1

HIGHER EDUCATION IN CHINA

PRESENTED BY

SABIHA ARSHAD MUGHAL

2

FACTS ABOUT CHINA

Full Name: People’s Republic of China Independence: 1st October 1949 Population: 1,33,97,24,852 Capital: Beijing Largest City: Shanghai Area:3,704,427 sq Major Language: Chinese Currency :Renminbi (yuan) (¥) Life Expectancy:74.8 years GDP per capita: $ 8,382

3

FACTS ABOUT CHINA Education Minister: Yuan Guiren Literacy Rate: 92% Male: 96% Female: 89% Dropout Rate: Official MoE estimates 5% in urban areas &

11% in rural areas. Primary Students: 121 million Secondary Students: 78.4m ( including junior and secondary

students) Post secondary students: 11.6 million Teachers: 14.63 million

4

STRUCTURE OF EDUCATION

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

DISTRICT EDUCATION BUREAUS

MUNICIPAL EDUCATION COMMISSIONS

PROVINCIAL EDUCATIONAL DEPTT

5

EDUCATION SYSTEM

DOCTORAL EDUCATION25-27 YRS

POST GRADUATE EDUCATION22-24 YRS

UNDER GRAGUATE EDUCATION18-21 YRS

COMMON SENIOR MIDDLE SCHOOL

EDUCATION15-17 YRS

COMMON JUNIOR MIDDLE SCHOOL

EDUCATION12-14 YRS

PRIMARY SCHOOL

EDUCATION6-11 YRS

PRE- SCHOOL

EDUCATION3-5 YRS

6

HIGHER EDUCATION IN CHINA

China has the largest higher education system in the world.

The higher education segment carries aspects both of the US and the UK systems with a stronger affiliation to the US system.

Higher education played vital role to increase the development of china through research and its implementations.

7

STRUCTURE OF HIGHER EDUCATION

THE STATE COUNCIL OF CHINA

MINISTRY OF EDUCATION

PROVINCE, AUTONOMOUS

REGION OR MUNICIPALITIES EDU

COMMISSION

LOCAL HEIs HEIs UNDER MOE

OTHER MINISTRIES(EDU DEPT / DIVISIONS)

HEIs UNDER OTHER MINISTRIES

8

SYSTEM OF HIGHER EDUCATION

HIGH EDUCATION DIPLOMA

BACHELOR DEGREE• UNDER- GRADUATE GRADUATION CERTIFICATE

MASTER DEGREE• POST- GRADUATE GRADUATION CERTIFICATE

DOCTORALDEGREE

Postgraduate (2-3 years

Master3-4 years Doctor)

Under-graduate

(4-5 years)

Short Cycle

(2-3years)

9

MISSION OF HIGHER EDUCATION

To ensure quality in education.To undertake the implementation

and coordination of Project 211 and Project 985.

To ensure equity in the distribution of higher education.

To promote the integration of production, teaching and research.

To organize and guide international educational exchanges and cooperation.

10

FACTS ABOUT H.EDU IN CHINATotal Universities and Colleges: 2,263Budget: 1.85 billion $ GDPUniversity Students: 27 millionGross rate of enrollment: 23%Regular institutions: 20 million Student Enrollment: 17.4 millionPrivate Institutions: 1,789Student Enrollment: 2.8 million Institutions for Adults: 444Student Enrollment: 5.2 millionStudent enrollment in Distance edu: 2.8 millionEmployees with HE qualification: 82 billionForeign students: 2,20,000 Chinese studying abroad: 1,80,000

11

TYPES OF INSTITUTIONS1. Key Universities2. Regular Universities3. Technical Universities 4. HEIs for Agriculture5. Foreign Languages Institutions6. Medical Institutions7. Vocational Colleges 8. Teacher Training Institutions 9. Engineering Universities

12

PROJECTS OF HIGHER EDUCATION

These projects were initiated the end of 1990s to develop high-level research and “world class” universities.

