Historian John Fiske, 1888Historian John Fiske, 1888

North America After theNorth America After theTreaty of Paris, 1783Treaty of Paris, 1783

• Some historians have argued that Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of departure from the Articles of Confederation. Confederation.

• Support, modify, or refute this Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.contention using specific evidence.

Make sure if you write this Make sure if you write this essay essay DO NOT DO NOT include:include:

– Foreign relationsForeign relations• Britain ends Salutary Neglect, May Britain ends Salutary Neglect, May

include, Treaty of Paris 1783 & French include, Treaty of Paris 1783 & French Alliance of 1778Alliance of 1778

– Economic conditionsEconomic conditions• Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend Sugar Act, Stamp Act, Townshend

Duties, Tea Act, No Taxation w/o Duties, Tea Act, No Taxation w/o RepresentationRepresentation

– Western LandsWestern Lands• Proc 1763Proc 1763

Weaknesses in the structure of theWeaknesses in the structure of theArticles of ConfederationArticles of Confederation

A unicameral Congress [9 of 13 votes to pass a law].

13 out of 13 to amend.

Representatives were frequently absent.

Could not tax or raise armies.

(Could only ask states for tax money or soldiers.)

No executive or judicial branches.

Could not regulate trade between states

State ConstitutionsState ConstitutionsRepublicanism.

Most had strong governors with veto power.

Most had bicameral legislatures.

Property required for voting.

Some had universal white male suffrage.

Most had bills of rights.

Many had a continuation of state-established religions while others disestablished religion.

The United States in The United States in 17871787

Indian Land Indian Land Cessions:Cessions:1768-17991768-1799

Foreign Foreign AffairsAffairs

•British did not evacuate forts in the west, like promised in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, supplied Indians and encouraged them to raid frontier settlements.

Disputed Territorial Disputed Territorial ClaimsClaims

Between Spain & the U. Between Spain & the U. S.:S.:

1783-17961783-1796

•Spain tried to monopolize access to the Mississippi River

•Proposed (never ratified) Jay-Gardoqui Treaty (1786), secured trading rights with Spain for northeastern merchants while recognizing Spain’s supremacy on the Mississippi.

•2 nations prevented US from exercising control over ½ territory•France cut off trade, demands $•(AoC did win the Rev War)

State Claims to Western State Claims to Western LandsLands

•Major accomplishments:•Convinced states to give up their claims to Western lands and made process for new states to enter the nation when had 60,000 people in the territory

Northwest Northwest Ordinance Ordinance

of 1785of 1785

"disunited states" (as the Tories liked to call them)

Northwest Territory

•Abolished slavery in the territory•Sold land in small, democratic parcels, yet many land speculators bought large tracts of land•Funded public schools•Land sells helped pay for the national debt

Economy in the 1780’s, Major Economy in the 1780’s, Major Depression Depression

        1.    Huge national and state debts were left from the 1.    Huge national and state debts were left from the Revolution. Revolution.

        2.    Excessive use of credit to purchase consumer 2.    Excessive use of credit to purchase consumer goods after the war (especially debts to British goods after the war (especially debts to British merchants. merchants.

        3.    Lack of currency 3.    Lack of currency                

4.    Farmers demanded laws to help their plight – and at 4.    Farmers demanded laws to help their plight – and at times acted violently (e.g. Shays’ Rebellion) times acted violently (e.g. Shays’ Rebellion)                

5.    Runaway inflation was ruinous to many citizens 5.    Runaway inflation was ruinous to many citizens                

6.    British companies flooded America with goods at 6.    British companies flooded America with goods at very low prices. very low prices.

7. States taxed each others imports!7. States taxed each others imports!

1779 South Carolina Continental currencyBy the time these notes were printed, their real value was only 10 percent of their face value.

WholesaleWholesalePricePriceIndex:Index:1770-1770-17891789

American Exports, To & American Exports, To & From Britain: 1783-1789From Britain: 1783-1789

Shays’ Rebellion: Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-71786-7

Daniel Shays

Western MA

Small farmers angered by crushing debts and taxes, close down court houses to prevent foreclosures

• Debtors demanded cheap Debtors demanded cheap paper currency, lower paper currency, lower taxes, & suspension of taxes, & suspension of mortgage foreclosures mortgage foreclosures

• marched to Springfield marched to Springfield where state's Supreme where state's Supreme Court was in session and Court was in session and where the arsenal was where the arsenal was kept.kept.

• Wealthy New Englanders Wealthy New Englanders provided money for a provided money for a large militia in the region. large militia in the region.

• Propertied class feared Propertied class feared that the Revolution had that the Revolution had created a "mobocracy." created a "mobocracy."

