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Herculaneum

Archaeological Areas of Pompeii,Herculaneum, and Torre Annunziata *

UNESCO World Heritage Site

The excavations of ErcolanoCountry  Italy

Type Cultural

Criteria iii, iv, v

Reference 829 [1]

Region ** Europe and North America

Inscription historyInscription 1997 (21st Session)

* Name as inscribed on World Heritage List [2]

** Region as classified by UNESCO [3]

Herculaneum (in modern Italian Ercolano) was an ancient Roman town destroyed by volcanic pyroclastic flows AD79, located in the territory of the current commune of Ercolano, in the Italian region of Campania in the shadow ofMt. Vesuvius.It is most famous for having been lost, along with Pompeii, Stabiae and Oplontis, in the eruption of Mount Vesuviusbeginning on August 24, AD 79, which buried them in superheated pyroclastic material that has solidified intovolcanic tuff. It also became famous as the source of the first Roman skeletal and physical remains available forstudy that were located by science, for the Romans almost universally cremated their dead. Since the discovery ofbones in 1981, some 300 skeletons have been found, most along the sea shore — the town itself having beeneffectively evacuated. Herculaneum was a smaller town with a wealthier population than Pompeii at the time of thedestruction.

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History

Plan of the excavations of Herculaneum

Ancient tradition connected Herculaneumwith the name of the Greek hero Herakles(Hercules in Latin and consequently RomanMythology),[4] an indication that the citywas of Greek origin. In fact, it seems thatsome forefathers of the Samnite tribes of theItalian mainland founded the firstcivilization on the site of Herculaneum atthe end of the 6th century BC. Soon after,the town came under Greek control and wasused as a trading post because of itsproximity to the Gulf of Naples. The Greeksnamed the city Ηρακλείου. In the 4thcentury BC, Herculaneum again came underthe domination of the Samnites. The cityremained under Samnite control until itbecame a Roman municipium in 89 BC, when, having participated in the Social War ("war of the allies" againstRome), it was defeated by Titus Didius, a legate of Sulla.

After the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, the town of Herculaneum was buried under approximately 20metres (50–60 feet) of mud and ash. It lay hidden and nearly intact for more than 1600 years until it was accidentallydiscovered by some workers digging a well in 1709.[5] From there, the excavation process began but is stillincomplete. Today, the Italian towns of Ercolano and Portici lie on the approximate site of Herculaneum. Until 1969the town of Ercolano was called Resina, and it changed its name to Ercolano, the Italian modernization of the ancientname in honour of the old city.The inhabitants worshipped above all Hercules, who was believed to be the founder of both the town and MountVesuvius. Other important deities worshipped include Venus, who was believed to be Hercules' lover, and Apollo.

Herculaneum and other cities affected by the eruption of Mount Vesuvius. The blackcloud represents the general distribution of ash and cinder. Modern coast lines are shown.

The eruption of 79 AD

The catastrophic eruption of Mt.Vesuvius occurred on the afternoon ofAugust 24, 79 AD. Because Vesuviushad been dormant for approximately800 years, it was no longer evenrecognized as a volcano.Based on the archaeologicalexcavations on the one hand and twoletters of Pliny the Younger to theRoman historian Tacitus on the otherhand, the course of the eruption can bereconstructed.

At around 1 pm on August 24, Vesuvius began spewing volcanic ash and stone thousands of meters into the sky. When it reached the tropopause (the boundary between the troposphere and the stratosphere), the top of the cloud

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flattened, prompting Pliny to describe it to Tacitus as a Stone Pine tree. The prevailing winds at the time blew towardthe southeast, causing the volcanic material to fall primarily on the city of Pompeii and the surrounding area. SinceHerculaneum lay to the west of Vesuvius, it was only mildly affected by the first phase of the eruption. While roofsin Pompeii collapsed under the weight of falling debris, only a few centimetres of ash fell on Herculaneum, causinglittle damage but nonetheless prompting many inhabitants to flee.Because initial excavations revealed only a few skeletons, it was long thought that nearly all of the inhabitants hadmanaged to escape. It wasn't until 1982, when the excavations reached boat houses on the beach area, that this viewchanged. In the suburban area, archaeologists discovered few hundreds of skeletons huddled close together on thebeach and in 12 boat houses facing the sea. Further excavations in the 1990s confirmed that at least 300 people hadtaken refuge in those chambers, while the town was almost completely evacuated.

