hideshige takada, kosuke tanaka, rei yamashita - pices · hideshige takada, kosuke tanaka, rei...
TRANSCRIPT
Hazardous chemicals in plastics in marine environments and their potential effects on
marine organisms
11
(Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology)
Hideshige Takada, Kosuke Tanaka, Rei Yamashita
Yutaka Watanuki (Hokkaido University)
T/V Wakatake Maru (Hokkaido Pref.) By-catch in driftnet June-July 2003, 2005
Sampling area 40˚00’N−47˚30’N, 180˚00’ 55˚30’N−58˚30’N, 178˚00’ E−178˚00’ W
Short-tailed shearwater from Northern pacific
Resin pellets Fragments of plastic
Fiber
Styrofoam Plastic sheets 1 cm n=41
Plastic sheets
9%
Styrofoam 1%
Fiber 5%
Fragments of plastic 59%
Resin pellets 26%
Type and composition of plastics found in the stomachs of short-tailed shearwater.
Short-tailed shearwater Puffinus tenuirostris
Plastics found in digestive tracts of the seabirds
Yamashita et al. 2011
6
More than 180 species of animals are known to have ingested plastic debris, including birds, fish, turtles and marine mammals. Physical impacts of the ingested plastics have been reported for many species of organisms (Wright et al., 2013).
Marine organisms ingest plastics
Plastics in Seabird
Plastics carry two types of chemicals in marine environment
C9H19
OH
C
CH3
CH3
OHHO
Cl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
C
CCl2
Cl
Cl
Nonylphenol
Bisphenol A
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
DDTs
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)
Additive-derived chemicals
BrBr
Br
Br Br
Br
Sorption from ambient seawater Sorption from ambient seawater
Plastics carry two types of chemicals in marine environment
C9H19
OH
C
CH3
CH3
OHHO
Cl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
C
CCl2
Cl
Cl
Nonylphenol
Bisphenol A
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
DDTs
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)
Additive-derived chemicals
BrBr
Br
Br Br
Br
C9H19
OH
Nonylphenol : Endocrine disrupting chemicals
Additives to plastic Antioxidants Antistatic agents
l disorders in the reproductive system l vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma l decreased ability to reproduce
250
200
150
100
50
0
Endocrine disrupting chemicals released from plastic caps of mineral water bottles
World Cap 2012
applied in various electric products and fabrics.
PBDEs : Flame retardants
Penta BDE(Br4, Br5)
e.g., BDE47
O
Br
Br
Br
Br O
BrBr Br
Br
Br
BrBr
Br
Br
Br
Octa BDE(Br7,8)
DecaBDE(Br10)
3 technical products (mixtures of congeners)
e.g., BDE209
O
Br Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br
e.g., BDE183
Kanagawa, Japan
Tonkin Bay, Vietnam
Long Beach, USA
Northern Pacific Central Gyre
Atlan*c
Marbella, Costa Rica
Tokyo, Japan
Central Pacific
Urban beach Rural beach Open ocean
Sampling locations of user plastic fragments
BDE209 and BDE183 were sporadically detected in marine plastics even from open ocean
Distributions of PBDE congeners in marine plastic fragments
Hirai et al., 2011
Plastics carry two types of chemicals in marine environment
C9H19
OH
C
CH3
CH3
OHHO
Cl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
C
CCl2
Cl
Cl
Nonylphenol
Bisphenol A
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
DDTs
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs)
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
Hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDs)
BrBr
Br
Br Br
Br
Sorption from ambient seawater Sorption from ambient seawater
Persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
PCBs
・Industrial products for a variety of uses including dielectric fluid, heat medium, and lubricants. ・ Endocrine disrupting chemicals
ClnCln
DDTs
