH4 from manure management

Climate change: projection of rainfall in Africa

Major climatic changes directly affecting agriculturea. Rising sea level decreases coastal land. This is problematic because the majority of the world's population resides on our near the coast. Furthermore, the majority of the world's population is located in LDCs in increasingly greater proportions as total world population grows.

b. Shifting rainfall patterns will change the growing locations of various crops. Some regions will be better suited for agriculture, while others will experience decreased yields.

c. Shifting temperature ranges will affect changes in the lengths of growing seasons. Farmers will need to adjust planting and harvesting dates.

http://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange02/agriculture/agroproject.html

IPCC AR5 WG2 Chapter 7: Food security and food production systems

Expected impacts of climate change on agriculture

What will we call the boundaries of Safe(r) operating spaces for the food systems?

Commission on Sustainable Agriculture and Climate Change 2012

What is climate-smart agriculture (CSA)?“sustainably increases productivity, resilience (adaptation), reduces/removes greenhouse gases (mitigation) while enhancing the achievement of national food security and development goals.”

FAO 2013

Unknown

Climate-smart agriculture is about…Mitigation: Agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU) as the source of 30% of global GHG emissions. Potential for agriculture to mitigate emissions; emission offsets and biofuels as a potential income source.

Swallow 2012

Adaptation: Developing country agriculture as particularly vulnerable to climate change, and need to focus on vulnerability, resilience and adaptation. Obligation of wealthy countries to finance adaptation.

Productivity: Climate change as one of many sources of pressure on agriculture & priority to sustainably produce more food, feed and fiber to meet the needs of growing populations.

Climate-smart agriculture

ICRAF

Examples of climate-smart agriculture

Crop Management

Livestock Management

Soil and Water Management Agroforestry

Integrated Food Energy

Systems Infra-structure

Access to Climate

InformationIntercropping with legumesCrop rotationsNew crop varietiesImproved storage and processingCop diversityValue chain and marketing

Improved feedingRotational grazingFodder cropsGrassland restorationManure treatmentImproved livestock healthAnimal husbandry improvement

Conservation agriculture Contour plantingTerraces, bundsPlanting pitsWater storage Alternate wet/dry riceDams, pits, ridgesIrrigationRehabilitating degraded landscapes

Boundary trees, hedgerowsNitrogen-fixing trees on farmsMultipurpose treesImproved fallow, fertilizer shrubsWoodlotsFruit orchards

BiogasEnergy plantsImproved stoves

Climate proof infrastructure for storageRetrofit rural infrastructure to cope with climate risks (flooding or water shortage)

Use of climate analogues to predict future changesFarmer exchangesLocal expertise in climate science and agricultureIntroduce forecasting and scenario planning

Meinzen-Dick et al 2013

Agroforestry

Nutrition securityPoverty alleviationNatural resource management

Improved cook-stove

Conservation agriculture

Increased yieldsSoil quality & carbon

Reduced degradation &

erosion

Dietary diversity

Intercropping

Participatory approach

Landscape approaches

Integrated landscape management

…is based on…

Alignment of sectoral policies and their coordinated implementation Adoption of participatory and people-centred approaches and management structures Adequate governance structures and market environment Improved knowledge management Context specificity

Silvia Silvestri ICRAF

FAO 2013

Multifunctional landscapes

Integrated food-energy-water-landscape nexus (Hoff 2011) Investing to sustain ecosystem services Creating more with less Accelerating access, integrating the poorest

Global water partnership

Crop management and agroforestry

ICRAF

Agroforestry Intercropping Crop rotations Fallow management

Evergreen agriculture with

Faidherbia albida

Intercropping Intercropping enables producing a greater yield, Lodging-prone plants may be given structural support by their companion

crop, Some plants are used to suppress weeds or provide nutrients, Light sensitive plants may be given shade or protection, Intercropping encourages biodiversity and limits outbreaks of crop pests.

