HistoricHeritageStudy

fortheUpperStebbingsandMarshallRidgeStructurePlan

ThelandstretchingfromArohataPrisontothesouth,1959,White’sAviation,WA-51932,ATL.

ElizabethCox,BayHeritageConsultantsForWellingtonCityCouncil

April2018

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TableofContents

ExecutiveSummary...............................................................................................3

Introduction...........................................................................................................5

SiteContext...........................................................................................................5

HistoricalNarrative................................................................................................9MaoriTracks..............................................................................................................................9EarlyPakehaSettlement...........................................................................................................9EarlyColonialSettlement........................................................................................................10MilitaryRoadandStockades...................................................................................................12RuralSettlement:Late1840s-1900.......................................................................................14Wellington-ManawatuRailway...............................................................................................20TwentiethCentury..................................................................................................................20A‘ShortCutontheMainTrunk’:1928-1933..........................................................................22Suburb/TownshipDevelopment.............................................................................................25ArohataBorstal/Prison............................................................................................................251950s–2010s..........................................................................................................................27

Recommendations...............................................................................................29

AppendixOne:DetailedHistoryoftheBlocksintheAreaofthisStudy................30

AppendixTwo:ExistingHistoricHeritageListingsintheVicinity..........................34

Bibliography........................................................................................................37

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ExecutiveSummaryThisreportwascommissionedbyWellingtonCityCounciltodiscussaspecificarea(seeFigure1)whichliesbetweenJohnsonvilleandTawa,whichcanberoughlygeneralisedaspartoftheGlensidearea,theUpperStebbingsValleyandpartofwhatmightbeconsideredinthelowerareaofTawa.

Figure1:TheStudyarea,withTawatothenorthandChurtonParktothesouth

Thisreportprovidesananalysisofthehistoryofthestudyarea,supportedbyanAppendixwhichprovidesthehistoryoftheparticularlegalblockswithinthestudyareainmoredetail.Thisworkthenunderpinsanumberofrecommendationswhicharemadeattheendofthereport,regardingtheidentification,protectionandpromotionofheritageresourcesinthearea:

-ArchaeologicalFieldSurveyIffuturedevelopmentofthisareaistooccur,everyeffortshouldbemadetofirstdocumentthenumerouspossibleveryearlysettler19thcenturyhousesitesinthearea.Therefore,itcouldbeusefultocommissionanArchaeologicalFieldSurveytotraversetheareainordertoidentifyanysuchremaining19thcenturyhousesitesalongtheMiddleton/WillowbankRoadscorridor,alongwithanyassociatedoldgardens,treesandshelterbelts,sawpits,andassociatedfarmingandothermaterial.

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Onceidentified,someofthesesitescouldbepreserved,perhapsingreenreservesites,andlistedasarchaeologicalsitesintheNZAASiteRecordingSchemeifrecommendedbyanarchaeologist.-PreservetheareaaroundtheRailwaySurveyPegProtectionofthissiteshouldbeconsidered,plusprotectionofaviewshaftbetweenthetunnelandpeg.-MiddletonStockadeAlthoughmuchofthestockadewaslikelytohavebeendestroyedwhenthehouseonthesitewasbuiltinthe1990s,theassociatedpathuptothesite,alongtheMiddletonRdroadside,shouldbeprotectedfromfurtherworksifpossible,alongwithperhapsprotectionoftheviewsfromthesiteintothevalley(althoughthisisnowaprivatehousesite).-Naming:Anumberofnamingsuggestionsaremade,tomarkanumberoflocalresidentsfromthepast.

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IntroductionTheGlensidearea,earlierknownasTheHalfway,hasbeenassociatedwiththeearlyhistoryofboththeWellingtonandPoriruaregionssinceitsearliestdays,andisrichinbothMaoriandPakehahistory.Itisaplaceforwhichtransport–walking,railandroad–hasbeencrucialtoitshistory,bothbeforeandafterpakehasettlement,andhasalteredthelandscapeinsignificantways.ItwassettledbysomeoftheveryearliestNewZealandCompanysettlerstoWellington,andhasbeenassociatedwiththehistoryofagriculturesincethesedays.Itretainsmuchofitsruralflavour,despiterecentdevelopments.Itisalsocloselyassociatedwiththehistoryofcorrectionsandimprisonment.Todaytheareahadanumberofpeopleinterestedintheheritageoftheareaandthewiderheritagelandscapeissues.TheGlensideProgressiveAssociationhasarguedthattheseaspectsoftheirareadeserveprotection.TheyhavearguedthatbecauseofthecurrentlimitedintrusionofmoderndevelopmentthelandscapefeaturesandheritageitemswithintheGlensideareamakeitanareaworthyofprotectionandhashighvalueascomparedtootherareasconsideredtobeofheritagelandscapesignificanceinthewiderWellingtonregion.1TheareaisalsoverymuchconnectedtotheearlyhistoryofTawaandmanyofthepeoplewholivedinthisarea,particularlyinthenorth,werehistoricallycloselyconnectedtothatvillage/townasitwassettledanddeveloped,andasaresulttheTawaHistoricalSocietyisinterestedinthearea.Asitevisit,withlocalresidentandchairoftheGlensideResidentsAssociation,ClaireBibby,wascarriedoutinDecember2017.AvisitwasalsomadeinFebruarytoBruceMurrayoftheTawaHistoricalSociety.Theirassistanceisappreciated.SincethisreportwascommissionedbyWellingtonCityCounciltofocusonlyonaspecificsubsectionofUpperStebbingsValleyarea,GlensideandsouthernTawa,itoughttobeacknowledgedthatthecompletehistoryofwiderareaisnotcoveredinthisreport.Itfocusesasfaraspossibleontheheritageitemswithintheareaincludedinthesitearea,althoughitisofcourseimpossibletotellthestoryofthoseplaceswithoutdiscussingthewidervicinity.Alistofothernearbyheritagelistedplacesisincludedattheendofthereportforinformation.ForahistoryoftheGlensidearea,readersarereferredtoClaireBibby’s‘TheHistoryandHeritageofGlenside’,2002,andforTawatherearenumeroushistoricalworks,manybytheTawaHistoricalSociety,whichareveryuseful.AseparatereportcommissionedbytheWCCdiscusstheearlyhistoryofthetangatawhenuainthearea,sothisreportpassesoverthataspectonlylightly.Thisreportdiscussesthehistoryoftheareaingeneralterms,withamoredetailedhistoryoftheparticularNewZealandCompanyblockscontainedinAppendixOne.ManyofthelegaltitlesintheareastillreflecttheinitialsurveysanddivisionsoflandmadeatthetimeoftheNewZealandCompanysalesoflandinthe1840s.AppendixTwocontainsalistoflisted/recordedheritagesitesinthewiderGlensidevicinity.

SiteContextThesitecoveredinthisreportisboundedonitseasternsidebyMiddletonRoad(whichchangesitsnametoWillowbankRoadasitnearsTawa),whichfollowsthepathoftheOldPoriruaRoad.Includedinthisstudyarea,onitsnorthernboundary,isArohataPrisonandanumberofassociatedbuildings.TothenorthofthestudyareaisthesuburbanreachesofTawa.Tothesouth,outsidethestudy’sboundaries,isthemainareaofwhatisknownasGlensidetoday,andthesuburbanareaofChurtonPark,muchofwhichhasbeendevelopedinthelast40years.ThewesternareaofthestudyistheUpperStebbingsValleyandislargelyfarmland;afurthermajorChurtonParkroadingandhousingdevelopmentiscurrentlyunderwayinneighbouringblocksinwhatisknownasLowerStebbingsorChurtonPark.

FormuchofMiddleton/WillowbankRoadatallbankrisesabovetheroad.Althoughtheyarenotalwaysreadilyevidentfromtheroad,thereareanumberofhousesonthehillabovetheroad,onlargeresidential/life-styleblocks.Theremainderofthesiteisfarmlandornativeandexoticforest.TheCrownhasownedtheprisonandthesurroundinglandfor80years,originallyusingitforalargedairyfarm,butisnowlargelyplantedwithpines.Thestudyareaalsocontainsaprivatedogkennelsbusinessonalargeareaofland.Asmall1950ssubdivision(RichmondHill),tothesideofMiddletonRoad,isexcludedfromthestudy

1‘HeritageOverview’,GlensideProgressiveAssociationwebsite,http://www.glenside.org.nz/heritage-topmenu-98.html

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area.AcentralfeatureofthesiteistheMarshallRidge,whichprovidesahighopenspaceareavisiblefromurbanareas,aswellasstreamsandsteephills,someofwhichstillcontainpatchesofnativebush.ManyofthelegaltitlesintheareastillreflecttheinitialsurveysanddivisionsoflandmadeatthetimeoftheNewZealandCompanysalesoflandinthe1840s.Theareahashadacomplicatedlocalauthorityadministrativehistory.From1877itwaspartoftheHuttCountyCouncilarea.From1908itwaswithintheboundariesoftheMakaraCountyCouncil,whichhaditsheadquartersinPorirua.Bythe1950sTawahasgrowntosuchanextentthatin1953aseparateTawaFlatBoroughCouncilwasformed,whichmanagedthenorthernpartofthissite,withtheremainderstayinginMakaraCountyCouncil.TheMakaraCountyCouncilceasedtoexistin1962,andthatpartreturnedtoHuttCountyCouncil.TheHuttCountyCouncil’sareawassignificantlyreducedin1973andthearea(exceptthenorthernpart)wastakenintoWellingtonCityCouncilboundaries.TheTawaBoroughCouncilwasdisestablishedin1989,finallybringingthewholeareabacktogether,underWellingtonCityCouncil.TheentireareaunderstudyiscurrentlyzonedRural,withnearbyareasthatareunderdevelopedzonedOuterResidential.TheeasternareainthisstudyiswithintheGlensidesuburb,theareatothenorthiswithintheTawasuburbboundaryandasmallpartoftheUpperStebbingsareaiswithintheChurtonParksuburbboundary.

Therearenopublicreserveswithintheareaofstudy;allthelandisprivatelyownedwiththeexceptionoftheCrownlandfortheprison.However,justnorthofthesiteinthisprojectistheWillowbankReserve,alargeopenspacerecreationreserveonlandoncefarmedbyWilliamEarpandknownasBoscobelFarm.TothesouthisGlensideRecreationReserve,whichalsocontainsthehistoricHalfwayHouse.Thesesites,plusthePoriruaStreamgully,arevaluableopenspaceswhichareapartofalargernetworkofgreenspacesinthearea.ThewiderGlenside-MiddletonRoadcorridorhasanumberofheritagefeatures,anumberofwhichstillsitwithintheirruralcontext,despitethegrowthofhousingandtransportlinksinthewiderarea.Therearehistorichouses,abandonedfarmgardens,collectionsoftrees,farmfencesandboundaries,walkingtracks,andheritageitemsrelatedtotheroadsandrailcorridorsthattransversethearea.Furthermore,despitetheclearingofmuchofthehillsforfarming,theevenolderhistoryoftheareacanstillbeseeninthelandscape–inthestreams,theoriginalformofhills,andsmallpatchesofnativebush.Althoughthereareanumberofsitesthathavebeenalreadyofficiallyrecognisedasheritagesitesinthenearvicinity,thereareveryfewsuchplaceswithintheareaofthisstudy.TherearethreeprimarywaysinwhichheritagesitesareformallylistedandrecordedinNewZealand–thelocalauthority’slistintheDistrictPlan,theHeritageNewZealand’snationalListofHistoricPlaces,HistoricAreas,WahiTapuandWahiTapuAreas,andtheNZArchaeologicalAssociation’snationalSiteRecordingScheme.Inthecaseofthisarea,thereisalsoausefullistofheritagesitescompliedbytheGlensideProgressiveSocietyforthewiderGlensideareain2002.Theheritagesiteswithinthestudyareathatarecurrentlylisted/recorded/notedare:

HeritageNewZealandListing-TherearenositeslistedbyHeritageNewZealandintheareadiscussedinthisreport.NZAASiteRecordingScheme/Archsite-Middleton’sStockade[R27/237]WellingtonCityDistrictPlan-TherearenositeslistedintheWellingtonCityCouncildistrictplanasaheritagesites.GlensideProgressiveSocietylist[2002]-SiteoftheMiddleton’sStockade[1846]-PyebaldorPiebaldCorner[1846]andthePiebaldCutting[1928]-ThereplacementBroderickhomestead

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Figure2:TheNewZealandCompanyBlocksintheareaunderstudy,asmarkedbyCarmaninhisbookTawaFlatandtheOldPoriruaRoad.ThesectionsinthisstudystretchalongthewesternsideoftheOldPoriruaRoadfrompartofwhatwassection24uptosection34inthenorth,plusasmallpartof36evenfurthernorth,aswellaspartofOhariusection117.ThenamesofthefirstpersontoreceivetheCrownGranttothelandaremarkedincapitalletters,andnamesoftheearliestresidentsareinitalics,withtheirhomesmarkedwithasquare.ThePoriruaRoadismarkedwithadashedline.