• "A little rebellion now and then is a good "A little rebellion now and then is a good thing. It is a medicine necessary for the thing. It is a medicine necessary for the sound health of government. God forbid sound health of government. God forbid that we should ever be twenty years that we should ever be twenty years without such a rebellion.“without such a rebellion.“

• ““The tree of liberty must be refreshed from The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots & time to time with the blood of patriots & tyrants. It is it's natural manure.”tyrants. It is it's natural manure.”

•

– Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-7

Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-Shays’ Rebellion: 1786-77

There could be no stronger evidence of the want of energy in our governments than these disorders.

-- George Washington-- George WashingtonAdd: Cause and effect: Add: Cause and effect:

Shays’ Rebellion led to the ConstitutionShays’ Rebellion led to the Constitution

Review RebellionsReview Rebellions

• As a class, please name as many As a class, please name as many rebellions as from this year that rebellions as from this year that we have covered? we have covered?

• Do you notice any common Do you notice any common themes to any of them? themes to any of them?

• Group them in categoriesGroup them in categories

East- West (frontier) divideEast- West (frontier) divideRich v. Poor # 1 most commonRich v. Poor # 1 most common

• Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676• Leisler’s Rebellion, 1691Leisler’s Rebellion, 1691• Paxton Boys, 1763Paxton Boys, 1763• Regulator Movement, 1770’sRegulator Movement, 1770’s• Shays’ Rebellion, 1786-1787Shays’ Rebellion, 1786-1787

• Indian frontier ones: Pueblo, Pontiac, Indian frontier ones: Pueblo, Pontiac, Paxton, BaconPaxton, Bacon

• Slavery: StonoSlavery: Stono

Shays’ Rebellion= AnarchyShays’ Rebellion= Anarchy

Annapolis Annapolis Convention (1786)Convention (1786)

GOAL address barriers that limited trade and commerce between the states.

Sent a report to the Congress to call a meeting of all the states to meet in Philadelphia to examine areas broader than just trade and commerce.

Years Attempts at Participants

1643-1684 New England Confederation (united to protect from Indians)

4 colonies

1686-1689 Dominion of New England (forced on the colonies to impose the Navigation Acts)

7 colonies

1754 Albany Congress (failed) 7 colonies

1765 Stamp Act Congress 9 colonies

1772-1776 Committees of Correspondence 13 colonies

1774 First Continental Congress (adopted The Association)

12 colonies

1775-1781 Second Continental Congress 13 colonies

1781-1789 Articles of Confederation 13 states

1789-Present Federal Constitution 13 states

Previous attempts at UnityPrevious attempts at Unity

1860 Confederate Secession 11 States

Do Articles of Confederation Do Articles of Confederation Handout, page 25Handout, page 25

• What categories are What categories are you going to you going to develop?develop?

Articles of Confederation Articles of Confederation Handout suggestions:Handout suggestions:

• Poor Poor Domestic Domestic EconomyEconomy– EE– GG– II– JJ– NN

• Western Western LandsLands– BB– FF– HH– MM– PP

• Weak Weak Federal Federal Gov. Gov. StructureStructure– AA– CC– DD– OO– I & NI & N

• Foreign Foreign RelationsRelations– FF– LL– QQ– RR– SS– TT

Now read essay answers Now read essay answers pages 27 -32pages 27 -32

• Analyze the degree to which the Analyze the degree to which the Articles of Confederation provided Articles of Confederation provided an effective form of government with an effective form of government with respect to any two of the following:respect to any two of the following:– Foreign relationsForeign relations– Economic conditionsEconomic conditions– Western LandsWestern Lands

Shaping a New NationShaping a New Nation

“The Constitution did not come from a desire to protect the liberties won in the American Revolution, but rather to protect the financial interests of the framers.”

-Assess the validity of this statement.

To what extent was the US Constitution a radical departure from the Articles of Confederation?

James Madison: Father of the Constitution- writes the “rough draft,’ the Virginia Plan

Virginia vs. New Jersey PlansVirginia vs. New Jersey Plans

Slide show not in notes (next 4 Slide show not in notes (next 4 or so)but helps explain Great or so)but helps explain Great

Compromise betterCompromise better

- It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote.

Constitutional Convention(Philadelphia, 1787)

- George Washington was elected president of the Convention.

Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan

- Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches.

- It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state.

- It called for a unicameral legislature, in which every state received one vote.

Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan

- Both plans called for a strong national government with 3 branches.

- It called for a bicameral legislature, in which the number of representatives in each house would depend on the population of the state.