@ IITA @ IITA

Gliricidia/maize intercropping, Malawi

Gliricidia/maize intercropping system is a promising soil fertility replenishment,

Akinnifesi et al 2006

Maize yield from the unfertilized gliricidia pruning treatment was superior to the yield from sole maize supplemented with a quarter or half the recommended N rate,

Application of gliricidia prunings increased maize yields by three times

@ ICRAF

Crop rotation

Slows the spread of pests and diseases during the growing season,

Allows more land to be farmed with the same amount of machinery and labour,

Financial risks are more widely distributed over more diverse production of crops and/or livestock.

@ ICRAF

Choice and sequence of rotation crops depends on:

the nature of the soil, the climate and precipitation, crop marketing and economic variables.

Fallow management practices

Promoting soil water storage, Reducing soil erosion potential, Maintaining soil nutrient availability

Smika 1990

Soil Management

Zero/conservation or minimum tillage Erosion control through terraces Contour plowing

Tillage

Conservation tillageZero tillageMinimum tillage

Erosion control through terrace farming

Terrace farming is a type of farming that is used in hilly areas to create patches of land for farming. The terraces keep the soil in place while allowing excess water to drain through natural gravity.Purpose: Decrease erosion and surface runoff, Support growing crops that require irrigation, e.g. rice.Difference between contour plowing and terrace farming: Contour plowing follows the natural shape of the slope without altering it. Terrace farming alters the shape of the slope to produce flat areas that provide a catchment for water and a solid area for crop growth.

http://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/MN/330mn.pdf Vinod Sankar

Erosion control through contour farming

Contour farming: Using ridges and furrows formed by tillage, planting and other farming operations to change the direction of runoff from directly downslope to around the hillslope.

Purpose: Reduce sheet and rill erosion. Reduce transport of sediment, other

solids and the contaminants attached to them

Increase water infiltration

Conditions: This practice applies on sloping land where annual crops are grown. For orchards, vineyards and nut crops.

http://efotg.sc.egov.usda.gov/references/public/MN/330mn.pdf

@ http://www.chaipat.or.th/chaipat_old/vetiver/vetiver_3/

IFES: Integrated Food-Energy Systems IFES refer to farming systems designed to integrate, intensify, and thus increase the

simultaneous production of food and energy, IFES function at various scales and configurations, IFES promote food and energy security, resource efficiency, addressing climate change

and local adaptation.

Nutrient management Micro-dosing Fertilizer application strategies

Fertilizer application strategies…depend on:

Timing, Placement, Type of fertilizer

Considerations of nutrient placement:

The type of fertilizer being applied Tillage and crop rotation practices Choice of crop Access to necessary equipment Nutrient mobility in the soil Soil characteristics

https://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ss451 http://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/mauisoil/c_placement.aspx

@ East africa Agribusiness

Micro-dosing

Solution: seed coating, ‘Warrantage’, small packets.

http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/icrisat-is-fertilizer-microdosing.pdf pictures available

Disadvantages: time consuming, laborious, expensive

ICRISAT

Advantage: consistent yield increases

Water management

Alternative Wetting Drying in Rice Drip Irrigation Water harvesting

Unknown

Drip irrigation

Definition: an irrigation method that saves water and fertilizer by allowing water to drip slowly to the roots of plants, either onto the soil surface or directly onto the root zone. Obstacle: The technology is quite expensiveSolution: Simple and Low-Cost Drip Irrigation System: An alternative approach to raise household farm productivity (IWMI, Ethiopia).

Cheap Drip Irrigation

Livestock and grasslands management Livestock Feeding Strategies Drought Strategies for Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle Integration of Fodder Shrubs and Cactus in the Feeding of Small Ruminants Feeding strategies for sustainable cattle production Ruminants and Greenhouse Gases: Sustainable Feeding Strategies Cut-and-Carry Forage Systems

@ FAO

Cut-and-Carry forage systems based on nitrogen-fixing plants

Advantages Land utilized more efficiently for

production Better per unit production Better control of animals Centralization of animal waste production Addition of “Free” N into system Good community relations

Disadvantages Labor demand Possible adverse effects of feeding High levels of legumes Possible Infectious disease outbreaks

Key Message: In agriculture, there will be an ever-increasing need to maximize production from limited land resources. Cut-and-carry animal production systems show great potential, while the use of nitrogen-fixing forage crops will make those systems more productive and sustainable.

