Snow White 1937

Snow White 1937Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs is a 1937 American animated film produced by Walt Disney Productions and released by RKO Radio Pictures. Based on the German fairy tale by the Brothers Grimm, it is the first full-length cel animated feature film and the earliest in the Walt Disney Animated Classicsseries. The story was adapted by storyboard artists Dorothy Ann Blank, Richard Creedon, Merrill De Maris, Otto Englander, Earl Hurd, Dick Rickard, Ted Sears and Webb Smith. David Hand was the supervising director, while William Cottrell, Wilfred Jackson, Larry Morey, Perce Pearce, and Ben Sharpsteendirected the film's individual sequences.

Snow White premiered at the Carthay Circle Theatre on December 21, 1937, followed by a nationwide release on February 4,

1938, and with international earnings of $8 million during its initial release briefly assumed the record of highest grossing

sound film at the time. The popularity of the film has led to it being re-released theatrically many times, until its home video

release in the 1990s. Adjusted for inflation, it is one of the top ten performers at the North American box office.

At the 11th Academy Awards, Walt Disney was awarded an honorary Oscar, and the film was nominated for Best Musical Score. It

was added to the United States National Film Registry in 1989 and is ranked in the American Film Institute's

list of the 100 greatest American films, who also named the film as the greatest American animated film of all time in 2008.

Disney's take on the fairytale has had a huge cultural impact, resulting in a popular theme parkattraction, a video game, and a

Broadway musical.

Snow White 1937

Development on Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs began in early 1934, and in June 1934, Walt Disney announced the

production of his first feature, to be released under Walt Disney Productions, [4] to The New York Times.[5] Before Snow White and

the Seven Dwarfs, the Disney studio had been primarily involved in the production of animated short subjects in the

Mickey Mouse and Silly Symphonies series. Disney hoped to expand his studio's prestige and revenues by moving into features,

[6] and estimated that Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs could be produced for a budget of US$250,000; this was ten times the

budget of an average Silly Symphony.[5]

Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs was to be the first full-length cel animated feature in motion picture history,[4] and as such Walt

Disney had to fight to get the film produced. Both his brother and business partner Roy Disney and his wife Lillian attempted to

talk him out of it,[6] and the Hollywood movie industry referred to the film derisively as "Disney's Folly" while it was in production.

He had to mortgage his house to help finance the film's production, which eventually ran up a total cost of $1,488,422.74, a

massive sum for a feature film in 1937.[1]

First Color Broadcast 1940

Experiments in television systems using radio broadcasts date to the 19th century, but it

was not until the 20th century that advances in electronics and light detectors made

development practical. A key problem was the need to convert a 2D image into a "1D"

radio signal; some form of image scanning was needed to make this work. Early systems

generally used a device known as a "Nipkow disk", which was a spinning disk with a

series of holes punched in it that caused a spot to scan across and down the image. A

single photodetector behind the disk captured the image brightness at any given spot,

which was converted into a radio signal and broadcast. A similar disk was used at the

receiver side, with a light source behind the disk instead of a detector.

First Color Broadcast 1940

A number of such systems were being used experimentally in the 1920s. The best-known was

John Logie Baird's, which was actually used for regular public broadcasting in Britain for several years.

Indeed, Baird's system was demonstrated to members of the Royal Society in London in 1926 in what is

generally recognized as the first demonstration of a true, working television system. In spite of these early

successes, all mechanical television systems shared a number of serious problems. Being mechanically

driven, perfect synchronization of the sending and receiving discs was not easy to ensure, and irregularities

could result in major image distortion. Another problem was that the image was scanned within a small,

roughly rectangular area of the disk's surface, so that larger, higher-resolution displays required increasingly

unwieldy disks and smaller holes that produced increasingly dim images. Rotating drums bearing small mirrors

set at progressively greater angles proved more practical than Nipkow discs for high-resolution mechanical

scanning, allowing images of 240 lines and more to be produced, but such delicate, high-precision optical

components were not commercially practical for home receivers.