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Figure3.Redboundarymarkstheareaofthestudyonamapshowingmodernlegalblocks.Note[1]–Therewereanumberofhousesitesinthisarea,onwhatwasSection34–seeAppendixOne.Note[2]–thisisonwhatwasSection32–seehistoryofthisblockinAppendixOne.Note[3]–thisisonwhatwasSection32–seehistoryofthisblockinAppendixOne,andphotographsinFigure12.Note[4]–thisisonwhatwasSection24–seehistoryofthisblockinAppendixOne.

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HistoricalNarrative

MaoriTracks‘Thereisscarcelyaspotaninchsquarethatisnotthereceptacleforvegetablelifeinthesedenseandteemingwoods’.GeorgeFrenchAngus,1844.2MaoricommunitieslivingatPorirua,Paremata,Pito-one(Petone)andTeWhanganui-a-Tara(Wellington)Harbourswerelinkedwithaseriesoftracksthroughdenseforestinthisarea.OneofthesetracksfromtheWellingtonHarbourwentupoverthesummitofKaiwharawharathenfollowedthedeepvalleyofthePoriruaStream,thenontoTawaFlatandtoPoriruaHarbour.AnotherrouteranoffthistrackatTakapuandwenttoPito-one.AsarchaeologistMaryO’Keeffehasobserved,becausetherearenoknownorrecordedarchaeologicalsitesofMaorioriginalongthevalley,itispresumedthatitwasusedmainlyasatransportroute,butthereisnodoubtthattheresourcesofthestreamandtheforestwouldhavebeenutilizedoverthecenturies.Theseactivitieshaveleftnoknownphysicalremainsorsigns.TheseearlytrackshelpedtoguidetheformationofthebridletracksandroadsthatwerelaterbuiltthroughtheareabyEuropeansettlers,andfromwhichtheNewZealandCompanydesignedtheirsurveyanddivisionofthearea.Maoriuseoftracksintheareacontinuedwellintothetwentiethcentury–LenStebbings(born1909)recalledseeingMaoriusingtracksfromOhariuValley,overtheStebbingsfarmlandandthendowntothePoriruaStream,whiletravellingtoPorirua.3

EarlyPakehaSettlementTheNewZealandCompanywasacommercialoperationdesignedtofacilitatethecolonisationofNewZealand,andtomakemoneyforitsinvestors.Despiteitseventualfailure,itfacilitatedlarge-scaleandrapidimmigrationintothecountry-in1839therewereonlyaround2,000pakehasettlersinNewZealand,in1840thefirstNewZealandCompanysettlersarrived,andby1852therewereabout28,000settlers.4TheCompanyclaimedthatWilliamWakefieldhadpurchasedtheWellingtonandPoriruaarea,alongwithhugepartsoftheNorthandSouthIsland,fromlocalMaoriin1839.Thislandwasdividedinto100acreruralsections,andsoldinLondontospeculatorsandintendingcolonists,withpurchasersacquiringaonetownacresectionandaruralsectionof100acresforeachballottheywon.Theeconomicmodelforthecolonywaspredicatedonthesaleofthelandtowealthypeoplewhowouldcomeandsettlethecountryandbecometheuppermiddleclass,andthenemploythoseofthelowerclasses.TherewasalsoasystemofcreatingreservesforMaori(knownastenths),whichwasaflawedsystemfromtheoutset.ItdidnottakeintoaccountofMaoriexistinglanduse,andwasfurtherunderminedbytheNewZealandCompanyandlaterbythegovernment.SettlersbeganarrivinginWellingtoninJanuary1840,buttheNewZealandCompanywaspracticallybankruptby1843.

Thefirstsignificantpost-1840activityinthisareawastheconstructionofthePoriruaRoad(atfirstonlyabridlepath),throughthickforest,bytheNewZealandCompanysurveyor,largelyfollowingtheearlierMaoritracks.Inthisarea,thepathfollowedalongthecourseofthePoriruaStream.Itwasfirstsurveyedin1843.ItlaterbecameknownastheOldPoriruaRoadandcanstillbetracedthroughtheareaofstudy,renamedasMiddletonRoadandWillowbankRoad.TheNewZealandCompany’sclaimthatithadpurchasedthedistrictin1839wassoundlyrejectedbyNgatiToa,ledbyTeRauparahaandTeRangihaeata.TheCrown’sSpainCommission,investigatingthepurchasein1842,agreed,andrejectedtheCompany’sclaimtothearea,leadingtoconflictbetweenthesettlersandNgatiToa,andtotheWairauIncidentin1843.TheroadbecameafocusforNgatiToaoppositiontosettlement,andTeRangihaeataputabanonroadbuildingworksandbuildingconstructioninthePoriruaareaandatapuonthePoriruaRiver,inordertoceaseaccesstoPoriruafromWellington.ThismeantthatTheHalfwayarea(laterGlenside),towhichsettlershadcomein1841,becamethe‘frontier’ofWellington

2QuotedinGilbertRoper,TawatheTree,theCommunityanditsReserves,Tawa,2017,p463MaryO’Keefe,‘ExtensionofWestchesterDrive,Glenside,Wellington:Archaeologicalassessmentofproposedroadextension’,2009;LenStebbingsOralHistory,2002,heldbyGlensideProgressiveAssociation4JockPhillips,‘HistoryofImmigration–BritishImmigrationandtheNewZealandCompany’,TeAraTheEncyclopediaofNewZealand,http://www.teara.govt.nz/en/history-of-immigration

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settlement.TheconflictbetweenGovernorGeorgeGreyandTeRauparahacontinued,leadingtoanumberofbattlesintheHuttValley,Grey’skidnappingofTeRauparahain1846andtheconstructionoftheParemataBarracks.GreyalsoexpandedandimprovedthePoriruaRoadtoallowformoresettlement.Theroadwasimprovedbysoldiersduring1846.Aseriesofstockadeswerebuiltalongtheroadtokeeptroopssafewhiletheywereworkinginthearea,discussedfurtherbelow.5

EarlyColonialSettlementThisareadiscussedinthisreportwaspartofwhattheNewZealandCompanyclassifiedastheKinaporaDistrict,dividedupintoitsroughly100-acresections,withOhariusectionstothewest,andPoriruasectionstothenorth.TheNewZealandCompany’sKinaporasectionswerefacedontothePoriruaRoad,stretchingeastandwestfromit.Thesectionsinthisstudy(notnecessarilythewholeofallofthem)stretchedfromsection22inthesouthuptosection34(plusasmallpartof36)inthenorth,plussection117,whichbackedonsections31and32andhadnooriginalroadaccess.SeeFigure2above.

OncetheMaoritrackwasupgradedbytheNewZealandCompanyin1841tobeabridletrackafewNewZealandCompanysettlersarrivedinthisareaunderstudyinthesameyear.Theoriginalsection24wasdividedinto8stripsinthe1840s,bythenownerFrankJohnson(forwhomJohnsonvilleisnamed),muchearlierthanmanyothernearbysections,andanumberofthepeoplewhoboughtthesestripscametoactuallysettlethisarea,unlikesomeothersections.Asaresult,thewiderSection24blockcontainsmanysitesofhistoricalimportance.In1841twofamilieswhohadtravelledtoNewZealandin1841agreedtopurchaselandtogetherintheareaonwhatwasSection24.OneofthesefamilieswasAnthonyandSusannahWallandtheir5children.TheWallshadtakenthegambletocometoNewZealandtoseeiftheycouldfindawaytoownland,somethingtheywereunlikelytoachieveintheUnitedKingdom.Anthonywasalready41bythetimetheyarrived.WithinmonthsoftheirarrivalAntonyhadpurchasedlandatPoriruaonwhatisnowtheOldPoriruaRoad.Theyclearedlandthereandestablishedafarm.Theywereextremelyisolatedfromothersettlers,butbeinghalfwaybetweenWellingtonandPorirua,theyalsoletbedstotravellers:SusannahWallwrotetohersistersin1842thatastheywereonthemainroadbetweenthetwotowns,andtheonlyhouseneartheroadshe‘keptbedsandrefreshmentfortravellers’.6Theirhome,onthewestsideoftheroad,becameknownasTheHalfwayHouse,andthisgaveitsnametothearea.TheWallfamilyenterprisedidn’tjustfeedtheirownfamilybutalsoproducedenoughtosell–shewasalsosellingproduce,includingbutter.7TheoriginalHalfwayhousenolongerexists,andthebuildingknowntodayasHalfwayisprobablythethirdbuildingofthatnameinthearea.ThereisnodefiniteanswerastowheretheoriginalHalfwayhousewas.HistorianArthurCarman,whowroteTawaFlatandtheOldPoriruaRoad1840-1970,whichisoftenusedasamainsourceofinformationforthehistoryofthisregion,saysitwasonthesouthsideoftheroad,withitsassociatedstablesovertheroadonthenorth.8Thefamily,havingbeensosuccessfulintheirfarmingventures,begantobuyuphundredsofacresoflandfurthertothenorthinthe1840sand50s,alongtheOldPoriruaRoad,towardswhatisnowPoriruaCity,andlatermovedfurthernorth.9

5RobynAndersonandKeithPickens,RangahauaWhanuiDistrict12,WellingtonDistrict,WaitangiTribunal,1996;KelvinDay,TheOldPoriruaRoad,PoriruaMuseum,1991,pp2-46‘SusannahWall:Lettertohersisters’,18Dec1842,MS-Papers-1739,ATL(andreproducedinKay,p195ff).TheWall’slifeatHalfwayisdiscussedinKay,Chap3.7QuotedinMurray,StreetsofTawa,pp33-348ArthurHCarman,TawaFlatandtheOldPoriruaRoad1840-1970,3rdedition,Tawa,1982,p719SeeinparticularKay,Chap5

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Figure4:MarthaKingsketchoftheWall’shome,TheHalfway,1849,Ref:A-100-001.AlexanderTurnbullLibrary,Wellington,NewZealand.http://natlib.govt.nz/records/23075603,ATL.Thissection(butoutsidetheareaofthisstudy)wasalsothesiteoftheburialoftheanonymouswomanandherchildwhodiedin1842.Shewasburiedwithoutaburialserviceinthewinter,butBishopSelwynlatervisitedthegrave.Archaeologicalinvestigationshavenotlocatedtheexactsiteoftheburialasofyet.AspartoftheWestchesterDriveextensioncompletedin2009,amemorialwasbuiltforthiswoman.10TheBranksfamilywhowasmurderedin1849alsolivedonthissectionforatime.

By1844acommunitybegantodevelopintheareaasseveralotherhouses,accommodationhousesandstableswereconstructedclosebytheWall’shouseandtheareabecameknownas‘Halfway’bythesettlers.11AnewHalfwaybuildingwasbuiltbyJohnMcKainin1849onsection23ontheeasternsideofPoriruaStream,oppositetheWall’shouse;thiswasanaccommodationhouseandMcKainwasissueda‘BushLicense’tosellalcoholin1850.Thisbuildingbecameaplaceforcommunityeventsandfacilities.Forexample,therewereinquestsatHalfwayandcommunitymeetingssuchasfortheimprovementsofroads.In1850thecommunitypassedamotionthattheroaduptheKaiwarraHilltotheHalfwayHousewas‘sosteepanddangerousastorenderitalmostuselesstothecommunity’andurgedanewroadbebuiltalongtheNgaurangaValley.JohnMcKainalsosetupananimalpoundnearthebuildingin185012.McCain’sbuildingwasreplacedonthesamesitein1880bythetwo-storeyHalfwayHousethatremainstoday.Thecurrentbuilding,builtin1880bySandyBrown,isoutsidetheareaofstudyinthisproject,butobviouslythepresenceofitanditspredecessorswasvitaltothedevelopmentoftheareaintheearlydays.Asweshallseebelowinthesectiongivingthehistoryofeachoftheblocks,otherhouseswerebuiltalongthePoriruaRoad(nowrenamedMiddletonRoadandWillowbankRoadinthisarea)asnewsettlersarrived.AnumberoftheblockswereownedbyabsenteeLondonowners,somefordecades.Ofthese,somewereleasedtofarmersettlers,butothersmayhavebeenleftemptyforsometime.TherewasanoticefromWilliamBowler,aWellingtonlawyer,in1853tellingpeopletheywouldbeprosecutedforfellingtreesfromalargernumberofsectionsinthearea,suggestingtheywereuninhabited–whichincludedsections26and28,withinthisareaofstudy.13Whentheearlysettlersarrivedtheystrivedtoclearasmallareaoftheirsectionsforahouseandgarden,andthenlivedsurroundedbytheremainingdensebush,andthePoriruaRoad.Themainoccupationwasbushfelling,andthensmallfarming.AsBestdescribesitinhisBushSettlersoftheWellingtonDistrict‘thegreataimofthesesettlersinthebushwhentheyhadbuiltacottagewastogetafewcows,andstartavegetablegarden,sothattheymightproducetheirownfoodsupplies,moneybeingascarearticlewithmost