Boat houses where skeletons were found

During the night, the eruptive column which had riseninto the stratosphere collapsed down onto Vesuvius andits flanks. The first pyroclastic surge, formed by amixture of ash and hot gases, billowed through theevacuated town of Herculaneum at 100 mph(160 km/h). At about 1am it reached the beach and theboat houses, where those waiting for rescue were killedinstantly by the intense heat, despite being shelteredfrom the direct impact. The study of the victims'postures and the effects on their skeletons indicate thatthe emplacement of the first surge caused the instantdeath of these people as a result of fulminant shock dueto a temperature of about 500 °C (932 °F). The intenseheat caused explosion of the skulls, fracture of longbones and teeth, and contraction of hands and feet.[6]

A succession of six flows and surges buried the city's buildings from the bottom up, causing them little damage andpreserving almost intact structures, objects and victims. The surprisingly good state of preservation of things andvictims is due to several factors:1. The rapid and complete filling and covering of Herculaneum buildings and the town itself by the ash surges and

flows emplacement preserved most of structures from collapse.2. The intense heat of the first pyroclastic surge carbonized the organic materials and extracted the water from them.3. The signs of bone carbonization and the preservation of victims' joint connections indicate that most soft body

tissues were destroyed by the intense heat and then replaced rapidly by ash. The heat of the ash was sufficient tovaporize most of the organic matter, so the initial violent vaporization caused a sudden drop in ash temperatureand the corpses were preserved intact in their original postures.

4. The deep (up to 25 meters), dense tuff formed an airtight seal over Herculaneum for 1,700 years

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Excavation

The skeleton called the "Ring Lady" unearthed inHerculaneum.

Excavation began at modern Ercolano in 1738 by Spanishengineer Rocque Joaquin de Alcubierre. The elaboratepublication of Le Antichità di Ercolano ("The Antiquities ofHerculaneum") [7] under the patronage of the King of the TwoSicilies had an effect on incipient European Neoclassicism outof all proportion to its limited circulation; in the later 18thcentury, motifs from Herculaneum began to appear on stylishfurnishings from decorative wall-paintings and tripod tables toperfume burners and teacups. However, excavation ceasedonce the nearby town of Pompeii was discovered, which wassignificantly easier to excavate due to the reduced amount ofdebris covering the site (four meters as opposed toHerculaneum's twenty meters). In the twentieth century,excavation once again resumed in the town. However, manypublic and private buildings, including the forum complex, areyet to be excavated.

Skeletal remains

In 1981, Italian public works employees, under the directionof Dr. Giuseppe Maggi, found bones at the Herculaneum sitewhile digging a drainage trench. Italian officials, at Dr.Maggi's urging, called in Sara C. Bisel, a physical anthropologist from the United States, to oversee the excavationand study the bones of the victims found on the beach and within the first six boat chambers. This research wasfunded with a grant from the National Geographic Society.

Until this discovery, there were few Roman skeletal remains available for academic study, as Ancient Romansregularly practiced cremation. Excavations in the port area of Herculaneum initially turned up more than 55skeletons: 30 adult males, 13 adult females and 12 children. The skeletons were found on the seafront, where it isbelieved they had fled in an attempt to escape the volcanic eruption. This group includes the 'Ring Lady' (image atright), named for the rings on her fingers.Through the chemical analysis of those remains, Dr. Bisel was able to gain greater insight into the health andnutrition of the Herculaneum population. Quantities of lead were found in some of the skeletons, which led tospeculation of lead poisoning. The physical examination of the bones yielded additional information. The presenceof scarring on the pelvis, for instance, gave some indication of the number of children a woman had borne.[8]

In 1997-1999, new excavations conducted by Pier Paolo Petrone, a bioanthropologist at the Museum ofAnthropology of the University of Naples Federico II, in collaboration with Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo, volcanologistat the Vesuvius Observatory, and Mario Pagano, then director at the Herculaneum Site, investigated three leftunearthed chambers, within a scientific project finalized to study directly in situ the effects of the eruption on people,structures and things. The results of this research, published by Nature in 2001, had a wide echo through world pressand several scientific documentaries produced by international broadcasters.Casts of the skeletons were also produced, to replace the original bones after taphonomic study, scientificdocumentation and excavation. In contrast to Pompeii, where casts resembling the body features of the victims wereproduced by filling the body imprints in the ash deposit with plaster, the shape of corpses of those killed atHerculaneum could not be preserved, due to the rapid vaporization and replacement of the flesh of the victims by thehot ash (ca. 500°C). A cast of the victims' skeletons unearthed within chamber 10 is on display at the Museum of

