History and CultureChapter 27:2

China developed in isolation from the rest of the world.

Because they viewed their country as the center of the world, they called their homeland Zhōng Guó, or “Middle Kingdom.”

“I hear and I forget.I see and I remember.

I do and I understand.”

- Confucius

Dynasty• a ruling family that passes the

right to rule down from one family member to another• the Xia Dynasty was founded

circa 2000 B.C. when sage-emperor Yu appointed his son to succeed him

The Cycle of History

1. Strong central government unifies China, establishing order out of chaos.

2. Golden Age.

3. Chaos and Disorder.

4. Repeat.

• Warring States Period (475-221 B.C.)

• Qin Dynasty (221-206 B.C.)

• Han Dynasty (206 B.C. – A.D. 220)

• Six Dynasties Period (220-589)

• Sui Dynasty (589-618)

• Tang Dynasty (618-907)

• Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907-979)

• Song Dynasty (960-1271)

• Yüan (Mongol) Dynasty (1271-1368)

• Ming Dynasty (1368-1644)

• Qing (Manchu) Dynasty (1644-1911)

The Shāng dynasty was established when King Tāng defeated the Xià

army at Mingtiao.

The Shāng Dynasty, which

ruled China circa 1700-1100 B.C., is the first dynasty that can

be dated from written records.

The earliest examples of

Chinese writing are

found etched onto animal bones and

tortoise shells.[Image source: http://www.chinapage.com/calligraphy/oracle/oraclebone1.html]

The Shāng perfected their metal-casting

skills and produced some

of the finest bronze objects

ever made.[Image source: http://emuseum.mankato.msus.edu/prehistory/china/ancient_china/shang.html]

The Shāng also cast massive

ceremonial cauldrons out

of bronze.[Image source:

http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschmidlin/ancientchina.html]

Shāng chariot

The Shāng employed the yoke to harness the power of animals in times of both peace and war.

zhànchē

[Image source: http://www.rom.on.ca/pub/shang/]

Shāng warriors in chariots using bronze weapons easily conquered the people of the Huáng Hé valley.

Using their superior weapons, the Shāng eventually conquered much of eastern China.

Shāng kings were entombedin large burial pits.

The retainers of the Shāng monarchs often followed their rulers in death.

Their severed skulls were buried in another part of the grave.

Chinese rulers governed as aresult of the Mandate of Heaven.

[Image source: http://www.he.net/~archaeol/9803/abstracts/china.html]

If a ruler was just and effective, they

received a mandate, or the authority to rule, from heaven.

[Image source: http://www.users.bigpond.com/wernerschmidlin/ancientchina.html]

Indications that a king had lost the Mandate of Heaven included:

• crop failures

• catastrophic floods

• losses in battle

• corrupt government

12

3

6

9

1

2

4

57

8

10

11

New DynastyArises

Corruption

Natural Disasters

Heaven favoursanother dynasty

The last Shāng king lost the Mandate of Heaven and was

conquered by the circa 1028 B.C.

[Image source: http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=86&t=2477]

Zhōu kings were called the Son of Heaven.

[Image source: http://www.kidspast.com/images/emperor-china.jpg]

[Image source: http://www.chinahistoryforum.com/index.php?act=Print&client=printer&f=86&t=2477]

The Zhōu dynasty controlled their vast realm through appointing relatives to

govern from powerful city-states.

The system of picture writing

begun under the Shāng dynasty was further-

refined by the Zhōu dynasty.

[Source: Chinese Characters: Their Origin, Etymology, History, Classification, and Significance by Dr. L. Wieger, S.J. (New York: New York, Dover Publications, Inc., 1965.), page 380.]

Iron plows were fist employedat the timeof the Zhōu

dynasty.

[Image source: http://members.tripod.com/east_west_dialogue/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/plowfinished.jpg]

The Zhōu are also credited with extending the development of

irrigation and flood-control systems.