10http://www.glenside.org.nz/gravesite-memories-westchesterlink-123.html;MaryO’Keefe,‘ExtensionofWestchesterDrive,Glenside,Wellington:Archaeologicalassessmentofproposedroadextension’,200911Murray,p5112Carman,p158,237,239-40,248;WellingtonCityCouncilHeritagereport‘HalfwayHouse’;http://www.wellingtoncityheritage.org.nz/buildings/301-450/439-halfway-house?q=13NoticefromWilliamBowlerSonandCo,quotedinCarmen,p242

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ofthem.Thismeantthatoneofthefirsttaskswasthefellingofanareaofbushsothatagrassedpaddockmightresult’,althoughthefarmersdiscoveredthatthecowsdidequallywellgrazingintheunclearedbush.Bestnotedthatmanyofthefamiliescouldnotmakeenoughontheirlandtomakeendsmeetsothemenoftenwentouttoworkforwagesforothersettlers,whilethewomendidagreatdealoftheworkonthefarm–especiallymilkingandcaringfortheanimals.Timberwascutandtakentothecityasaformofincome,andBestnotedthatthewomenalsobecameskilledatmakingtimbershingles‘andsohelpedtomakealivingoutofthedenseforestthatcumberedthefamilyhomestead’.Theeconomyofthefarmswasassistedbythesaleofproductssuchasfirewood,shingles,butter,eggs,vegetablesandmilk.14ElizabethPilcher,laterGreer,descriedthevalleywhenshearrivedin1851:‘Itwasallheavybushthen,butverypretty,fulloftreeferns,anditwaswiththisclassofmaterialthatmyfatherbuilthisfirsthouseoutof,anditprovideverywarmandcosyinthisdays’.15Anotherformofearlyhousingintheareawaswattleanddabhouses,someofwhichsurvivedtobephotographedanddescribedbyCarmanacenturylaterinthe1950s.

MilitaryRoadandStockadesIn1846soldierswereemployedtoimprovethePoriruaRoad.DuringMaytoDecember1846aseriesofstockadeswerebuilttoprotectthesesoldiersfrompossibleMaoriraids.Thestockadesarelikelytohavebeenratherrudimentary,andnotoccupiedforlongbeforethesoldiersmovedtoworkinthenextarea.ThefirstinthechainwasinJohnsonville,andthenextwasMiddletonStockade,thenMcCoy’sStockade.

Figure5:Mapdrawnin1849,byThomasHenryFitzgerald,ofthe‘NorthRoadfromJohnsonvilletoPaekakariki’,Wellington.Ref:MapColl-832.47gmbd/[1849]/Acc.460,ATL

Figure6:ThisdetailfromthemapaboveshowstheOldPoriruaRoadbranchingoff,andtheHalfWayHouse,andtheGibraltar[usuallycalledMiddleton]Stockadetothenorth.

14ElsdonBest,‘TheBushSettlersoftheWellingtonDistrict’,OnslowHistorian,1992,v22no.3-4,pp3-2215ElizabethGreer,quotedinCarman,p171

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Figure7:Thisdetailshowstheroadextendingthroughthesiteofthisstudy,stretchingfromGibraltarStockadetoMcCoy’sStockade,closelyfollowingthepathoftheriver.Thesetwostockadeseffectivelybookendtheareaofthisstudy.

MiddletonStockade(ArchaeologicalsiteR27/237)iswithinthesiteofthisstudy,onwhatwasSection26(nowsubdividedandisonLot1DP88336).Itwasbuiltandoccupiedbythe58thRegimentinMay–Aug1846,toprotectthemselveswhiletheywereworkingontheroad.IttakesitsnamefromEnsignFrederickMiddleton.Heandhismenofthe58thregimentoftheBritishArmyworkedontheroadwhilelivinginthestockade.Theformofthestockadeisn’tknown.Bestwrotethatit‘stoodonthespurjustabovetheroad-lineatthecornerandrock-cutformerlyknownas“Pyebald’sCorner”,“Byass;Corner”,and“GibraltarCorner”.’ThisispresumablywhyitismarkedGibraltarStockadeonthe1849mapshownabove.16

Figure8:PossiblelocationofthepathuptotheMiddletonStockadecanstillbeseeninthehillsidealongsideMiddletonRd.PhotoClaireBibby.

In1979therewasadescriptionofthesitepublishedintheKapi-ManaNewsbyWilliamSecker.Hewrotethattheoutlinesoftheprotectedcampwere‘stilldiscernibleafterthepassingof132years’,aswas‘awellgradedpathway,alongwhichsoldiersmarchedtoandfromtheirroad-makingduties’.Hedescribed‘Approximatelyinthecentreofthealmostlevelcampsitetheoutlinesofa30sqftbuildinginwhichthedetachmentandotherpassingservicemenwerequartered.Awellworngrooveatthedoorwaytellsoffeetchurningupthewetsoggyground.Theremainsofthefireplacearestillevident’.Thesite,hesaid,‘situated

16ElsdonBest,‘OldRedoubts,BlockhousesandStockadesoftheWellingtonDistrict’,TransactionsandProceedingsoftheNewZealandInstitute,Vol53,1921,pp20-1;Prickett,p209,Walton,p13

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onaplateau130feetabovethevalleyfloor…providedafinepanoramaviewof180degreesfromJohnson’sClearinginthesouthtotheheadofthedenselybushcoveredTakapuValleytothenortheast.Healsowrotethatanearbysawpitcouldbeseenupuntil1977.17TheMiddletonStockadeislikelytohavebeensubstantiallydestroyedwhenahousewasbuiltonthesiteinthelate1990s,butTonyWalton’sstudyof1840sredoubts,stockadesandblockhousesconsideredthatatMiddletontherewasthepossibilityof‘significantsubsurfaceevidence’,moresothatmostotherredoubtsitesofitstypehestudied.18Aspringremainsontheproperty,asdoeswhatappearstobeapathuptothestockade,ontheroadsidecliffalongMiddletonRoad.TherenamingoftheOldPoriruaRoadinthisareaasMiddletonRoadisasaresultofthenameofthestockade.

McCoy’sStockade(ArchaeologicalsiteR27/236)isjustnorthofthisstudyarea,inTawanexttoMainRoad,northeastoftheSunriseBoulevardintersection.Theexactlocationisnotknown.BestdescribeditasbeingsituatedonSection36,ontheeasternsideoftheroad,‘aboutwherethehouseofthelateMrJamesTaylorstands,ontheleftbankoftheKenepuruStream,justbelowitsjunctionwiththeTakapuCreek’.ItwasbuiltMay–Aug1846andnamedforLieutenantThomasMcCoy,65thRegiment.Itsconditionisunknown,butitisconsideredunlikelytohavesurvived.19

RuralSettlement:Late1840s-1900OncethethreatofMaoriresistancehadbeenreduced,familiesbegantocomebacktotheareatosettle.Theroadwasfinishedin1848andwasaninvaluableaidtothesettlementofthearea.BishopSelywnrecordedthatsameyear‘whatanagreeablechangefromformerjourneysthroughthedeepmudandfallentreesandthetotaraflats!Aroadperfectlysmoothandalmostlevelenabledmetoproceedascomfortablybymoonlightasinbroaddaylight’.20Theareaopenedupprogressivelyfromthattime,withhousesbuiltonbothsidesoftheroad,althoughsettlementonsomeblockswasheldbackbyabsenteelandlordswhowereholdingtheland.TyronePowernotedin1848improvementstotheroad,andincreasedsettlement:

Thewholeofthisoncedreadfulroadisnowafinehighway,andasIcanteredalongIcouldscarcelybelievethatitwasthesamegroundthatIhadtoiledalongsoslowlyandpainfullylessthantwoyearsago.Gardens,cottages,andcultivationsareseenspringinguponallsides;largepatchesofclearedlandaremakingdeepinroadsintotheforest,andthewholeaspectofthecountryisbeingrapidlychanged.21

AscanbeseenintheimagesbelowoftheOldPoriruaRoadinthe1860s-1870s,progresshadbeenmadeonclearingthelandandfencing,andbuildinghouses,buttherewasmuchnativebushstillinplace.SomesettlerswereclusteredaroundtheHalfwayareatothesouth,andinTawaFlattothenorth,butintheareaofstudyhere,intheseyears,theareahadquiteafewfamilies(oftenwithverylargenumbersofchildren)livingalongtheOldPoriruaRoad,graduallycarvingoutanareaofclearedlandontheirsectionsforsmall-farmoperations,withfamilieslivingasubsistencelife.Horseswererare,asweresheepintheearlydays–indeedElizabethGreerrememberedthattheyweresuchanoveltywhenthefarmerEarpimportedtwo,thesettlers‘allwenttoseethem,theyweresuchanunusualsight’.22Sheepfarminglatertookholdinthearea,however,whenfarmerspurchasedmorethanonesectiontocreatelargerfarms.ThiswasastandardpatternfoundbyMurrayinhishistoryofthelargerTawaFlatareainthisera.23

17Kapi-ManaNews,18April,1979,p818ElsdonBest,‘OldRedoubts,BlockhousesandStockadesoftheWellingtonDistrict’,TransactionsandProceedingsoftheNewZealandInstitute,Vol53,1921,pp20-1;Prickett,p209,Walton,p1319ElsdonBest,‘OldRedoubts,BlockhousesandStockadesoftheWellingtonDistrict’,p21;Prickett,p209;Waltonp1420BishopSelwyn,17May1848,‘AJournaloftheBishop’sVisitationTourThroughHisDiocese,IncludingaVisittotheChathamIslands,intheyear1848’,p88,http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/21WTyronePower,SketchesinNewZealand,pp120-1,185,http://www.enzb.auckland.ac.nz/22ElizabethGreer,quotedinCarman,p17123Murray,AHistoryofTawa,p76

15

Becausetheareawasdividedintotheroughly100-acresectionsbytheNewZealandCompany,andbecausemanyofthoseboundarylinesstillexisttoday,itispossibletousethesesectionstotellthehistoryofthearea.AdetailedaccountofthehistoryofeachofthoseblocksisgiveninAppendixOneofthisreport.ThesectionsinthisstudystretchedfromwhatwasknownasKinaporaSection24inthesouthuptoSection36inthenorth,onthewesternsideoftheOldPoriruaRoad,plusasmallpartof36evenfurthernorth,aswellaspartsofOhariusections117(whichbackedonSections32and34,andwerenotoriginallysurveyeduntilthe1870s).24SeeFigure2formoreinformation.AlthoughtheNewZealandCompanyauctionedtheseblocksinLondoninthe1840s,thegovernmenthadtolaterinvestigatethesalesandsubsequentoccasionswhenthelandchangedhands,andthenissuedCrownGrantsinthe1860s.InmanycasesthelandwassettledanddevelopedbeforetheCrownGrantswereissued.Asthispartofthereportwaswritten,anumberoftrendsbecamenoticeable:

-thatallbutoneoftheblockscontained19thcenturyhousesites,particularlyneartheOldPoriruaRoad,thesitesofwhichmaycontainarchaeologicalremnants,althoughtheexactlocationofthesehousesisnotclear.

-thatherearequiteanumberofhousesandquiteafewsettlers–particularlyinthe1860sand1870s,livingintheareaofstudy.Thesearehighlightedbelowwhenpossible.

-thatsomeoftheblockscontainedmorethanone19thcenturyhouse,indifferentareas.

-thattheseblockswerefrequentlyboughtandsoldbythesamefarmingfamilies,toaddtofarms,andmovingupanddowntheareatolive.

-thatthosewhoownedtheseblocksoftenalsoownedlandelsewhere,particularlyinwhatisnowTawa.

-thatthisareasupportedamixedfarmingeconomy,amixofsheepfarms

-thatthenumbersofsettlersandfamiliesintheareadecreasedasfarmconsolidationsoccurredintheearlytwentiethcentury

-ManyofthesefamilieslookednorthtoTawaratherthanto‘Halfway’forservicessuchasschoolsandchurches

24ThisinformationislargelybasedonCarman’sbookTawaFlatandtheOldPoriruaRoad,buthasbeensupplementedbyadditionalinformationwherepossible.Carman’sbookshouldbeconsultedforamoredetailedhistory.

