Herbicide Resistance In No Tillage Farming Systems

Dr David Minkeydavid.minkey@wantfa.com.au

www.wantfa.com.au

Sustaining no-till & glyphosate

D’Emden et al 2009

Resistance SurveysFrequency of herbicide resistance

in Western Australia

Mechelle Owen, Michael Walsh & Stephen Powles Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative

www.ahri.uwa.edu.au

30 plus sites visited in each region

Sampled every 5km

Crop variety testing zones

H

Multiple Resistant Annual Ryegrass Populations

Multiple resistance Wild Radish

84%H1/M1/L1

65%H2/M2/L2

28%H4/M4/L4

39%H3/M3/L3

Years to resistance for different herbicides - USA

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

0 10 20 30 40 50

Years of use

Res

ista

nt

spec

ies

ALS Inhibitors

ACCase inhibitors

Triazines

Glyphosate

(Roundup) glyphosate @ 450g/ha

R S

(Gramoxone) paraquat @ 200g/ha

R S

R S

(Hoegrass) diclofop @ 1000g/ha

R S

(Verdict) haloxyfop @ 52g/ha

(Fusilade) fluazifop @ 100g/ha

R S

(Achive) tralkoxydim @ 152g/ha

R S

R S

(Sertin) sethoxydim @ 100g/ha

The Rise and Rise of Glyphosate

Australian Herbicide Resistance Initiative University of Western Australia

“Glyphosate is as important to world agriculture as penicillin is to human health” Powles 2010

Glyphosate: a once in a life time herbicide

2009 Global Herbicide Sales Source: Cropnosis Ltd

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Glyphosate

Paraquat

Mesotrione

Glufosinate

Acetochlor

2,4-D

Mesosulfuron

S-Metalochlor

Fenoxaprop

Clodinafop

Nicolsulfuron

Atrazine

Sales ($m)

1974

1976

1978

1980

1982

1984

1986

1988

1990

1992

1994

1996

1998

2000

2002

2004

2006

2008

2010

Knockdown use Introduction of RR Crops

History of glyphosate

$ 5 billion

Global GM Crops (million ha)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Source: ISAAA

• Soybean, maize, cotton and canola

• 90% RR

• 80% globally traded soybeans are RR

• 60% globally traded canola are RR

Argentine GM soybeans v No-till farming

0

4

8

12

16

1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

GM

So

ybea

ns

(m h

a)

0

4

8

12

16

20

No

-til

l F

arm

ing

(m

ha)

GM SoybeansNo-till farming

Trigo J & Cap J

Argentine RR soybeans & No-till

RR Soybeans

99% RR

How to be in

herbicide resistance

Corn, Cotton and Soybean

Belt

Corn 40 m haSoybean 30 m haCotton 5 m ha

Corn, Cotton and Soybean

Belt

Corn 40 m ha (85% glyphosate resistant)Soybean 30 m ha (95% glyphosate resistant)Cotton 5 m ha (95% glyphosate resistant)

RR soybean removed previous herbicide diversity

GLYPHOSATE

BELT

Palmer Amaranth in RR CottonPalmer Amaranth in RR Cotton

Learning from GM cropping in Canada

Cereal, CanolaCorn/Soy

Learning from Canada

• Wheat the major crop• GM Canola dominant but with diversity

- Liberty Link Canola- Clearfield Canola

- RR Canola – 80%Diversity in crops and herbicides=

Sustainability

Glyphosate Resistance in Australia

133 cases of resistant ryegrass

Other Species - Liverseed grass (3) - Awnless barnyard

grass (18) - Windmill grass (1)

- Fleabane (8)

State

No of populations

SA 49

NSW

48

WA 22

Vic 14

Photo: Andrew Heinrich

Glyphosate resistance• Not limited to broadacre situations resistance

has been found in:• Vineyards• Orchards• Roadside verges• Railway lines• Irrigation channels• Airstrips

• Fencelines/crop margins – using glyphosate as only method for weed control will lead to evolution of resistance

GLYPHOSATE STILL WORKING ON MOST FARMS – KEEP IT THAT WAY

Photo: Andrew Heinrich

Probability of glyphosate resistance

0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Year

Pro

bab

ilit

y o

f re

sist

ance

Glyphosate every year

Glyphosate/paraquat rotation

Glyphosate then paraquat sequence

Cumulative probability distributions for predicted evolution of glyphosate resistance in annual ryegrass in a 30-year simulation of a Wheat-Lupin-Wheat-Canola rotation with no tillage at sowing

Neve et al 2003 weed research

Harvest weed seed mgt, double knock!

• Up to 85% of ryegrass seed “harvested” can be collected in the chaff fraction

Burn Narrow windrows

Photo: Piers Blake

HSD – double knock

Bale everything!!

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

-10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Distance (m)

Wil

d r

ad

ish

se

ed

(m

2 )

No cart

Cart

Targeting weed seeds allows crop production to continue

- Chaff collection

- Harvest residue baling

- Windrow burning

- Chaff destruction