ICRAF

Palmer 1998

Modeling solutions and information systems

APSIM Climate information systems AFSIS Soil nutrient mapping and precision

agriculture Crop information systems AMIS Flood and Drought Prediction

Models Low Emissions Agriculture Tool

Climate information systems Flood prediction, Drought prediction, Seasonal predictions

Africa Soil Information Service (AFSIS) AfSIS is developing continent-wide digital soil maps for sub-Saharan Africa using new types of

soil analysis and statistical methods, and conducting agronomic field trials in selected sentinel sites,

~17.5 million km2 of continental sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), encompassing more than 90% of Africa’s human population living in 42 countries,

A wide range of stakeholders across multiple scales, Key Goals: Innovation, Data, Education, Analysis, Services.

http://africasoils.net/about/who-we-are

Breeding for climate change

Breeding for heat and drought tolerance

Scuba and aerobic rice System of Rice Intensification (SRI) Drought tolerant maize GM crops

Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA)Definition: A set of policies and actions that countries undertake as part of a commitment to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Different countries, different nationally appropriate action on the basis of equity and in

accordance with common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities, Developing countries will effectively implement national action depends on the effective

implementation of the commitments by developed countries in provision of financial resources and transfer of technology,

The priorities of developing countries are economic and social development and poverty eradication.

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3357889/ and http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationally_Appropriate_Mitigation_Action

Challenges and Enabling Conditions

Multiple demands on natural resourcesFood insecurityInsecure land tenure Short-term vs. long-term benefits Farmer climate coping strategiesFinancial requirements and costs of adapting CSA technologiesRisks management at local, national and international levelsComprehensive governance, from local to internationalAccess to Market and trade regulation Pro-poor CSACapacity developmentNeed for researchScaling upKey messages and recommendations

Food vs. Fuel

Pastoral Land Use

Biodiversity

Watershed

Competing demands for natural resources

Constraints: insecure tenure

Economic, Environmental and Social Impacts Unadjud Freehold

Tenure Effect

Net returns to land ($ ha-1 y-1) $126 $288 2.28 Woody crops, woodlots etc (ha km-2) 5.4 25.6 4.7 Hedgerows (km km-2) 5.2 23.6 4.5 Social cost from embedding -$40 $30 $70 Social "tax" -32% +10%

Constraints: High investment costs

Derpsch et al 2010

Financial benefits of no-till wheat production in northern Kasakhstan

Thorlakson and Neufeldt, 2012

Enabling environment for adoption of CSA in smallholder agriculture

Provide an enabling legal and political environment Improve market accessibility Involve farmers in the project-planning process Improve access to knowledge and training Introduce more secure tenure Overcome the barriers of high opportunity costs to land Improve access to farm implements and capital

Innovation and food security

Relationship between innovativeness (number of farming system changes) and household food security (number of food deficit months). Error bars indicate the 95% confidence interval of the mean

Kristjanson et al 2012

Farmers most interested in reducing food insecurity No long- or medium-term planning possible under food insecure situation Tree planting (and other investments in livelihood improvements) only after basic food

security is guaranteed Food insecurity rose by at least one month (above on average 3 months) during recent

drought and floods Coping strategies lead into ‘poverty trap’ Agroforestry reduced food insecurity by about 1 month

All #s in %

Reduce Quantity,

Quality or # of meals

Comm-unity or family

support

Help from Gov, NGO,

Church

Borrow money

Casual Labor

Sell possess-ions or

livestock

Consume Seeds

Children attend school

less

Lower Nyando

85 30 42 32 28 72 72 38

Middle Nyando

38 23 18 37.5 25 40 61 12.5

Farmer climate coping strategies

Thorlakson and Neufeldt, Agriculture and Food Security 2012, 1:15

Meinzen-Dick et al 2013

Role of institutions in climate change responses

Meinzen-Dick et al 2013

Role of state, collective action and market institutions …

Promote inclusivity

Provide information

Enable local level innovation

Encourage investment

Offer insurance

… to enable smallholders, women and resource-poor communities to adopt and benefit from CSA

Priority Actions: Improve networking and partnership

building for climate adaptation along the value chain by strengthening existing platforms at all levels and explore the role of market incentives in supporting such activities,

Develop new, flexible financial products to support climate-resilient and inclusive agro-value chains through capacity building and innovative public-private partnerships,

Invest in climate-resilient infrastructures such as roads, irrigation systems, storage facilities and telecommunications should remain a top priority to support agro-value chain development and build productive capacities in a changing climate.