16

Arealestateadvertisementwhenpartofsection32(intheareaofthisstudy)wasputupforsalein1856showstheprogressofsettlementthathadbeenmadeinthis15yearsofsettlement.GeorgeHartmusthavelivedorhadatenantonthesiteaswhenheputupthenorthernpartofthesectionforsalein1856muchhadalreadybeendone.Theadvertisementsaidthatofthe50acresforsale,14hadalreadybeenclearedandfenced,and‘laiddowninexcellentgrasses’,andtheremainderwascoveredin‘splendidtimberfitforsawing’.Alsoonthefarmwasa‘Woodendwellinghouse,almostnew,gooddairy,barnandouthouses.½acreenclosedgardenandfruittrees’.25

Onefamilythatarrivedintheareaunderstudyinthe1850swastheTaylorFamily,ofwhichJamesTaylor(1823-1913)inparticularownedandleasedanumberofsectionsinthisstudy,particularlyintheareatothenorth.JamesTaylorcametoNewZealandasoneofthefirstsettlersattheageof16in1840,andhisparentsandsiblingsfollowedsoonafter.HisbrothersboughtlandinTawaFlatinthe1850s,andJamespurchasedandsettledonsection36in1853,withhiswifeRachelHook,fromanotherwell-knownTawafamily,andtheyhad14children.Hehadbeeninthelocalmilitiainthemid-1840s,andwasinvolvedintheBattleofBolcoutt’sfarm.Aswellasowningsection36heleasedlandonadjoiningsection38.By1875hewasrunning305sheep.In1869andthemid-1870shealsoreceivedtheCrownGrantsforthe‘waste-land’areabetweenthesectionsoriginallysurveyedonPoriruaRoadandthoseinOhariuValley,whichbecame

251856advertisement,quotedinCarman,p242

Figure9:FourimagesoftheOldPoriruaRoad,1860and1870s,exactlocationsunknownbutthoughttobeintheGlensidevicinity.Fencingandbridgescanbeseen,andwhileabeginninghasbeenmadeontheclearingofland,muchnativebushremains.Inthetoprightphotocanbeseenasmallhousewithsmokecomingfromthechimney.Thebottomleftphotoshowsaquitesubstantialbridgeacrosstheriver.Topleft:CollectionofHawke'sBayMuseumsTrust,RuawharoTā-ū-rangi,276.OtherthreephotosbyWTLTraversin1870,PAColl-1574-24andPAColl-1574-13andPAColl-1574-05,ATL.

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section117and118-whichbackedontosections36and38-toaddtohisfarm.James’farmendedupconsistedofablockof376acresownedand112acresleased.AccordingtoMurray,itcomprised‘oneofthelargestfarmsinTawaFlatinthelaterpartofthe19thcentury,andamongthemostsuccessfullymanagedproperties’.Taylorwasaprominentmemberofthelocalcommunity,andwasamemberoftheHuttCityCouncil,WellingtonProvincialCouncil,andwasaleaderofthePrimitiveMethodistChurch,postmasterforthedistrict,andmanyotherroles.Jamesdiedin1913.TaylorTerraceinTawaisnamedafterthisfamily.26

TheStebbingsfamily,oneofthelongest-livedfamiliesinthearea,arrivedintheareaadecadelater,inthe1860s,andthreegenerationsofthefamilyfarmedtheland.TheStebbingsValleyisnownamedafterthem.BenjaminStebbingsandhiswifeElizabetharrivedinNewZealandin1859-60.HavingbeenawheelwrightinPorirua,BenjaminacquiredseveralblocksinHalfwayin1863–partofKinaporaSection24andOhariusection117andthenaddedotherlandintheimmediatevicinitytothefarm,includingOhariuSection115.Theirfamilylivedherefor110years,thelandpasseddownfromtheoriginalStebbingscoupletotheironesurvivingchildHenry,andthentoHenry’ssonLeonard.TheStebbingsweresheepfarmers–sheepreturnsintheearly1900s-1920sshowthemowningbetween600and800sheep.AsLeonardrecalled,theyhadonlyonehousecow.Leonardandhisfamilylivedonthelanduntilthelate1970s.TheStebbingshomePinehillwasoutsidetheareaofthisstudy.Itwasbuiltinthe1860s,andwasnotdemolisheduntil1974.TheremainingstructureofthehousewasstudiedbytheOnlsowHistoricalSocietyandputintostoragebuttheremainingmaterialshavesincebeenlost.TheStebbingschildrenattendedJohnsonvilleSchool.TherewerestandsofnativebushremainingontheStebbingsfarm,aswellasanumberofbarnsandsheds.27

AnotherfamilywhichownedalotoflandintheareaunderstudywastheBroderickfamily.MembersoftheBroderickfamilyhadarrivedinNewZealandin1843andthefamilyfirstarrivedintheareain1845.Theyalsoownedlandfurthersouth,nearJohnsonvilleandinOhariu.BrothersThomasandWilliampurchasedadjoiningfarmsalongonthePoriruaRdinthe1890s(Thomasbuyingpartsofsection26and28,withinthisareaofstudy,in1890),andalsoboughtotherlandintheimmediatevicinity,ontheothersideoftheroad,

26Carman,pp96-97;Murray,StreetsofTawa,pp41-42;Murray,AHistoryofTawa,pp86-88;CyclopediaofNewZealand[Wellingtonedition],1897,p1073,http://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Cyc01Cycl-t1-body-d4-d110.html27Carman,p75;Glensidewebsite,‘StebbingsGarden’,http://www.glenside.org.nz/glenside-news-topmenu-61/69-hhouse-garden/354-stebbings-garden.html;EvaSamudaneeStebbings,“MemoriesofPineHill”,TheOnslowHistorian,Volume22,1994;OralHistoryinterviewwithLenStebbings,2001,heldbyGlensideProgressiveSociety.

Figure10:ThesecondandthirdgenerationsoftheStebbingsfamilyinNewZealand–parentsHenryandEthel,neeRiddick,andtheirchildren,Eileen,Eva,andLeonard.Imagetaken1913.

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addingmoretotheirownershipinlaterdecades.Membersofthisfamilyownedthisandotherlandintheareaformanydecades.CarmanrecordsthatAlfredBroderickdiedin1950whilestillowningportionsofsections25,26,27and28,andhisson,alsoAlfred,theninheritedthesectionsfromhim.Inthe1930sthegovernmentbuiltanewhousefortheBrodericksintheareaofstudyhere,becausetheiroldhousewasinthepathofthenewrailwayline;sotheymovedfromtheeasternsideoftherailwaylinetothewesternside.Thishousestillremains(375MiddletonRoad).TheBroderickfamilyandtheirdescendantsstillownedthislandinthemid-1960s.BroderickRoadinJohnsonvilleisnamedafterthefamily.28

Theremnantsofanumberof19thcenturyhousesitesarelikelyalongtheMiddleton/WillowbankRoadcorridor.Forexample,asuspected19thcenturyhousesite,whichissignalledbyalevelhousesite,totaraposts,ashelterbeltandothervegetation,plusamassofdaffodilbulbsinthespring,isonwhatwasSection32,intheareapicturedbelow.ThisisthoughttobethehousesiteassociatedwiththeFisher/Pask/Marshall/Larsenfamilies(seeSection32,AppendixOne).29

28Glensidewebsite,‘Broderick’sSpring’,http://www.glenside.org.nz/brodericks-spring-rural-heritage-114.html,Carman,p76-78.29http://www.glenside.org.nz/marshall-house-a-gardens-abandoned-farm-gardens-121.html

Figure11:TwohousesthatwereonceonSection34;left-CarmanlabelstheoneontheleftastheGillsHouse,soispresumablythehousebuiltbycarpenterThomasOrrin1875-6;andright,labelledastheHookHouse(inthevicinityofArohata).SeehistoryofSection34inAppendixOnebelow.

19

Figure9:Twoviewsofasuspected19thcenturyhousesite,possiblyassociatedwiththeFisher,Pask,MarshallandLarsenfamilies(discussedabove,andinSection32,AppendixOne).Images:ElizabethCoxandClaireBibby,2018

AnotheroldhistorichouseisonLot1DP18799(nowusedasashed),whichwasonceSection24,whichcouldbeassociatedwiththeDeLauneyfamilyandthenlaterowners(seehistoryofSection24,AppendixOne).Furtherworkwouldbeneededtoconfirmtheageofthishouse.

AswithallearlyruralNewZealandcommunities,churchesandschoolswerelynchpinsforcommunallife.During19thandearly20thcentury,TheHalfwaywasaverysmallcommunity,andpeoplewouldhavehadtotravelfurtherafieldforsomeamenities.WhilethesouthernpartoftheareainthestudywouldhavetravelledtoJohnsonvilleforschoolandchurch,othersinthenorthernparttravelledtoTawa.Intheveryearlydays,therewasanAnglicanchurchtothesouthofthisareainJohnsonville.Builtin1847itwasfirstlyknownasHawtreyChurchbutlaterbecameStJohn’s.AverysmallAnglicanchurch,StPeter’s,wasestablishedinTawaFlatin1866onlandgivenbyEdwardGibbonWakefieldfiveyearsearlier.TheAnglicanmembersofthecommunityintheruralblocksdiscussedinthisreportwouldhavechosentotraveltooneorotherofthesechurchesdependingonproximity.AnotherdominationthatdevelopedinTawawasthePrimitiveMethodistchurch,whichwasstrongforatimeinNewZealand,separatewithmoremainstreamWesleyanMethodism.ThetwomaintainedtheirownchurchbuildingsthroughoutNewZealand,untilmergingin1913.TherewasaPrimitiveMethodistchurchinTawaFlatasearlyas1854.FarmerJamesTaylorwasaprominentmemberofthischurchinTawafor50years.TheBrethrensectalsoflourishedinthearea,thanksfortheworkofoneman,JamesGeorgeDeck(1807-1884),whomovedtoWellingtonin1865.DeckisnotedformakingrapidinroadsintootherevangelicalreligionsinWellington.HeincludedTawaandtheHutt

20

onhiscircuitsfromWellington.Someofthehousesontheblocksinthisstudy–theDowdeswellandPaskhousesonSection32–wereusedbythistinyTawacongregationasmeetinghousesfortheirreligionbeforeaformalmeetinghousewasbuiltonsection35,acrossthemainroad.ItisverylikelyDeckwouldhavevisitedthesehousestopreachthere.30WhentheTawaFlatSchoolwasestablishedin1867,theschoolboundarycuttheareaofthisstudyinhalf,withthenewschoolonlyincludingthenorthernblocksinthisstudywithinitscatchmentarea.31AnothernearbyschoolwasestablishedinTakapuin1897,calledtheTakapuAidedSchool,forchildrenwhohadpreviouslyattendedTawaFlatorPoriruaSchools.Thesettlersagreedtofundthisschool.Itclosedin1924andthestudentstransferredtoTawaFlat.32Thosechildrenlivinginthesouth,suchastheStebbingschildren,attendedschoolinJohnsonville.33

Wellington-ManawatuRailwayInthe1880sasignificantinterventionintotheareaoccurredwhentherailwaycamethroughthevalley.Frustratedbythegovernment’slackofinterestinbuildingarailwaythatwouldtravelfromWellingtontotheManawatu,inpreferencetothealternativeroutethroughtheWairarapa,agroupofWellingtonianssetupaprivatefirmtoprogresstheproject,theWellingtonandManawatuRailwayCompany.ThecompanybuiltandthenranarailwayrunningfromThorndontoLongburn,nearPalmerstonNorth,from1881to1908.AfterJohnsonvillethelinetravelledoverthelargeBelmontViaduct,throughTheHalfwaytravellingabovethePoriruaStreamandontoTakapuandthenTawa.34Thelandtakenfortherailwaylineatthistimewasoutsidethisareaofstudy.Theconstructionofthelinewascompletedin1886.TherewasnostationatGlenside.However,theworkdidchangethearea,particularlyasthelinesplitsomefarmsinhalf.Verylittleoftheoriginallineorassociatedmaterialisleftfromthisoriginalrailway,becauseoftheuseofthesamelandforthemotorwayyearslater.35

