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HISTORY OF COMPUTER: ABACUS: The stone age man used pebbles for counting cattle. Later on when man become

more civilized, Abacus came in use. Abacus seems to be the earliest calculating machine,

which was developed by Chinese 3000 years ago. It consists of a rectangular wooden frame

with horizontal rods which carry round beads. Counting is done by shifting the beads from one

side to another. Abacus is still being used in China, Japan and part of Soviet Russia for

Primary Education.

JOHN NAPIER: The next pioneering contribution was made in 1614AD by a Scottish

mathematician named John Napier. He evolved the system of the logarithm by 1617 he had

improved on his device which could performed multiplication and division as well. This was

later known as Napier’s bones.

BLAISE PASCAL: The first mechanical calculating machine was made in 1642 by the great

French mathematician and philosopher Blaise Pascal. His machine was a simple calculating

used for addition and subtraction purposes.

GOLTFRIED LEIBNITZ: In 1676, Goltfried Voss Leibnitz a German mathematician

developed a calculating machine that was based on the same principle as that of the

PASCAL’s. The only added feature was a system of shift mechanism, operating through a

series of the slide.

JOSEPH JACQUARD: It was in the early 1880’s that a French textile manufacture

devised an automatic mechanical method of controlling weaving looms to create intricate and

complex pattered woven cloth. He initiated the storage of information on a system of Punched

CARD.

CHARLES BABBAGE: A pioneering contribution to the development of the mechanical

computer was made in 1822, by an English professor of mathematics at the Cambridge

University.

Charles Babbage’s main aim was to devise a machine that would stored and read data

or information prior to working out the defined process. The first machine came to be known

as the ‘Difference Engine’.

Babbage improved on the Difference Engine and designed a more sophisticated and

larger calculating machine in 1834 known as Analytical Engine.

Unfortunately for Babbage, due to financial constraint and inadequate technological

advancement, both his device remains unfinished. He however initiated the first motion of

inputting data via a device and the storage of data and information prior to the process. It is for

his pioneering effort that he is known as the “father of Computers’.

HERMAN HOLLERITH: Dr. Herman Hollerith, census statistical at the Census Bureau

was aware of the Problem of counting result in the 1880 Census Report .By 1859 he had device

the card punching and card reading machine or tabulator.

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His ideas were further developed and Hollerith started his own company which is better

known today as one of the largest manufacture of computer viz IBM or Internal Business

Machine Corporation.

MARK-1: It was between 1937-1944 the Howard Aiken, with the support of IBM, built the

first automatic electro-mechanical computer capable of performing arithmetic and logical

operations by a series of electrically driven mechanical relays and switches. This machine,

named Mark-1 was very reliable and is regarded by some as the finished dream of Charles

Babbage with respect to his Analytical Engine.

ENIAC: During the 2nd

world war they need to calculate the artillery firing table, led to the

invented in 1964, of the first electronic digital Computer viz ENIAC i.e. the Electronic

Numerical Integrator and Calculator. The other machine produced are EDVAC( Electronic

Discrete Variable Automatic Computer,1943), EDSAC(Electronic delay storage automatic

computer, 1949) and UNIVAC-I (universal Automatic Computer,1959)

JOHN VON NEUMANN: A very effective and informative lecture was delivered by the

John Von NeuMann in 1946. This famous ‘Neumann Report’ outlined the basic requirement

for the design modern digital computers. These relate to the binary coding scheme for data

representation storage of data and program by other programs, choice of alternative procedure

and the use of input/output devices for feeding data and retrieving information. Each of these

contribution, through individually unrelated, were significantly relevant to the emergence of

the modern computers.

GENERATION OF COMPUTER:

FIRST GENERATION OF COMPUTER (1951-1958)

The first generation of computer was marked by the used of vacuum tube for the

electronic component and by the used of either electrostatic tube (i.e. cathode ray tube)or

mercury delay lines for storage. Example of such generation machine are EDSAC in 1949

,EDVAC (1951)and LEO (1951),UNIVEC-I (1951) etc. This generation lasted until the end of

1950’s and computer in this generation era had their basis in wired circuitry and thermionic

valves. Their outstanding feature was:

1. Very expensive

2. Quite large and because they generated a lot of heat, required special housing.

3. The medium of internal storage was magnetic drum.

SECOND GENERATION COMPUTER (1959-1964): The second generation machine was initially marked by either magnetic drum or

magnetic core storage and later by the use of transistor in place of vacuum tube.

The second generation, which covered the first half of 1960’s, saw the introduction of

printed circuits and the replacement of valves by transistor. Typical component were the ICT

(ICL) 1300 and the IBM1401. The outstanding feature of this generation was:

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1. In comparison with the previous generation they were smaller in size and generated less

heat.

2. Internal storage capacity was increased and processing speed started to be measured in

microseconds i.e. millionth rather than thousands of seconds.

3. Core storage took over from magnetic drum as the main medium for the storage.

4. Machine started to evolved as series rather than as stand alone processor.

During this period punch card machine became popular and with hardware available to

manipulate the cards, many system which were the forerunner of today computer based

accounting system developed

The hardware consists of:

Keypunch, Verifier, Calculator punch, Tabulator, Collator, Sorter and Reproducer.

THIRD GENERATION COMPUTER (1965-1970)

The arrival of the third generation of computer in the mid 1960’s proved to be an important

milestone in the evolution of computers. The advanced over the previous generation were very

significant and through relatively expensive, allowed an increasing number of organizations to

reap the undoubted benefit which computerization could bring. Because of the high cost

involved and the need to get maximum utilization from the machine, the computer service

bureau business was spawned. Then in itself was important in that it allowed companies to

avail themselves of the new technology to take the advantages of the continuing development.

Many of the computers acquired by companies during this period are still in use.

The following are the outstanding features of this generation:

1. Further reduction in size.

2. The cost performance factor has improved significantly.

3. Increased internal core memory capacity.

4. Increased emphases on the used of disk as a backtracking stores medium and

substantially reduced cost per mega byte.

5. Processor speed is rated in nanoseconds that are one thousand of the microseconds.

6. Ranges of computer came into being e.g. IBM-360, ICL-1900. Model within these

ranges were designed to be “upward compatible” thereby enabling system

developed for the lower model in the range to move up the line within the limit of

modification.

7. The use of high level language became common.

eg. COBOL, FORTRAN and PL/I.

8. Limited communication facilities became available.

FOURTH GENERATION COMPUTER (1971- ?): The Fourth generation computer arrived in the mid 1970’s. The distinguish mark were the

introduction of standard architecture which provides for greater mobility of the system, the

introduction of micro technology and significant software gave rise to the availibility of micro

computer, word processor and intelligent terminal.

The outstanding feature of this generation are:

1. Further reduction in the size of the hardware.

2. Better price/performance.

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3. Hardware which in many cases will operate in a normal office environment.

4. Core storage, based on small rings of the ferromagnetic material, has been replaced

by the semi conductor memory based on the silicon chips. This has led to great

expansion in the amount of memory available typically megabyte.

5. Cheaper and bigger backing storage device. Typically single disk drive with the

capacity of 500-100Mb as against about 10%.

6. Sophisticated System software. Operating system such as IDMS.

7. The availability and enormous popularity of personal and home computer.

FIFTH GENERATION COMPUTER:

The development of this machine is the topic of the day where the improved and added

features include the incorporation of the very large scale integrated circuitry (VLSI), the

development of Artificial Intelligence to make the computer take decision as well as the use of

the video disk and tape for the external storage media. It is predicted that the world is moving

toward the development of what one can call ‘Super large scale integration’ which in turn will

compliment and improved on speed, miniaturization and cost reduction. The circuitry on the

LSI chips will themselves become programmable and the use of the micro computer in home

and work environment will result in a number of convenience. Office and factory automation

will reduce manual jobs and in turn open up more challenging job opportunities.

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What is DOS?

An operating system is a system program that makes it possible for you to use your

computer. It provides the interface between user, the hardware, and other software. The Disk

Operating system (DOS) was developed by IBM and Microsoft for original IBM PC computer.

Throughout the last 10 years or so, as personal computer have evolved into today’s 386 and

486 machines, DOS has grown along with them. The latest version of DOS is much more

sophisticated and powerful than the original DOS, and also is a easier to us.

DOS has three main function: it manages your system’s resource (such as memory and

the disks); it provides the interface through which you interface with your computer, and it

enables you to manage your system.

The command prompt

The command prompt has been around since DOS 1 and has more than its share of

shortcomings, both major and minor. However, many people still prefer to work at the DOS

command prompt. Figure (D) shows an example of a command prompt interaction. When

DOS display the command prompt, it is saying, in effect, ”I’m ready for your next command.”

In the figure, the user entered a command requesting a listing of the files on drive A; DOS’s

DIR program displayed the listing. Then DOS displayed the next command prompt.

Fig (D)

An operating system used on all personal computers and compatibles. It translates user

keyboard input into operations the computer can perform. MS-DOS can be easily accessed by

using the command prompt.