[Image source: http://www.antique-prints.de/shop/Media/Shop/3816.jpg]

These inventions contributed to China becoming the most-densely

populated country at the time.

[Image source: http://www.travelshandong.us/images/qiguo.jpg]

Eventually, some of lords

grew powerful enough to

challenge the Zhōu kings’ authority.

[Image source: http://img248.imageshack.us/img248/5898/dscn1445op8.jpg]

Political power fell increasingly to the lords following the defeat of the Zhōu in 771 B.C.

[Image source: http://go-passport.grolier.com/map?id=mh00036&pid=go]

The nobles fought a

number of small wars collectively

known as the Warring States

Period untilthe 200s B.C.

[Image source: http://img130.imageshack.us/img130/1603/siege12vc.jpg]

The crossbowwas invented

during this time.

[Image source: http://authors.history-forum.com/liang_jieming/chinesesiegewarfare/images/navalzhugenu.jpg]

The Qín – a small western state – wiped-out the Zhou and unified northern China by 221 B.C.

[Image source: http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Zhou/mapZhanguo.JPG]

Emperor Qín Shihuangdi

established a strong central

authority.[Image source:

http://www.kidspast.com/images/Qin.jpg]

The Qín employed 300,000 peasants to connect a number of pre-existing walls, creating the 4,000-mile-long Great Wall of

China.

[Image source:

The Han dynasty is to China and Asia what the Roman empire is to Europe.

Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty rebuilt the Great Wall of China.

[Image source: http://pasture.ecn.purdue.edu/~agenhtml/agenmc/china/images/scenery/gw0.gif]

Emperor Wen of the Sui dynasty constructed a

Grand Canal to link southern and Northern

China.

[Image source: http://www.cis.umassd.edu/~gleun

g/geofo/xyunhe1.jpg]

[Image source: http://www.history.ubc.ca/lshin/teaching/images/maps/canal.gif]

Most of these projects were done using corvée labour, which made him very unpopular with the peasantry.

[Image source: http://egyptianchronicles.freewebsitehosting.com/DIGGINGTHESUEZCANAL5.html]

China was a powerful empire in her own

right when European explorers arrived

during the Age of

Discovery.

[Image source: http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/ralimage/map21chi.jpg]

China was ruled by

emperors of the Manchu

Qīng (Ch’ing) Dynasty from 1644 to 1911.

[Image source http://www.chinapage.com/emperor/qing1207.jpg]

The Qing (Ch’ing) emperors were assisted by a professional

bureaucratic corps of Confucian-

trained scholars known as

mandarins.[Image source: http://www.lcsc.edu/modernchina/images/Linzexu.gif]

Europeans initially came to exchange goods with the Chinese.

[Image source: http://www.eraoftheclipperships.com/images/chinatea.jpg]

There was little if anything the peopleof the Middle Kingdom wanted from

the Barbarians of the West.

[Image source: http://www.people.fas.harvard.edu/~chgis/btns/zhenjng_banner.jpg]

Since the Chinese bought little from the West, a trade imbalance resulted

between Britain and China.

[Image source: http://www.secure-eleasing.com/testequity/images/balance.gif]

In an effort to reverse this trend,the British began to grow Opium

in India for export to China.

[Image source:

http://www.sustainablepetaluma.net/films_may-2002/opium-poppypic.jpg]

On a number of different occasions, Chinese authorities

seized and destroyed cargoes

of opium in an effort to halt the pernicious trade.

The British responded with force, resulting in the Opium

War of 1839-42.

[Image source: http://opioids.com/images/opiumwar.jpg]

The Chinese were easily defeated, and the British were able to dictate

the terms of the peace treaty.