TwentiethCenturyItisinterestingtocomparethemapcreatedbyCarmanreproducedabove-inwhichhemarksanumberoftheearlycottagesandhousesintheareaofstudy-withthetwomapsshownbelow,drawnin1904and1924.Inthe1904maponlytwohousesaremarkedintheareaofthisstudy(somehouses,ofcourse,maynothavebeenmarked).Thisisnoticeablydifferentfromthemapsshowingearlier19thcenturyresidences.Landinthisareawasnowbeingconsolidatedintolargersheepfarms-MurraymentionsthatthewiderTawaFlatpopulationdroppedattheturnofthetwentiethcenturyasfarmconsolidationoccurred.36Thetwohousesthataremarkedinthe1904mapthatarewithintheareaofstudyareahousemarked‘Cummins’andanothermarked‘Hook’,aroundwhereArohataisnow.HookismarkedonCarman’smap,andwillbeFriendHookandhisfamily,well-knowninTawa,wholivedonSection32duringthistime.Unfortunately,itisnotclearwhoCumminswas.(Therewasanotherfarmer,BenjaminCummings,intheTawaFlatarea,originallyadairyfarmerandlaterasheepfarmer,buthelivedfurthernorth,nearthecurrentTawatrainstation.TherewasalsoasoldierfromtheareacalledCumingswhoservedintheSouthAfricanWar.Itisnotknowniftheseareconnected).Thehouseappearstohavebeenaroundthesame

30DeckarrivedinNewZealandin1853,asapreacherforthePlymouth/ExclusiveBretherenchurch,andmovedtoWellingtonin1865.Hehasbeendiscribedas‘oneofthemostoriginalofthereligiouspioneersinNewZealand’.PeterJ.Lineham,'Deck,JamesGeorge',DictionaryofNewZealandBiography,firstpublishedin1990,updatedSeptember,2015.TeAra-theEncyclopediaofNewZealand,https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1d8/deck-james-george;PeterJ.Lineham,‘TheSignificanceofJ.G.Deck1807–1884’,ChristianBrethrenResearchFellowshipJournal[Wellington]107(November1986),p13–34,http://www.bruederbewegung.de/pdf/linehamdeck.pdf31Carman,p20532Carman,p21933EvaSamudaneeStebbings,“MemoriesofPineHill”,TheOnslowHistorian,Volume22,199434DavidParsons,Wellington’sRailway:ColonialSteamtoMatangi.Wellington,2010,pp36-3935‘RailwayHeritage’,GlensideProgressiveAssociationwebsite,http://www.glenside.org.nz/railway-heritage-heritage-101.html36Murray,AnHistoricalAtlasofTawa,p10

21

placethattherewasahouseCarmanwriteswasinhabitedbytheMoore,WilmshurstandWilliamBroderickfamiliesinSection31(andsoisperhapsthesamehouse).37

Figure10:A1904mapofthearea(adetailoflargermap).RefNo.832.47cba/[1904]/acc2887and2888,ATL,BruceMurray,AnHistoricalAtlasofTawa,p1.[Notethattheotherhousesandsitesmarkedonthismap–Nott,Broderick,StebbingsandDeihlhouses,andtheMarshallPeakandSaddle–areoutsidetheareaofthisstudy.Interestinglythismapdoesnotusethewords‘TheHalfway’onthemap,ormarkaparticularcommunitylivingthere].

Anothermap,in1924,below,showshabitationinthesamevicinityastheCumminsHouse(butwithnonamemarked),andanotherhousemarkedASeivers(nodoubtmeaningWASievers),whoisdiscussedabove.TheunmarkedhousewouldaccordroughlywiththecottagesitemarkedbyCarmanasbelonginginturntotheFisher/Pask/Marshall/Larsenfamilies[markedonsection32onFigure2above;seealsoSection32inAppendixOne].

37Murray,AHistoryofTawa,p105-6,108-9;SheepReturns,AJHR,1903and1905

22

Figure11:Detailfrom1924TopographicSurveymap,RefNo.832.7cba/1913-24/Acc11535,11536,11539,ATLreproducedinBruceMurray,AnHistoricalAtlasofTawa,p15Whilebythe1920smostofthelandinthestudyareawastakenupbyasmallnumberoflargesheepfarms,therewerealsoanumberofsmallfarmoperations,oftenrunonashoestring,alongtheOldPoriruaRoad.ThebookTawa:EnterpriseandEndeavourgiveagoodviewofsomeofthefarmingfamilylifeintheareainthe1920s.ThedelaCourfamilylivedonRichmondHill,inthe1920s,farmingatown-supplydairyherd.Cassellsdescribedthattheylivedin‘veryprimitivelivingconditionsinwhatwaslittlemorethananextendedhut’.ThefamilystruggledduringtheDepressionattheendofthe1920s,andtheywereforcedtowalkofftheirfarm,andMrsdelaCourandchildrenlivedwithherbrotherinTakapuwhileherhusbandwasforcedintoreliefwork.38AnotherfamilyfromthisareawastheSylvesterfamilywholeasedlandfromtheThompsonfamilywhereArohatanowisinthe1920s(section34).Theyalsohadamilktownsupplyfarm,whichtheytookoverfromafarmerwouldcouldn’tmakethepropertypay.Thefarmcarriedonly20cows,andthefarmdidnotbringinenoughmoneysoJamesSylvesteralsomadelargewickerbasketsforships;andthenhadtoworkoffthefarm.In1939thefarmwassoldtotheCrownforArohata.39ThesefarmswouldhavehadtheirmilktakentothecreameryinTawa.LenStebbingsrememberedthemilkfromGlensidetoPoriruabeingpickeduponathree-tieredtruck,somefromamilkstandonthecornerofGlensideandMiddletonRoad.40

A‘ShortCutontheMainTrunk’:1928-1933TheprivateWellington-ManawatuRailwaywaspurchasedbythegovernmentin1908,andwasintegratedintotheNorthIslandMainTrunkline,whichwascompletedinthesameyear.Asearlyas1914concernwasexpressedabouttheJohnsonville-Wellingtonsectionoftherailwayline,whichwasparticularlytwistingandsteep.Itwasdecidedtodeviatefromtheoriginalline,tomakeamoredirectroute,whichwouldallowfor

38Cassells,p38-4039Cassells,p4140LenStebbingsOralHistory,2001,heldbyGlensideProgressiveSociety.

23

heavierfreighttrafficandfordouble-tracking.ThisnewroutewentthroughtheHalfway/Tawaarea,andwasknownasthe‘TawaFlatDeviation’.Theworkandtherelatedinfrastructureweretohaveasignificantimpactonthearea.41Thedeviationwas13.5kmandinvolvedtwonewlongtunnels.Thesecondofthese,whichremainsthelongestdouble-tracktunnelinNewZealand,runsfromNgaurangatoGlenside.SixnewbridgeswerealsorequiredfromthetunnelatGlensidetoTakapuRoad.Theworkwasbegunbyprivatecontractorsbutamaincontractorcouldnotbefound,soin1928theworkwastakenonbythePublicWorksDepartment(PWD).ManyoftheworkerswhowereworkingonthisprojectwerehousedinGlensideinaPublicWorksDepartment(PWD)camp,morethan300menandtheirfamiliesatanyonetime.Thesewereoccupiedfrom1928to1933.42Anumberofaccidentsoccurredduringthework,includingthreemeninjuredbyanexplosioninthetunnel.43ThetownhadapostofficeandthePWDprovidedarecreationhallandacookhouseforthesinglemen.AfteranaccusationofpoorhousinginthesecampsalettertotheeditordescribedtheconditionsatGlenside,sayingtherewereabout50-60marriedquartersandaboutthesameinsinglequarters,witha‘firstclasscookhouse’.Thesehouseswereprovidedfree,andtheletterwriterbelieved‘Onemustbethankfultobeatenantundersuchgoodcircumstancesthesetimesandenviedbythosenotsofortunate’.44ThereweresomemarriagesthatcameoutofthepublicservicemenwholivedatGlensideandworkedonthedeviation,includinganumberofItaliantunnellers.

Figure12:PublicWorkscampatGlenside

Astheworkgotunderwayitreceivedquiteabitofnewspapercoveragefromaroundthecountry.ThedoubletrackTawaFlatdeviation(therebyofcoursejustbecomingpartofthemaintrunkline)openedtogoodstrainsin1935andpassengertrainsin1937.

Infrastructurechangesintheareawererequiredtohousethenumberofpeopleworkingontheproject;forexampletwowaterdamswerebuilt,oneofwhichisintheareaofthestudyhere(at355MiddletonRoad),whichsuppliedwatertotherockcrusherwhichwascrushingthematerialremovedtomakethetunnel.45Onefamily,theBrodericks,hadtobemovedfromtheirhouseontheeasternsideoftherailwaylinetothewesternside;theirnewhouse,builtc1937,isinthestudyareadiscussedhere.

41SeeBruceMurrayandDavidParsons,RailsThroughtheValley,Tawa,2008andDavidParsons,Wellington’sRailway:ColonialSteamtoMatangi.Wellington,201042DavidParsons,Wellington’sRailway:ColonialSteamtoMatangi.Wellington,2010,pp71-7743Eveningpost,7march1931,p1144Eveningpost,10March1931,p845‘RailwayHeritage’,GlensideProgressiveAssociationwebsite,http://www.glenside.org.nz/railway-heritage-heritage-101.html

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Figure13:LookingouttheNo.2tunneltowardsGlenside,asthetunneliscompletedin1933.EveningPostCollection,Ref:PAColl-9150-08,ATL.Sincethedeviationwasfinished,theoriginalWellington-Manawatulinehasallbutdisappeared.ThecurrentmotorwayfromTawatoJohnsonvillewasbuiltalmostcompletelyontheformationoftheoldline.TherearepossiblysomeremnantsinwhatisnowGlensideReserve,whichisoutsidethisstudyarea.TheGlensideReserveisalsothesiteofthePublicWorksCamp,thenaNewZealandArmycampduringWorldWarII,andtheGlensidesaleyardsforapproximately30yearsfrom1950to1980.

ThereareanumberofheritageremnantsofthisTawaDeviationproject,howevermostareoutsidetheboundariesofthisproject,suchastheremainsofthelargerockcrusher,whichwasonRowellsRoad.PartsofthiscanstillbeseenfromMiddletonRoad.Oneitemwhichisinwithintheprojectareaisthesurveypeg,withanassociatedtotarapoststump.ThesurveypegmarkingthecentrelineoftheTawaNo.2tunnel,thelongestinNewZealand,islocatedonprivatepropertyinfarmlandat395MiddletonRoad.Atitsoriginalheight,thepostservedtomarkthelocationofthepegandwasvisiblebythesurveyorsfrominsidethetunnelmouth.TheGlensideProgressiveSocietyhavesuggestedthatthesitebeprotectedbecauseofitssignificance,aswellaslandscapeprotectionandprotectionforaviewshaftbetweenthetunnelandpeg.46

46‘RailwayHeritage’,GlensideProgressiveAssociationwebsite,http://www.glenside.org.nz/railway-heritage-heritage-101.html

Figure17:Ademonstrationoftheviewfromthesurveypegtotheportalofthetunnel.Thepegremainsintheground,andismarkedbystones.PhotographfromGlensideProgressiveAssociation/ClaireBibby.

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Suburb/TownshipDevelopmentTheHalfwayareawasrenamedGlensidein1928whenthePublicWorksDepartmentcampwaslocatedinthearea,andaPostOfficeopenedthere.ItwasrenamedastheresultofacompetitionandtoavoidconfusionwithHalfwayBushinDunedin.47ThefirstsubdivisionofGlensidelandoccurredatthistime,in1930,furthertothesouthoftheareainthisstudy,betweenwhatisnowtheareabetweenMiddletonRoadandGlensideRoad.Whatwasdubbedthe‘firstsubdivisionoftheGlensideEstate’wasadvertisedwith26residentialsitesforsale.Theadvertsaidtheareawas“Within20minutesmotordriveoftheWellingtonPostOfficebysplendidbitumenroad’.48ThemapofthesubdivisionmarksthecontinuedpresenceofsomePublicWorkscottagesandtheGlensideStoreandTeaRooms.49Thisbuildingwascompletelydestroyedbyfirein1933.50TheGlensidePostofficewaslatersetuptobeaFirstAidstationbytheStJohn’sAmbulanceAssociationandtheAA,inordertoassistthemtohelppeoplewhohadaccidentsinthearea.51Othersubdivisions,particularlyinthenorthasTawagrew,begantochangethegeographyandcommunitylifeofthearea.

DuringWorldWarTwotheareawasbusywithUSMarinesmovingbetweenWellingtonandtheKapitiCoastwheretheywerebased,andalsothenearbystoragefacilityatTakapu.OneGlensidelocalremembered‘ThemainroadthroughGlensidemusthavebeenwellmadeasitwasthemainnorth-southroadandassuchwasthemainlinktothenorth.TheAmericanMarinesarrivedandestablishedmajorcampsatPauatahanuiandMcKaysCrossing.Theroadstooduptothehugeinfluxoftrafficwhichwasnon-stop24/7astheymovedthousandsofmenandsuppliestothecampsandtheninthereverse,leavingthecampswhenthepushinthePacificstarted’.TherewasalsoasmallarmycampatGlenside.52Despitethesubdivision,Glensideremainedaverysmallcommunity–in1936therewereonly14menlistedinthelocalstreetdirectoryaslivinginGlenside(thisincludingpeoplelivingoutsidethisareaofstudy);by1950theywerealsolistingafewwomeninthestreetdirectories,butthenumberhadincreasedtoonly36.