First Color Broadcast 1940

It was clear to a number of developers that a completely electronic scanning

system would be superior, and that the scanning could be achieved in a

vacuum tube via electrostatic or magnetic means. Converting this concept into

a usable system took years of development and several independent

advances. The two key advances were Philo Farnsworth's electronic scanning

system, and Vladimir Zworykin's Iconoscope camera. The Iconoscope, based

on Kálmán Tihanyi's early patents, superseded the Farnsworth-system. With

these systems, the BBC began regularly scheduled black-and-white television

broadcasts in 1936, but these were shut down again with the start of

World War II in 1939.

First Color Broadcast 1940By 22 March 1935, 108-line black-and-white television programs were being

broadcast from the Paul Nipkow TV transmitter in Berlin. In 1936, under the

guidance of "Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda"

Joseph Goebbels, direct transmissions from fifteen mobile units at the

Olympic Games in Berlin were transmitted to selected small television houses

(Fernsehstuben) in Berlin and Hamburg.

In 1941 the first NTSC meetings produced a single standard for US broadcasts.

US television broadcasts began in earnest in the immediate post-war era, and

by 1950 there were 6 million televisions in the United States.

First Color Broadcast 1940

Middle East

Nearly all of the countries in the Middle East use PAL. The first country

in the Middle East to introduce color television was Iraq in 1967. Saudi

Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, and Qatar followed

in the mid-1970s, but Israel, Lebanon and Cyprus continued to

broadcast in black and white until the early 1980s. Israeli television

even erased the color signals using a device called the mekhikon.

Transmitter Radio 1954

A radio transmitter is an electronic device which, when

connected to an antenna, produces an electromagnetic signal

such as in radio and televisionbroadcasting, two way

communications or radar. Heating devices, such as a

microwave oven, although of similar design, are not usually

called transmitters, in that they use the electromagnetic energy

locally rather than transmitting it to another location.

Transmitter Radio 1954

Radio is the radiation (wireless transmission) of electromagnetic

signals through the atmosphere or free space.

Information, such as sound, is carried by systematically changing (

modulating) some property of the radiated waves, such as their

amplitude,frequency, phase, or pulse width. When radio waves strike

an electrical conductor, the oscillating fields induce an

alternating current in the conductor. The information in the waves can

be extracted and transformed back into its original form.

Transmitter Radio 1954

Transmitter Radio 1954

Transmitter Radio 1954

Transmitter Radio 1954

Transmitter Radio 1954

CBS Broad Cast 1956

The CBS Broadcast Center is a television and

radio production facility located in

New York City. It is CBS's main East Coast

production center, much asTelevision City in

Los Angeles is the West Coast hub.

CBS Broad Cast 1956

CBS Broad Cast 1956CBS takes over the depot

The building in which the Broadcast Center is located formerly served as a dairy depot for Sheffield

Farms. CBS, which had been using studios at Grand Central Terminal and other theaters throughout

Manhattan, purchased the site in 1952 and began using it regularly for TV in 1963. The radio network,

with offices at 1 East 53rd Street and studios at 49 East 52nd Street, near the old CBS corporate

headquarters at 485 Madison Avenue, moved to the Broadcast Center in July 1964, while the

television network's master control moved from Grand Central to the Broadcast Center in late 1964.

The company spent $14.5 million to create what was, at the time, "the largest 'self-contained' radio

and television production center in the United States and the most modern broadcasting plant of its

kind in the world," as the New York Tribune put it in 1961.

CBS Broad Cast 1956CBS Broadcast Center and soap operas

Until January 2000, the Broadcast Center was home to CBS-TV's soap opera As the World Turns. Defunct

serials Love of Life, Search for Tomorrow and The Edge of Night were also produced at the Broadcast Center.

After a 37-year absence, the oldest soap opera in the United States, Guiding Light, returned to the Broadcast

Center in September 2005, after 17 years at EUE/Screen Gems studios, 222 East 44th Street and 20 years at

the CBS/Himan Brown studios at 221 West 26th Street. The show had been produced in Studio 45 at the CBS

Broadcast Center from 1965-1968 before moving to West 26th street. "GL" used Studios 42 and 45 until its

final broadcast on September 17, 2009.

