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herman Svarci

konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi

herman Svarci

sakonstitucio samarTlis sferoSi

cnobili moRvawe.

vaSingtonis iuridiuli kolejis profesori,

amerikuli universiteti, vaSingtoni.

isini, vinc konstitucias weren Seqmnis pro-cesSi myofi demokratiebisaTvis, bevr da-brkolebebs awydebian.

pirvel rigSi, maT unda Seqmnan iseTi do-kumenti, romelic saSualebas miscems sazo-gadoebas, mSvidobianad gadaWras rTuli da konfliqturi sakiTxebi. imavdroulad, unda SemuSavdes adamianis uflebaTa dacvis efeq-turi sistema, romelic moicavs umcireso-baTa uflebas _ ar daeTanxmos da sakanonm-deblo umciresobis uflebas gardaiqmnas umravlesoba d.

meore, _ konfliqturi situaciebi Cveule-briv iwyeba swrafad da am sakiTxebis mogvare-bam SeiZleba samomavlod Seqmnas problemebi. transformaciisas (sabWoTa blokis umetesi qveynebis msgavsad) wagebulebi Seecdebian imdeni Zalaufleba SeinarCunon, ramdensac SeZleben. Tu cvlileba moicavs reJimis sru-lad Secvlas, rogorc es eraySi moxda, maSin gamarjvebulebi metoqeobas gauweven erTa-maneTs Zalauflebis mosapoveblad. am dave-bis gadaWris saSualebebi xSirad inkorpori-rebulia konstituciaSi, romelic SeiZleba problemuri iyos xangrZlivi periodis gan-mavlobaSi. magaliTad, amerikis SeerTebuli Statebis konstituciaSi monobaze kompromi-sebis CarTvam realurad SesaZlebeli gaxada konstituciis miReba, magram sabolood aR-moCnda, rom es arc ise kargi iyo erisTvis.

ufro metic, konstitucia iwereba drois gansazRvrul monakveTSi, Cveulebriv maSin, rodesac sazogadoebaSi arsebobs ekonomiku-ri, socialuri Tu sxva problemebi. arsebobs cduneba da xSirad aucilebloba imisa, rom swrafad moxdes am problemebTan gamklaveb a.

magram debulebebi, romlebic gamiznulia prob lemaTa swrafad mosagvareblad, SeiZleba Seusabamo aRmoCndes momavlisaTvis.

eWvis qveS dayeneba yvela dokumentisa, romlebic dawerilia gansazRvrul drosa da adgilas, niSnavs imas, rom momavlis winaswar ganWvreta SeuZlebelia. momavali yovelTvis gansxvavebulia imisgan, rasac moveliT. amgva-rad, konstituciis proeqtis Semqmnelebma dasabami unda miscen iseTi momavali mTavro-bebis Camoyalibebas, romlebic myarad Sexv-debian warmoudgenel da gauTvaliswinebel prob lemebs.

TiTqmis universaluri gamocdilebis erT-erTi gakveTili aris is, rom adamianis ufle-bebi dauyovnebliv unda iyos daculi. roca avtoritaruli reJimis Seviwroeba moxda, sa-zogadoebas ganTavisuflebis SegrZneba da Tavisuflebisaken swrafvis wyurvili hqonda, Tumca didxans ar gagrZelebula mRelvare-bis es grZnoba. axali da Zveli demokratiebis gamocdileba aCvenebs, rom, Tu sawyis etapze adamianis uflebebi saTanadod ar aris dacu-li, mogvianebiT amis gakeTeba Zalze rTulia.

Tavdapirveli mosazrebebi pirveli, unda iyos Tu ara dawerili konsti-

tucia Cveulebrivi sakanonmdebeli organos Tu specialurad Seqmnili damfuZnebeli kre-bis mier? Tu gadawydeba, rom Seqmnan raime Zvelis msgavsi, maSin kanonmdeblebs SeuZliaT, daweron iseTi konstitucia, romlis saSuale-biTac isini SeinarCuneben TavianT Tanamdebo-bebs. specialuri damfuZnebeli kreba umjobe-sia sazogadoebis rac SeiZleba met elements warmoadgendes, miuxedavad imisa, rom es sak-maod rTulia da Zvirad Rirebuli.