ArohataBorstal/PrisonDuringWorldWarTwoaplacehadtobefoundtohousewomenprisoners,astheirpreviousborstal,asPointHalswell,putthemindangerasresultofthenewdefensivepoststhere.Itwasdifficulttofindaplacetohousethemthatwasclosetocourts,ahospital,arailwaylineandaport,whichwererequiredaswomenwerearrivingfromalloverthecountry,asitwastheonlyfemaleborstalinthecountry.(TherewasafemaleprisonatAddington,butaborstalwasforyoungeroffenders).TheCrownacquiredlandontheedgeofTawa,sections34and32.Thislandhadbeendairyingandsheepfarmland,withsomehouses–theCrownlatercommentedthatthelandhadbeena‘gorsecovereddeterioratingfarm’.Thenewborstalbuildingwascompletedin1942,tohouse70inmates.Theideasbehindthedevelopmentandplanningofthenewborstalwereanattempttodelivernewideasaroundthecustodyandreformationofwomen.Therewasa2storeyblockforadministration,kitchens,workroomsandstaffquarters,surroundedbyseparatebungalowswhich10-12cubicleseach,wherethewomenslept.53Itwasconsideredthemostmodernborstalinthecountry,andanAustralianprisoninspectorsaidofArohatathatitwas‘somethingofadreamcometrue.Hereisamodernborstalinstitutionscientificallyplannedandbuilt’.54WhenthewomenweretransferredtoArohataduringthewar,therewere96women,with70cubicles.Itappearsthepressuresofwaronsocietyhadgreatlyinflatedthefemaleprisonpopulation,andveryquicklyafterthewar,thenumberofinmatesdecreased,andby1947ithadgonedownto20.Asaresultoftheselownumbers,BLDallard,theController-GeneralofPrisonswasaskedtoconsidertransferringthewomenoutofthenewfacility,sothatitcouldbeusedtorelievethegreatovercrowdingat

47Bibby,p3048EP7June1930,p1649JHBethuneLtd,‘FirstsubdivisionoftheGlensideestate’,MapColl832.47935gbbd1930,ATL50EP,12Jan1933,p1051EP15July1939,p752‘TheFittFamilyofGlenside’,memoriesofDavidvanWeede,October2016,http://www.glenside.org.nz/1936-fitt-family.html;Bibby,pp36-753MinistryofJusticeFile7/1/20,R16362512,ArchivesNewZealand,Wellington54QuotedinunsourcedNewspaperArticle,18Aug1948,p3

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PoriruaMentalHospital.Hefoughttokeepthefacility,remindingtheMinisterthatArohatahadbeenspeciallybuiltforaborstalanditwouldbea‘distinctlyretrogressivestep’togiveitup.Bythispoint,therewere10to12maleprisonersalsoonsitetoworkonthefarm,aswellasthewomen,andthefarmwassteadilybeingclearedandwasalreadyproviding12,000gallonsofmilktothetownsupply.55Othershadtheireyesontheproperty,andclaimedthatthegovernmentwaswastingmoneyonhavingsuchastateoftheartfacilityforonly20women.ThePSAcalledverypubliclyforthebuildingtobeconvertedintoahostelforyoungpublicservants,andtheHealthDepartmentwantedittobeusedasamaternityhospital,withanew,less-elaborate,borstaltobebuiltonthesameland.56In1950publicservantswerealsowritingtotheMinisterofJusticethatitwasquiteimpossibletojustifytheuseofsuchalargebuildingforsofewinmates,andby1951,whenitwaslessthan10yearsolditwasalreadybeencriticisedasbeinginadequateandoutofdate,andithadnosecureunitfor‘theparticularlyunstablegirls’.TherewasalsoconcernthattheplannednewlargeArmedServicesHeadquartersintheimmediatevicinitywouldproveveryunsettlingforthewomen(thisArmedServicesHeadquartersdidnoteventuate).TheTawaFlatBoroughCouncilthenwantedthelandforamajornewhousingsubdivisioninthelate1950s.57Despiteallthis,theborstalremained,andwasredevelopedsignificantlyinthelate1950sandthebuildingsincreasedinsize,andlaterwasrenamedArohataPrison.Anumberofotherhousesforstaffandfarmingbuildingswerebuiltonthepropertyovertheyears,andanewstaffquartersblockbuiltin1961.

Figure14:Arohataandsurroundingareatothesouth,c.Dec1950,withthenewworkontheTakapuJunctionevident.Notethehousebelowtheprison.Ref114/241/07-F,ATL

Throughoutthe1940sMrsSievers(William’swidow)rentedahousefromtheCrownonthelandoftheArohataBorstal.ThismighthavebeenaconditionofthesaleofthelandtotheCrown.ItappearsfromtheMinistryofJusticefilesthatthehousesherentedmayhavebeenbuiltinthe1930s(soperhapswasthenewhousereferredtoabove.TheMinistryofWorkswasresponsibleforitsupkeepduringthistime,andprisonerspainteditforMrsSieversonoccasion.Itwascompletelyrenovatedin1956aftersheleft.Itseemstheintentionwasthatitwastobeusedbyastaffmember,butin1958itbecameapre-releasehostelforwomenleavingtheprison,setuplikeanormalNewZealandhome,deliberatelyverydifferentfromtheprisonenvironmentitself.Itwasnotedthatitwas‘highlydesirablethatthe“cottage”charmofthehouseshouldberetained.Livinghereforawhilebeforerelease,thegirlscouldbe“eased”outonInstitutionallife’.Itisnotclearhowlongitwasusedforthispurpose.58Itisnotclearwhathasnowhappenedtothishouse.

55Controller-GeneralofPrisonstoMinisterofJustice,10July1947,in‘RequestoftakeovertheArohataBorstalBuildings’,MinistryofJusticeFile7/1/20,R16362512,ArchivesNewZealand,Wellington56‘WarMemorial’,PublicServiceJournal,July194857MinistryofJusticeFile7/1/20,R16362512,ArchivesNewZealand,Wellington;EveningPost25Aug1954,KapiManaNews,16May195858ArchivesNewZealand,‘LandandBuildings–ArohataBorstalInstitution–Seiver’sResidence’,DeptofJusticefile,R6798718.

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1950s–2010sDuringthisperiod,in1953,asmallsubdivisionwasmadeatRichmondHillwithasmallnumberofhousesites,onlandpreviouslyownedbyGiovanniCastelli.Graduallysomeoftheothersectionsfurthersouthweresubdivided,butnotagainintosmallhousesiteblocks,ratherlife-stylesizedblocks.AnumberofnewhouseswerebuiltalongtheMiddleton-WillowbankRoadscorridorinthesedecades,andasnotedabove,anewhousewasbuiltovertheMiddletonStockadeinthe1990s.TheStebbingsfamily,havingfarmedtheareasincethe1960s,leftinthe1970s,andmuchoftheirlandhasbeenpurchasedbydevelopers.Majorchangeshaveoccurredinthesurroundingareas,asTawaincreasedinsizeandlandwassubdividedintostreetandsmallhouselots.Likewise,ChurtonParkwasestablishedinthe1970sandhassincebecomeoneofthefastestgrowingsuburbs,withapopulationin2013ofover6,500people,andtwoprimaryschools.ChurtonParkVillagewasrecentlydeveloped,andWestchesterDriveLinkRoadwasbuiltin2011,tolinkChurtonParkwithWestchesterDrive.ThedeveloperofChurtonParkiscurrentlyworkingonfurtherdevelopmentinwhatisknownastheLowerStebbingsValley.Despitethis,thelargerGlensideitselfremainsanareainwhichtheheritagelandscape,particularlyofearlysettlementanditsruralfarmingheritage,canstillbeseen.

Figure15:ThelandstretchingfromArohatatothesouth,1959(adetailfromalargerimage).Thisimagegivesagoodviewofthenorthernpartofthesiteunderstudyinthisreport.NoteArohataPrisonandahousebelowit(possiblytheoneknownas“MrsSieversHouse”?),andthenfurthertothesouthaclusterofhousesatRichmondHill.Thenewhighwaycanbeseenslicingthroughthelandscape,pluswhatwastheOldPoriruaRoadthroughthemiddle.White’sAviation,WA-51932,ATL.

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Figure16:LookinginawesterlydirectionacrosstheStebbings’farmvalley,1968.Thisphotoshowsmostofthelandcleared,butwithsomebushremnantsinthefoldsofthehills.DavidLukephotographalbum,PA1-o-276,ATLIn2014WellingtonCityCouncilenteredaSpecialHousingAccordwiththegovernment,agreeingtoopenupmorelandforhousing,inordertoincreasehousingsupplyanddecreasehouseprices.SHAswereallowedforinthenewHousingAccordsandSpecialHousingAreasAct2013(HASHAA),whichallowsforafast-trackingresourceconsentprocess,aimedatstream-liningconsentprocesses.AnumberofthefirstSHAswereinthevicinityaboutthearea.TheseearlySHAshavesincelapsed,butinAugust2017twointhedirectvicinityofthisstudyhadbeenreinstatedandarecurrentatthetimeofwriting–theLowerStebbingsValley,andwhatisknownastheReedyLand.Bothofthesearesubstantialareasofland.ThefirstiszonedOuterResidential,andthesecondiszonedRural.Theyaredirectlytothesouthandsouthwestoftheareadiscussedinthisreport.Bothoftheareasarecloselyconnectedwiththehistoryoftheareadiscussedhere,inparticularbecausetheStebbingsfamilyownedmuchofthelandconcerned.

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RecommendationsThefollowingisasetofrecommendationsarisingfromthehistoricalnarrativeabove,andtheAppendixOnebelow:-ArchaeologicalFieldSurveyIffuturedevelopmentofthisareaistooccur,everyeffortshouldbemadetofirstdocumentthenumerouspossibleveryearlysettler19thcenturyhousesitesinthearea.Therefore,itcouldbeusefultocommissionanArchaeologicalFieldSurveytotryandidentifyanysuchremaining19thcenturyhousesitesalongtheMiddleton/WillowbankRoadscorridor,alongwithanyassociatedoldgardens,treesandshelterbelts,andassociatedfarmingmaterial.Thereisalsoapossible19thcenturysawpitonLot1DP90894.ThissurveyshouldalsoincludetheareaownedbytheCrownforArohataPrison.AnoutcomeofthissurveywouldalsobetoaddrelevantinformationtotheNZAASiteRecordingScheme,andoneormoreofthesehistoricsitescouldpossiblybeaddedtogreenspacereservesinthefuturetopreservetheruralcharacterandnatureoftheareaandtohonourtheearlysettlersofthearea.Itdoesnotappearlikelythatthesiteswouldbeworthyoflistingonthedistrictplanunlessfurtherinformationcomestolight.Thearchaeologistcouldalsobeaskedtomakefurtherrecommendationsaftervisitingthesite.

-PreservetheareaaroundtheRailwaySurveyPegRepresentativesofboththeGlensideProgressiveAssociationandtheTawaHistoricalSocietyhaveindicatedthattheythoughtthissiteshouldbeprotected(onLot2DP76164).Iftheareaistobedevelopedinthefuture,protectionofthissiteshouldbeconsidered,plusprotectionofaviewshaftbetweenthetunnelandpeg(asdemonstratedinthephotoabove),andperhapsinterpretationsignagediscussingthetunneldevelopment.Thiscouldpossiblybepartofafuturegreenspacereserve.DistrictPlanlistingcouldbeconsidered.-MiddletonStockadeAlthoughtheMiddletonStockade(onLot1DP88636)waslikelytohavebeendestroyedwhenthehouseonthesitewasbuiltinthe1990s,theassociatedpathuptothesite,alongtheMiddletonRdroadside,shouldbeprotectedfromfurtherworksifpossible,alongwithperhapsprotectionoftheviewsfromthesite(althoughthisisnowaprivatehousesite).-Naming:Theconfirmation/retentionofexistingnamessuchastheMarshallRidgelineshouldbeensured.LikewisetheStebbingsValleynameshouldbepreserved.TeReonamesfortheareashouldalsobeusedifanycanbeidentified.Ifstreetsweretobedeveloped,thenamesoffamiliesinthisreportcouldbeused,althoughsomehavealreadybeenacknowledgedinthedevelopmentofTawastreets(forexampleTaylorandHook),orinJohnsonville(asinthecaseoftheBroderickfamily).Someotherlocalidentitieswithaconnectiontothisarea,includingtheThompsonandSieversfamilies,couldusefullybeacknowledged.Furthermore,inhisworkonthenamingofstreetsinTawa,MurrayrecommendsthathistorianElsdonBestshouldbebetterrememberedinTawa;hisnamecouldbeappropriateforareserve,forexample.59

Other:-Thehistoryofthe‘replacementBroderickhouse’(onLot1DP90894)isinteresting,butitisunlikelytobeworthyoflistingbytheWCCinitsheritagelist.