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Anthropology in Naples.Recent multidisciplinary research on the lethal effects produced by the AD 79 pyroclastic surges in the Vesuviusarea definitely showed that at Pompeii and vicinity heat was the main cause of death of people, heretofore supposedto have died by ash suffocation. This study shows that exposure to at least 250°C hot surges even at a distance of 10kilometres from the vent was sufficient to cause instant death of all residents, even if they were sheltered withinbuildings.[9]

Specific buildings

To expand this section, translate it:Scavi archeologici di Ercolano.

Open excavationThe buildings at the site are grouped in blocks (insulae), defined by the intersection of the east-west (cardi) andnorth-south (decumani) streets.Hence we have Insula II - Insula VII running anti-clockwise from Insula II. To the east are two additional blocks:Orientalis I (oI) and Orientalis II (oII). To the south of Orientalis I (oI) lies one additional group of buildings knownas the 'Suburban District' (SD).Individual buildings having their own entrance number. For example, the House of the Deer is labelled (Ins IV, 3).

The House of Aristides (Ins II, 1)The first building in insula II is the House of Aristides. The entrance opens directly onto the atrium, but the remainsof the house is not particularly well preserved due to damage caused by previous excavations. The lower floor wasprobably used for storage.

The House of Argus (Ins II, 2)The second house in insula II got its name from a fresco of Argus and Io which once adorned a reception room offthe large peristyle. The fresco is now sadly lost, but its name lives on. This building must have been one of the finervillas in Herculaneum. The discovery of the house in the late 1820s was notable because it was the first time asecond floor had been unearthed in such detail. The excavation revealed a second floor balcony overlooking CardoIII. Also wooden shelving and cupboards. Sadly with the passing of time, these elements have now been lost.

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The House of the Genius (Ins II, 3)To the north of the House of Argus lies the House of the Genius. It has only been partially excavated but it appearsto have been a spacious building. The house derives its name from the statue of a cupid that formed part of acandlestick. In the centre of the peristyle are the remains of a rectangular basin.

The House of the Alcove (Ins IV)The house is actually two buildings joined together. As a consequence of this it is a mixture of plain and simplerooms combined with some highly decorated ones.The atrium is covered, so lacks the usual impluvium. It retains its original flooring of opus tesselatum and opussectile. Off the atrium is a biclinium richly decorated with frescoes in the fourth style and a large triclinium whichoriginally had a marble floor. A number of other rooms, one of which is the apsed alcove after which the house wasnamed, can be reached via a hall which gets its light from a small courtyard.

College of the Augustales

Fresco from the college, depicting the myth of Hercules.

Temple of the augustales or priests of the Imperial cult.

Villa of the Papyri

The most famous of the luxurious villas atHerculaneum is the "Villa of the Papyri" was onceidentified as the magnificent seafront retreat for LuciusCalpurnius Piso Caesoninus, Julius Caesar'sfather-in-law. However, today it has clearly emergedthat the objects thought to be associated with LuciusCalpurnius Piso Caesonius correspond more closely toa greatly standardized assemblage, and cannot indicate,with certainty, the owner of the villa.[10] The villastretches down towards the sea in four terraces. Piso, a literate man who patronized poets and philosophers, builtthere a fine library, the only one to survive intact from antiquity. Scrolls from the villa are stored at the NationalLibrary, Naples. The scrolls are badly carbonized, but a large number have been unrolled, with varying degrees ofsuccess. Computer-enhanced multi-spectral imaging, in the infra-red range, helps make the ink legible. There is nowa real prospect that it will be possible to read the unopened scrolls using X-rays.[11] The same techniques could beapplied to the scrolls waiting to be discovered in the as-yet unexcavated part of the villa, removing the need forpotentially damaging the unrolled scrolls.

