historical development in chemistry - weebly · foundation in chemistry (e.g. atoms can be...
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Historical Developments
in Chemistry
SC.912.P.8.3 – 4 Major Models of the Atom
SC.912.N.3.3 – Scientific Law vs. Scientific Theory
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Democratus (400 BC) –
-If you cut a substance in
half forever you end up
with an uncuttable particle
= atom
Atoms vs. Elements• Element: pure substance that cannot be
separated into simpler substances
• Made up of only 1 kind of atom
• Combine to form compounds
• Atom: the smallest particle into which
an element can be divided and still be
the same substance
• Atoms make up elements
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John Dalton (1766-1844) –
1. All matter is made of atoms;
atoms are indivisible and
indestructible.
2. All atoms of a given element are
identical in mass and properties.
3. Atoms join with other atoms to
make new substances.
*Disclaimer*
Modern Atomic Theory elaborates more,
but Dalton’s theory became the theoretical
foundation in chemistry
(e.g. atoms can be destroyed in nuclear
reactions but not by chemical reactions,
different kinds of atoms = isotopes)
“Atoms hard; dense (like billiard balls)”
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J.J. Thomson (1856-1940)--Discovered the electron
-Realized the accepted model of an
atom did not account for negatively
or positively charged particles
-”Plum Pudding” model; explained
some of the atom’s electrical
properties, but failed to recognize the
atom’s positive charges as particles.
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Thomson’s Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
YouTube URL: https://youtu.be/O9GoyscbazkOr search YouTube for “Cathode Ray Tube”
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Thomson’s Cathode Ray Tube Experiment
YouTube URL: https://youtu.be/Rb6MguN0Uj4Or search YouTube for “Discovery of the Electron: Cathode Ray Tube Experiment”
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Ernest Rutherford (1871-
1937)-- Gold Foil experiment showed the
mass of an atom was concentrated
in a nucleus
- Nuclear Model of the Atom - Did not yet theorize about neutrons
(not discovered until 1932 by James Chadwick)
Fun-fact
Ernest Rutherford was Thomson’s student! ....who
disproved Thomson’s Plum Pudding model.
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Note:All you need to understand about alpha particles at this
point is that they are positively charged particles
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Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
YouTube URL: https://youtu.be/XBqHkraf8iEOr search YouTube for “Rutherford Gold Foil Experiment – Backstage Science”
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Niels Bohr (1885-1962)-- Electron Shell Model
(or the Quantum Model)
- Suggested that:
- electrons in an atom revolve around the
nucleus only in certain discrete,
separate orbits, or “shells”
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Erwin Schroedinger (1887-1961)-- Mathematical model (wave functions) for
the distribution of electrons in an atom
– “Electron Cloud Model”
- Probability of where electrons are
- 3-dimensional model better
describes 3-dimensional space
- Bohr’s model was only 1-
dimensional
Werner Heisenberg (1901-1976) - Uncertainty principle – the position and
velocity cannot both be measured at the same
time
- “Since you could never with great
certainty measure more than one
property of a particle, you could only
work with probability & mathematical
formulations”
n
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“Law” vs. “Theory”
Scientific LAW• “A set of observed regularities expressed in a
concise verbal or mathematical statement”
• “A statement that a particular phenomena always occurs if certain conditions are present”
• Describes what nature does under certain conditions (predicts what will happen)
• Resists change over time
Scientific THEORY
• “An explanation for an observation (or series of
observations) that is substantiated by a
considerable body of evidence”
• “A body of knowledge and explanatory
concepts that seek to increase our
understanding (explain) a major phenomenon
in nature”
• Explains how nature works
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Sooo… what about Models? • Constructed to help explain complex concepts
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LAW or THEORY?
Sir Isaac Newton’s _____ of Gravity
• LAW
• Gravity is described as-is, not explained in terms of how it probably came about
• “Ms. O., what’s gravity?”
• “Ms. O, why is there gravity?”
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Practice
The law of gravity describes a relationship between two masses. The more
massive an object is or the closer it is to another body, the more the gravitational
attraction between the two objects.
However, the law is limited because it cannot explain which of the following?
A) what gives the larger object more mass
B) why we experience gravity on earth and not in space
C) why there is a gravitational attraction in the first place
D) why does the smaller object also attract the larger object
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Practice
The law of gravity describes a relationship between two masses. The more
massive an object is or the closer it is to another body, the more the gravitational
attraction between the two objects.
However, the law is limited because it cannot explain which of the following?
A) what gives the larger object more mass
B) why we experience gravity on earth and not in space
C) why there is a gravitational attraction in the first place
D) why does the smaller object also attract the larger object
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Who created this model?
• The Plum Pudding modelWhat is this model called?