59DavidMurray,TheStreetsofTawa,p87

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AppendixOne:DetailedHistoryoftheBlocksintheAreaofthisStudy

Becausetheareawasdividedintotheroughly100-acresectionsbytheNewZealandCompany,andbecausemanyofthoseboundarylinesstillexisttoday,itispossibletousethesesectionstotellthehistoryofthearea,asisgivenbelow.ThesectionsinthisstudystretchedfromwhatwasknownasKinaporaSection24inthesouthuptoSection36inthenorth,onthewesternsideoftheOldPoriruaRoad,plusasmallpartof36evenfurthernorth,aswellaspartsofOhariusections117(whichbackedonSections32and34,andwerenotoriginallysurveyeduntilthe1870s).60SeeFigure2formoreinformation.

60ThisinformationislargelybasedonCarman’sbookTawaFlatandtheOldPoriruaRoad,buthasbeensupplementedbyadditionalinformationwherepossible.Carman’sbookshouldbeconsultedforamoredetailedhistory.61Carmanpp73-76;Glensidewebsite‘StebbingsGarden’and‘GravesiteMemories’pages;MaryO’KeeffetoNZHistoricPlacesTrust,ReportonAuthority2008/273,200962Carmanppp49,77-78,96;Murray,StreetsofTawa,pp41-2

BlocksintheAreaofStudy

Section2461Onlyasmallpartofthissectionisincludedinthisstudy.ThewidersectionwaswherethecommunityofHalfwaywasestablishedfromthe1840s.Theoriginalsectionwasdividedinto8stripsinthe1840s.TheseeightstripswentthroughanumberofownershipchangesbeforethethreeCrownGrantswereeventuallyissued,inthe1860s.WhenthethreeCrownGrantswerefinallymadeinthe1860s,thenorthern-mostareawasissuedtoashoemaker,GeorgeBrownin1862,themiddleparttoWilliamBarnardRhodes,averywealthymerchantinWellington,andthesouthern-mosttoCharlotteWhitehouse.CharlotteWhitehousesoldherlandtoBenjaminStebbingsin1863.Soonafter,StebbingsalsoacquiredtwootherpartsofSection24fromtwootherowners,givinghimallthelandtothewestofStebbingsRoad,plusotherlandintheimmediatevicinity,includingOhariuSection115.Asdiscussedabove,theirfamilylivedandfarmedherefor110years,andthevalleybecameknownastheStebbingsValley.Theirhomewasoutsidetheareaofthisstudy,buttheirfarminginfrastructurewasonthisandothersections.Anotherpartofthenorthern-mostpartofthesectionwassoldtoJohnMacdonaldin1867,whoeventuallyowned65acresfacingthemainroad.Thisfarmthenchangedhandsanumberoftimes;itwasownedbyCharlesdeLaunayfrom1883,whobuiltahousethere,thenJohnMayfrom1886,thenJohnMoxhamfrom1900-1913.ItwasthenownedbyJackOswaldandthentheHodgefamilyfrom1893,wholivedintheolddeLaunayhouseandfarmedthere.ThePenderfamilypurchaseditin1953.Itispossiblethattheoldhouse(nowastorageshed)onLot1DP18799isthishouse.Section26andSection2862ThisisthesectionthatcontainedtheMiddletonStockade,builtbythemilitaryinthe1840s,describedelsewhere.Associatedwiththisstockadeisaspring(alsoontheproperty)andatrackupfromtheroadwhichcanbeseeninthehillside(presumablyontheroadreserve).Theexcellentviewsupanddownthevalleyfromthesite,(whichwaspresumablythereasonforitssiting),remainlargelyrural.Thisareaalsocontainsapre-1900sawpit.ThesetwosectionsweresoldbytheNewZealandCompanytoanabsenteeLondonlandlord;hisdescendantseventuallysoldittoJamesTaylor(discussedabove)in1877.Itisthereforepossibleno-onelivedonordevelopedthelanduntilthen,butthisisnotclear.JamesTaylor(1823-1913)andhislargefamilywerelong-termresidentsoftheTawaareaandownedanumberofothersectionsintheareafortheirfarmingenterprise.In1890Taylorsoldthefrontpart(alongsidethePoriruaRoad)ofboththesesectionstoThomasBroderick

31

63Carmanpp78;81-83;Deedsindexes,ArchivesNewZealand;LS11837,Record25/1130,‘Townships-Glenside’,R21031976,ArchivesNewZealand64Carman(p31)says1930,andCassels(p38)says1923,butdeedsshowitwasinfact1928.65Carmanpp83-87,98;MurrayHistoryofTawa,p23466DeckarrivedinNewZealandin1853,asapreacherforthePlymouth/ExclusiveBretherenchurch,andmovedtoWellingtonin1865.HebecamehighlyinfluentientialinspreadingthenewreligionaroundNewZealand,muchmoresothaninEnglandwhereithadorginated,andhasbeendiscribedas‘oneofthemostoriginalofthereligiouspioneersinNewZealand’.PeterJ.Lineham,'Deck,JamesGeorge',DictionaryofNewZealandBiography,firstpublishedin1990,updatedSeptember,2015.TeAra-theEncyclopediaofNewZealand,https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1d8/deck-james-george;PeterJ.Lineham,‘TheSignificanceofJ.G.Deck1807–1884’,ChristianBrethrenResearchFellowshipJournal[Wellington]107(November1986),p13–34,http://www.bruederbewegung.de/pdf/linehamdeck.pdf

(alsodiscussedabove).Membersofthisfamilyownedthisandotherlandintheareaformorethansevendecades.TheBroderickfamilylivedacrosstheothersideoftheroad,untilthathousewasdemolishedasaresultofthechangestotherailwayinthe1930s,whenthegovernmenthadtobuildanewhouseforthefamilyasaresult,whichisstillthere,onLot1DP90894(apre-1900sawpitisalsothoughttobeonthissection,furthertothesouth).MembersoftheBroderickfamilyownedthisfrontpartofthesetwosectionsuntilthe1960s;from1964itwassoldtoWarrenwhosubdivideditin1993.Inthesameyearashesoldthefrontsections,(ie1890),Tayloralsosoldthebackpartofthesections,toHenryStebbings,toaddtohisotherlandnearby.TheStebbingsfamilyinturnownedtheseformanydecades.Section3163AnAustralianabsenteelandlordThomasPerkinstransferredthissectiontoaGeorgeBartonPerkinsIreland,presumablyarelation,in1872,whichwasheldintrustforhimuntilheturned21.InthemeantimethelandwasleasedtoJamesMoore,in1871,andthenHenryWilmshurst.Moore,anearlysettlerwhohadarrivedinNZin1841,livedinahouseonthissectionfrom1871until1877,andfourofhischildrenwerebornthere.Wilmshurst,whohadalsoarrivedinNZin1841,thenleasedthissectionfor21yearsfrom1877.Carmanmarksthishouseasbeingaboutinthecentreoftheblock(seemapabove).Irelandownedthelanduntil1903(itisnotclearifheeversawtheland),whenhesoldittoWilliamBroderick,oftheBroderickfamilymentionedabove,toaddtotheBroderickfamilylandholdings.Healsolivedonthissectionforatime.PhyleusdeLaCourthenownedtheblockfrom1928to193664,thenGiovanniCastellifrom1936untilatleastthe1950s.Informationaboutlifeonthisblockinthe1920sisrecordedelsewhereinthisreport.Castellisubdividedapartofhislandandthisbecamethesmallsubdivisionof8lots,knownasRichmondHill,whichwentaheadin1953.ThereasonofthenameRichmondHillisnotknown.Otherlargerpiecesweresubdividedoffthesectioninthesouthinthe1990sandhousesbuiltonthesesections.Section3265Partofthissection(thenorthernsection)isnowownedbytheCrownandispartoftheareanowconnectedtoArohataPrison.Itisnowmostlycoveredinpines.ThissectionwasownedbyGeorgeHart,amerchantofWellington,from1850,whowasissuedtheoriginalCrownGrantin1854.GeorgeHart’srealestateadvertisementin1856aboutthissectionisquotedelsewhereinthisreport.Afterthisadvertisement,thenorthernportionwassoldtoWilliamThompsonin1856.JamesandMaryDowdeswellspurchaseditsoonafterin1857.ThiswastheirfirsthomeinNewZealandandanumberoftheirchildrenwerebornthere.Theirfamilyhome,andthatofthePaskfamilywhoalsolivedonthisblock,wereusedformeetingsofthearea’ssmallPlymouthBrethrencongregation(asdiscussedelsewhereinthisreport).66TheDowdeswellsfamilyabandonedthesectionin1874,unabletomakealivingfromit,butownedituntil1902andrentedittootherfamilies.Carmanrecordsthatthe‘oldDowdeswellshouse’housedanumberofotherfamiliesaftertheyleft.In1902itwassoldtoFriendHook,ofawell-knownTawafamily,whoownedituntil1910.ItwasthensoldtoWilliamAugustusSievers[oftenspelledSeivers],whoownedotherlandinthearea.Thefamilylivedonthissectionformanydecadesfrom1910.Williamwentontobecomeprominentin

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67http://www.glenside.org.nz/marshall-house-a-gardens-abandoned-farm-gardens-121.html68Carmanpp89-9369Carman,pp95-98;BruceMurray,TheStreetsofTawa,pp41-42

localaffairs.Carmanrecordsthatatwo-storeyshingled-roofedhousewasonthissectionformanyyearsuntildemolishedin1938andanewonebuiltonhighergroundnearby.Sieversdiedin1930,atonly52.Hiswifelivedformanymoreyears,outlivinghimby42years.Afterhisdeathhisfarmingestateinthisareawasnotsold,butadministeredbythePublicTrusteeonbehalfofhisestateformanydecades.Throughoutthe1940sMrsSievers(William’swidow)rentedahousefromtheCrownonthelandoftheArohataBorstal.PossiblythismighthavebeenaconditionofthesaleofthelandtotheCrown?Thisisdiscussedfurtherbelow.Afterthe1850divisionofthesitementionedabove,thesouthernpartwassoldtoJohnHuntofPoriruaRoadandCorneliusFisher,whowererelated.Itwasfarmedbymembersofthisfamilyuntil1866whenbrothers-in-lawThomasMarshallandJamesPaskjointlypurchasedthefarm.Theyandtheirfamiliesbothlivedonthesection.ThesectionwassoldtoDanishmanAndersLarsenin1877.Helivedthereuntilhisdeathin1901,andhisfamilyownedthesectionfor40yearsintotal,until1917.Itwasthenownedbyvariousotherfamilies.Carmannotestwoearlyhousesonthissection–onefortheDowdeswellsandlaterfamiliesinthenorthernpart,andanother,livedinbytheFishers,Pasks,Marshalls,andotherfamiliesinthesouthernpartofthissection,neartheborderwithSection31.Thisispresumedtobethehistoriccottagesitewhichgrowsdaffodilsinprofusion,mentionedintheGlensideAssociationwebsite,whichsaysitcanbeidentifiedbywithhandsplittotarafenceposts,afreshwaterspringandshelterbelt.67MarshallRidge/Peak/Tripisnamedafterthefamilywholivedhere.Section3468ThisisthesectionthatnowcontainsArohataPrison.TheoriginalCrownGrantwasissuedtoanabsenteeLondonlandlordin1854.Fiveyearslaterthiswasdividedintotwo;bothwereboughtbacktogetherin1859byJohnWestonBrowne,wholivedonthesectionforanumberofyears.Thesectionwasthensurveyedintothreeandsoldatdifferenttimesinthe1860s.Carmanmarksthreeearlycottagesonthissitewhichwereknowntohavebeenbuiltonthesectioninthenineteenthcentury.Thenorthernmostpart,adjoiningSection36,relativelysmallat25acres,wasownedbyaseriesoffamiliesfrom1864,includingThomasOrr,aWellingtoncarpenterwholivedonthelandandbuiltatwo-storeyhouseonitin1875-6-accordingtoCarmanthishouseremaineduntilthemid-20thcentury.Carmanrecordseightdifferentfamiliesowingthislandfromthe1860s-1940s,andlivinginthishouse,includingtheKnigges,andtheGills.ApartofthissectionwaslaterusedforasubdivisionbytheMexteds,whichcreatedSunriseBoulevard,justtothenorthofthisstudy.Themiddlesection,25acres,wasownedbyshoemakerGeorgeMorrisfrom1863untilitwassoldtoTheHookfamily(below)in1875.TheHookfamily,whowerewell-knownintheTawaarea,boughtpartsofthedividedsectionbacktogetherbypurchasingthesoutherntwopartsoftheblock,thesouthern-mostonein1867fromBrowne,andthenthemiddlepartin1875,thusowning75acres.CarmannotesthatFriendHook‘livedinahousewellupthehillneartheBorstal,butlaterbuiltthehouseneartheroad,closetoEarp’s,hissonFredericklivingintheoldhome’.ThislandwassoldtoWSThompsonin1905.From1922thislandwasleasedfromtheThompsonfamilybytheSylvesterfamily.Astoryofthisfamilyistoldelsewhereinthisreport.In1939theThompsonfamily,whohadownedthissectionsince1905,soldittotheCrown,onwhichtheArohataBorstalwasbuilt;aprisondairyfarmwasoperatedonthissectionformanyyears.Section3669Thepieceofthissectionwhichisincludedinthisstudyisfairlysmallandsomedistancefromthehistoricroad.AlmostalloftheoriginalsectionhasalreadybeensubdividedaspartofthegrowthofTawa.Inthe1850sthenorthernpartofthissectionwasgrantedbyCrownGranttoAnneBurgess,andthepartthatadjoinedsection34wasgrantedtoJamesTaylor(whoalsoownedSections26and28andleasing38).Taylor