[Image source: http://www.interbulletin.com/cspecial/his/his1.jpg]

Results of the Opium Wars• first of a series of unequal

treaties between China and foreign powers-five ports opened to British residence and trade-Chinese are treated as second-class citizens in their own country

extraterritoriality

• immunity from local laws

-foreigners had the right to be tried in court by the laws of their own country before a judge from their own country

British actions highlighted just how weak China was, and soon other European

powers were imposing their will on the Middle Kingdom.

[http://www.historywiz.com/images/china/chinaimperialism.gif]

The Century of Humiliation(Bǎinián Guóchǐ)

百年国耻

[Image source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Century_of_humiliation#/media/File:Japanese_Beheading_1894.jpg]

The Century of Humiliation

• Taiping Rebellion (1851-1864)

• Tonkin War, aka Sino-French War (1884)

• Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895)

• Open Door Policy (John Hay, 1899)

• Boxer Uprising (1899-1901)

• Versailles Treaty (1919)

• Warlord Era (1916-1928)

• Civil War (1927-1950)

Japan used propaganda in the form of art to unify their people and stir up the martial ardor of the nation in its war with China.

Japan gained

control of Korea and Formosa,

and extended influence

into Manchuria.

Manchuria

Spheres-of-Influence

• region in which an outside power claims exclusive trading rights and privileges (monopoly)

• usually along the coast and/or on major rivers

• a result of unequal treaties

John Hay, the American

Secretary of State at the turn-

of the-century, proposed to level the playing field

when he advocated an Open Door

policy in China.

America’s Open Door Policy

An uprising known as the

Boxer Rebellion erupted in

Northern China in the late-1800s.

[Image source:

http://www.grtc.org/articles/martialcivil/image/BoxerWFlag.jpg]

Fueled by a desire to return to

traditional ways of life, its goal was

to expel the evil influences of

European culture, primarily

Christianity.

The Boxer movement

was particularly

strong among the

rural peasants of

North China.

The Dowager Empress Ci Xi

secretly supported the rebels, while

publicly backing the efforts of the European powers

to suppress the rebellion.

[Image source: http://www.isop.ucla.edu/eas/images/cixi2.gif]

The Boxer Uprising was ultimately suppressed by the Western powers.

The Western powers battlingthe Chinese dragon.

Republic of China

Established on 10 October 1911 after a brief revolution.

Dr. Sun Yat-sen(1866-1925)

• aka “Father of the Revolution”• first president of China• founded the Kuomingtang Party

Three Principles of the People

1. Nationalism

2. Democracy

3. Livelihood

Yuan Shih-kai(1859-1916)

• Qing (Ch’ing) general who replaced Dr. Sun Yat-sen as president of China in early-1912• tried to reestablish the

monarchy with himself as emperor-was deposed in 1916[Image source:

http://www.lib.byu.edu/estu/wwi/comment/chinawwi/images/China03.jpg]

Kuomingtang(aka Nationalist)

• led China towards democracy• had little real power outside of

major cities in the south -country slides into chaos

Chinese Civil War1927-1949

[Image source: http://www.britannica.com/biography/Chiang-Kai-shek ]

[Image source: http://asianhistory.about.com/od/timelinesmaozedong/a/maoonepage.htm]

国故事

泸定桥

泸定桥

Mao attempted to increase food-production through organizing farm land into communes.

[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e13-593.php]

“The commune is like a gigantic dragon, production is noticeable awe-inspiring.”

The Great Leap Forward

“Brave the wind and the waves, everything has remarkable abilities.”

[Images source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/pc-1958-024.php]

“Go all out and aim high. The East leaps forward, the West is worried.”

[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e16-33.php]

“Put organizations on a military footing, put actions on a war footing, put life on a collective footing.”

[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e15-653.php]

The Cultural Revolution

[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e13-764.php]

“Criticize the old world and build a new

world with Mao Zedong

Thought as a weapon.”

[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/posters/e15-699.php]

“Scatter the old world, build a new world.”

[Image source: http://chineseposters.net/themes/cultural-revolution-campaigns.php]

Vera

老 婆

真 理