Heredity Review

Heredity – Mitosis/Cell Division

• Cell Cycle• Mitosis..structure of chromosome• Regulation

– Density Dependent– Density Independent– Go,– Kinase– Cyclin– Cyclin Dependent kinase

• Plants vs. Animals

Heredity – Meiosis

• Synapsis Homologous Chromosomes

• Crossing Over, Chiasmata

• Meiosis I vs Meiosis II

• Males vs. Females

• Genetic Variation– Independent assortment– Crossing over– Random mating (of gametes)

Heredity – Mendelian (the monk and assistant)

• Dominant• Recessive• Co-dominant• Incomplete Dominance

Heredity – Morgan (the fly guy)

• Gene Linkage• Chromosome Map• Sex Linkage• Barr Bodies• Epigenetics

Heredity – Probability

• P, F1, F2 Generations• Rule of Multiplication – be able to calculate• Test Cross• Non conventional inheritance patterns (actually, the norm!)

– Incomplete vs. codominance (are you pink or striped?)– Multiple alleles (blood type)– Epistasis (one gene alters another; skin color)– Pleiotrophy (one gene – many traits; sickle cell anemia)– Polygenic Inheritance (body height)– Linked Genes (sex linked examples)– Epigenetics (environment vs. genome)– Genomic Imprinting (mom or dad?)– Nondisjunction (oops)

• Chi Squared

Book Problems

• See p 283-284 tips and problems

• See page 303-304 problems

Heredity – Molecular Basis

• DNA – Structure– Nucleotide

• Nitrogen Base (pairing, identity)

• Phosphate (charge)• (Deoxy)Ribose (five carbon sugar)

– Purines, Pyrimidines• Explanation of pairing rules

• 3’, 5’???????????????

– Euchromatin vs. heterochromatin Satellite DNA

Heredity – Molecular Basis

• Replication– Primase– topoisomerase– Polymerase– Helicase– Ligase– Single stranded binding proteins– Primer– Leading/lagging strand– Proof-reading

Okazaki

Heredity – Molecular Basis

• DNA vs. RNA – Chemical differences– Functional differences

Heredity – Molecular Basis

• Transcription– mRNA, Transcription factors, RNA polymerase– TATA box– Post transcriptional processing

• 5’ cap

• Poly A tail

• Introns

• Exons

– Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Heredity – Molecular Basis

• Translation– mRNA, rRNA, tRNA

• Codon mRNA

• Anticodon tRNA amino acid

• Reading genetic code

• Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic

Heredity – Molecular Basis

• Regulation of Gene Expression– Transcription factors– mRNA processing– Eukaryotes steroid hormones

• Euchromatin vs. heterochromatin

• Review structure of chromosome (ch 19)

– Prokaryotes operon• Lac operon vs. trp operon

– Promoter, operator, structural genes

• Inducible (lac)

• Repressible (typ)

Transcription of the gene: regulation in prokaryotes

Transcription of the gene: regulation in eukaryotes

• What can go wrong??– Point mutation

• Non-sense mutation – premature stop codon

• Mis-sense mutation – wrong amino acid (sickle cell)

– addtion/deletion/substitution– Frame shift mutation– Thymine dimers – UV radiation

Heredity – Molecular Basis

• The product of the p53 gene (p53 protein) inhibits the cell cycle and allows time for DNA repair mechanisms to operate. Deficiencies in this cell cycle inhibiting pathway could promote cancer

Heredity – Oncogenes – p53, RAS

Some proteins encoded by proto-oncogenes and tumor-suppressor genes are components of cell

signaling pathways

• The Ras proto-oncogene (G protein) is part of a cell cycle stimulating pathway. A mutation making this pathway abnormally active could result in cancer

Heredity – Biotechnology

– Viral modes of survival– Biotechnology

• Cloning– Transformation

» Plasmid» Antibiotic Resistance

– PCR• Gene splicing

– Restriction digests» Restriction Enzyme

– Electrophoresis• Gene Silencing

– Knockout genes– iRNA

• Stem Cells vs. Cancer Cells!!