Welcome to

History 06

History of the Americas II

Prof. Valadez

This week The transition from neocolonialism to nationalism in

Latin America

The Great Depression in the U.S.

– What are the causes of the Great Depression?

– How does the Great Depression affect Latin America

2

Last Week’s Topics

• What is Positivism?

• Why does Latin American adopt positivism?

• U.S. Foreign Policy In Latin America

• Early 20th Century Revolutions in Latin America

3

Nicaragua Liberals= foreign intervention

William Walker

Liberal

• Classic denunciation of the caudillo

• Rejection of traditional culture, gaucho

• Anti-Juan Manuel de Rosas

Economic Transformations

To South America

10

XM 6.2

13

Jose Marti

• 1853-1895, poet

• Cuban national figure

• Cuba fighting for independence since 1868

15

– A small group of late-nineteenth-century thinkers actively promoted American expansionism.

• Josiah Strong

• Alfred T. Mahan

16

• Maine, American battleship, destroyed in Havana

• Teller Amendment

17

Spanish-American War 1898

Map 17.4a The Spanish American War: The Pacific (left)

Map 17.4b The Spanish American War: The Caribbean (right) 18

Charge of the Rough Riders at San Juan Hill 19

Map 17.5 American Empire, 1898. 20

Roosevelt Corollary

21

•“I Took the Canal Zone” 1-20 mins https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOu8aqE5GN0

•6:12 mins •http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6c66PDGvB4&feature=relmfu

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Dollar Diplomacy

• Taft emphasized economic investment and loans from American banks rather than direct military intervention.

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• Moral Imperialism

– Wilson promised a new foreign policy that would respect Latin America’s independence.

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Neocolonial Period 1880-1930

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Neocolonial Model

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Porfirato 1876-1910

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No free press or elections

The Rurales

Political refugees flee to U.S.

Porfirio Diaz

in 1910

“Poor Mexico, so

far from God and so

Close to the United

States”

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• 20th century Revolutions

• The transition from neocolonialism to nationalism

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Mexican Revolution 1910

• Mexican Revolution

– The Overthrow of the Porfiriato

– Revolution to Civil War

– Constructive Phase

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Mexico 1910 8,245 Haciendas

Luis Terrazas

• Owns 50 haciendas

• 7 million acres

Peon Majority of the people, 30 life expectancy Landless & indebt Tienda de Raya

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Ricardo Flores Magón

Enrique Flores Magón

PLM 1906 Liberal Plan:

Abolition of the tienda de raya

Restoration of ejido lands

Land & Liberty

Tierra y Libertad

32

Francisco Madero 1873-1913

Apostle of Democracy

• 1910 Oct. 5 Plan San Luis Potosi

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The Revolt at Ciudad Juarez, 1910

• 1911 Ciudad Juarez is taken by Pascual Orozco/Villa forces

• Treaty of Ciudad Juarez- Diaz resigns

34

35

“Madero has unleashed a tiger, now let us see if he can control it.”

Porfirio Diaz

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Revolution Military Phase 1911-1920

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Victoriano Huerta

38

Zapata

39

Pancho Villa

Meeting between Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata

Presidential Palace, Mexico City 1914

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Mexico Revolution video clip

• The Storm That Swept Mexico

• Part 1 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=N7tv6HjvUv4

• Villa & Zapata 10 mins • http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IQqLeNJ07c0&feature=relmfu

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Venustiano Carranza

42

• Alvaro Obregon

1917 Constitution

• 1917 Constitution

– Article 3 education

– Article 27 land restoration

– Article 123 workers rights

– No vice president

– President no re-election

– No official religion

43

Aftermath of the Mexican Revolution • About 2 million deaths

• 1917 Constitution

– Increase in nationalism

44

Augusto Sandino • Nicaraguan

• Inspired by Mexican Revolution

• War against govt Somoza & U.S.

• Sandinismo, symbol of resistance in

• Latin America

45

• Uruguay President 1911-1915

• Greatest national reformer

• Batllismo

46

Argentina

• Hipolito Yrigoyen

• Man of the people

Peru

• Victor Manuel Haya de la Torre

• Influence by Mexican Revolution

• Indigenismo

47

Porfirato 1876-1910

48

49

Mexican Muralist Movements

• Jose Vasconcelos

– Artist served the Revolution

• Diego Rivera

• Jose Clemente Orozco

• David Alfaro Siqueiros

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Mexican Muralists

• Diego Rivera

– Indian motifs

– Europeans vilified

• Frida Kahlo

– human suffering

2010

51

1935

History of

Mexico

National

Palace

Agrarian Leader

Zapata , 1931

La Civilizacion

Tarasca, 1950

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1930s Man at the Crossroads

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Self-portrait on the Borderline Between Mexico and the United States, 1932 The Two Fridas, 1939

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Cortes and Malinche 1926 Jose Clemente Orozco

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Hospicio Cabañas Guadalajara, Mexico

Orozco’s Prometheus 1930 Pomona College

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David A. Siqueiros

• From the Dictatorship of Porfirio Diaz to the Revolution—

57

Tropical America 1932 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4m8lhg6OBQg

58

United States A Decade of Prosperity 1920s

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1925

• 1 car for 3 people

• L.A.: most motor-conscious

60

L.A.