C:\.> DIR A:

Volume in drive A has no label

Volume Serial Number is 252B-0FEA

Directory of A:\

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It is a set of programs which provides a linkage between computer’s electronic circuitry

(i.e Hardware such as secondary memory, monitor, printer etc) and the application software

programs (such as word processor, spreadsheet, accounting programs etc.). In short, DOS is a

software interfacing the user with the hardware.

The common tasks, done by DOS are –

- preparing new disk formats.

- listing the contents (files names and folder names) of a secondary memory on

the monitor or printer.

- creating, copying, deleting and combining files.

Commands in DOS are textual and cryptic and is given through keyboard only.

Commands are of two types - External and internal. Some of the commands are as follows -

EXTERNAL COMMANDS

External commands are commonly external either because they require large

requirements and/ or are not commonly used commands. Below are examples of MS-DOS

external commands.

APPEND

Similar to the PATH MS-DOS command, the append command enables a user to open

files in the specified directory as if they were in the current directory.

POWER

Allows you to conserve power with computer portables.

TREE Allows the user to view a listing of files and folders in an easy to read listing.

PRINT

Print was first introduced in MS-DOS 2.0 as PRINT.COM and later was changed to

PRINT.EXE in MS-DOS 5.0 and above. This command allowed users to print a text file to a

line printer, in the background.

ATTRIB

Attrib allows a user to change the properties of a specified file. Using attrib, the user

has the capability of changing the file to have any of the below attributes.

Read-only - allowing the file to be only viewed and not written to.

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Hidden - making the file invisible to standard users.

System - making the file an important system file

LABEL

Label is used to view or change the label of the computer disk drives.

UNDELETE

Allows you to restore files that may have been deleted.

UNFORMAT

Used to unformat a drive that has been formatted.

XCOPY Xcopy is a powerful version of the copy command with additional features; has the

capability of moving files, directories, and even whole drives from one location to another.

CHKDSK

Chkdsk is a utility which checks the computer's hard disk drives' status for any cross-

linked or any additional errors with the hard disk drive.

MS-DOS versions 2.x - 4.x usedchkdsk.com,

MS-DOS versions 5.x and beyond used chkdsk.exe.

DELTREE

Short for delete tree, deltree is a command used to delete files and directories

permanently from the computer.

DISKCOPY

The diskcopy utility allows a user to copy the complete contents of a diskette to another

diskette.

It is not recommended that the diskcopy command be used for anything but a floppy

diskette.

FORMAT

Format is used to erase all of the information off of a computer diskette or fixed drive.

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INTERNAL COMMANDS

A command that is stored in the system memory and loaded from the command.com.

Below are examples of internal MS-DOS commands.

DIR

The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or parent

directories.

VOL

Displays the volume information about the designated drive.

COPY

Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location.

PATH

Path is used to specify the location where MS-DOS looks when using a command. For

example, when using the command "format", if the path is not specified to where the command

is you will receive bad command or file name.

DEL

Del is a command used to delete files from the computer.

DATE

The date command can be used to look at the current date of the computer as well as

change the date to an alternate date.

TIME

Allows the user to view and edit the computer's time.

PROMPT

Allows you to change the MS-DOS prompt to display more or less information

TYPE

Allows the user to see the contents of a file.

To edit the files, the user would need to use either edit or copy con.

ECHO

Echo is used to repeat the text typed in back to the screen and/or can be used to echo to

a peripheral on the computer, such as a COM port.

TREE

Allows the user to view a listing of files and folders in an easy to read listing.

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MD

Allows you to create your own directories in MS-DOS.

RD

Removes empty directories in MS-DOS. To delete directories with files or directories

within them the user must use the deltree command, or if you are running Microsoft Windows

2000 or Windows XP use the /S option.

RENAME

Used to rename files and directories from the original name to a new name.

In earlier releases of MS-DOS instead of using ren or rename you need to use the move

command to rename your MS-DOS directories or files.

What is directory?

DOS used directories to keep track of files. A directory is somewhat like a telephone

book, but instead of name, address, and phone number, each entry contains these items:

File name

Extension

File size

Date last modified

Time last modified

Starting location of the file on the disk

Attributes

The root directory

Every disk must have at least one directory, call the root directory , which must be

located in the first tract. DOS installs the root directory when it prepares the disk. The root

directory can have a limited number of entries ,determined by the size of the disk. On the hard

disk , you probably need more directory space than the root directory permits.

The directory tree

You can create your own directories that are subdirectories of the root directory. A

subdirectories acts something like a file folder; you group related file together in the

subdirectories to keep them separated from other files and to make them relatively easy to find.

For examples, you want to create separate subdirectories on your hard disk for all your major

programs; DOS, windows, your word processing application, your spreadsheet, and so on. You

can create as many subdirectories as you want.

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A subdirectories also can have subdirectories, which in turn can have subdirectories. Sample

directory tree

(Root)

Figure 1.2 A simple directory tree

Directory commands:

DIR, MD, RD, TREE, PATH

Dir

The dir command allows you to see the available files in the current and/or parent

directories.

EXAMPLES

dir

Lists all files and directories in the directory that you are currently in.

dir /ad

List only the directories in the current directory. If you need to move into one of the

directories listed use the cd command.

dir /s

Lists the files in the directory that you are in and all sub directories after that directory,

if you are at root "C:\>" and type this command this will list to you every file and directory on

the C: drive of the computer.

dir /p

If the directory has a lot of files and you cannot read all the files as they scroll by, you

can use this command and it will display all files one page at a time.

dir /w

\

DOS ANIMATE WRITE

SOUND CRITTERS TOONS SCRIPTS PROMPT

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If you don't need the info on the date / time and other information on the files, you can

use this command to list just the files and directories going horizontally, taking as little as

space needed.

dir /s /w /p

This would list all the files and directories in the current directory and the sub

directories after that, in wide format and one page at a time.

MD

Allows you to create your own directories in MS-DOS.

EXAMPLES

md test

The above example creates the "test" directory in the directory you are currently in.

md c:\test

Create the "test" directory in the c:\ directory.

RD

Removes empty directories in MS-DOS. To delete directories with files or directories

within them the user must use the deltree command, or if you are running Microsoft Windows

2000 or Windows XP use the /S option.

rmdir c:\test - This would remove the test directory, if empty. If you want to delete directories

that are full, use the deltree command.

rmdir c:\test /s - Windows 2000 and Windows XP users can use this option with a prompt to

permanently delete the test directory and all subdirectories and files.

Tree

Allows the user to view a listing of files and folders in an easy to read listing

EXAMPLES

tree - This would list a tree listing of the current drive. Below is a basic example of what a

directory may look like.

C:.

├───Common

├───Director

├───Flash

├───Shockwave 8

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│ ├───DswMedia

│ ├───Prefs

│ └───Xtras

└───update

PATH

Path is used to specify the location where MS-DOS looks when using a command. For

example, when using the command "format", if the path is not specified to where the command

is you will receive bad command or file name.

EXAMPLES

path=c:\windows\command - This is where a lot of DOS commands are stored in Window

95; if you are not able to do a dos command, type this command in, allowing all commands

you type in, such as "deltree", to be loaded from this directory. However, if you have another

file in another directory such as C:\DOS it will no longer look there.

FILE MANAGEMENT COMMANDS

COPY, XCOPY, DEL, RENAME, ATRRIB, BACKUP, RESTORE

COPY

Allows the user to copy one or more files to an alternate location.

EXAMPLES

The below example would copy all files in the current directory to the floppy disk in

drive a:

copy *.* a:

Copy the autoexec.bat, usually found at root, and copy it into the windows directory;

the autoexec.bat can be substituted for any file(s).

copy autoexec.bat c:\windows

Copy the win.ini file, which is already in your windows directory, to the windows

directory, without prompting if you wanted to overwrite the file or not.

copy con test.txt

Once the above command has been typed in, a user could type in whatever he or she

wishes. When you have completed creating the file, you can save and exit the file by pressing

CTRL+Z, which would create ^Z, and then press enter. An easier way to view and edit files in

MS-DOS would be to use the edit command.

X COPY

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Xcopy is a powerful version of the copy command with additional features; has the

capability of moving files, directories, and even whole drives from one location to another.

DEL Del is a command used to delete files from the computer.

EXAMPLES

Notice: Users who are running Microsoft Windows 95 and are used to deleted items going to

the recycle bin need to keep in mind that deleting files from MS-DOS does not send files to the

recycle bin.

del test.tmp = Deletes the test.tmp in the directory that you currently are in, if the file exists.

del c:\windows\test.tmp = Delete the c:\windows\test.tmp in the windows directory if it exists.

del c:\windows\temp\*.* = (* is for wild character(s)) *.* indicates that you would like to

delete all files in the c:\windows\temp directory.

del c:\windows\temp\?est.tmp = (? is a single wild character for one letter) This command

would delete any file ending with est.tmp such as pest.tmp or zest.tmp...