Great Compromise• It provided for a bicameral Congress.A. House of Representatives – each state is represented according to its population (satisfied the VA Plan)B. Senate – each state has 2 Senators (satisfied the NJ Plan)* Both houses of Congress must pass every law.

Compromise to ConflictCompromise to Conflict• Connecticut/Great Compromise-Connecticut/Great Compromise- mix both mix both

plans, have two houses, the upper based on plans, have two houses, the upper based on statehood, the lower based on populationstatehood, the lower based on population

• 3/53/5thth Compromise Compromise- Slaves count as 3/5 of a - Slaves count as 3/5 of a person for determining populationperson for determining population

• Questions:Questions:– SC has 1 million free people and 1 million slaves. SC has 1 million free people and 1 million slaves.

How many people would be counted for How many people would be counted for representation purposes?representation purposes?

– Would a large slave holder from SC want a 5/5 Would a large slave holder from SC want a 5/5 clause or a 0/5 clause for representation purposes?clause or a 0/5 clause for representation purposes?

• Slave Trade Compromise-Slave Trade Compromise- : Will be allowed to : Will be allowed to make it illegal to buy slaves from around the make it illegal to buy slaves from around the world in 20 years, 1808world in 20 years, 1808

• Executive Compromise-Executive Compromise- will have a will have a Presidential term limited to 4 years, yet will be Presidential term limited to 4 years, yet will be elected by the electoral collegeelected by the electoral college

• See handout on page 38 for more detailsSee handout on page 38 for more details Roger ShermanRoger Sherman

QuestionsQuestions

• Q. If there were 2 million people in Q. If there were 2 million people in South Carolina and 1 million were South Carolina and 1 million were slaves and 1 million were free, then slaves and 1 million were free, then what was their population for what was their population for representation and tax purposes?representation and tax purposes?

AnswersAnswers

• 1,600,000 people because 1 1,600,000 people because 1 million free plus 600,000 million free plus 600,000 enslaved.enslaved.

• (3/5 * 1,000,000 = 600,000)(3/5 * 1,000,000 = 600,000)

QuestionsQuestions

• Q. For representation purposes, Q. For representation purposes, would a person from South would a person from South Carolina who wants to have the Carolina who wants to have the most power possible for their most power possible for their state, would they want their to be state, would they want their to be a 0/5, 3/5, or 5/5 clause in the a 0/5, 3/5, or 5/5 clause in the Constitution? Constitution?

AnswersAnswers

• 5/5 clause because those who 5/5 clause because those who did vote would be even more did vote would be even more powerful (Would want a 0/5 powerful (Would want a 0/5 clause for taxation)clause for taxation)

QuestionsQuestions

• Q. If there were 1 million slaves Q. If there were 1 million slaves in South Carolina, then how in South Carolina, then how many slaves could vote because many slaves could vote because of the 3/5 clause?of the 3/5 clause?

AnswersAnswers

• 0, because slaves cannot vote, 0, because slaves cannot vote, their vote does not count for 3/5 their vote does not count for 3/5 of a vote or anything like that. of a vote or anything like that. States got to decide who voted States got to decide who voted and they did not let slaves vote.and they did not let slaves vote.

Structure of the ConstitutionStructure of the ConstitutionMother always taught us to shareMother always taught us to share

• FederalismFederalism is the is the division of power division of power between the between the national national government and the government and the state governments.state governments.

• Much like Much like administration and administration and individual classroom individual classroom teachers here at teachers here at school.school.

Separation of PowersSeparation of Powers

Ratification Ratification debate:debate:

Federalist Federalist vs. Anti-vs. Anti-

FederalistFederalistStrongholdStronghold

ss

Federalist Papers (85 in all)- Argue Federalist Papers (85 in all)- Argue that the state of NY should adopt that the state of NY should adopt

the Constitutionthe Constitution

Promise of Promise of a a Bill of Bill of Rights Rights persuades persuades many Anti-many Anti-Federalists Federalists to support to support the the ConstitutionConstitution

How How democratic democratic

was the was the Constitution?Constitution?

Conservative safeguardsConservative safeguards• .          1. Purpose was to check the excesses of .          1. Purpose was to check the excesses of

the "mob" the "mob"             -- Convention delegates were unanimous             -- Convention delegates were unanimous in believing that manhood-suffrage democracy in believing that manhood-suffrage democracy was dangerouswas dangerous        2. Safeguards:         2. Safeguards:             a. Federal judges were appointed for life            a. Federal judges were appointed for life            b. President was elected indirectly by the             b. President was elected indirectly by the Electoral College Electoral College             c. Senators chosen indirectly by state             c. Senators chosen indirectly by state

legislatures legislatures         3. Only House of Representatives permitted         3. Only House of Representatives permitted to choose officials by direct vote of qualified to choose officials by direct vote of qualified (propertied white male) citizens. (propertied white male) citizens.

