High Cadence High Cadence Searches for Searches for

Extrasolar PlanetsExtrasolar PlanetsThe discovery of extrasolar planets in the past decade was oneThe discovery of extrasolar planets in the past decade was oneof the most remarkable achievements of the century, and theof the most remarkable achievements of the century, and the

culmination of centuries of speculation.culmination of centuries of speculation.National Academy of Sciences, Decadal Review of AstrophysicsNational Academy of Sciences, Decadal Review of Astrophysics

Planet Mass DistributionPlanet Mass Distribution

Fit ExcludesFit Excludes

11stst bin. bin.

Detection Detection Limit:Limit:

~ 0.2 M~ 0.2 MJUP JUP @ 1 @ 1 AUAU

Five Neptunes:Five Neptunes:Gl 436Gl 43655 Cnc d55 Cnc d AraAra• HD 190360HD 190360• Gliese 581Gliese 581

Butler et al.Butler et al.

McArthur et al.McArthur et al.

Santos et al. Santos et al.

Planet – Metallicity CorrelationPlanet – Metallicity Correlation

AbundanceAnalysis of1000 stars

onplanet search

.

22

PPplanetplanet ~ ~ ((NNFeFe

/ N/ NHH))

Previous Evidence: Previous Evidence: G.Gonzales, N.SantosG.Gonzales, N.Santos

Fischer & Valenti Fischer & Valenti 20052005

Metallicity Metallicity Models:Models:

Ida & LinIda & Lin

Kacper KornetKacper Kornet

et al. et al.

© NSF/NOAO7000 Å

4000 Å

Dr. Gillian Nave, NIST

Key to Doppler Measurements:Key to Doppler Measurements: Wavelength CalibrationWavelength Calibration

4995 – 6000 Ang.4995 – 6000 Ang. Thousands of IThousands of I22 lines lines

3 m/s Precision3 m/s Precision

Spectrometer PSF:Spectrometer PSF:

Conveyed by IConveyed by I22 line line

shapes.shapes.

The Next Decade:The Next Decade:3 m/s versus 1 m/s3 m/s versus 1 m/s

1 m/s1 m/s

3 m/s3 m/s

Jupiter analog is 10-sigma detectionJupiter analog is 10-sigma detectionUncertainty of eccentricity is +/-0.02Uncertainty of eccentricity is +/-0.02Saturn-mass at 5 AU is a 4-sigma detectionSaturn-mass at 5 AU is a 4-sigma detectionSuper-Earths detectable in 4-day orbitsSuper-Earths detectable in 4-day orbitsDetection sensitivity similar/better than SIMDetection sensitivity similar/better than SIM

Minimal (3-sigma) detection of Jupiter analogMinimal (3-sigma) detection of Jupiter analogEccentricity of Jupiter analog is uncertain (+/-0.2)Eccentricity of Jupiter analog is uncertain (+/-0.2)Non-detection of Saturn-mass at 5 AUNon-detection of Saturn-mass at 5 AU

Obstacles to 1 m/sObstacles to 1 m/sStellar oscillations PhotonsStellar oscillations PhotonsStellar granulation Systematic ErrorsStellar granulation Systematic ErrorsStellar rotationStellar rotation

P-modes in Solar-type starsP-modes in Solar-type stars

Amp ~ 1.5 m/sAmp ~ 1.5 m/sPer = 5 minPer = 5 min

- Seismology- Seismology

-Noise:Noise:

Avg overAvg over P-modes !P-modes !

Alpha Cen A (G2 V)Alpha Cen A (G2 V)

K dwarfs: 1 meter/secK dwarfs: 1 meter/sec

Acoustic p-modes:Acoustic p-modes:

Amp < 1 m/sAmp < 1 m/s

Alpha Cen B (K0V)Alpha Cen B (K0V)

10 Earth-Masses10 Earth-MassesP = 50 dayP = 50 day

Single telescopeSingle telescope

AliasingAliasing

1 day Obs1 day Obs..

5 Earth-Masses 5 Earth-Masses P = 50 dayP = 50 day

Single telescopeSingle telescope

1 Earth-Mass1 Earth-MassP = 4.2 dP = 4.2 d

MMstarstar = 0.5 M = 0.5 MOO

Magellan Planet Finder Spectrograph

Jeff Crane (OCIW)

Steve Shectman (OCIW)

Paul Butler (DTM)

Ian Thompson (OCIW)

171722 March 200822 March 2008 Magellan SACMagellan SAC

Optical Optical layoutlayout

R4 grating

fresnel+PMT

prism

collimator + camera

fold mirrors

f/11 telescope focal surface

guider

CC

D

f/11

to f

/5

beamsplitter

slit

ThAr & QTH lamps

• Constant gravity environmentConstant gravity environment• Athermalized optical trainAthermalized optical train• High efficiency (35%)High efficiency (35%)

= 100,000 (for 1 arcsec slit)= 100,000 (for 1 arcsec slit)• Passively compensated space-framePassively compensated space-frame• 1 m/s velocity precision1 m/s velocity precision• Cost: $2 million (NASA)Cost: $2 million (NASA)

The APF PlanetometerThe APF Planetometer

A high resolution spectrometer optimizedA high resolution spectrometer optimized

for ultra-precision radial velocity workfor ultra-precision radial velocity work

Telescope BeamTelescope Beam

APF Predicted Efficiency

0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

0.25

0.3

0.35

0.4

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Wavelength (microns)

Efficiency

APF System Efficiency

HIRES (2005)

UVES + KUEYEN (2005)

The result of littrow echelle, prism CD, and all-dioptric systemThe result of littrow echelle, prism CD, and all-dioptric system

Exoplanet Target StarsExoplanet Target Stars

ActivityActivity

Spectral TypeSpectral Type

Chromospherically quiescent: R’hk < -4.8Chromospherically quiescent: R’hk < -4.8

F8V and laterF8V and later

1 m/s: Long View1 m/s: Long View

Keck Keck 12+ nights per semester12+ nights per semester

AAT AAT 25+ nights per semester25+ nights per semester

Mag Mag 25+ nights per semester25+ nights per semester

APF APF 82+ nights per semester82+ nights per semester

Every Saturn mass planet out to 9 AUEvery Saturn mass planet out to 9 AU

Every Neptune mass planet out to 1 AUEvery Neptune mass planet out to 1 AU

Super-Earths out to 0.3 AUSuper-Earths out to 0.3 AU

Earth-mass planets out to 0.1 AUEarth-mass planets out to 0.1 AU

Solar System analogsSolar System analogs

Habitable planetsHabitable planets

People More Important Than Me:People More Important Than Me:

Steve Vogt, UCSCSteve Vogt, UCSC

Steve Shectman, Carnegie ObservatoriesSteve Shectman, Carnegie Observatories

Jeff Crane, Carnegie ObservatoriesJeff Crane, Carnegie Observatories

Chris Tinney, UNSWChris Tinney, UNSW

Hugh Jones, U of HertfordshireHugh Jones, U of Hertfordshire

Greg Laughlin, UCSCGreg Laughlin, UCSC

Dante Minniti, Catolica SantiagoDante Minniti, Catolica Santiago

Pamela Arriagada, Catolica SantiagoPamela Arriagada, Catolica Santiago