RENAME

Used to rename files and directories from the original name to a new name.

In earlier releases of MS-DOS instead of using ren or rename you need to use the move

command to rename your MS-DOS directories or files.

EXAMPLES

Rename the directory chope to hope.

rename c:\chope hope

Rename all text files to files with .bak extension.

rename *.txt *.bak

Rename all files to begin with 1_. The asterisk (*) in this example is an example of a

wild character; because nothing was placed before or after the first asterisk, this means all files.

rename * 1_*

ATTRIB

Attrib allows a user to change the properties of a specified file. Using attrib, the user

has the capability of changing the file to have any of the below attributes.

Read-only - allowing the file to be only viewed and not written to.

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Archived - allowing Microsoft backup and other backup programs to know which files to

backup.

Hidden - making the file invisible to standard users.

System - making the file an important system file.

EXAMPLES

attrib +r autoexec.bat - This would make the autoexec.bat so it cannot be modified until the

read only attribute is taken off.

attrib +h config.sys - This would make the config.sys hidden so, to the average user, this file

would not be existent; however, if the attrib command it typed alone, "attrib" this will show

any hidden files.

attrib -h config.sys - This command will do the apposite of the above command. Instead of

hiding the file it will unhide the file if hidden.

BACKUP

MS-DOS application that enables users to backup their data on their computer.

EXAMPLES

backup c:\work\*.* d: /s

The above example would create a backup of all the files and subdirectories in the work

directory and save the backup to the d: drive.

SYS

Sys is used to copy the system files from one drive to another drive, allowing that drive

to be bootable.

When running sys, the below files will be copied.

command.com

io.sys

msdos.sys

drvspace.bin

EXAMPLES

sys a: - If you type this from c drive and if you had a formatted disk in the drive, this would

copy the system files to that disk making that disk bootable.

GENERAL COMMANDS

Type, Date, Time, Prompt

TYPE

Allows the user to see the contents of a file.

To edit the files, the user would need to use either edit or copy con.

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EXAMPLES

type c:\autoexec.bat - This would allow you to look at the autoexec.bat

DATE

The date command can be used to look at the current date of the computer as well as

change the date to an alternate date.

EXAMPLES

date = would display the current date and prompt for a new one. If no date is entered, the

current date will be kept.

TIME

Allows the user to view and edit the computer's time.

EXAMPLES

time 12:00 - This would set the time to 12:00

PROMPT

Allows you to change the MS-DOS prompt to display more or less information

EXAMPLES

prompt $t $d$_$p$g - This would display the time and the date above your prompt when in

DOS.

DISK MANAGEMENT COMMAND FORMAT, CHKDSK, DISKCOPY,LABEL,VOL

FORMAT

Format is used to erase all of the information off of a computer diskette or fixed drive

EXAMPLES

When using the format command, remember all information on the drive you wish to

format will be completely erased.

format a: - Would erase all the contents off a disk. Commonly used on a diskette that has not

been formatted or on a diskette you wish to erase.

format a: /q - Quickly erases all the contents of a floppy diskette. Commonly used to quickly

erase all information on the diskette.

format c: - This would erase all the contents of your C: hard disk drive. In other words, unless

you wish to erase all your computer's information, this command should not be done unless

you're planning to start over.

CHKDSK

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Chkdsk is a utility which checks the computer's hard disk drives' status for any cross-

linked or any additional errors with the hard disk drive.

EXAMPLES

chkdsk = Will display all information described above and also report any crossed linked files.

chkdsk /f = Will fix any crossed linked files; however, do not run this command while you are

in Windows95 or Windows 3.x

DISKCOPY

The diskcopy utility allows a user to copy the complete contents of a diskette to another

diskette.

EXAMPLES

diskcopy a: - This would make a copy of the disk that is currently in your drive.Diskette.

LABEL

Label is used to view or change the label of the computer disk drives.

EXAMPLES

label a: mydisk - This would label the disk currently in the drive to "mydisk", but will not

label if your disk is write protected.

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WINDOWS XP

Windows : It is an Operating System to manage the hardware devices and the application programs. All the application programs are useless without the operating system. It is the interface between the computer and the user.

A portion of the video display is dedicated to some specific purpose. Special software allows the screen to be divided into multiple “Windows” that can be moved around and made bigger or smaller. Windows allow the user to treat the computer display screen like a desktop where various files can remain open simultaneously.

One of the most significant benefit of the windows environment is the common

user interface and consistent command structure that is imposed on every windows application. Alternately, if your computer could not display a set of pictures or symbols on the monitor to represent activities, it would be terrific! All you would have to do in such a case is to click at the picture and the job would be done! This is exactly the windows graphic user interface (GUI) provides.

Start the computer

The location of the On/Off switches depend on the nature and manufacturer of the devices connected to the computer. The easiest possible setup is when all components of the system are plugged into a surge protector, in which case only a single switch has to be turned on. In any event, turn on the monitor, printer and system unit.

After we switch on the computer or the PC, program files of windows XP is

loaded into the primary computer’s memory i.e. RAM. Thereafter, windows XP tests all the hardware components and loaded graphics files, fonts files etc. which are needed for displaying on the Desktop and it is ready for accepting any command from the user.

Booting : It is the process of starting or restarting a computer by pressing ON the power button.

Cold Booting – It is the booting process when the machine is completely off.

Warm booting – It is the booting when the machine is running. Sometimes the machine become hang and accept no further command. In such situation warm booting is required.

The process of booting a computer creates a log file that records the loading of each

device and service.

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Desktop : The Windows Desktop is a graphical screen containing icons and pictures. The pictures and icons are actually shortcuts to programs. By double- clicking the mouse on these pictures and icons, we can gain access to their respective programs. Some familiar items on Desktop Icons : These are small pictures buttons present on the Desktop. The icons represent programs, folders, files etc. Recycle Bin : It is a section of memory where unwanted files and folders are placed. All deleted items are stored in the Recycle Bin. Items in the Recycle Bin can recover or permanently deleted at a later time. Internet Explorer : It is a program which can display WebPages. It is the icon that starts Internet Explorer when clicked or Starts the Internet connection wizard that will guide you through the steps to set up an internet connection.

Start button Task bar

Displaying

time

Free Space

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Fig 1 - A typical Windows XP Desktop

Network Places : This icon helps you view all the shared files and folders of different users in a local area network (LAN). Taskbar : The bar at the button of a window screen where running program icons appear along with the system clock. Start button : The Start button present on the left side of the Taskbar, helps you start programs in Windows. When you click the start button, the window start menu appears. Free Space : The free space on the Desktop is used for the free movement of the mouse-pointer or file related operations such as copying or moving of files. Wallpaper : The background graphics that appears on the windows desktop. There is a lot of wallpaper designs in computer. You can select or change any one. MOUSE Mouse Handling : Mouse is an input device which is used to select items and perform actions such as pointing, clicking, dragging. Learning to use mouse is an essential skill.

By using mouse, cursor on the screen can move in all directions and also select the items display on the screen. Generally a mouse has three buttons. Some mouse models also have a small wheel in the middle known as roller. The most useful feature of the mouse is its buttons which help us selecting items.

The left mouse button is also known as Primary button. It has two common actions. They are :

1. Click. 2. Double Click.

Click : Pressing the left mouse button once. Single click is used to highlight or click on the icons or menu options. Double click : Pressing the left mouse button two times. Double click is used to open programs or icons. Right mouse button : The right mouse button is also known as Secondary button. It is used to open shortcut menus.

Icon

s

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Roller

Fig 2 : Mouse

FAMILARISATION OF KEYS ON KEYBOARD

Fig :3 A brief description of various keys present on the keyboard is given below Typewriter keys : These are normal keys on the keyboard. They include letters, numbers and punctuation symbols. The typewriter keys are used for typing and

Right Mouse

button

Left Mouse

button

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designing. Quite often, some key combinations also function as short cuts to different commands. Function keys : These keys, labeled F1 to F2 are located at the top row of the keyboard. The functions they perform depend on the software you use. Cursor Control keys : These keys marked as are called the Left, Right, Up and Down Arrow keys respectively. These keys enable you to move the cursor to the left, right, up or down the screen one line or one character at a time. Numeric keys :The numeric keys are located just below the function keys. They also have some special characters printed on the topside. The keyboard also contains a numeric key pad located to the right. The numeric key pad has a calculator-like configuration. Some numeric pad keys have double functions. The switch over between two functions of a numeric key pad is controlled by the key marked NUM LOCK. For example, the key marked 7 also works as Home key when the NUM LOCK key is OFF. When the NUM LOCK key is ON (indicated by a green light on top of the keyboard), the keys marked 1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,0 function as numeric keys. Then pressing any one displays its respective number. Page Up and Page Down keys : The Page Up and Page Down keys are used to move to the preceding and next pages of the document, respectively. Home and End keys: The Home and End keys take the cursor to the top and end. Caps Lock key : Normally, an alphabet is typed in the lower case. If you press the Caps Lock key once (i.e. when the LED status indicator of Caps Lock is lit) any letter you type will appear in the uppercase (capital). This effect can be reversed by simply pressing the Caps Lock once again. Shift key : Holding the Shift key down and then pressing a letter key creates an upper case letter. However, if the Caps Lock is ON, then this effect is reversed. Pressing any key with two symbols or characters while holding down the Shift key causes the upper symbol to appear. ~ ! @ # $ % ^ & * ( ) _ + < > ? “ : { } | etc. Shift key is also used extensively in shortcut commands. Ctrl and Alt keys : The Ctrl (control) and Alt (alternate) keys are often used in the combination with other keys to carry out special actions. For example, in MS-DOS, pressing Ctrl and C simultaneously aborts the current task or command from being executed and the user returns to DOS prompt. By pressing Ctl, Alt and Del (delete) keys simultaneously, the machine automatically restarts. Enter key : The Enter key is also referred to as the Return key. The Enter key is mainly used for two purposes. First, when you press it, your PC gets the signal that you have finished giving an instruction so that it can execute the instruction. Second, in a Microsoft Word document, pressing the Enter key begins a new paragraph or a new line.