CRCV initiative

Value chains: a case of climate-resilient coffee (2)

Financial requirements and costs of adapting CSA technologies

Public-private partnerships Major part by private sector and farmers Land management schemes and infrastructure through social protection schemes Investment in research

ICRAF

Insurance

To withstand shocks, encourage innovation and investment

Options: Formal crop insurance (state) Weather index-based (state) Microfinance insurance (private

sector, NGOs) Social groups, Social networks (remittances, access

options) Assets (self-insurance) Public works, safety nets

Examine biases, inclusiveness of each

Meinzen-Dick et al 2013

Researching, learning, impacting together!https://www.linkedin.com/groups?mostRecent=&trk=&gid=6657402

http://ccsl.wikispaces.com/Sandbox

http://thedata.harvard.edu/dvn/dv/CCAFSbaseline/faces/StudyListingPage.xhtml;jsessionid=efc0985167adbf520e185e5a39b1?mode=1&collectionId=4844

Need for research

– Moving from sex disaggregated diagnostic research towards informing, catalyzing and targeting adaptation and mitigation solutions to women

– Finding: Gender norms must be addressed to achieve the SDGs

Gender and inclusion for resilience

Agricultural mitigation options require a coordinated mix of policy support, private and public sector investment, strengthened research, and capacity building of key stakeholders

Explicitly considering climate change mitigation, adaptation and other benefits from the outset is critical to achieving multiple benefits and reducing tradeoffs

Facilitation of public-private partnerships and stakeholder engagement, including research centers, governments, extension agents, the private sector and NGOs, is critical

Financial incentives (including tax offsets, subsidies, credit) are needed to overcome high investment costs and lag times before benefits accrue

Technologies must be context specific to the region or country where they are introduced

Adaptive management of natural resource governance systems is essential

Lessons learned for policy development and scaling up

Climate-smart agriculture practices can contribute to food security of resource-poor rural populations while providing important adaptation and mitigation co-benefits if they are adapted to local conditions and national policies, and global food systems are in tune with sustainable development goals.

1Agriculture is understood to consist of crops, livestock, forests, fisheries and aquaculture

Key messages

In order to maximize the synergies between the three pillars (production, adaptation, mitigation) agricultural policies should consider multiple targets from the outset, and research is needed that identifies the relative contributions of different practices to each of the pillars.

Overcoming barriers to adoption of climate-smart agriculture1 for long-term transformation toward sustainable management of resources requires: national agriculture development plans with appropriate institutions at national to local levels; provision of infrastructure; access to information and training; access to capital and insurance; stakeholder participation; and, last but not least, improvement of tenure arrangements.

Investment in improved natural resource management through climate finance can provide essential livelihood (through improved and diversified income, strengthened institutional capacity, reduced climate risk) and global mitigation benefits if high investment risks and low investment returns can be overcome.

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Development and climate finance programs need to focus on improving livelihoods and income so that there is incentive for smallholder farmers to invest in climate-smart agriculture.

Combining practices that deliver short-term benefits with those that give longer-term benefits can help reduce opportunity costs and provide greater incentives to invest in better management practices.

National agriculture development plans with appropriate institutions at national to local levels, provision of infrastructure, access to information and training, stakeholder participation and improvement of tenure arrangements are necessary for long-term transformation toward sustainable intensification and management of resources.

ICRAF

Photo

: N

. Pa

lmer

(CIA

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Provide an enabling legal and political environment, Improve market accessibility, Involve farmers in the project-planning process, Improve access to knowledge and training, Introduce more secure tenure, Overcome the barriers of high opportunity costs to land, Improve access to farm implements and capital, Invest in Research.