kidev erTi gadasaWreli sakiTxi sawyis etapze aris is, Tu rogor unda Sevides cvli-lebebi da damatebebi konstituciaSi misi mi-Rebis Semdeg. amis Sesruleba martivi rodia. dokumenti unda asaxavdes sazogadoebis yve-

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herman Svarci

laze mniSvnelovan faseulobebs da demokra-tiuli procesis mTavar principebs. es yve-laferi stabiluri unda iyos. meore mxriv, zogierTi debuleba miRebuli uecari zewo-lis, konfliqtisa da molodinis gamo, sawyis etapze, SesaZloa Soreuli momavlisaTvis Seuferebeli iyos, cvlilebebis Setanis gar-Tulebam ki SesaZloa xeli SeuSalos momaval mTavrobebs adekvaturad gaumklavdnen gau-Tvaliswinebel problemebs.

am mizezis gamo, Wkvianuri iqneba, Tu gan-sazRvruli drois Semdeg, moxdeba konsti-tuciis struqturuli aspeqtebis mimoxilva. erT-erTi gza aris 10-20 weliwadSi erTxel eqspertTa komisiis mowveva, raTa dadgindes, aris Tu ara saWiro struqturuli cvlile-bebis Setana. es SesaZloa, gansakuTrebiT sa-sargeblo gamodges pirveli aTi wlis Semdeg, rodesac konstituciaSi warmoSobili zogier-Ti problema naTeli gaxdeba.

es mimoxilva ar unda moicavdes adamianis uflebaTa Sesustebis mcdelobas, Tumca amis gakeTebis cduneba SeiZleba arsebobdes. ro-gorc ki cxovrebis mosalondeli gaumjobese-bis standartuli Tavdapirveli eiforia gaivlis, ukve naklebad zrunaven adamianis uflebebze. liderebma da Cveulebrivma ada-mianebmac ki SeiZleba adamianis uflebebi fu-funebad CaTvalon - meorexarisxovnad, ekono-mikuri stabilurobis sakiTxebTan SedarebiT. miuxedavad amisa, gamocdileba gviCvenebs, rom adamianis uflebebi iSviaTad aferxeben ga-mowvevebze efeqtur reagirebas.

amasTan dakavSirebuli Semdegi sakiTxi gaxlavT konstituciis moculoba. aSS-Si be-vri fiqrobs, rom, radgan aSS-is konstitucia 200 welze metia rac agrZelebs moqmedebas, mokle konstituciebi ukeTesia damwyebi de-mokratiebisTvisac ki. me am xedvas ar vizia-reb. aSS-is konstituciuri normebi ar SeiZle-ba Tavmoyrili iyos mxolod ocdaToTxmet sawyis da cvlilebebis Sesatan debulebebSi. isini SeiZleba Tavmoyril iqnen or saukuneze meti xnis ganmavlobaSi aSS-is uzenaesi sasa-marTlos gadawyvetilebaTa 550-ze met kre-bulSi. am gadawyvetilebebma daamkvidra Cveni yvelaze fundamenturi konstituciuri prin-cipebi da uflebebi, romelTagan ramdenime SeiZleba gamovyoT aSS-is konstituciidan. im axlad Camoyalibebuli demokratiebidan, romlebsac ar aqvT orsaukunovani gamocdi-

lebis fufuneba uflebebis gansaviTareblad, mxolod ramdenime Tu iwyebs Zlieri sasamarT-lo sistemis SeqmniT. maT SeuZliaT da unda aagon demokratia amerikis da sxva qveyenebis gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, sasamarTloebis lodinis gareSe unda Seqmnan es fundamenturi uflebebi da principebi TavianT konstitu-ciebSi Sesatanad.

es, ra Tqma unda, ar niSnavs imas, rom konsti-tucia unda iyos Zalze detaluri. konstitu-ciebi, romlebic moicaven bevr debulebas, SeiZleba naklebad moqnilebi iyvnen. imis ga-dawyveta, Tu ra unda Sevides konstituciaSi, ra unda darCes sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis gadasawyvetad da, saerTod, ra ar unda iyos daregulirebuli konstituciiT, aris yve-laze mTavari da rTuli sakiTxi.