22

Tab key : The Tab key moves the cursor along a line to a present point. It lets you indent paragraphs and line up columns, text or numbers. In some software menus, the Tab key helps you to move from one option to another. Esc key : In most applications, you can use the Esc key to cancel or ignore the entry or command that you have just entered. Esc key is also used to exit a program. Delete keys : Pressing Delete key erases a space or character to the right side of the blinking cursor. Backspace - The Backspace key erases the character to the left side of the blinking cursor. It moves the cursor back, one character at a time. Identification of Icons in My Computer Folder. My computer : A computer holds a lot of information. All this information is accessible from a place known as “My Computer” . The “My Computer” icon is present on the desktop. It contains number of icons such as Local Disk (C:), 3 ½ Floppy (A:), CD-ROM Drive (E:) etc.

Fig 4 : My computer window

C Drive (C:) : It is the hard disk memory. It contains all the files and folders stored permanently. Floppy Drive (A:) : Display the contents ( i.e. files, folders etc. ) of a floppy disk.

23

CD-ROM Drive (E:) : Display the contents (i.e. files, folders, movies, games etc.) of a disk. Control Panel : A wide range of computer setting can change in the Control Panel. The Control Panel can access from the Start menu or the My computer folder. Identification of icons in Control Panel : Accessibility options : Installs features ( for keyboard, sound, display and mouse) that make it easier for people with disabilities to use the computer. Add Hardware : Set Up hardware connected to your computer. The Add Hardware Wizard will walk you through the steps and automatically detect most hardware. Add/Remove Program : Installs and Uninstalls software and windows components. It can add new and delete unlike software if you desired.

Fig 5: Control panel window

Date and Time : Changes the computer date, time and time zone. Display : Changes desktop background screen sever, appearance, effects, web (active desktop) options and display settings. Fonts : Adds, removes and views, fonts installed on your computer. Internet : Changes generally security, content, connection program and advanced internet setting for Microsoft Internet Explorer.

24

Keyboard : Changes speed (character repeat rates), cursor blink rate and language settings for your keyboard. Mail : Set up services, profiles, delivery and addressing setting for e-mail system such as Microsoft Mail. Modem : Installs, removes, sets modem and dialing properties and tests modems connected to your computer. Mouse : Set up mouse options such as the primary mouse button, pointers, double-click timing and motion. Options may vary depending on the type of mouse installed. Multimedia : Set up audio, video, CD, Music and Multimedia devices. Network : Adds, removes and set properties for network components (client software, adapter, protocols and services). Sets up primary network logon. Sets up file and print sharing, computer and workgroup, identification and preferred access control (share-level or user-level). Passwords : Changes windows or other network passwords. Enables remote administration of the computer. Sets use of profile and customized desktops for each user of the computer. Power Management : Selects power management schemes so that your system can save power ( use the standby feature) when not in use. Printers : Adds, removes and changes printer properties. Manages and view print queues (files waiting to be printed) for given printers. Regional setting : changes international region and how numbers, currencies, dates and times are displayed. Sounds : Changes how sounds are assigned to system events. Assigns or selects sound schemes. System : Display and changes or prints advanced setting for devices. Set up hardware profiles. Set up performance options for the file system, graphics and virtual memory.

25

Users Accounts : Adds and deletes users, their password and customized settings. Components of windows :

Fig 6: windows components Title bar : The topmost portion of any window is called the Title bar. This bar displays the name of the window on the left hand side. On the right hand side, the little bar displays the buttons viz. the minimize, maximize/Restore and close buttons. The function of each of these button is as follows : Minimize button : It is used to reduce a window into a bottom. When click the minimize button , shrinks the window to the task bar. Maximize button : It is used to enlarge a window to cover the entire screen. Restore button : Restores a window that you have maximized. The Restore command is available only when the window is maximized or completely maximized. Size : Resizes a window by enlarging or shrinking.

Window name Title bar Close

Minimize

Maximize/

Restore

26

Close button : It is used to close a window.

Menu bar : Every window displays the Menu bar just below the Title bar. In any open window, it contains certain options such as File, Edit, View, Favorite, Tools and Help. Opening a program : Let us now open a program called MS-Word in window and work in it. To do so, follow the steps given below:

Fig 7: Opening a MS Word Program

Step 1 : Click Start button. Step 2 : Immediately, a push up menu appears on the screen. Step 3 : Inside the push up menu, click All Programs option. Step 4 : A sub-menu appears. Click Microsoft Word option. Then Microsoft Word

window opens up on your screen. Opening the Explorer Program : The windows Explorer is a program which enable you to systematically arrange and access various files, folders and disk drives on your computer. We will also use this program to copy, paste, rename and search file and folders. But first, it is necessary to open the windows explorer program. The following steps are necessary to open explorer program :

27

Fig 8 Step 1 : Click My Computer on the desktop. Step 2 : Press the right mouse button once. A shortcut menu appears.

Step 3 : Click Explorer option from the shortcut menu. This open up the Explorer window of My Computer on your screen.

Move and Size Windows

Step 1 : Click the maximize button so that window expands to fill the entire screen

Step 2 : Click the restore button to return the window to its previous size. Step 3 : Click the minimize button to shrink the window to a button on the

taskbar. Step 4 : Click the shrink button on the taskbar to reopen the window.

Creating a new folder through Explorer : Now, let us create a new folder inside the local Disc (C:). To do so, the following steps will be taken up :-

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Fig 9

Step 1 : Open the explorer window of local disk ( C:) on your computer. Move the mouse pointer to an empty area inside the contents box of the this window.

Step 2 : Click the right mouse-button. Immediately, a shortcut menu appears on the screen.

Step 3 : Click New option from the shortcut menu. Step 4 : Click the folder option from the sub menu. Instantly, a new folder will be

displayed in the contents box of the local disk (C:) window. Step 5 : Type a name say “Sat” inside the text box to give a name of folder. Step 6 : A new folder “Sat” is now created in Local Disk (C:) .

Copying a file

Sometimes computer files may be corrupted which leads to lost of information stored in it. The best solution is to have more than one copy of important files in computer. We can have duplicate copy of files in different folder under the same or a different name. We can also make its duplicate copy in its original folder but with a different name. Let us new make duplicate of file namely Salary and store it inside the folder Account. For this we proceed in the following way

Step 1: Right click to the My computer icon. Step 2 Click explore option

29

Step 3: Click Local Disk (C:) Step 4: Select the file name say ‘Salary’ Step 4: Click Edit option from Menu bar. Step 5 : Click Copy option ( or Ctrl + C) inside the pull down menu. Now, the

computer has made a copy of Salary file and awaits your instruction to put it at a location of your choice

Step 6 : Double click to open the Account folder. Step 7 : Click the Edit option of the Menu bar of the Account Window and select

paste option (or Ctrl + V) and click it. Now, Salary file has been copied inside Account folder.

Restarting your computer

Step 1 : Click the Start button on the taskbar. Step 2 : Click Turn Off Computer option. Step 3 : Click Restart button on Turn Off Computer dialog box.

Quitting your computer

Fig10

Step 1 : Click the Start button on the taskbar. Step 2 : Click Turn Off Computer option. Step 3 : Click Turn Off button on Turn Off Computer dialog box. After a few seconds, the monitor screen goes blank. Now Switch Off the Power Supply.

Click here

Click here

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About Mail Merge

In many kinds of business/officials documents, we find the same letter is sent to

different recipients. However, typing the same letter for different recipients becomes very

tedious job. Today, your computer has a solution to save you from this tedious job. The

solution lies in a unique and extremely useful feature of Microsoft Word called Mail Merge.

Mail Merge is a mass mailing facility that takes names, addresses and pertinent facts about

recipients and merges the information into a form letter or other such basic document.