A team spent a month in summer 2009, making numerous X-ray scans of two of the scrolls that are stored at theFrench National Academy in Paris. They hoped that computer processing would convert the scans into digital imagesshowing the interiors of the scrolls and revealing the ancient writing. The main fear, however, was that the Romanwriters might have used carbon-based inks, which would be essentially invisible to the scans. That fear has turnedout to be fact. They now hope that re-scanning the scrolls with more powerful X-ray equipment will reveal the text.[12]

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Issues of conservation

Herculaneum, Ercolano, and Vesuvius

The volcanic water, ash and debris covering Herculaneum, along withthe extreme heat, left it in a remarkable state of preservation for over1600 years. However, once excavations began, exposure to theelements began the slow process of deterioration. This was not helpedby the methods of archaeology used earlier in the town's excavation,which generally centered around recovering valuable artifacts ratherthan ensuring the survival of all artifacts. In the early 1980s and underthe direction of Dr. Sara C. Bisel, preservation of the skeletal remainsbecame a high priority. The carbonised remains of organic materials,when exposed to the air, deteriorated over a matter of days, anddestroyed many of the remains until a way of preserving them wasformed.

Today, tourism and vandalism has damaged many of the areas open to the public, and water damage coming fromthe modern Ercolano has undermined many of the foundations of the buildings. Reconstruction efforts have oftenproved counterproductive, however in modern times conservation efforts have been more successful. Todayexcavations have been temporarily discontinued, in order to direct all funding to help save the city.

A large number of artifacts come from Herculaneum are preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum.

Photos

House Number 22 is noted forthis outstanding summer

triclinium with a nymphaeumdecorated with coloured mosaics

Herculaneum, Neptuneand Amphitrite, wall

mosaic in House Number22

Street paving stones inHerculaneum

Residential water pipe madeof lead in Herculaneum

Wall paintings in the first style Inlaid marble floor

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Documentaries• A 1987 National Geographic special In the Shadow of Vesuvius explored the sites of Pompeii and Herculaneum,

interviewed archaeologists, and examined the events leading up to the eruption of Vesuvius.• A 2002 documentary "Herculaneum. An unlucky escape" - http:/ / www. doclab. it/ produzioni. php, based on a

research of Pier Paolo Petrone, Giuseppe Mastrolorenzo and Mario Pagano. Co-production of DocLab Rome,Discovery Channel USA, France 3 - Taxi Brousse, Spiegel TV, Mediatred, 52'.

• A 2004 documentary "Pompeii and the 79 AD eruption". TBS Channel Tokyo Broadcasting System, 120’.• An hour-long drama produced for the BBC entitled Pompeii: The Last Day portrays several characters (with

historically attested names, but fictional life-stories) living in Pompeii, Herculaneum and around the Bay ofNaples, and their last hours, including a fuller and his wife, two gladiators, and Pliny the Elder. It also portraysthe facts of the eruption.

• Pompeii Live, [[Five (channel)|Channel 5 [13]], 28 June 2006, 8pm, live archaeological dig at Pompeii andHerculaneum]

• A 2007 documentary "Troja ist überall: Auferstehung am Vesuv", Spiegel TV, 43'29 - http:/ / terra-x. zdf. de/ZDFde/ inhalt/ 3/ 0,1872,7122307,00. html.

• Secrets of the Dead: Herculaneum Uncovered [14] a PBS show covering the archaeological discoveries atHerculaneum.

References[1] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ 829[2] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list[3] http:/ / whc. unesco. org/ en/ list/ ?search=& search_by_country=& type=& media=& region=& order=region[4] The founding myth asserted that Hercules built Herculaneum at the location where he killed Cacus, a son of Vulcan who had stolen some of

Hercules' cattle.[5] Claudia, Coverso (2000). Herculaneum: Civilisation and Art. Monaco Press. p. 8. ISBN 9788881801442.[6] Mastrolorenzo G., Petrone P.P., Pagano M., Incoronato A., Baxter P.J., Canzanella A., Fattore L. (2001). "Herculaneum Victims of Vesuvius

in AD 79". Nature 410, 769-770. http:/ / www. nature. com/ nature/ journal/ v410/ n6830/ pdf/ 410769a0. pdf.[7] http:/ / www. picure. l. u-tokyo. ac. jp/ arc/ ercolano/ index. html[8] Recently Dr Estelle Lazer of the University of Sydney has questioned some of these findings in Resurrecting Pompeii (2009).[9] Mastrolorenzo G., Petrone P., Pappalardo L., Guarino F.M.(15 June 2010). "Lethal Thermal Impact at Periphery of Pyroclastic Surges:

Evidences at Pompeii". PloS one 5 (6): doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0011127. PMID 20559555. PMC 2886100. http:/ / www. plosone. org/article/ info%3Adoi%2F10. 1371%2Fjournal. pone. 0011127.