Project 211Project 985

13

PROJECT 211 It is a project of National Key Universities and colleges

initiated in 1995 by the Ministry of Education with the intent of raising the research standards of high-level universities and cultivating strategies for socio-economic development.

China today has 6% of 211 Project institutions. It takes on the responsibility of training;

Four-fifths of doctoral studentsTwo-thirds of graduate students Half of students from abroad One-third of undergraduates They offered; 85% of the state's key subjects Hold 96% of the state's key laboratories Utilize 70% of scientific research funding

14

PROJECT 985It announced on May 4, 1998 to promote the

development and reputation of the Chinese higher education system .

Project involves both the national and local governments allocating large amounts of funding to certain universities in order

To build new research centers Improve facilities Hold international conferencesAttract world-renowned faculty Visiting scholars Help Chinese faculty attend conferences

abroad

15

SOURCES OF FUNDSGovernment GrantTax Deduction and ReductionTuition and FeeBusiness run by higher education

institutionsEndowmentResearchLoanInvestment

16

CURRENT FUND REVENUE BY SOURCES

Current-fund Revenue of Institutions of Higher Educationby sources (2002)

49% Government27% Social Organiza-tions19% Donations3% Tuition Fee2% Others

17

ROLE OF R&D IN HIGHER EDUCATION

Universities are the backbone of Chinese scientific research.

Universities co-operate with research institutions, industry, local governments, and administrative organizations through;

Establishing research units S&T parks Turnkey combo (linkage with industry)

which integrate scientific research production and business operations.

18

R&D AND HE EXPENDITURE IN SELECTED COUNTRIES

China USA Japan India Pakistan

Gross domestic expenditure on R&D 2011

1.4% GDP

153.7 US$billions

2.7% GDP

405.3 US$billions

3.3% GDP

144.1 US$billions

0.9% GDP

36.1 US$billions

0.67% GDP

2.73 US$billions

19

R&D INPUTSChina now ranks second worldwide with 1.3

million researchers . It is also the world’s second highest investor in

R&D after USA (Gallagher and others 2009). In 2007 , it performed around 49.7% of China’s

basic research and 27% of applied research (Xue 2006).

Academic R&D expenditures also are growing steadily ,21.7 percent in basic research and 17.9 percent in applied

The region altogether makes up for the lion’s share of university R&D revenues nationally (about 61 percent in 2004 and 2006).

Project 985 provided intellectual planning and implementation to evolve teaching, research and commercialization.

20

GENERAL INDICATORS OF ACADEMIC R&D IN 2007

S&T revenues (RMB millions)

Number Percent

Total 61,270 100.0

From Govt Sources 34,540 56.4

From Industry Sector

21,920 35.8

From Financial Institutions

- -

R&D expenditures (RMB millions)

Total 31,470 100.0

Basic Research 8,680 27.6

Applied Research 16,180 51.4

Product and Process Development

6,610 21.0

21

R&D OUTPUTSAcademic research capacity measured by

such output indicators as publications and patents.

There is steady growth of publications in internationally recognized journals and proceedings in science and engineering.

The university sector generated between 78 and 82 percent of international publications by China, and about 75 percent of joint publications with international collaborators between 2003 and 2007 (ISTIC 2004-2008).

22

Citations for countries with more than 200,000 S&T publications, 1998-2008

RANK COUNTRY

# CITATIONS PER PUBLICATIONS

NUMBERS OF PUBLICATIONS

USA 14.28 2,959,661

UK 12.92 678,686

GERMANY 11.47 766, 146

JAPAN 9.04 796, 807

CHINA 4.61 573,486

Source: ISTIC 2008.

23

FACULTYThe Ministry of Education issued the Action Plan

for Invigorating Education Toward 21st Century in 1998, in which a “High-level Innovative Scholar Development Scheme” in TEIs was proposed.