• Thomson
Who disproved it? • Rutherford
Which experiment
disproved it? • Gold Foil Experiment
What is he most known for
discovering? • The electron
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Whose theory does the other
model represent? • Rutherford’s NUCLEAR
Model
What is the main difference
between the two models?• Bohr’s model requires discrete electron orbits
Which model represents
Bohr’s atomic theory?
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Whose model laid the foundation for
modern Atomic Theory? • Dalton
What did his theory say? (Hint: 3 things)1. All matter is made up of atoms, which are indivisible
2. All atoms of a given element are the same mass and properties
3. Atoms join with other atoms to make new substances
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Summary
• Dalton – laid the theoretical foundation for Atomic Theory
• Thomson – discovered the electron using Cathode Ray experiment; developed Plum Pudding Model
• Rutherford – disproved Plum Pudding Model; replaced it with Nuclear Model after conducting Gold Foil Experiment which provided evidence for an dense, positively-charged atomic nucleus
• Bohr – Replaced Rutherford’s model with the electron shell model (or Quantum theory); key feature = discrete electron orbits with specific energy levels that prevent negatively-charged
electrons from collapsing into the positively-charged nucleus
• Shroedinger – electron cloud model; said that the position and location of electrons in an atom is better described with probabilities (a three-dimensional model rather than Bohr’s one-dimensional model)
• Scientific Theory – well-supported explanations of phenomena (WHY x happens)
• Scientific Law – well-supported descriptions of phenomena (WHAT happens when x occurs)
**Theories do not become laws, and laws do not become theories**
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Anatomy of the Atom
SC.912.P.8.4 – Structure & Composition of Atoms
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Construct/Draw an atomic model
Label using the word bank, and
Please include the electrical charge• “Word Bank”
• PROTON - electrical charge?
• NEUTRON - electrical charge?
• ELECTRON - electrical charge?
• NUCLEUS - electrical charge?
• ELECTRON CLOUD –
electrical charge?
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PROTONS
• CHARGE of proton?
• (+) Positive
• LOCATION of proton?
• Nucleus
• SUPPORT THESE ANSWERS USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT
THE SCIENTISTS WHO HELPED DEVELOP ATOMIC THEORY
• E.g. Particular experimental observation? An inference?
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ELECTRONS
• CHARGE of electron?
• (-) negative
• LOCATION of electron?
• Electron cloud
• SUPPORT THESE ANSWERS USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT
THE SCIENTISTS WHO HELPED DEVELOP ATOMIC THEORY
• E.g. Particular experimental observation? An inference?
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NEUTRONS
• CHARGE of neutron?
• 0 - Neutral (no charge)
• LOCATION of neutron?
• nucleus
• We did not discuss neutrons so this one is given to you
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NUCLEUS
• Electrical charge of nucleus?
• (+) positive
• Location of nucleus?
• In the center of the atom
• SUPPORT THESE ANSWERS USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT
THE SCIENTISTS WHO HELPED DEVELOP ATOMIC THEORY.
E.g. Particular experimental observation? An inference?
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ELECTRON CLOUD
• Electrical charge of electron cloud?
• (-) negative
• Location of electron cloud?
• Everywhere that isn’t the nucleus
• SUPPORT THESE ANSWERS USING WHAT YOU KNOW ABOUT
THE SCIENTISTS WHO HELPED DEVELOP ATOMIC THEORY.
E.g. Particular experimental observation? An inference?
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Forces of Attraction/Repulsion> electrostatic forces: affects objects that have charge
more mass in an atom = larger electron cloud = larger
magnitude of distortions in the electron distribution
=> Dipoles!
DIPOLE: a charge separation
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Atomic Parts & What to Know
• Subatomic Particles – Proton, Neutron, Electron
• Location – Nucleus or Electron Cloud?
• Charge – Positive, Negative, or Neutral?
• Forces of attraction and repulsion between subatomic particles
• E.g. electrical charge (opposite charges attract, like charges repel)
• RELATIVE SIZE of proton, neutron, and electron
• Which is the SMALLEST?
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Another form of note-taking/organizing information into a GRAPHIC ORGANIZER.Your Task: Draw/Make a graphic organizer that summarizes the Historical
Developments of Atomic Theory
Please include the following information:
- Name of scientists (in chronological order)
-Their discovery or idea
-Their experiment (if applicable)
-The name of their model and a sketch of it
-What makes each theory/idea different from the last? (This part does not apply to
Democratus)
•ACTIVITY/HOMEWORK (it’s only homework if you do not finish in class)
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Another form of note-taking/organizing information into a GRAPHIC
ORGANIZER.Your Task: Draw/Make a graphic organizer that summarizes the atomic
structure
Please include the following information:
- the 3 subatomic particles (charge, location, relative size)
- the 2 different atomic structures (charge, location)
- label a picture of an atom that includes all of the above
•ACTIVITY/HOMEWORK (it’s only homework if you do not finish in class)