Recommendations to address CSA constraints

Thanks for a future

To learn more

Adams, R.M. et al., 1998. Effects of global climate change on agriculture: an interpretative review. Climate Research, 11, pp.19–30. Available at: <Go to ISI>://WOS:000078720200003.

Andrews, M. and Hodge, S. Climate Change, a Challenge for Cool Season Grain Legume Crop Production Collective Action & Property Rights for Poverty Reduction: Insights from Africa and Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press.

Ayana, M., Eshetu, F. and Tadele, K. 2005. Simple and Low-Cost Drip Irrigation System: An alternative approach to raise household farm productivity. IWMI workshop paper. Available at: http://publications.iwmi.org/pdf/H039819.pdf

Bouman, B., Peng, S., Castan A., Visperas, R. 2005. Yield and water use of irrigated tropical aerobic rice systems. Agricultural Water Management, Volume 74, Issue 2: 87–105. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378377404003257

Campos, H., Cooper, M., Habben, J., Edmeades, G. and Schussler, J. 2004. Improving drought tolerance in maize: a view from industry. Field Crops Research. Linking Functional Genomics with Physiology for Global Change Research. Vol. 90, Issue 1: 19–34. Available at: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429004001571

Dekens, J. and Bagamba, F. 2014. Promoting an Integrated Approach to Climate Adaptation: Lessons from the coffee value chain in Uganda. Climate resilient value chains briefing note series. Available at: http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2014/briefing_note_value_chains.pdf.

FAO 2013. Climate-Smart Agriculture Sourcebook. Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3325e/i3325e.pdf

PUBLICATIONS (1)

Garnett, T. and Godfray, H. 2012. Sustainable intensification in agriculture. Navigating a course through competing food system priorities. A report on a workshop. Oxford University.

Hall, A. 2004. Breeding for adaptation to drought and heat in cowpea. European Journal of Agronomy. Volume 21, Issue 4: 447–454.

Hao, Z. et al., 2014. Global integrated drought monitoring and prediction system. University of California. Scientific Data 1, Article number: 140001 . Available at: http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata20141.

Hoff, H. 2011. Understanding the Nexus. Background Paper for the Bonn2011 Conference: The Water, Energy and Food Security Nexus. Stockholm Environment Institute, Stockholm.

Islam, K.K. et al., 2012. Economic contribution of participatory agroforestry program to poverty alleviation: A case from Sal forests, Bangladesh. Journal of Forestry Research, 23, pp.323–332.

Kamara, A.. Kureh, I., Menkir A., Kartung, P., Tarfa, B., and Amaza, P. 2006. Participatory on-farm evaluation of the performance of drought-tolerant maize varieties in the Guinea savannas of Nigeria. International Journal of Food, Agriculture and Environment. Vol.4,No 1: 192-196. Available at: http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=17447320

Langford, K. 2014. Farmers need support to diversify in fight against climate change. ICRAF. Available at: http://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2014/03/15/farmers-need-support-to-diversify-in-fight-against-climate-change/

Linner. B. and Rahuja , N. 2012. A Registry of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions: Goals, Outcomes, and Institutional Requisites. Ambio, 41, pp.56–67.

PUBLICATIONS (2)

Nefzaoui, A., 1996: The intergration of fodder shrubs and cactus in the feeding of small ruminants in the arid zone of North Africa. In:A. W.Speedy, C.Dalibard, and R.Sansoucy (eds.) Livestock Feed Resources Within Integrated Farming Systems. FAO Electronic Conference in Tropical Feeds, pp. 467—483. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nation. Rome.

Nennich, T. 2012. Drought Strategies for Feeding and Managing Dairy Cattle. Department of Animal Sciences . Purdue University. Available at: https://www.extension.purdue.edu/dairy/articles/DroughtStrategiesDairy.pdf

NSBM. 2006. Ruminants and Greenhouse Gasses: Sustainable Feeding Strategies to Balancing the Issues .Atapattu Dept. of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Ruhuna. Available at: http://forestrysymposium2005.blogspot.com/2006/09/ruminants-and-greenhouse-gasses.html

Ocen, G. 1999. Feeding strategies for sustainable cattle production UNISWA Jnl of Agric. Vol 8: 31-38.