To use Mail Merge, you need two documents namely

• Data Source

• Main Document

Data Source : Data Source are the organized collections of information like names, address

and other details of persons on your mailing list.

Main Document : It contains the body text which is constant. It also contains Merge fields to

bring in information from your data source at appropriate positions in the document.

Creating a Mail Merge letter

To create a Mail Merge, you need to undertake the following basic tasks.

1. Create a Data Source

2. Create a Main Document

3. Insert field into the Main Document

4. Check for design and data entry error

5. Merge the Main Document with the Data Source and finally, Print merged

documents.

First, you begin by selecting the type of Main Document to be created such as a letter,

Mailing labels, Envelopes or a Catalogue etc.

Next you have to collect data for the Data Source. Let us now go through the actual

procedure for creating Mail Merge. For working in Mail Merge, you have to open MS-Word.

To do so follow the steps:

1. Click Start button from task bar.

2. Click Program/All program option.

3. Click MS-Office option from next menu.

4. Click MS-Word option from next sub-menu.

Instantly, a blank document opens up on the screen (fig1)

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(Fig 1)

5. Click Tool options from Menu bar.

(Pull down menu appears)

6. Click Letters and Mailing option (Fig 2)

from pull down menu.

7. Click Mail Merge option

(Mail Merge task pane gets displayed on the screen). (Fig 3)

(Fig 2)

Mail Merge Task Pane

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Fig 3

8. This task pane has a Select document type option. Select type of the document as you

like by clicking the radio button.

9. Click Next : Starting document option ( you can see from bottom of the task pane)

10. A new task pane appears on the screen (Fig 4)

Here, you can see three letters set up option under the

Select starting document.

11. Select use the current document by clicking the

Radio button.

12. Click Next : Select recipients option

( you can see from bottom of the task pane)

Fig 4

13. The Select recipients option appears on the task pane (Fig 5)

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• From this task pane (Fig 5), you are at the first step of creating your Data Source.

14. Click Type a new list option from Select recipients. 15. Click Create option ( A new address list dialog box appears

on the screen. (Fig 6)

Fig 5

Fig 6

16. Click Customize button

(Dialog box appears as Fig 7)

17. Remove unwanted fields by

Clicking Delete button.

18. Click Yes button from dialog box

(Fig 8)

Fig 7

Fig 8

19. Click Add … button . ( For inserting new fields)

(Dialog box appears as Fig 9)

In the New Address List

dialog box (Fig 6), you can

see a number of fields with

their corresponding boxes.

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20. Type the field name to the dialog box.

21. Click OK button.

22. Finally, Click OK button from Customize Fig 9

Address list dialog box.

23. Enter recipients Name, Address, city etc to the New Address list dialog box.

24. Click New Entry button for next recipients address.

25. Click Close button.

(Save Address List dialog box )

26. Assign the File name to the file name box.

27. Click Save button.

28. You can see the list of recipients

from the Mai Merge Recipients

dialog box.

28. Click OK button.

29. Click Insert Merge Field from

Mail Merge toolbar.

(Dialog box gets displayed).

30 The first name field is already Fig 10

highlighted in the Insert Merge field

dialog box.

31. Click Insert button. The recipients first name gets inserted as a Merge

field in your Main document.

32. Similarly, you can insert first name, address, State etc as a Merge field in your

document.

33. Click Close button

33. Now, type the text of the letter in your document.

Merging the Data source with Main document

After creating the Main Document, you are now ready to combine the Data Source and

the Main Document to create a personalized letter for each recipients on your Mailing list.

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To merge the Main document and Data source, undertake the following steps.

1. Click View Merge Data button from Mail merge toolbar.

(Merge data for the first recipients gets displayed on the screen)

2. Click Next record Second record get inserted at their respective places in the

document.

3. Similarly, keep clicking on the next record button for inserting details of all from

your Data source to your Main document.

Printing process of Merged document. Follow the steps:-

1. Click Merge to Printer from the Mail merge toolbar.

(Dialog box gets displayed as Fig 11

2. Select the All option to print letters for all

recipients.

3. Finally, Click OK button.

Fig 11

MS- Excel

MS-Excel – It is one of the components of Microsoft Office Suite which is suitably used for tabular data manipulations. It provides numerous broad sheets divided into columns and rows. Such a broad sheet is called worksheet.

36

Fig. E-1 : A typical worksheet window Worksheet : It is a blank Ms-Excel document consisting of rows and columns. It has 256 columns and 65,536 rows (in case of MS-Office 2003 version). The rows are numbered 1,2,3, ……. 65536 and the columns are termed as A, B, C, …. Z, AA, AB,….AZ, BA, BB, …..BZ…….IS, IT, IU and IV (256 columns)

Workbook : It is a collection of worksheets. A workbook can have upto 256 worksheets.

Title bar - It is the topmost bar. It shows the name of the program currently opened and the name of the working file. (Microsoft Excel – Book1, by default)

Menu Bar - It contains all the commands used in Ms-Excel grouped under main heads like File, Edit, View, Insert, Format, Tools, Data, Window and Help. Each items on the menu bar is having pull-down sub-menus. Standard Tool bar – This is generally just below the Menu bar and it contains various object buttons. Each of the buttons is the commands to do task. Most of the commands available on this bar is the shortcut commands available in the menu bar. Formatting toolbar – It provides buttons to access command formatting tasks, such as changing the fonts, letter size, alignment used to display data. Formula bar – It displays the contents of the active cell such as cell address and contents of the cell. Column names – It is the letter name assigned to a column. Each column is having a name as A, B, C …….z, AA, AB etc. Row number – It is a number designated to a row. Each row is having a row number as 1, 2, 3, …….upto 65536 Cell – The rectangular space created by intersection of rows and columns is called a cell.

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Row – A row is a horizontal block of cells that runs through the entire width of a spreadsheet. The width of a row can be changed to the need. Column - A column is a vertical block of cells that runs through the entire spreadsheet. The column width can also be changed to the need of the user. Cell Address – It is defined by the column letter and row number. E.g. D9 is the cell address of a cell in column D and row number 9 Active Cell – It is the cell where the cell pointer is placed. This cell is surrounded by a thick rectangle. Anything typed through keyboard in entered in this cell. Entering data to a worksheet – Whatever entered in a worksheet is referred to as data. Data are classified as follows.

Alphanumeric data Numeric data Date data type Logical data type Formula data type

Formula – In Ms-Excel data are manipulated automatically using formulas. For Example the formula to add the sum of the numeric figures of cells- G1 upto G19 in Ms-Excel is =sum(g1:g19) Merging cells – Sometimes long data (generally text data) can not accommodate to a single cell. In such case some contiguous cells are grouped into a single cell to accommodate the long text. Such a single cell formed by grouping many single cells is called merging.

Formatting – It is the way of making the data in cell(s) to some specific fashion. That is, data can make bold, italics, can change its size and letter style and/or align left right or centre. Such fashion can easily made through the Formatting Tool bar.

Boot the machine as usual Opening Excel window : The general steps for opening Ms-Excel

1. Click Start button 2. Click Programs 3. Click Microsoft-Excel from the sub-menu

Or

Click Ms-Office Click Microsoft-Excel from the sub-menu

After doing these steps, you can see a window screen as shown in fig E-1 Identifying menus and Tools – From the screen try to understand the various items on the Excel window as discussed the theory session. Close the Excel program. Shut down the machine.

38

Boot the machine again Open Ms-Excel program Move the cell pointer to – A9, B21, C43, K11, Z102 etc. Move the cell pointer to A1 Enter the data given below

Fig. E-2 Steps to save the file by giving its name as List of trainees Click File from the menu bar Click Save as from the pull down menu

Now you see a pop-up dialogue box on the screen as given below

39

Fig. E-3 Point and click the mouse pointer to the File Name box Delete the text that was there i.e. Book1 Type the file name i.e. List of trainees Click Save button

Here you see the screen as it was before save. But see the change in the Title bar. Now you enter some data to a worksheet, save it by giving a filename.

Close the Ms-Excel program Shut down the machine Open an existing file, make correction and save the modified file. Boot the machine Start Ms-Excel program Click File from the menu bar Click Open from the pull-down sub menu

Now you see a pop-up dialogue box on the screen as given below

Fig. E-4 Point the mouse pointer to the file name to open i.e. List of trainees Click Open button.

40

Now you see the worksheet with data you entered earlier. Here try to make correction/modification in the designation column. That is, make the small letters to capital letters.

After modifications have made, save the modified file again to the same file name. To do so –

Click File menu from the Menu bar Click Save from the sub-menu. Here you see the same screen again, but the modified data has saved. Close the Ms-Excel program. Shut down the machine. Merging cells – Sometimes data (like headings) in a single cell cannot accommodate to that cell. In such case, many contiguous cells are grouped into a single cell. Such grouping of cells into a single cell is called cell merging. Steps to merge cells

1. Select the required cells to merge. 2. Click the merge cells buttons from the Formatting toolbar (as shown below)

Fig E-5 Formatting data – It is the way of changing the alignment (left, right, center etc.) of the data entered in the cell(s). The general buttons of formatting toolbar is illustrated below

Fig – E-6 If you want some kind of formatting to the data of cell(s), first select the cell or cells you want to format and select any tool from the formatting toolbar. Note - Without selecting any cells nothing is formatting.