Beard ThesisBeard Thesis• Historian Charles Beard wrote in Historian Charles Beard wrote in

1913 that the Constitution was 1913 that the Constitution was written not to ensure a democratic written not to ensure a democratic government for the people, but to government for the people, but to protect the economic interests of its protect the economic interests of its writers writers

• Benefited wealthy financial Benefited wealthy financial speculators who had purchased speculators who had purchased Revolutionary War government Revolutionary War government bondsbonds

• "They were well-bred, well-fed, "They were well-bred, well-fed, well-read, and well-wed."well-read, and well-wed."

If you want to know more If you want to know more about the Beard Thesis read about the Beard Thesis read

pages 33-37pages 33-37Let skim, not enough time to read Let skim, not enough time to read

it all in classit all in class

• Some historians have argued that Some historians have argued that the US Constitution was a radical the US Constitution was a radical departure from the Articles of departure from the Articles of Confederation. Confederation.

• Support, modify, or refute this Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.contention using specific evidence.

Read chart on page 39, fill Read chart on page 39, fill out outline on page 41 on a out outline on page 41 on a

separate sheet of paperseparate sheet of paper

AnswersAnswers• Economically, the change to the central government having a more substantial

amount of power to regulate the economy was significant.– Levy taxes– Commerce clause- regulate trade– Exclusive power to coin money– Can still tax imports, cannot tax exports– Beard Thesis argues this was the Founding Father’s main motivation-

Hamilton’s Financial Program, BUS, Excise tax whiskey, funding national debt at par, assuming state debts, tariff

• The shift to a bicameral legislature was a significant reactionary change back to the British model.

– AoC- Unicameral, 1 vote per state, 9/13 to pass laws– Constitution, bicameral, Senate and House, majority to pass laws– Return to the British bicameral legislature: House of Lords and Commons, very

similar lower house elected, upper house appointed• The Constitution fundamentally changed the location of sovereignty by centralizing

power from the states to the national government.– Supremacy Clause– Federalism, not an unitary system, or a confederation– States still relevant, but share power, with the central government supreme– Compare Shays’ Rebellion to Whiskey Rebellion in the growth of federal power

Was the Revolution a revolution?Was the Revolution a revolution?

No (1) or Yes (9)No (1) or Yes (9)

________________________________________II III5 91 3 7

Traditional(Conservatives)

ModeratesRevisionists(radicals & liberals)

NO YESIn-

between

• Some historians have argued that Some historians have argued that the American Revolution was not the American Revolution was not revolutionary in nature. Support, revolutionary in nature. Support, modify, or refute this contention modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.using specific evidence.

• Plus, this will be our Plus, this will be our debate topic too!debate topic too!

How revolutionary was the How revolutionary was the Revolution?Revolution?

• Revolution (n.):Revolution (n.):– A total, radical change, a A total, radical change, a

fundamental change in political fundamental change in political organizationorganization

Think of categories!

The effects of the RevolutionThe effects of the Revolution

SlaverySlavery • Rise of anti-slavery societies in all the Rise of anti-slavery societies in all the

northern states (plus Virginia) northern states (plus Virginia) – Quakers the first to found such societies. Quakers the first to found such societies.

• Slavery eradicated in most northern Slavery eradicated in most northern states by 1800 states by 1800

• Slavery not allowed above Ohio River in Slavery not allowed above Ohio River in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 the Northwest Ordinance of 1787

• Slave trade to be abolished in 1808 Slave trade to be abolished in 1808 according to Constitution, yet 3/5 clauseaccording to Constitution, yet 3/5 clause

• Thousands of southern slaves freed Thousands of southern slaves freed after the Revolution after the Revolution

WomenWomen

• Republican Motherhood- Need to Republican Motherhood- Need to become educated to raise good become educated to raise good citizens, leads to increased citizens, leads to increased schooling & literacy ratesschooling & literacy rates

• Courts allow more liberal divorce Courts allow more liberal divorce lawslaws

• Limited gainsLimited gains

Attack on aristocracyAttack on aristocracy

• Ended Ended primogenitureprimogeniture

• EndedEnded entail entail: (Estates could not be : (Estates could not be sold off in pieces; guaranteed large sold off in pieces; guaranteed large landholdings to a family and meant landholdings to a family and meant less land available for purchase to less land available for purchase to the public. )the public. )

• Attacked Cincinnati SocietyAttacked Cincinnati Society

• Loyalist leaveLoyalist leave

Separation of Church & State Separation of Church & State • Anglican Church replaced by a Anglican Church replaced by a

disestablished disestablished Episcopal ChurchEpiscopal Church in in much of the South. much of the South.

