UNIT TEST HISTORY 12

Unit 1 Conflict and Challenge - The World of 1919

explain the significance of nationalism and imperialism in the world of 1919 with reference to

the changed map of Europe and the Middle East the Mandate system

evaluate the Paris Peace Conference in terms of contributions and positions of participants outcomes

evaluate ways in which Lenin transformed the USSR, with reference to the Russian revolutions the Russian Civil War the New Economic policy

Format

Multiple Choice Written Response/Paragraph Question

To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy each of the Big Three leaders?

Explain the reasons for the failure of the League of Nations.

Explain the factors that contributed to the November 1917 Revolution in Russia?

Outline/Chart

Use the outline or chart provided in the organization and planning page to plan the paragraph before writing it.

Question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy each of the Big Three leaders?

Objectives Satisfied Not SatisfiedWilson

League of Nations established

self-determination in Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia)

disarmament (military restrictions)

most of the Fourteen Points were ignored or rejected

only the defeated powers were disarmed

Britain refused to accept freedom of seas

Britain, France, Belgium refused to allow self-determination to their colonies

Anschluss was denied

Senate refused to accept the treaty or join the League of Nations

Fourteen Points

repay war loans

resume the free flow of trade and maintain robust economy

did not want to cripple Germany

Clemenceau Article 231

disarmament (military restrictions)

Alsace-Lorraine returned

received German colonies

received Saar coalfields for only 15 years

Rhineland only demilitarized not an independent country

reparations not high enough

national security remove military threat

reparations financial compensation for damages

revenge and punishment

Lloyd George reduction of the

German navy

received German colonies

did not support League of Nations

opposed self-determination

reparations too high

ensure security of sea lanes to its empire reduce German navy

did not want to cripple Germany

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Question: Explain the reasons for the failure of the League of Nations.

Reason Explanation

incomplete membership

U.S. absence from the League weakened effectiveness of economic sanctions against aggressors since the aggressor nation can obtain supplies from the U.S

U.S. absence left Britain and France as the only major powers in the League but they preferred direct negotiations between states and refused to place their affairs in the hand of an impotent organization

U.S., Germany and USSR were not members of the League impairing its ability

lack of power and enforcement

the League had no adequate means to enforce its will on offenders as it did not have an army

although it had the power to impose economic sanctions if often lacked the will to do so

structure of the League

the decisions of the Assembly had to be unanimous which was difficult to achieve and paralyzed the League

the members of the Council were able to veto League action thus preventing it from doing anything

Depression the Depression made countries try to get more land and power

countries did not want to impose sanctions and further reduce trade during the economic crisis

nationalism large countries were unwilling to be told what to do by larger countries and Japan, Italy and Germany still viewed war as means of national advancement

attitude of members towards League

the major powers did not take the League seriously and undermined its effectiveness; Italy and Japan betrayed the League and Britain and France did not do enough to make it work

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Question: Explain the factors that contributed to the November 1917 Revolution in Russia.

Factor Explanation

Provisional Government problems

the war, land reform, divisions with the government and challenge to its authority from the Petrograd Soviet created problems for the Provisional Government and weakened it

economic conditions

economic conditions had not improved (inflation and food shortages) since the March Revolution and were even worse

Petrograd Soviet the Petrograd Soviet passed Order Number 1 which stated soldiers should not take orders from officers but rather regiment committees

Lenin demanded “All Power to the Soviets” the Bolsheviks won control of the Petrograd

Soviet after the Kornilov Affair

Red Guards a private Bolshevik army, the Red Guards, dedicated to the revolution was established and gave the Bolsheviks the military power to overthrow the Provisional Government

Lenin Lenin was an effective leader, determined; he was ruthless, brilliant speaker and good planner

April Thesis “Peace, Bread, and Land” appealed to many people who were impatient for change

Kornilov Affair the Bolshevik Red Guards (Petrograd Soviet) demonstrated their power when they prevented Kornilov’s attempted coup

the army lost credibility the right wing factions felt Kornilov was

betrayed while the left wing faction felt the government plotted to destroy them and the subsequent split in the Duma was the turning point in the left-right wing dispute

Question: To what extent did the Treaty of Versailles satisfy each of the Big Three leaders?

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Lloyd George, Clemenceau, and Wilson were satisfied with some of the terms of the Treaty of Versailles but mostly not satisfied with the treaty. Lloyd George was satisfied with the reduction of the Germany navy and receiving German colonies. However, he was not satisfied with the League of Nations which he did not support and self-determination which he thought was a bad idea. He thought the reparations were too high. Clemenceau was satisfied with Article 231 which forced Germany to accept responsibility for starting the war, the military restrictions that weakened Germany's army and the return of Alsace-Lorraine as well as receiving German colonies. But he wanted the Saar coalfield permanently not for just 15 years. He thought the demilitarization of the Rhineland was not enough and would rather have it become an independent country. Clemenceau did not think the reparations were high enough. Wilson was satisfied with the establishment of the League of Nations, implementation of self-determination in Eastern Europe and the disarmament of Germany. However, he was not satisfied that most of the Fourteen Points were ignored or rejected. He thought reparations were too high and would cripple Germany. Wilson was disappointed that only the defeated nations were disarmed. He was not satisfied that Britain refused to accept freedom of the seas as well as self-determination for the colonies of Britain, France and Belgium. He was not pleased that Anschluss was denied. Most importantly, Wilson was disappointed that the Senate refused to approve the treaty or join the League of Nations.

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