Change

font

Right align

Change

font size

Increase

Indent

Font color

Underline

Change

bold

Border

setting

Fill color

Change

italic

Merge

&center

Center

Left

align

41

Page setup - Page setup includes changing the page size, page orientation, margins of the page. Steps for page setup :

1. Click File from menu bar. 2. Click Page Setup option from file menu.

The Page Setup dialog box is displayed in fig E-6

Fig E-6

3. Click the Page Tab. 4. Click the Paper Size to drop down arrow to choose the paper. 5. In the Orientation section, click either the Portrait or Landscape option. 6. Click OK button to close the Page Setup dialog box.

Setting Margins. The steps to change the margins of a document are :

1. Click the Page Setup option from the File menu. The Page Setup dialog box is displayed in fig E-6

2. Click the Margin tab.

Click here to

select

different page

style

Click here to

select Portrait

orientation

42

Fig E-7 3. Select the desired margin from the Top, Bottom, Left and Right spin boxes. 4. Click OK to close the dialog box.

Print preview – Once a document is prepared, you may want to see the page layout. To do so –

1. Click File from the Menu bar 2. Click Print Preview option from the pull-down menu.

Or

Click button from the Standard toolbar. Now you see a screen as given below. This shows the page you should print.

Fig E-7

Right margin

setting spin

box

43

Printing documents – To take print out your document to the printer, follow the steps –

1. Click File from the Menu bar 2. Click Print option from the pull-down menu.

Here you see a print dialogue box as shown below.

Fig E-8 3. Click OK button. Header and footer – Sometimes a document having many pages may need to put some page numbering and some text every page at the top or bottom of the page. In such case, using Page Header and Footer is desirous. To do so, follow the following steps.

1. Click View button from the menu bar 2. Click Header and Footer from the pull-down menu

Here you see a dialogue b ox as shown below

Click here to Select the

printer name, if more than

one printer

Select the desired

number of copies

44

Fig E-9 Data sorting – This is the way of re-arranging the data in a spreadsheet to some order (i.e. in ascending or descending order). To learn data sorting, try the following steps.

1. Open the file named List of Trainees, you made in earlier session. 2. Select the cell having data to sort. 3. Click Data from Menu bar 4. Click Sort from the pull down menu

Here you see a dialogue box as shown below.

Fig E-10

5. Click and select Ascending or Descending radio button 6. Click OK.

Drawing graphs – Representation of data graphically is very impressive. To learn how to draw graphs in Excel, follow the following steps.

1. Enter data as given below

Click here to

select header

option

Click here to

select footer

option Click here to

select custom

header

Click here to

select

custom

footer

Click here to select

the heading or column

to sort (eg name)

45

Fig E-11 2. Select cells from A3 to B14 3. Click Insert from the menu bar 4. Click Chart option from the pull down menu

Or

Click button from the Standard toolbar Here you see the Chart wizard window as shown below

Fig E-12

5. Click Standard Types 6. Select Column from list of chart type 7. Click Next button.

Here you find next wizard as shown below.

46

Fig E-13

8. Click Next button Here you see the next wizard as shown below.

Fig E-14

9. Type Annual rainfall, 2002 in the Chart Title box 10. Type Rainfall in mm in the Value (Y) axis box 11. Click Next 12. Click Finish.

Manipulating data by using Formula :

47

To learn using formula, open the existing file named Payroll and calculate and fill the columns i.e. DA, HRA. TA etc. using formula. Suppose –

1) DA is the 55% of the Basic pay. 2) HRA is the 7.5% of the Basic pay 3) TA is Rs. 350 for all the employees. 4) LIC deduction is Rs. 400/- per month. 5) GPF is Rs. 1000/- for all the employees.

Steps to calculate the DA for the first employee :

1. Make active the cell D5. 2. Type =C5*55% from the keyboard and press Enter key.

Now you see the calculated value i.e. 550 in the cell D5. Steps to calculate the HRA for the first employee :

1. Make active the cell E5. 2. Type =C5*7.5% from the keyboard and press Enter key.

Now you see the calculated value i.e. 75 in the cell E5. Enter the value of TA, LIC and GPF in the respective cells. Steps to calculate Gross pay :

1. Make active the cell G5. 2. Type =sum(c5:f5) or =c5+d5+e5+f5 and press Enter key

MICROSOFT POWERPOINT

48

“PowerPoint”

A PowerPoint is very powerful software used for creating presentation. PowerPoint

offers word processing, outlining, drawing, graphing and presentation management tools. The

extension given to a PowerPoint file is ppt.

“Presentation”

A collection or a series of slide is called presentation.

“Slide”

A page of a presentation is called a slide.

Starting of PowerPoint:-

To start Ms-PowerPoint by following the steps given below:

1. Clicks at the start button.

2. Selects the programs option.

3. Selects the Ms-Office option.

4. Finally clicks at the Ms- PowerPoint.

5. The PowerPoint dialog box comes up on the screen.

49

� Auto content Wizard- takes you through the creating of a simple presentation step by

step.

� Pick a Look Wizard- this wizard helps you make choices on how your presentation will

look.

� Template- PowerPoint provides 160 templates that you can choose from. The templates

are created by professional artists and offer design choices in black and white as well as

in color.

� Blank Presentation- this option allows you to select slides and format then individually.

6. ‘Selects the Blank Presentation’ radio button and clicks at the ok button.

7. The new slide window cones up on the screen. Select title slide layout and licks at the

Ok button.

Entering the text in the 1st Placeholder & 2

nd Placeholder.

1. Select the first placeholder by clicking the left mouse button and then type the text of

the slide and clicks anywhere outside the place holder.

2. Again select the second placeholder by clicking the left mouse button and then type the

text of the slide and clicks anywhere outside the placeholder.

50

Moving a text box or place holder

Follows the following steps.

1. Clicks anywhere on the text. The rectangular frame appears outside the text.

2. Positions the mouse pointer at the border of text object. The mouse pointer takes the

shape of the four headed arrow.

3. Then clicks on the border and moves the object by holding down the mouse button.

4. When the object reaches the desired location, leaves the mouse button.

Resizing a text box:- To resize the text box object follows the following steps.

1. Positions the mouse pointer at one to the corners of text box. The mouse pointer takes

the shape of a double headed arrow.

2. Click the mouse button and moves the mouse by holding down the mouse button in the

right side to increase the size of the text box. Moves the mouse button in the left side to

decrease the size of the text box.

3. When the desired size of the object is achieved, leaves the mouse button.

Deleting the text box. To delete the text object follows the following steps:

1. Select the text box by clicking anywhere on the text.

2. Then presses the “DEL” key from Keyboard.

Formatting text. Making the text Bold, Italic or Underline:

51

1. Highlights the text.

2. Clicks on the tools marked with ‘B’ ‘I’ or ‘U’ presented on the formatting toolbar.

Changing font type and font size. To change the font type and font size of the text follows the following steps:-

1. Highlights the text.

2. Selects the desired font type and font size tool from the formatting toolbar respectively.

Different views of a slide.

PowerPoint gives you five views in which you create and organize your presentation. As you

create a presentation, you can switch among the five views as you work.

The 5 (five) PowerPoint views are:-

1. Normal view

2. Outline view

3. Slide view

4. Slide sorter view

5. Slide show

♦ Normal View:- This view is selected by default. In the normal view, the

complete page of the presentation, called a slide, is displayed.

♦ Outline View:- In this, the contents of all the slides are displayed in the outline

form. It shows the contents in the numbered list form and an icon is displayed

on the left of each slide’s title. In this view, the text can be very easily edited.

♦ Slide View:- The slide view shows only the slide in the right side of the

window. The left side of the window shows the icon of the slide.

♦ Slide Sorter View:- In this view, all the slides are displayed in the same form as

in slide view.

♦ Slide Show View:- In this view, the slide is shown on the full screen of the

monitor.

Choosing a View: For choosing a view follows the following steps:

1. Select the ‘View’ from menu bar.

2. Select the appropriate type of vies from the pull-down menu.

Adding Background colour.

52

Follows the following steps.

1. Select or click ‘Format’ option from the menu bar.

2. Select ‘Background’ option from pop-down menu, Background Dialog box will

appears on screen.

3. Press the small arrow to select colour, the dialog box displays a few colours.

4. Select any colour.

5. On the background dialog box click on apply.

Giving Special Effect to the Background Follows the following steps:

1. Select or click ‘format’ option from the menu bar.

2. Select ‘Background’ option from pop-down menu, background dialog box will appears

on screen.

3. Press the small arrow to select colour, the dialog box displays a few colours.

53

4. Select the Fill Effects option. A fill effect dialog box appears on the screen. It allows

giving various styles to the background. For examples, we can shade the background

colour in different ways.