• Edison

• Hollywood

• Weather

• After WWI Hollywood films

dominate Latin America

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http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KD_YRnuuKyY&feature=related

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Progressive Era

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1911 CA

Women Suffrage

• Women’s Freedom

Charleston Dance

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZJC21zzkwoE

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1920 The Flapper http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uDgJ79PetAQ

The “New Woman”

• The Sears Catalogue section for “flappers”!

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Tipsy, a 1930 painting by the Japanese

artist Kobayakawa Kiyoshi 66

Bobbed Hair Blues: A Mexican-American Song Laments “Las Pelonas”

• Los tengo aborrecidos, • Y ahora las pelonas • Los usan de vestidos. • Las muchachas de San Antonio • Son flojas pa’l metate. • Quieren andar pelonas • Con sombreros de petate. • Se acabaron las pizcas, • Se acabó el algodón. • Ya andan las pelonas • De puro vacilón

• https://www.youtube.com/watc

h?v=F6Atdpd8CBw

• I detest, • And now the flappers • Use them for their dress. • The girls of San Antonio • Are lazy at the metate. • They want to walk out bobbed-

haired, • With straw hats on. • The harvesting is finished, • So is the cotton. • The flappers stroll out now • For a good time. Source: "Las Pelonas" in Manuel

Gamio, The Life Story of the Mexican Immigrant (New York: Dover, 1971), 308.

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• Prohibition

• Eighteenth Amendment

68

1925 Torrance PD http://www.kcet.org/living/food/the-nosh/del-monte-townhouse-speakeasy-venice.html

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1925 TJ

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"Los Tequileros"

•

•

•

•

The third day of November, What an eventful day! The rangers from the other side, killed three from Guerrero.

They left from Guerrero with anis-flavored tequila, the direction they were taking was toward famed San Diego.

When they arrived at the Rio Grande, they stopped and thought: "We better bring Leandro, because there are only two of us."

They asked Leandro to go with them, but Leandro said he could not: "See, I am sick, and I don't want to go this way."

30 71

• The Great Depression

– What are the causes of the Great Depression?

– What was the government response?

– How effective was the government response?

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• The Election of 1928

– Hoover v.s Smith .

– Smith’s Catholicism became the focus of the race. • http://www.huffingtonpost.com/benjamin-knoll/mitt-romney-mormon_b_4121217.html

A 1928 campaign poster for the Republican ticket

Of Herbert Hoover and Charles Curtis

73

Three months before the stock market crash 74

– On October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday) the stock market crashed.

75

Causes of the Depression

– Land speculation bubble in FL & CA

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Causes of the Depression

– Unequal distribution of wealth & Agriculture recession – http://www.cbpp.org/research/top-1-percent-of-americans-reaped-two-thirds-of-income-gains-in-last-economic-expansion

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Causes of the Depression

– Stagnated sales of consumer goods

Sales of new autos stagnated after 1926

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Causes of the Depression

– Fall in the Stock market

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BBC2 Documentary 1929 The Great

Crash 1929 • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXNziew6C9A

• 1-25 mins

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– The Depression transformed American life.

Unemployed men lined up at the New York

Municipal Lodging House in 1930

A Hooverville

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– The 1930s also witnessed severe drought, creating the Dust Bowl.

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1930s rise in xenophobia

Watsonville Riot

Filipino Repatriation Act of 1935

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1930s Repatriation – Groups: local officials, business community, U.S. federal authorities in

the Labor Department, Mexican government

84

85

Mexico’s Chinese Repatriations 1930s

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• The Worsening Economic Condition • Hawley-Smoot Tariff

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• FDR and the Election of 1932

– “new deal”.

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Canada

• 1929 Crash – reliance on U.S., 25-27% unemp

– Prairie provinces hit hard

• Wheat prices

• Provinces responsibility

• Richard Bennett – Prime minister 1930-1935

• Relief from private sector

– Shantytowns

1930 1st World Cup

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The Great Depression 1929 – Documentary PBS

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ccNilnpvbJg

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E6qnlFavdF8

BBC https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FXNziew6C9A

91

Lazaro Cardenas 1934-1940 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1bOJu6V728&feature=relmfu http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9GvZxHG6Y6Q

Castillo de Chapultepec Los Pinos

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Lazaro Cardenas Administration

• Agrarian Reform – Restoration of Ejidos

• 1938 nationalizes the oil industry – Pemex (Petroleos Mexicanos)

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The Rise of PRI Cardenas

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o1bOJu6V728&feature=relmfu

• Villa to Cardenas

• 4:30 mins

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