mSeneblobis safexurebiegreT wodebuli horizontaluri da ver-

tikaluri struqturuli sakiTxebi yvelaze rTulia, radganac isini ukavSirdebian Za-lauflebis gadanawilebas. es sakiTxebi Ti-Tqmis yovelTvis gvardeba politikuri azr-Ta sxvadasxvaobis fonze iseTi moklevadiani miznebiT, rogoricaa, magaliTad Tu rogor unda moxdes xSirad dominanturi Zalaufle-bis miReb a da SenarCuneba.

upirvelesi sakiTxi gaxlavT, unda iyos sa-prezidento Tu saparlamento sistema. maTi mravalferovnebis gaTvaliswinebiT, isini iyofian or jgufad. saprezidento sistemiT yvelaze ufro amerika aris cnobili. rogorc wesi, prezidenti pirdapir irCeva xalxis mier, Tumca SeerTebul StatebSi prezidentis ar-Ceva gansazRvruli droiT xdeba. prezidenti, romelic gvevlineba qveynis meTaurad, adgens rogorc saSinao, ise sagareo politikas da irCevs ministrebs am politikis gansaxorcie-leblad. ministrTa kandidaturebs xSirad amtkicebs sakanonmdeblo organo, Tumca arian prezidentis kontrolis qveS.

sakanonmdeblo xelisufleba damoukide-blad irCeva dadgenili droiT. rogorc wesi, arc prezidenti da arc sakanonmdeblo xeli-sufleba ar daiTxoveba erTimeoris mier. es warmoqmnis ormag legitimur sistemas da mkve-Trad gamijnul Zalauflebas.

saprezidento sistema uzrunvelyofs sta-bilurobas da Zlieri prezidentis xelSi

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konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi

SeiZleba uzrunvelyofil iqnes Zlieri, ener-giuli xelmZRvaneloba. Tumca stabiluroba SeiZleba gadaizardos mouqnelobaSi da arapo-pularuli, araefeqturi prezidentis Secvla SeuZlebelia moxdes mmarTvelobiTi periodis amowurvamde. ufro metic, sakanonmdeblo or-ganos sxvadasxva politikuri partiis mier marTvam SeiZleba migviyvanos sakanonmdeblo Cixamde. Tu es dayofa iarsebebs, saxelmwifo mravali wlis ganmavlobaSi ver SeZlebs nor-malurad funqcionirebas.

saparlamento sistemaSi, parlamenti saar-Cevno legitimurobis erTaderTi wyaroa. ar xdeba Zalauflebis gayofa sakanonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebebs Soris. sasa-marTlo xelisufleba, ra Tqma unda, damou-kidebelia, magram imyofeba sakanonmdeblo sferos miRma. rac Seexeba aRmasrulebel xelisuflebas, romelsac xSirad mTavrobas uwodeben, imarTeba premier-ministris mier, romelsac irCevs is partia, romelic umra-vlesobiT modis parlamentSi an koaliciis mier, romelic Semdgaria kanonmdebelTa umra-vlesobisgan. qveynis mmarTveli gaxlavT pre-zidenti cotaodeni ZalauflebiT da irCeva parlamentis mier. premier-ministri da mTa-vroba arian pasuxismgebeli parlamentis wi-naSe da SeiZleba daTxovnil iqnen swored par-lamentis mier. arCevnebis Catareba SeiZleba nebismier dros, moqnilobis uzrunvelyofiT. vinaidan ar arsebobs formaluri dayofa saka-nonmdeblo da aRmasrulebel xelisuflebaTa Zalauflebebs Soris, Sesabamisad, arsebobs gamouval mdgomareobaSi aRmoCenis naklebi Sansi imdenad, ramdenadac mTavroba an pre-mier-ministri, romelic kargavs parlamentis ndobas, SeiZleba daTxovnil iqnes mis mier.

saparlamento sistemam SeiZleba gamoiwvios xelisuflebis xSiri cvlileba da didi aras-tabiluroba. agreTve mas SeuZlia warmoqmnas politikaSi radikaluri cvlilebebi, rode-sac opozicia modis umravlesobiT, romelmac SeiZleba gamoiwvios sxvadasxva saxis arasta-biluroba.