5. From the list of shading styles, click on the various radio buttons and see how the

shading style changes. Select anyone from list.

6. Click on OK button.

7. Click on Apply in the Background dialog box.

The Final touch up using Animation & Transition effect

Animation. Animation makes the presentation livelier. This tool allows the user to determine how

the slides will appears one after the other on the screen during the presentation. It also allows

the user to determine how the text and images in a slide will appear on the screen.

For giving animation follow the following steps.

1. Click on Slide show from the PowerPoint menu.

2. Click custom animation from Slide show pop-down menu.

3. From the Custom animation menu, you may select an animation effect for your slide.

This effect may be applied to the title, body text or picture of a slide.

Slide Transition:- Slide Transition is use to give a transition effect to the slide show that is a visual

effect when one slide changes to another.

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For using slide Transition follow the following Steps

1. Click on the slide show from menu bar.

2. Click slide transition from slide show pop down menu, the slide transition effect menu

will display on task pane.

3. Select any effect from the slide transition menu.

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Running a Slide Show:-

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1. Open the presentation for which the slide show has to be run.

2. Click slide show from menu bar.

3. Select view show from pop down menu. The first slide is displayed on the screen.

4. Click the mouse button to move to the next slide.

5. Continue clicking all the slides until you have seen all the slides of the presentation.

6. Hit the <Esc> key in case you want to stop the slide show.

Printing a Presentation.

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To Print a presentation, follows the following steps:- 1. Open the presentation whose print-out has to be taken.

2. Select or click ‘File’ from menu bar.

3. Select or click ‘Print’ option from file menu.

4. The ‘Print’ dialog box comes up on the screen.

5. Select number of copies by using spin button.

6. Click at the OK button.

NETWORKING

It is the sharing of information and services. Networking is possible when individual or groups have information or abilities that they wish to share with others. Computer networking provides the communication tools to allow computers to share information and abilities. Computer network classified as: (a) Local Area Network (LAN) (b) Wide Area Network (WAN) The classification of network made on the basis of systems, distance of the network, types of protocols used and complexity of network. Local Area Network (LAN)

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As number of system grows within an organization a need is felt for sharing resources and exchanging information exchange and resource sharing within an organization had resulted in development of Local Area Network or LAN. Wide Area Network (WAN) A Wide Area Network or WAN is a network that links separate geographical location. A WAN can be a public system such as the public switched Telephone Network (the PSTN) or one of the various packet switched services provided by the public telecommunication authorities. WANs can also use most other types of circuit including satellite networks, ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network), value added Network (VANs/VADs). The network can be a private system made up from a network of circuits leased from the local telephone company or set up using public systems as virtual private networks. A virtual private network is one which operates in the same easy as a private network but which uses public switched services for the transmission of information.

INTERNET

The internet is “a network of network”. It is a global collection of computers connected to each other. This global network links thousands of computers at universities, research institutions, government agencies and business houses through the world. Using a small PC at your home and a telephone connection, you can reach anywhere in the world through the Internet. You can access information on thousands of topics ranging from designing toys to making atomic bombs. Each computer connected to the Internet can communicate with other computers. Messages or information sent or received on the internet is in the form of files. Information travels over the Internet via a variety of languages known as Protocols. In internet, computers communicate with each other through the Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP). History of Internet : Internet started with the APRANET a few resourceful computer scientists who wanted to share files among people working on similar projects. APRA is the acronym for Advanced Research Projects Agency of the United States Department of Defence. In September 1969, the University of California at Los Angels (UCLA), the Stanford Research Institute (SRI), the University of California, Santa Barbara (USCB) and the University of Utah were connected using 500 kbps leased voice lines, and this network is called APRANET

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Although the original aim of this research was military it was soon used for other purposes. Other Universities and research and commercial organizations soon began to use this technology to create their own networks, some of these networks then connected to the APRANET. During the 1960s and 1970s, may computer-networking technologies were created each based on a particular hardware design. Some of these networks called Local Area Network (LANs) , connect computers over short distances, using cables and hardware installed on each computer. Other larger networks, called Wide Area Networks (WANs), connect many computers over large distances, using transmission lines similar to those used in telephone systems. The Internet was designed to interconnect the different types of networks and allow information to move freely among users, regardless of the machines or networks they used. It did this by adding special computers, called routers, to connect LANs and WANs of different types. The connected computers needed a common protocol, a shared set of rules describing how to transmit data. The new networking protocol was called TCP/IP. Together, TCP/IP and the system of connected networks formed the Internet. SLIP and PPP are two popular protocols that allow home computer users to connect their computers to the Internet as peer hosts. In this mode of connection host computer will be able to browse the network individually without any interruption from the server. For TCP/IP connection Internet service provider must have PPP and SLIP protocols. CONNECTING TO THE INTERNET An account with Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a must to connect to the Internet. In India VSNL (Videsh Sanchar Nigam Ltd.) is one of the Internet service provider.

• Individuals computers can establish the connection with the ISP’s servers. A username and password restriction is used to connect to the main server. Direct cable connection and dial-up networking(using telephone line and modem) are the ways to connect your machine to ISP’s servers.

• Individuals computers can establish the connection with the ISP’s servers. A

username and password restriction is used to connect to the main server. Direct cable connection and dial-up networking (using telephone line and modem) are the ways to connect your machine to ISP’s.

• In case of dial-up networking, telephone lines and modem are used to connect

to local ISP. In this kind of connection user, must dial the ISP’s phone numbers to establish the connection. In copper wires (telephone lines) digital data cannot travel. So digital data is converted into analog signals and transmitted. The speed of the connection is determined based on the status of the

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telephone system. If telephone system uses copper wires, the speed of data flow cannot exceed 64 kbps.

• Internet Browser brings the internet to your system. Web browsers enable you

to use most of the internet features like sending and receiving mail, downloading files from the internet, browsing documents on the Net and reading and posting messages in News groups. Netscape Navigator and Microsoft Internet Explorer are the two most popular Web browsers. These browsers can be used to watch videos on the Web, listen to music, read a book and even to shop.

INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS The cheapest way to surf the Internet is to get a connection from your local Internet Service Provider (ISP). The ISP taken you to the internet. ISP will charge you periodically for the internet access. Your ISP may also charge you an initial set up fee. If you are accessing the internet from within windows, you will require SLIP (Serial Line Input Protocol) or PPP(Point to point protocol) connections. VSNL, MTNL and Satyam Online are the popular internet service providers in India. They have DNS (Domain Name System) servers in many cities throughout the India. Hardware Requirements to connect the Internet

For connection of Net, the following are necessary.

1. The Computer : Obviously, you first need a computer. But the more limited your computer’s capacities, the less you get to see on the Net. For decent access, a 486 Computer with minimum 60 MB of disk space with preferably a Super VGA colour monitor for a better resolution and to show you any graphics along with multimedia installed on your computer.

2. Telephone Line : A telephone connection is needed. 3. The software : Your computer should be able to support and must have a

Win 3.1,95, ME XP. It should have a browser. The best known browsers such as Microsoft Internet Explorer and Netscape Navigator will helps you browse the Net.

4. Modem : you need modem that is connected via your telephone line to your

computer. The modem that transfers data from the telephone cable to the computer.

5. The Internet Service Provider (ISP) such as VSNL Connection: You will

have to get in touch with the VSNL for connection. 6. The Kind of Connection : The price of hooking to the Net also depend on

what of connection you want. These are of two types

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(i) a shell connection that links you as a terminal to the VSNL and TCP/IP connection that hooks you directly to the Internet. A shell connection gives you limited access and costs less.

(ii) The TCP/IP connection gives you complete access to the Internet and costs more.

THE WORKING OF INTERNET TCP/IP It is the software used on the Internet to pass information from machine to machine and from network to network. It contains two components, Internet Protocol (IP) and Transmission Control Protocol (TCP). TCP breaks up information and puts it into software packets that can move across networks. A computer that wants to send information on the Internet uses TCP to divide the information into packets. IP works with the TCP protocol to guarantee that information is transmitted correctly across the Internet. IP ADDRESSING Each computer on the Internet is assigned a unique numerical address, called its IP address. Each packet moving around the Internet contains the IP addresses of the sender computer and the destination computer. Servers and Clients Every computer program that communicated on the Internet is either a server or a client. Server : A Server offers a service to other machine on the network. For example, a file server contains files of internet to users around the network the service it offers is the storage and retrieval of the files. Client : A Client requests a service from a server. Most services are designed so that specialized client software must be running to interact with the server. For example, to get a file from file server, a client program on your machine must format and send the request to a program running on the server. The server program located the file on the server machine and sends a copy of it back to the client program which saves it or opens it for immediate use. URL (Uniform Resource Locator) A URL provides a standard hierarchical way of identifying and locating Internet resources on the World Wide Web. URLs include letters, numbers and punctuation. MODEM

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Most of the users make their connection to the Net via dialup modem and communication software running on their personal workstation. The purpose of the modem (modulator demodulator) is to translate the digital signals that computers use into the analog signals that telephone lines use to transmit information. A network that allows dial in access provides one modem at its end while a user who dials in provides the other. These modems have to be compatible to be able to communicate. INTRANET An intranet is a network that exists exclusively within an organization and that us based on Internet technology. It delivers an organizations information resources to each members desktop quickly and inexpensively but protects the information from unauthorized access. ORIGIN AND APPLICATION OF INTERNET The networks or computers operating in different platform are connected to Internet by a common Protocol known as TCP/P (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. Internet provides the following services.