・DDT and its metabolites such as DDE and DDD. ・DDT was used as insecticides ・Endocrine disrupting chemicals
CHCCl3
Cl
Cl CCCl2
Cl
Cl
CHCHCl2
Cl
Cl
HCH
・Insecticide
H H
H
HH
H
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
Cl
DDT DDE DDD
ü Man-made chemicals ü Persistent (stable, resistant to degradation) ü Toxic to human and marine organisms ü Hydrophobic (lipophilic) ü Bioaccumulative
Regulated by Stockholm convention
DDTs PCBs
HCH Plastics
・DDT and its metabolites such as DDE and DDD. ・DDT was used as insecticides ・Endocrine disrupting chemicals
・Industrial products for a variety of uses including dielectric fluid, heat medium, and lubricants. ・ Endocrine disrupting chemicals
・Insecticide
Pellets accumulate POPs from seawater
ClnClnCH
CCl3
Cl
Cl CCCl2
Cl
Cl
CHCHCl2
Cl
Cl
DDT DDE DDD
H H
H
HH
H
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
Cl
PAHs
adsorption from ambient seawater
Concentration factor is estimated to be ~ 105 to ~106. 16
Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Dr. Hideshige Takada, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology,
Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
Air Mail
More than 50 pieces (~ 100 pieces) per one location
International Pellet Watch Global Monitoring of Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs)
Using Beached Plastic Resin Pellets
17
Analysis for persistent organic pollutants (POPs)
l Feed the data back to the collaborators via e-mail l Releasing the results on web 19 http://www.pelletwatch.org/
Chemical Analysis
Chemical hazardousness of marine plastics
Status of Global pollution
169
12 10
20
94
8 217
24
9 16
26
6
Vietnam Japan
HK India
Thailand Malaysia Indonesia
Australia
Italy
U.K.
Portugal
South Africa
Mozambique
43
416
Boston
Greece
International Pellet Watch : monitoring of POPs Plastics carry hazardous chemicals in marine environments
141 Turkey 53
453
73
10
107
Singapore
7
Costa Rica
7
7
Chile
T T
294
253
94
Argen*na
88
Ghana
Hawaii
85
Taiwan
2China
51
297
16 7 Cocos
387
Brazil
143
Philippines
45 9
25
2746 France
9 0.74
1.49
Panama
314
7
St. Helena’s 43
0.01 Uruguay
131
573 Ohio
Israel 28
209
43
5 Sweden
94
112
Albania
17
33 38
73 41
605
San Francisco
32
SeaNle
182
10 San Diego
341
Los Angeles
253
23
0.01 Henderson
Island
Concentration of PCBs* in beached plastic resin pellet (ng/g-pellet)
60
0.26
New Zealand
0.9 0.2 119
70
207
Ohio
New Jersey
30 265
8 47
73 63
11 Kenya
52
97
61
Plastics carry two types of chemicals in marine environment
C9H19
OH
C
CH3
CH3
OHHO
Cl
Cl
Cl
ClCl
Cl
C
CCl2
Cl
Cl
Nonylphenol Bisphenol A
Polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs)
DDTs
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs)
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
(PBDEs)
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
Sorption from ambient seawater
C8H17
OH
Octylphenol
Additive-derived chemicals
Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue was of concern.
Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
?
?
T/V Wakatake Maru (Hokkaido Pref.) By-catch in driftnet June-July 2003, 2005
Sampling area 40˚00’N−47˚30’N, 180˚00’ 55˚30’N−58˚30’N, 178˚00’ E−178˚00’ W
Short-tailed shearwater from Northern pacific
Proventriculus
Gizzard
Resin pellets Fragments
of plastic Fiber
Styrofoam Plastic sheets
1 cm
Abdominal adipose of circus of short-tailed shearwater by-catch
l Amount of plastics found in stomach l PBDEs concentrations in abdominal adipose
abdominal adipose
PCBs in seawater
Cl Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Cl
Exposure of contaminants both from plastics and prey
Plastic-derived PCBs
PCBs from prey
Biomagnification
Takada 2013 “Accumulation”
applied in various electric products and fabrics.