[10] The World of Pompeii. Edited by John J. Dobbins and Pedar W. Foss 2008[11] (http:/ / www. research. uky. edu/ odyssey/ fall04/ seales. html)[12] http:/ / www. kentucky. com/ 2010/ 05/ 24/ 1277387/ uk-scientists-stymied-in-effort. html[13] http:/ / www. five. tv/ programmes/ revealed/ pompeii/[14] http:/ / www. pbs. org/ wnet/ secrets/ previous_seasons/ case_herculaneum/

• National Geographic, Vol 162, No 6. Buried Roman Town Give Up Its Dead, (December, 1982)• National Geographic, Vol 165, No 5. The Dead Do Tell Tales, (May, 1984)• Discover, magazine, Vol 5, No 10. The Bone Lady (October, 1984)• The Mayo Alumnus, Vol 19, No2. An Archaeologist's Preliminary Report: Time Warp at Herculaneum, (April,

1983)• Carnegie Mellon Magazine, Vol 4, No 2. Bone Lady Reconstructs People at Herculaneum, Winter, 1985• In the Shadow of Vesuvius National Geographic Special, (February 11, 1987)• 30 years of National Geographic Special, (January 25, 1995)• Petrone P.P., Fedele F. (a cura di), 2002. Vesuvio 79 A.D. Vita e morte ad Ercolano, Fridericiana Editrice

Universitaria, Napoli.• National Geographic, Vol 212, No 3. Vesuvius. Asleep for Now, (September, 2006) http:/ / ngm.

nationalgeographic. com/ 2007/ 09/ vesuvius/ vesuvius-text

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External links• The Friends of Herculaneum Society (http:/ / www. herculaneum. ox. ac. uk)• The local archaeological authorities (http:/ / www. pompeiisites. org/ )• AD 79: Year of Destruction (http:/ / sites. google. com/ site/ ad79eruption)• The Philodemus Project will publish Philodemus' works on poetry and on rhetoric. (http:/ / www. humnet. ucla.

edu/ humnet/ classics/ philodemus/ philhome. htm)• Brigham Young University: Herculaneum Scrolls (http:/ / magazine. byu. edu/ ?act=view& a=43)• Herculaneum (http:/ / www. roman-empire. net/ articles/ article-011. html) by Iain Dickson, 'Melvadius Macrinus

Cugerni'• Romano-Campanian Wall-Painting (English, Italian, Spanish and French introduction) (http:/ / creadm. solent. ac.

uk/ custom/ rwpainting/ cover/ index. html)