(a) Global Electronic Mail E-mail permits user to send and receive message electronically to an individuals or a group. Internet mail makes delivery of area of message more wide and reliable.

(b) USENET-View and News. Views and News or USENET is the BBS (Bulletin Board Service) of Internet. The message in the BBS are organized into thousands of News groups which cover specific areas of internet.

(c) TELNET-Remote Login Telnet allows an Internet user to access a remoter host. After properly connecting and logging into the remote host, the user can enter data run programs or do any other operation.

(d) FTP- File Transfer Protocol In permits an Internet User to move or transfer a file from one computer to another even if they are running on different platform (or operating system). The files may have data, graphics, text etc.

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(e) Navigators-Information Servers. More than 1000 new users are joining Internet each month making it a global information ocean. This also makes difficult to find any thing specific on Internet. There are several powerful tools used on Internet for searching information. These information-tracking utilities are means to develop easy method of discovering, locating and retrieving information on various objects freely available on Internet. Some of the well-known utilities are Gopher, Archie, Hytelnet, WAIS and WWW. The WWW out of these is the most popular and have resulted in the massive growth of Internet resources.

WWW (World Wide Web)

The World Wide Web is the graphical Internet service that provides a network of interactive documents and the software to access them. It is a huge collection of “Page’ of information linked to each other around the globe. Each page can be a combination of text, pictures, audio clips, animations and other electronically presentable materials. What makes Web pages interesting is that they contain hyperlinks usually called links. Each link points to another web page and when you click a link , your browser program fetches the page the link connects to. Every page can have many links that take you to new destination. Web pages can be linked to other page anywhere in the world. This system of inter linked documents is known as hypertext. HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) It is used by Web browser to respond to the requests to transfer the Web documents to the user, which the user makes via URLs. If the protocol is called, then we write http:// before the site address. HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) It is the native language for HTTP. It is the format used for writing the hypertext web documents. Items in the document can be text, images or links to other HTML documents. Hypertext document have extension html or htm. Web Pages The basic document of the World Wide Web is a page. Pages are written in an evolving language called HTML. An HTML page contains text along with tags, embedded commands that supply information about the page’s structure, appearance and contents. When the information on a web page is not visible, you scroll either vertically or horizontally to see more. Web Site A World Wide Web site is simply a collection of inter-linked web pages. Web pages need not be related. By its very nature, the web makes it possible to link any number of items, including other pages. Home Pages

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A home page is the top-level page on your web site and usually contains an introduction to the site, along with hyperlinks to other pages. It is displayed by default when a user connects to your web server. Some web servers support multiple home pages. Browsing A browser presents you with a document on which you can select certain items. However, although these items may be located on your local system or anywhere else on the Internet. Once you select an item, the system retrieves that item from wherever it is located on the Internet. Surfing It means checking out sites on the Internet. The Internet contains a graphical, easy to use system that offers vast amount of information. Chatting The chatting features of the internet lets you instantly communicate with people anywhere in the world by sending and receiving messages in real time. Using IRC (Internet Relay Chat) you can also converse on the Net with more one individual simultaneously. IRC is a chat protocol that uses the internet to exchange text messages among users. You can see what other people are talking (typing) on screen. Although all the people participating in the chat can be typing at one time, each person’s contribution is presented on screen in order of its receipt, identified by the name of the person who typed it. You can chat in two main ways

(a) Text-based chat: It is the oldest, the simplest and the most popular mode of chat on the internet. This mode enables you to communicate, through message with one or more persons. During chatting when you type text in the message window, the text appears on the computer screen of every person participating in your conversation (that is the individual that are there in the message window). The text gets transferred quickly across internet.

(b) E-based Multimedia chat: In this type of conversation, you make use of multimedia. E-based chat enables you to have voice conversations with your friends through live video over the internet. Since sound and video signals get transferred slowly across the internet, it is recommended you use a high-speed modem for e-based chat.

E-mail Address and Mail box

Every one with e-mail access has an e-mail address, which is the cyberspace equivalent of a postal address or a phone number. When you send an e-mail message, you enter the address or addresses of the recipients so that the computer knows to whom to send it. Internet mail addresses have two parts, separated by an @

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(the ad sign). The part before the @ is the mailbox which is roughly speaking your personal name and the part after that is the domain. Domain Name : A domain name is a way to identify and locate computers connected to the Internet. A domain name must be unique; no two organizations on the Internet can have the same domain name. Following are examples of domain names and their meaning

• Com : Commercial

• net : An Administrative Organization for a Networking

• gov : U.S. Government

• org : Usually private organizations and others.

• edu : Education

• mil : Non classified Military Networks. There are also domain names for countries.

• in : India

• it : Italy

• nz : New Zealand

• de : Germany (Deutschland) e-mail: Electronic mail or e-mail as popularly known, is a system that allows users to send and receive messages and data through the Internet. ACCESSING THE INTERNET To access the Internet, you need the following steps :

1. Double click the Internet Explorer. The Internet Explore opening screen is

displayed. 2. To access a site of your choice, type the Web site address in the space

provided and press Enter. 3. The opening page (often referred to as the home page) of the site will be

displayed. For example, if you type www.hotmail.com or www.yahoo.com and press Enter, a screen is displayed. The home page will contain links to other pages of the site.

4. To disconnect from the Internet and exit from the browser, click the close button on the upper right corner of the browser screen.

Compose and Sending an E-mail in the site http.//www.hotmail.com At first you will create an e-mail account. After creating you can send an e-mail message to any E-mail user. To do so, the following steps are necessary :

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1. Open the Website of your choice say Hotmail by entering the URL http://www.hotmail.com in the address bar of the Microsoft Internet Explorer. The Hotmail home page will be displayed on the screen.

2. To open your mail box, enter your user name (first part of E-mail address)

and password. Click on ‘Go’. 3. The incoming message list of your mail box will be displayed. In order to

Compose a message, click on the ‘Compose’ button. 4. Now, you will see the ‘compose’ your message page. Enter E-mail address

of recipient’s mail box in ‘To’ box. Enter the subject of your message where you want to send the copies of your message in ‘Cc’ box (Cc stands for carbon copy). You can also send the extra copy of your mail by specifying address of its recipients in ‘Bcc’ (Bcc stand for blind carbon copy). After entering details in top part of the ‘Compose your message’ page, use vertical scroll bar to move to message part of this page. Now, type the message in message box. Click on “Add/Remove Attachments’ button to attach a file written your message. Now, ‘the Attachments’ page will displayed in a separate window. You can attach one or more files with your mail by a three step process explained in the window. After attaching file(s), you will come back to the ‘Compose message’ page by clicking ‘Done’ button.

5. You can also save this message in your mail box by clicking on the ‘Save in Sent folder’. Finally click on ‘Send’ button to send the message along with attachments to specified recipients.

At the end, you will see the sent the Message confirmation page. This

page will inform you that the message has been sent to one or more recipients. In this way, you can compose your message and send it to one or more E-mail users.

Reading an E-mail Message You can read your messages very easily. The procedure to read an E-mail message is described in the following steps.

1. Open the Website of Hotmail (already exists an e-mail account) by entering the URL http://www.hotmail.com in the address bar of the Microsoft Internet Explorer.

2. To open your mail, enter your user name and password. Click on ‘Go’. 3. The incoming message list will be displayed on the screen. To open the

message, just click on the message line. The envelope symbol before the message line indicates that the message is new.

Technical Terms.

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LAN - Local Area Network. WAN - Wide Area Network. ISP - Internet Service Provider E-mail - Electronic mail. TCP/IP - Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol. URL - Uniform Resource Locator. HTTP - Hyper Text Transfer Protocol. HTML - Hyper Text Markup Language. EDI - Electronic Data Interchange. ISDN - Integrated Service Digital Network. BITNET - Because Its Time Network. NICNET - National Information Centre Network. VSNL - Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited

Some Popular Website/search engine www.yahoo.com www.rediff.com www.google.com www.hotmail.com www.timesofindia.com www.filmfare.com www.hindustantimes.com www.computershope.com www.screesaver.com www.msn.com www.aajtak.com www.khel.com www.cnn.com www.e-pao.net www.manipuronline.com www.kanglapao.com www.shareware.com www.britannica.com Really, there are enormous websites. Exploring various websites depends upon the need of the organization or business.