Palmer, J.J., 1998. Cut-and-carry forage systems based on nitrogen-fixing plants for Asia's tropical slope lands. http://www.agnet.org/library/eb/463.

Pretty, J. N. 1997. The sustainable intensification of agriculture. Natural Resources Forum, 21: 247–256. doi:10.1111/j.1477-8947.1997.tb00699.x.

Trenberth, K. E. 2008. Observational needs for climate prediction and adaptation. WMO Bulletin, 57 (1): 17-21.

Twomlow, S. et al., 2010. Micro-dosing as a pathway to Africa’s Green Revolution: Evidence from broad-scale on-farm trials. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, 88: 3–15.

PUBLICATIONS (3)

http://africasoils.net/about/who-we-arehttp://agriinfo.in/default.aspx?page=topic&superid=1&topicid=449http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/gap_gmp_glp/gmp_fertilizer%20use.htmlhttp://blog.worldagroforestry.org/index.php/2014/03/15/farmers-need-support-to-diversify-in-fight-against-climate-change/#sthash.KPDIN3nH.dpufhttp://ccafsclimate.org/download_allsres.htmlhttp://climatetechwiki.org/technology/conservation-tillagehttp://ecocrop.fao.org/ecocrop/srv/en/homehttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange02/agriculture/agroproject.htmlhttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange02/agriculture/images/grnhouse.gifhttp://ecosystems.wcp.muohio.edu/studentresearch/climatechange02/agriculture/agroproject.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nationally_Appropriate_Mitigation_Actionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precision_agriculture#Precision_agriculture_around_the_worldhttp://iipdigital.usembassy.gov/st/english/article/2012/11/20121103138251.html#axzz30AiNpYRKhttp://know.climateofconcern.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=article&id=147http://know.climateofconcern.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=article&id=150http://library.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10947/3000/cgiar_brochure_june_7_2012_final.pdf?sequence=1http://library.cgiar.org/handle/10947/3000

WEB LINKS (1)

http://worldagroforestry.org/regions/eastern-africa/our-projects/conservation_agriculture_with_treeshttp://www.amis-outlook.org/amis-about/en/http://www.capri.cgiar.org/sourcebook.asp http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/cas/Topics/climinfosystems.htmlhttp://www.fao.org/sd/EIdirect/EIre0078.htmhttp://www.globalweathersystems.com/http://www.icrisat.org/impacts/impact-stories/icrisat-is-fertilizer-microdosing.pdfhttp://www.ictinagriculture.org/content/precision-agriculturehttp://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/news.php?release=2012-346http://www.nature.com/articles/sdata20141http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v488/n7412/abs/nature11346.htmlhttp://www.nature.com/sdata/2014/pdf/sdata20141.pdfhttp://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3357889/http://www.worldagroforestry.orghttp://www.worldagroforestry.org/downloads/publications/PDFs/BR11267.PDFhttp://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/networks/ifm/NText2.htmhttp://www.worldagroforestry.org/sea/networks/ifm/NText2.htmwww.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/brief_land.pdfwww.capri.cgiar.org/pdf/brief_land.pdfwww.slideshare.net/agroforestry (ICRAF)

WEB LINKS (2)

http://www.cgiar.org/http://www.worldagroforestry.org/https://www.flickr.com/search?sort=relevance&text=tree%20bud

Illustrations

Video1. CSA technologies http://www.cgiar.org/consortium-news/feeding-the-world-2014-sustainable-solutions-for-a-global-crisis/2. CSA: triple win1min44 sechttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rs-pA1Ee02U3. Landscape approach: 1min03sec http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xPjSAw1F8eE31 sechttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WIq20QUaDIM4. Agroforestry:1min20 sec http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3SWPxS-yKUo5. Food energy system2 min 30 sechttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MGNxRZD4Uxs6. Cheap drip irrigation3min27 sechttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MNoL13ptJ6Y7. Feeding the World through Plant Breeding and Genetics1min 30 sechttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p9p7vx5O3Xc

Please see a separate file for video options for Web1 on CSA. Install Apple QuickTime