ar arsebobs aSkara pasuxi imaze, Tu romeli sistemaa ukeTesi. arCevani xSirad damokide-bulia istoriaze, konkretuli drois moTxo-vnebze da sxva faqtorebze. sabWoTa blokis yofilma wevr-saxelmwfoebma sabWoTa kavSi-ris farglebs gareT, agreTve baltiispireTis qveynebma danerges saparlamento reJimi, rad-

ganac maT undodaT, gamxdariyvnen dasavleT evropis nawili, romelic TiTqmis saparla-mentoa. sabWoTa kavSiris yofilma, arabal-tiispireTis qveynebma danerges saprezidento sistem a.

agreTve, unda gadawydes sakanonmdeblo xe-lisufleba unikameruli (erTpalatiani) unda iyos Tu bikameruli (orpalatiani)sistemis. Tu saxelmwifo federaluria, met-naklebad avtonomiuri Semadgeneli erTeulebiT, rogo-ric aris aSS da germania, sasurvelia, Tu iq-neba meore (Cveulebriv zeda palata rogorc aSS-is senati) sakanonmdeblo palata, rome-lic warmoadgens Semadgeneli erTeulebis in-teresebs. meore palata, garkveul sferoebSi, rogoricaa gadasaxadebi da sasamarTlo, aseve avtonomiasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebi, zo-gjer SezRudulia gadawyvetilebaTa miRebaSi.

meore palatis yofna-aryofna wamoWris ki-dev erT kiTxvas: ramdenad centralizebuli unda iyos saxelmwifo? ra uflebamosilebe-biT unda sargeblobdnen da ramdenad avto-nomiurebi unda iyvnen regionebi da naciona-luri erTeulebi? ramdenad damoukideblebi iqnebian qalaqebi da soflebi? SesaZleblobe-bis diapazoni farToa absoluturi avtono-miis mqone erTeulebidan srul centralur kontrolamde. kargi mizezia imisa, rom neba-darTuli iyos meti avtonomia adgilobrivi da regionaluri erTeulebisaTvis, radgan isini efeqturad SeZleben marTon, vinaidan centra-luri administraciisaTvis xSirad ucnobia ad-gilobrivi pirobebi da saWiroebebi. agreTve, adgilobriv TviTmmarTvelobaSi CarTuloba sTavazobs xalxs saSualebas, pirdapir miiRon monawileoba mniSvnelovani gadawyvetilebebis miRebaSi, romlebic imoqmedebs maT cxovre-baze da es SesaZloa demokratiuli TviTmmar-Tvelobis mniSvnelovani nawili iyos.

sasamarTlo sistemaistoriam aCvena damoukidebeli sasamarTlo

sistemis aucilebloba, romelsac SeuZlia uzrunvelyos is, rom xelisuflebis danarCen-ma orma Stom ar gadaaWarbos konstituciiT miniWebul uflebamosilebas, rodesac saqme exeba adamianTa uflebebs. es SesaZloa iyos mudmivi sasamarTlo sistema, rogorc aSS-Sia an specialuri tribunali, sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, romelic uflebamosilia, ga-

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herman Svarci

daWras mxolod konstituciuri da ramdenime sxva sakiTxi, rogorc germaniaSia. zemoT xse-nebul SemTxvevaSi bolo instanciad gvevli-neba uzenaesi sasamarTlo, Semdgari saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebisgan, romlebic iniSnebian mTeli sicocxlis vadiT da, ro-gorc wesi, ganixilaven saCivrebs qvemdgomi sasamarTloebisagan. maTi movaleobaa, miiRon gadawyvetileba konkretul saqmeebze, Cveule-briv, isini mxolod im SemTxvevaSi ganixilaven konstituciur sakiTxebs, Tu es davis dare-gulirebisaTvis aucilebelia. sakonstitucio sasamarTlos wevrebis umravlesoba samarTlis profesorebi arian, danarCenebs ar aqvT saer-To sasamarTloebSi muSaobis gamocdileba da rCebian am poziciaze erTi an meti 8-12 wliani vadiT. isini ganixilaven konstituciur saki-Txebs, Tu es aris xelisuflebis warmomadgen-lebis moTxovna, saerTo sasamarTloebis da bevr qveyanaSi rigiT moqalaqeTa sarCelebs, romlebic amtkiceben, rom maTi uflebebi dairRva. ganviTarebadi demokratiis qveynebis umravlesobam gadawyvita SeeqmnaT sakonsti-tucio sasamarTloebi, nawilobriv imitom, rom saerTo sasamarTlos mosamarTleebis mier sasamarTlo sistemis kontroli ar aris maTi praqtika da nawilobriv imitomac, rom isini undoblobas ucxadeben arsebul sasa-marTlo sistemas.