PBDEs : Flame retardants
Lower brominated
BDE47
O
Br
Br
Br
Br O
BrBr Br
Br
Br
BrBr
Br
Br
Br
BDE209
O
Br Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br
BDE183
(Br7 -‐‑‒ 10)(Br4, Br5)
Higher brominated
Less biomagnified
Plastic-derived Higher brominated congeners could have more impact on exposure of the contaminants to oceanic seabird
Lower brominated congeners (Br1 – Br6)
BDE209
No detection in pelagic fish
O
BrBr Br
Br
Br
BrBr
Br
Br
Br
Higher brominated congeners (Br7 – Br10)
O
Br
Br
Br
Br O
Br Br
Br
Br Br
Br
Br
BDE183 BDE47
T/V Wakatake Maru (Hokkaido Pref.) By-catch in driftnet June-July 2003, 2005
Sampling area 40˚00’N−47˚30’N, 180˚00’ 55˚30’N−58˚30’N, 178˚00’ E−178˚00’ W
Short-tailed shearwater from Northern pacific
Proventriculus
Gizzard
Resin pellets Fragments
of plastic Fiber
Styrofoam Plastic sheets
1 cm
Abdominal adipose of circus of short-tailed shearwater by-catch
l Amount of plastics found in stomach l PBDEs concentrations in abdominal adipose
abdominal adipose
Blank BDE#47 : 0.0006 ng/g-lipid BDE#209 :0.03 ng/g-lipid
PBDEs were detected in abdominal adipose of �all the individuals.
Higher concentrations of PBDEs were detected sporadically in fatty tissue of the seabird
Composition of BDE congeners in seabird adipose, plastics in the stomachs, and their prey.
Abdominal adipose
Plastics in stomach
Prey (lantern-fish)
Higher brominated congeners were derived from ingested plastics, whereas lower brominated congeners were derived from natural prey
Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue has been confirmed.
Transfer of chemicals from ingested plastics to biological tissue
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
O
Br Br
Br
BrBrBr
BrBr
Br
Br
5��,�
,���
/�
(���X]OQRM�55555.d�eWHIbPVRSacM(!!DecaBDE 950ppm��!Z^JQ`b!!2mm?�:?�9B6Yamashita et al.,2011?�+X]OQRM ?��0.014g>7F<2×3×3mm>��!
DecaBDE(���X]OQRM f%(0.015~0.020geG6!0'!�61��62YXNb*��63-�64OS[RMKI_>8E�";6��?$�G)@D!
OS[RMKI_�
2013 9�6��#&�=KK\PULT^AC���
Distilled water Sea water Pepsin solution 20℃ Pepsin solution 38℃ Fish oil from walleye pollack, Stomach oil collected from Streaked Shearwater
BDE209 was industrially compounded into polyethlene (PE)
Leaching experiment to test bioavailability of additives in plastic
Conclusion and Questions to be addressed
Transfer of the chemicals from ingested plastics to internal system of the biota was confirmed for a species of seabird.
Magnitude of the plastic-associated transfer of chemicals.
The other areas? The other species?
Biological response (adverse effects on the marine organisms)
Conclusions
Questions
The other animals?
169
12 10
20
94
8 217
24
9 16
26
6
Vietnam Japan
HK India
Thailand Malaysia Indonesia
Australia
Italy
U.K.
Portugal
South Africa
Mozambique
43
416
Boston
Greece
Call for pellets from PICES member countries!
141 Turkey 53
453
73
10
107
Singapore
7
Costa Rica
7
7
Chile
T T
294
253
94
Argen*na
88
Ghana
Hawaii
85
Taiwan
2China
51
297
16 7 Cocos
387
Brazil
143
Philippines
45 9
25
2746 France
9 0.74
1.49
Panama
314
7
St. Helena’s 43
0.01 Uruguay
131
573 Ohio
Israel 28
209
43
5 Sweden
94
112
Albania
17
33 38
73 41
605
San Francisco
32
SeaNle
182
10 San Diego
341
Los Angeles
253
23
0.01 Henderson
Island
Concentration of PCBs* in beached plastic resin pellet (ng/g-pellet)
60
0.26
New Zealand
0.9 0.2 119
70
207
Ohio
New Jersey
30 265
8 47
73 63
11 Kenya
52
97
61