Article Sources and Contributors 10

Article Sources and ContributorsHerculaneum  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=444825521  Contributors: 2help, AJR, Aaroncowdin, Alison, Alphachimp, Andre Engels, Andreas Kaganov, Andrewpmk,Antandrus, Atropos, Attilios, BD2412, Ben Ben, Ben MacDui, Betacommand, Bill Thayer, BlackTerror, Bloger, Bob Burkhardt, Boccobrock, Bogolov, Boing! said Zebedee, Brutaldeluxe,Bunthorne, CQJ, Calliopejen1, Calton, Can't sleep, clown will eat me, CanadianLinuxUser, Catalographer, Cgay88, Chochopk, Chris.urs-o, Closedmouth, CommonsDelinker, Connormah,Conversion script, Cynwolfe, D6, DJDunsie, Danceswithzerglings, Deb, Delirium, Doc9871, DoohanOK, Dougweller, Drmies, Droll, Earthsound, Edgy01, Egthegreat, Emporostheoros, Epolk,Erianna, Eve Hall, Fabartus, Fdewaele, Folks at 137, FourthAve, Fredcamper, Fryed-peach, GTBacchus, Gaius Cornelius, Gioto, Gobeirne, GreatWhiteNortherner, HCP herculaneum, Hadal,HansHermans, Healthinspector, Henrywhorwood, Honza Záruba, IdreamofJeanie, Imandb, J heisenberg, JMK, Jagvar, Jamyskis, Jimfbleak, JoDonHo, Jocyjump, Joergen, Joey80, Joseph Solis inAustralia, Jyril, Kaihsu, Kansan, Karophyr, Kazubon, KeithB, KnightRider, Korg, Krylonblue83, KyraVixen, Lauraamadeleinee, Leszek Jańczuk, Llort, Lord Pheasant, Lova Falk, Luiclemens,M.O.X, Maglame, Maher27777, Malcolm Farmer, MapMaster, Mareforzan0ve, Matthew Yeager, Mattis, Maurice Owen, Mcgrawcm, Mervyn, Michael Hardy, Mikenorton, Mikheil88, Mlouns,Mon Vier, MosheA, Mwp, Nakon, Nathanian, NawlinWiki, Neddyseagoon, NinevahMM, Nishkid64, Noniusbalbus, Notforthwithstanding, Olgalapazza, Onionskinprod, Onlyharshil,Ottawa4ever, Pearrari, Peterlewis, Podzemnik, Ppetrone, Prof saxx, Pschemp, Puffin, Pyrospirit, Qfl247, Qxz, R.Veenman, Raven in Orbit, Richard Arthur Norton (1958- ), Rjwilmsi, Rkm1,Rmhermen, Robert K S, RobertG, Ronkonkaman, Roundtheworld, Rrburke, S h i v a (Visnu), SGW999, SGW9999, Saddhiyama, Sam Korn, Sannse, Sardur, Scottydude, Seattle Skier,Shadowjams, Shoessss, Sjakkalle, SkagitRiverQueen, SmthManly, Spartan55, Spazure, Stan Shebs, Steven J. Anderson, Storkk, Tail, Tbharding, Textor, Thumperward, Tiddly Tom, Trails,TutterMouse, Unyoyega, Welsh, Wetman, Where, WikiDusk, Wildhartlivie, William Avery, WojciechSwiderski, Xgoni, Xtreambar, Yahia.barie, Yath, Zfr, Zyxw, 324 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:010319 25 Ercolano scavi .JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:010319_25_Ercolano_scavi_.JPG  License: GNU Free Documentation License  Contributors:G.dallorto, Lalupa, 1 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Italy.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Italy.svg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: see belowFile:Plan Of Ancient Herculaneum.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Plan_Of_Ancient_Herculaneum.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AlMare,DenghiùComm, G.dallorto, Qoan, 1 anonymous editsFile:Mt Vesuvius 79 AD eruption 3.svg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Mt_Vesuvius_79_AD_eruption_3.svg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: MapMasterFile:Herculaneum Bootshaeuser.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Herculaneum_Bootshaeuser.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Matthias Holländer atde.wikipediaFile:Ring Lady.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ring_Lady.JPG  License: Public Domain  Contributors: Anakin101, Angr, Basilicofresco, Bozoid, Caddywagon,Fourthords, Jagvar, Shanes, Wknight94, 12 anonymous editsFile:Herculaneum Pano.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Herculaneum_Pano.jpg  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Xtreambar(talk)File:Ercolano1 Copyright2003KaihsuTai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ercolano1_Copyright2003KaihsuTai.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Copyright 2003 Kaihsu Tai. Original uploader was Kaihsu at en.wikipediaFile:Ercolano.JPG  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ercolano.JPG  License: Creative Commons Attribution-Sharealike 3.0  Contributors: Qfl247 (talk) (later versionuploaded by Wereldburger758. Transferred by Citypeek)File:Ercolano2 Copyright2003KaihsuTai.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Ercolano2_Copyright2003KaihsuTai.jpg  License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0,2.5,2.0,1.0  Contributors: Copyright 2003 Kaihsu Tai. Original uploader was Kaihsu at en.wikipediaFile:Herculaneum Neptune And Amphitrite.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Herculaneum_Neptune_And_Amphitrite.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:AM (talk) 16:11, 17 July 2011 (UTC)File:Roman Road Surface at Herculaneum.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Roman_Road_Surface_at_Herculaneum.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors:AlMare, Bibi Saint-Pol, DenghiùComm, G.dallorto, LimoWreck, SkiDragon, Tangopaso, Tano4595, 1 anonymous editsFile:Water Pipe In Herculaneum.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Water_Pipe_In_Herculaneum.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AlMare, Chris 73,DenghiùComm, G.dallorto, 2 anonymous editsFile:Herculaneum Wall 1.Style.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Herculaneum_Wall_1.Style.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AlMare, G.dallortoFile:Herculaneum Floor.jpg  Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Herculaneum_Floor.jpg  License: Public Domain  Contributors: AlMare, Bohème, G.dallorto, Jastrow, Manvyi, 1 anonymous edits

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