33

70‘LandTakenforStateHousing…SieversEstate’,HousingConstructionFile,R1323470,ArchivesNewZealand,Wellington71Carman,p141

boughtoutMrsBurgessin1863.Taylorandhisfamilylivedonthissection.Taylordiedin1913andthelandwassoldtoWASievers(wholivedonSection32)in1919andaddedtohisfarm.ItwasownedbyhimandtheSieversEstateformanydecades.TheCrowntriedtoacquirethefrontpartofthissection–thepartthatcontainedthedairyfarmbuildingsandyards–in1944inordertouseitforaclusterofstatehouses,buttheestatedidnotsellasitwouldtakeallthelandsuitablefordairyingandleaveonlylandsuitableforsheepfarming.TheestatelatersoldmostofthissectiontotheTawaDevelopmentCorpforsubdivision.70Carmandiscussesanumberofoldcottagesandhouseswhichwereonthissection,livedinbytheTaylorfamilyandothers,butgiventhedistancefromthehistoricroad,probablynotwithintheareaofthisstudy.Section117[OhariuDistrict]71Asnotedabove,thislandwasnotdividedupintheoriginalNewZealandCompanysubdivision,beingbetweenKinaporeandOhariuValleysurveydistricts.UndertheWasteLandsActitwasdividedandsold,generallytotheadjacentowner,in1876-77.ThisblockwasoriginallyownedbyJamesTaylor(above)from1854andthengrantedtohimin1877,andwasownedbyhimuntilherdiedin1913.ItappearsitwaspassedthroughthefamilyuntilsoldtoWASieversin1919.Thiswastheareathatwouldbecalled‘UpperStebbingsValley’.InformationfromClaireBibbysuggeststhattherewasaWorldWarOneshootingrangeonthisarea,butitisnotknownexactlywhere.TheSieversestateownedthelandformanyyearsandwaspartofthefamilyfarmingoperation.

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AppendixTwo:ExistingHistoricHeritageListingsintheVicinityAsnotedintheintroduction,onlyoneplaceisformallylistedbyWCCorHeritageNewZealandortheNewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme/Archsite,whichistheMiddletonStockade.Thissectionalsoprovidesfollowedlistingsintheclosevicinity,toaddmorecontext.

MiddletonStockade

Address:

WestofMiddletonRoad(OldPoriruaRoad),northofJohnsonville.

Information:

Stockade,oneofaseriesofpostsbuiltin1846.Destroyedwhenhousebuiltonsite,late1990s.Likelytocontainsubsurfacearchaeologicalinformation.

DistrictPlanListing:notlisted

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:R27/237

HeritageNewZealand:notlisted

Sources:

NZAASiteRecordingScheme,ElsdonBest,‘OldRedoubts,BlockhousesandStockadesoftheWellingtonDistrict’,TransactionsandProceedingsoftheNewZealandInstitute,Vol53,1921,pp20-1;Prickett,p209,Walton,p13,Kapi-ManaNews,18April,1979,p8

ItemsintheclosevicinityofthisstudyMcCoy’sStockade

Address:

NexttoMainRoad,northeastofitsjunctionwithSunriseBoulevard,Tawa.Exactlocationnotknown.

Notethisisjustoutsidethestudyarea

Information:

Amilitarystockade,oneofaseriesofpostsbuiltin1846,builtaspartofachainofsuchstockades,alongwithMiddleton’sStockade.

DistrictPlanListing:Notlisted

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:R27/236

HeritageNewZealandlisting:Notlisted

Sources:

NZAASiteRecordingScheme,ElsdonBest,‘OldRedoubts,BlockhousesandStockadesoftheWellingtonDistrict’,p21;Prickett,p209;Waltonp14

GreerHouse

Address:

420MiddletonRoad,Glenside,WELLINGTON[formerly29WillowbankRoad,Tawa]

ClarenceFarm

Information:

19thcenturyearlysettler’svillaknownasGreerHouse,oneoftheearliestbuildingsintheareaandassociatedwithWellington’searliestNewZealandCompanysettlers.

DistrictPlanListing:ListedondistrictplanNo.26/360

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:R27/236

HeritageNewZealandlisting:Notlistedbutisaproposal(approvedforfurtherworkbutnotyetprogressed Sources:WCCHeritageInventory

35

NZAASiteRecordingScheme,WCCheritagesiteinformation

NottHouseandMilkStand

Address:

400MiddletonRoad,Glenside,WELLINGTON

[IvyBankFarm]

Information:

BuiltforWilliamNott,whoownedthelandfrom1860.NottHousehassignificanthistoricalvalueasoneofthefirstbuildingsconstructedintheWellingtonarea.Thatitisararesurvivoronlyaddstothisvalue.Thecomplexofoutbuildingsandshedshelpsinterpretthehistoryoftheuseofthesiteandaddsfurthersignificance.Fromc1959to1988thewoolshedonthispropertywasNewZealand’sfirstandonlyBorafumefactoryproducinginitspeak.

Ithasaestheticvalue–whilerelativelyplainindesignandornamentation,itisnonethelesselegantlycomposedandwellplannedforthesiteandpossesseshigharchitecturalinterestforitsearlydesign.

DistrictPlanListing:ListedondistrictplanasNo.26/211

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:R27/491

HeritageNewZealandlisting:Notlisted,buthasbeennominated(approvedforfurtherworkbutnotyetprogressed).

Sources:

NZAASiteRecordingScheme,WCCHeritageInventory,Glensidewebsite

Diehl’sWhare

Address:

StebbingsValley,Glenside.Onalowspur,immediatelyeastofthefarmroad

Information:

Turnofthecenturyhousesite.Knownlocallyas'Deihl'sWhare'.Largelyrecordedonthebasisofhistoricalrecords.Limitedhistoricmaterial/middennotedin2009.

DistrictPlanListing:Notlisted

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:R27/299

HeritageNewZealandlisting:Notlisted

Sources:

NZAASiteRecordingScheme;informationfromClaireBibby

Harrison’sCottage

Address:

7WillowbankRoad,Tawa,Wellington

Information:

Cottagethoughttohavebeenbuiltin1855forsettlerC.J.Harrisonandfamily.Asecondstoreywasaddedaround1910.ThisisoneoftheoldesthousesinWellington.Interiorhasbeenmodernisedtosomeextent.

DistrictPlanListing:Notlisted

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:R27/445

HeritageNewZealandlisting:Notlisted

Sources:

NZAASiteRecordingScheme

36

HistoricHouseSite

Address:

CornerofGlensideandStebbingsRoad,Glenside.

Information:

19thcenturyhistorichousesiteona6x4mterrace.Featurescomprisearowof8postholes,arubbishpitcontainingglassandceramic,possiblehearth

ThissitewasinvestigatedbyanarchaeologistinDecember2005andreburiedbeneathageotextilelayer.

DistrictPlanListing:nolisting

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:R27/392

HeritageNewZealandlisting:nolisting

Sources:

NZAASiteRecordingScheme

BraidCottage

Address:

1WestchesterDriveEast,Glenside

Information:

BraidCottageisagoodrepresentativeexampleofasmall19thcenturyfarmhousethatwasbuiltfromthebasicmaterialsthatwereavailableinitsimmediatevicinity.

ThecottagewashometotheBraidfamily,fromc.1867–1897andislikelytohavebeenbuiltbylocalfarmer,bakerandstorekeeper,DavidBraid.

BraidCottageisararesurvivingexampleofan‘earth’buildinginWellingtonandgivesaninsightinthebuildingtechnologiesofthemid-19thcentury.

DistrictPlanListing:26/373

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:nolisting

HeritageNewZealandlisting:nolisting

Sources:

NZAASiteRecordingScheme;WCCHeritageInventory

HalfwayHouse

Address:

246MiddletonRoad,Glenside

Information:

Housebuiltin1880bySandyBrowninthegeneralvicinityofearlierversionsof‘HalfwayHouse’.

DistrictPlanListing:

NewZealandArchaeologicalAssociationSiteRecordingScheme:nolisting

HeritageNewZealandlisting:Notlisted,buthasbeennominated(approvedforfurtherworkbutnotyetprogressed).

Sources:

WCCHeritageInventory;IanBowmanConservationPlan,2004

37

BibliographyArchivesNewZealand–‘Registerofsections,countrydistricts,KinaporeandPorirua’,LS-W651,Item24,R17533450GlensideProgressiveSocietywebsite,www.glenside.org.nzBest,Elsdon,‘OldRedoubts,Blockhouses,andStockadesoftheWellingtonDistrict’,TransactionsandProceedingsoftheRoyalSocietyofNewZealand,Volume53,1921,downloadedfromhttp://rsnz.natlib.govt.nz/volume/rsnz_53/rsnz_53_00_000200.htmlBest,Elsdon,PoriruaandTheyWhoSettledIt,1914,downloadedfromhttp://www.tawahistory.org.nz/projects/best_article_porirua.htmlBest,Elsdon,‘TheBushSettlersoftheWellingtonDistrict’,OnslowHistorian,1992,v22no.3-4,pp3-22Bibby,Claire,TheHistoryandHeritageofGlenside,TheOnslowHistorian,Vol32,no.1-4,2002Bowman,Ian,‘HalfWayHouse-ConservationPlan’,writtenforWellingtonCityCouncil,2004Carman,ArthurH,TawaFlatandtheOldPoriruaRoad1840-1970,3rdedition,Tawa,1982Cassells,KR,Tawa:EnterpriseandEndeavour,Tawa,1988Day,Kelvin,TheOldPoriruaRoad,PoriruaMuseum,1991

Kay,BarbaraAnthonyWall,SettlerofPorirua,ThePapakowhaiStory,Wellington,1996Lineham,PeterJ.,'Deck,JamesGeorge',DictionaryofNewZealandBiography,firstpublishedin1990,updatedSeptember,2015.TeAra-theEncyclopediaofNewZealand,https://teara.govt.nz/en/biographies/1d8/deck-james-georgeLinehamPeterJ.,‘TheSignificanceofJ.G.Deck1807–1884’,ChristianBrethrenResearchFellowshipJournal[Wellington]107(November1986),p13–34,http://www.bruederbewegung.de/pdf/linehamdeck.pdfMurray,Bruce,TheStreetsofTawa,Wellington,2005Murray,Bruce,AHistoryofTawa,Wellington,2014Murray,BruceandDavidParsons,RailsThroughtheValley,Tawa,2008O’Keeffe,Mary,‘ExtensionofWestchesterDrive,Glenside,Wellington:Archaeologicalassessmentofproposedroadextension’,2009

Parson,David,Wellington’sRailwaysColonialSteamtoMatangi,Wellington,2010Prickett,Nigel,FortificationsoftheNewZealandWars,DepartmentofConservation,Wellington,2016NewZealandHistoricPlacesTrust,‘SustainableManagementofHistoricHeritageGuidelinesDiscussionPaperNo.3:HeritageLandscapeValues’,2007Roper,Gilbert,TawaTheTree,TheCommunityandtheReserves,Tawa,2017Seirs,Judy,‘TheStebbingsFamily’,TheOnslowHistorian,5no.1,1975

Walton,A,‘NewZealandredoubts,stockadesandblockhouses,1840–1848’,DepartmentofConservationScienceInternalSeriesNo.122,'http://www.doc.govt.nz/documents/science-and-technical/DSIS122.pdf