rogori sistemac ar unda iqnes SerCeuli, konstituciam detalurad unda daadginos sa-samarTloebis uflebamosileba, rom SesaZle-beli iyos konstituciasTan SeuTavsebadi kanonebisa da sxva normebis anulireba. Tu ar-sebobs sakonstitucio sasamarTlo, is ar unda iyos datvirTuli gansxvavebuli valdebule-bebiT. misi saqmianobis udidesi nawili iqne-ba sadavo, vinaidan misi erT-erTi umTavresi funqcia, gansakuTrebiT sawyis etapze, aris konstituciuri sazRvrebis dadgena samTavro-bo uwyebebs Soris. agreTve, sakonstitucio sasamarTlos zogjer mouwevs xelisuflebis sawinaaRmdego gadawyvetilebebis gamotana adamianis uflebebis sakiTxebTan dakavSire-biT. yvela aseT SemTxvevaSi, is xSirad iqneba damarcxebulTa mier mkacrad gakritikebuli. Kkonstituciam ar unda gaaormagos aseTi Se-tevebiT gamowveuli SemTxvevebi, rac gamow-veulia, magaliTad, sakonstitucio tribuna-lisaTvis gansaxilvelad arakonstituciuri sakiTxebis miwodebiT, sawyis etapze mainc,

radganac isini ganicdian prestiJis da sazo-gadoebrivi mxardaWeris naklebobas, razec maTi efeqturunarianobaa damokidebuli.

damoukidebeli sasamarTlo sistemis mxa-ris daWera aris kidev erTi mizezi imisa, Tu ratom ar unda iyos konstitucia Zalian mo-kle. rac ufro konkretulia konstitucia, miT ufro martivi iqneba sasamarTloebisaTvis dokumentSi Sesabamis debulebaze miTiTeba sadavo gadawyvetilebebis dasacavad, aseve, isini ufro naklebad iqnebian ganxiluli ro-gorc subieqturi Sexedulebebis Sesabamisad moqmedni.

radganac sasamarTloTa gadawyvetilebebi xSirad politikurad mgrZnobiarea, maTi da-moukidebloba da uzenaesoba konstituciiT unda iyos garantirebuli. sasamarTlo sistema unda iyos ara iusticiis saministros daqvem-debarebis qveS, aramed xelisuflebis damou-kidebeli Sto dadgenili vadiT. sasamarTlo sistemam unda gaakontrolos Tavisi finan-suri da administraciuli saqmianoba, Tavisu-fali unda iyos aRmasrulebeli xelisufle-bis Carevisagan, magram unda moxdes biujetis kontroli sakanonmdeblo xelisuflebis mier.

konstituciam agreTve unda uzrunvelyos, rom is gamoiyenebodes dabali instanciis mo-samarTleebis mier gadawyvetilebaTa miRebi-sas. bevr axal demokratiaSi, Zalian xSirad, es mosamarTleebi gadawyvetilebis miRebisas uars acxadeben konstituciur sakiTxebze.

adamianis uflebaTa dacvarogorc es dadgenilia, konstitucia unda

icavdes adamianis uflebebs da sasamarTloe-bma, gansakuTrebiT specialurma konstitu-ciurma tribunalebma unda iTamaSon mTavari roli am dacvis uzrunvelyofisaTvis. pirve-lad es aSS-is uzenaesma sasamarTlom ganavi-Tara, magram exla sasamarTlo tribunalebi msoflios masStabiT aRiareben am pasuxismge-blobas. rodesac saqme exeboda adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso SeTanxmebis ratifi-kacias maTi mTavrobebis mier, mosamarTleebma miiCnies, rom valdebuli iyvnen, ganexilaT es xelSekrulebebi. isini xSirad Tvalyurs adevnebdnen imas, Tu rogor wyvetdnen ms-gavs problemebs sxva sasamarTloebi. Sedegad ki Seiqmna adamianis uflebaTa saerTaSoriso sakonstitucio samarTali.