A comprehensive training and support system conducive to the development of high-quality faculty has been built up through the implementation of a series of programs such as;

1. Changjiang Scholar Reward Program2. Distinguished Higher Education Young Teacher

Award3. Program for Training Cross-Century Excellent

Scholars4. Distinguished Young Teacher Granting Program

24

CHANGJIANG SCHOLAR REWARD PROGRAM

Its aim to produce high-level scholars. They entitled as; Full-time chair professors (to work for

three years and at least nine months each academic year)

Part-time professors (to work for three years and at least three months each academic year)

Among of them 6 outstanding scholars are selected for Changjiang Scholar Achievement Awards.

25

THE DISTINGUISHED HIGHER EDUCATION YOUNG TEACHER AWARD AND THE PROGRAM FOR TRAINING CROSS-CENTURY EXCELLENT

SCHOLARS The aim of the program is to train a

group of excellent academic leaders mainly within the nation.

Each year about 100 scholars will be awarded through this program, and the total maximum of fund for each scholar is RMB500 thousand.

Many scholars under this program have become project leaders or chief scientists of national key science and technology research projects.

26

The Distinguished Young Teacher Granting Program and the Training Program for Higher Education Backbone Teacher

It seeks to support outstanding young teachers in engaging in basic research and pioneering research in newly-developed disciplines and cross-disciplines. Higher Education Backbone Teacher Granting Program has other five sub-programs such as;

1. Higher Education Youth Backbone Teachers In-Service Degree Upgrading Program

2. Fund for Overseas-returning Scholars to Launch Researches

3. National Grants to Authors of Outstanding Doctoral Dissertations

4. Young Backbone Teachers Researching and Studying Abroad Program

5. Advanced Research and Study Workshop for Higher Education Young Backbone Teachers

27

Faculty qualification and ranks (2007)

By educational background

Number Percent

Doctorate 130,926 11.2%

Master's 363,034 31.1%

Bachelor 646,424 55.3%

By academic rank

Full professor 119,651 10.2%

Associate professor 326.300 27.9%

Lecturer 394,449 33.8%

Total Faculty: 8,40,400 71.9%

28

CHALLENGES WITH ACTION

29

Cont…China has seen an unparalleled

expansion in its higher education (HE) sector in the last decade.

Total enrolment reached 27 million that brought challenges such as;

EquityQualityIncreasing FeesUnemployment

30

Cont…Firstly, the question of distribution of

opportunities (equity) between urban and rural areas and ethnic groups.

Action:Improve the quality of teachers,

institutions and infrastructure, quota allocate to ethnic groups and provide off- campus study opportunities for over aged to rural areas and take steps to decrease the discrimination among them(2003-2007 Action Plan).

31

Cont…Secondly, it should be taken into account that quality

is one of the serious issues related to higher education.

Action:Both Projects 211 and 985 grant the enhancement of

quality as their highest priority. The 2003-2007 Action Plan also supports this

approach by initiating the implementation of the “Qualities -Oriented Education Project for the New Century.” Among other aspects, the improvement of education in rural areas is also addressed.

The “Project for reforming Teaching Practice and Enhancing the Quality of Teaching in Higher Education Institutions” stresses the importance of improvements in the teaching of English, the increase of teaching staff with practical experience, and particularly the reform of medical education (MoE Action Plan 2005).

32

Cont…Third challenge is increasing fee of

higher education that brought problems for parents as well as students.

Action:Provide financial assistance to students

such as; Student Loans AssistanceScholarshipsWork- Study ProgramsSpecial Financial Assistance to Students from

Extremely Poor FamiliesDeduction and Exemption of Tuition Fees

33

Cont…Fourth is the issue of unemployment of

university graduates seems to be both relevant and pivotal enough to be considered.

Action:The 2003-2007 Action Plan includes under No.VI

the “Project for Promoting the Employment of College and University Graduates.”

It calls for start-up support schemes, support systems for job-hunting and the development of an “employment network” with a focus on online databases. It also emphasizes the responsibility of the HEIs to provide adequate career services and to implement practical skill acquisition into the curricula.

34