• Thomas Jefferson introduces Thomas Jefferson introduces legislation to produce separation of legislation to produce separation of Church & State in Virginia, Church & State in Virginia, Virginia Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomStatute for Religious Freedom (1779), (1779),

• Congregational churches in New Congregational churches in New England slower to disestablishEngland slower to disestablish– (Connecticut in 1818, Massachusetts in (Connecticut in 1818, Massachusetts in

1833) 1833)

Jefferson’s Quotes on ReligionJefferson’s Quotes on Religion• Subject opinion to coercion: whom will you Subject opinion to coercion: whom will you

make your inquisitors? Fallible men; men make your inquisitors? Fallible men; men governed by bad passions, by private as well governed by bad passions, by private as well as public reasons. And why subject it to as public reasons. And why subject it to coercion? To produce uniformity. But is coercion? To produce uniformity. But is uniformity of opinion desirable? uniformity of opinion desirable?

-- -- Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, Notes on Virginia, 1782, Notes on Virginia, 1782• Millions of innocent men, women, and children, Millions of innocent men, women, and children,

since the introduction of Christianity, have been since the introduction of Christianity, have been burnt, tortured, fined, and imprisoned; yet we burnt, tortured, fined, and imprisoned; yet we have not advanced one inch toward uniformity. have not advanced one inch toward uniformity. What has been the effect of coercion? To make What has been the effect of coercion? To make one-half the world fools and the other half one-half the world fools and the other half hypocrites. To support roguery and error all hypocrites. To support roguery and error all over the earth.over the earth.-- -- Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, , Notes on the State of Notes on the State of Virginia,Virginia, 1781-82 1781-82

• No man shall be compelled to frequent or No man shall be compelled to frequent or support any religious worship, place, or ministry support any religious worship, place, or ministry whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, whatsoever, nor shall be enforced, restrained, molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor molested, or burthened in his body or goods, nor shall otherwise suffer, on account of his religious shall otherwise suffer, on account of his religious opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free opinions or belief; but that all men shall be free to profess, and by argument to maintain, their to profess, and by argument to maintain, their opinions in matters of religion, and that the same opinions in matters of religion, and that the same shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect their shall in no wise diminish, enlarge, or affect their civil capacities.civil capacities.-- -- Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, , Virginia Statute for Virginia Statute for Religious FreedomReligious Freedom (1779), (1779),

• Reason and free inquiry are the only effectual Reason and free inquiry are the only effectual agents against error. Give a loose to them, they agents against error. Give a loose to them, they will support the true religion by bringing every will support the true religion by bringing every false one to their tribunal, to the test of their false one to their tribunal, to the test of their investigation. They are the natural enemies of investigation. They are the natural enemies of error only… It is error only… It is error alone which needs the error alone which needs the support of government. Truth can support of government. Truth can stand by stand by itself.itself.

• -- -- Thomas JeffersonThomas Jefferson, , Notes on the State of Notes on the State of Virginia,Virginia, 1781-82 1781-82

• "Believing with you that religion is a matter "Believing with you that religion is a matter which lies solely between Man & his God, which lies solely between Man & his God, that he owes account to none other for his that he owes account to none other for his faith or his worship, that the legitimate faith or his worship, that the legitimate powers of government reach actions only, powers of government reach actions only, & not opinions, I contemplate with & not opinions, I contemplate with sovereign reverence that act of the whole sovereign reverence that act of the whole American people which declared that their American people which declared that their legislature should "make no law legislature should "make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus prohibiting the free exercise thereof," thus building a wall of separation between building a wall of separation between Church & State." –Jefferson, Danbury Church & State." –Jefferson, Danbury Baptists LettersBaptists Letters

Was the Revolution a revolution?Was the Revolution a revolution?

No (1) or Yes (9)No (1) or Yes (9)Write your name and a number Write your name and a number

on your post-it note.on your post-it note.

________________________________________II III5 91 3 7

Traditional(Conservatives)

ModeratesRevisionists(radicals & liberals)

NO YESIn-

between

• Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

• Some historians have argued that the French and Indian War marked a turning point in British imperial policy toward the American colonies. Support, modify, or refute this contention using specific evidence.

• The French and Indian War marked a dramatic turning point in British imperial policy primarily because they ended the policy of salutary neglect, began to tax the colonies, and stationed military forces in the colonies

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