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konstituciis mSeneblobis safexurebi

dResdReobiT yoveli konstitucia Seicavs adamianis uflebaTa debulebas. es sakmarisi ar aris. konstituciam unda Seqmnas institu-tebi, raTa es uflebebi amoqmeddes. konsti-tuciam gansakuTrebulad unda uzrunvelyos pirovnebis Seuferxebeli mimarTva sasamarT-losaTvis, Tu is adasturebs misi uflebis Se-laxvas da Tu am uflebis darRvevas hqonda adgili, msxverpls SeuZlia, miiRos adekvatu-ri saSualebebi. bevrma qveyanam dainaxa, rom ombudsmeni gamosadegia (vinaidan, is saCivreb-sac ixilavs) aseT SemTxvevebSi. prokuratu-raSi, adamianis uflebaTa specialuri ofisic gamosadegi iqneba.

demokratiisaTvis sasicocxlo mniSvnelo-bisaa is, rom moqalaqeebs SeeZloT imis gage-ba, Tu ramdenad kargad akeTebs xelisufleba Tavis saqmes da moqmedebs eris interesebis sasargeblod. Kkonstitucia unda moicavdes debulebebs, romlebic uflebas miscems mo-qalaqeebs, xelmisawvdom fasad da swrafad moipovon sajaro informacia, garda im masa-lebisa, romlebic safrTxis Semqmnelia ero-vnuli uSiSroebis, piradi cxovrebis, samar-Taldamcavi institutebisaTvis da aseve sxva sasicocxlo mniSvnelobis erovnuli intere-sebisaTvis. kanonmdebelTaTvis imis gadawyve-tis mindoba unda arsebobdes, Tu ara aseTi sa-Sualebebi, marTebuli ar aris, vinaidan bevri mTavroba upirispirdeba da cdilobs Seasus-tos aseTi SesaZleblobebi. mxolod Zalian cota sajaro moxeles surs sajaro ganxilvis sagnad aqcios sakuTari qmedebebi.

konstituciis miReba bolo kiTxva gaxlavT, Tu rogor unda iyos

miRebuli konstitucia? rogorc zemoT aR-vniSneT, konstitucia miRebuli unda iyos spe-cialuri damfuZnebeli krebis mier? rogorc bevr evropul qveyanaSi, mudmivi parlamentis mier? zogadad xalxis mier? sazogadoebam konstituciis miRebis etapze unda miiRos mo-nawileoba Tu Semdeg? da Tu pasuxi am ukanas-knelze dadebiTia, rogor unda iyos sazoga-doebis monawileoba uzrunvelyofili? am da sxva kiTxvebze pasuxis gacema moxda sxvadasxva gziT da miuxedavad imisa, rom bevr polito-logs sjera, rom konstitucia mowonebuli unda iyos sazogadoebis mier, es mainc ar aris universaluri midgoma.

konstituciis Seqmna eqsperimentia, gamoc-da, romlis Sedegi yovelTvis iqneba gansxva-vebuli imisgan, rac iyo gaTvaliswinebuli da risi molodinic arsebobda. ufro metic, konstituciis warmateba damokidebulia gare-Se faqtorebze – ekonomikaze, sazogadoebaSi socialur Zalebze, saxelmwifoebis sagareo urTierTobebze, bunebriv katastrofebsa da bevr sxva faqtorebze, razedac konstituciis Semqmnelebis kontroli ar vrceldeba.

miuxedavad am sirTuleebisa, axlad Camoya-libebuli demokratiebis konstituciebs SeuZ-liaT cvlilebebi moaxdinon. isini iZlevian iSviaT SesaZleblobas imisa, rom adamianebma icxovron damoukideblad da mSvidad. isto-ria ers ar sTavazobs bevr aseT moments da roca es momentebi dgeba, problemebi unda gadawydes, radgan eris momavals safrTxe eqmneb a.