As the World Turns was later recorded at JC Studios in Brooklyn (formerly NBC Studios Brooklyn), which was

also home to Another World from 1964-1999. As a result of the move, As the World Turns acquired many of

Another World's old sets. As the World Turns aired its final episode on September 17, 2010.

CBS Broad Cast 1956

"From the ABC Broadcast Center..."

In 1996, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment produced "

The Dana Carvey Show" at the Broadcast Center for ABC. As a jab at

CBS (ABC's competition), the show's opening credits had a man with a

paper version of the ABC logo on a ladder outside of the Broadcast

Center covering over the CBS Eye logo while the announcer

proclaimed "From the ABC Broadcast Center".

CBS Broadcast 1956

"From the ABC Broadcast Center..."

In 1996, Brillstein-Grey Entertainment produced "

The Dana Carvey Show" at the Broadcast Center for ABC. As a jab at

CBS (ABC's competition), the show's opening credits had a man with a

paper version of the ABC logo on a ladder outside of the Broadcast

Center covering over the CBS Eye logo while the announcer

proclaimed "From the ABC Broadcast Center".

Compact Cassette 1963

Compact Cassette 1963The Compact Cassette or Musicassette (MC), also commonly called cassette tape, audio

cassette, or simply tape or cassette, is a magnetic taperecording format for

audio recording and playback. Compact cassettes come in two forms, either already

containing content as a pre-recorded cassette, or as fully recordable "blank" cassette. It was

designed originally for dictation machines, but improvements in fidelity led the Compact

Cassette to supplant theStereo 8-track cartridge and reel-to-reel tape recording in most non-

professional applications. Its uses ranged from portable audio to home recording to data

storage for early microcomputers. Between the early 1970s and the late 1990s, the cassette

was one of the two most common formats for prerecorded music, first alongside the LP record

and later the compact disc.

Compact Cassette 1963Compact Cassettes consist of two miniature spools, between which a

magnetically coated plastic tape is passed and wound. These spools and their

attendant parts are held inside a protective plastic shell. Two stereo pairs of

tracks (four total) or two monaural analog audio tracks are available on the

tape; one stereo pair or one monophonic track is played or recorded when the

tape is moving in one direction and the second pair when moving in the other

direction. This reversal is achieved either by manually flipping the cassette, or

by having the machine itself change the direction of tape movement and head

respectively ("auto-reverse").

Compact Cassette 1963In 1935, decades before the introduction of the Compact Cassette, AEG released the first

reel-to-reel tape recorder (in German: Tonbandgerät), with the commercial name "Magnetophon",

based on the invention of the magnetic tape (1928) by Fritz Pfleumer, which used similar technology

but with open reels (for which the tape was manufactured by BASF). These instruments were still very

expensive and relatively difficult to use and were therefore used mostly by professionals in

radio stations and recording studios. For private use the (reel-to-reel) tape recorder was not very

common and only slowly took off from about the 1950s; with prices between 700 and 1,500 DM

(which would now be about € 1600 to 3400)[4] such machines were still far too expensive for the mass

market and their vacuum tube construction made them very bulky. In the early 1960s, however, the

weights and the prices dropped when vacuum tubes were replaced by transistors. Reel-to-reel tape

recorders then became more common in household use, though they remained in only a small

fraction of homes with long playing record players.

Compact Cassette 1963In 1958, following four years of development, RCA Victor introduced the stereo,

quarter-inch, reversible, reel-to-reel RCA tape cartridge. It was a cassette, big

(5" × 7"), but offered few pre-recorded tapes; despite multiple versions, it failed.

In 1962, Philips invented the Compact Cassette medium for audio storage,

introducing it in Europe on 30 August 1963 (at the Berlin Radio Show),and in

the United States (under the Norelco brand) in November 1964, with the

trademark name Compact Cassette. The team at Philips was led by Lou Ottens

in Hasselt, Belgium.

Compact Cassette 1963Although there were other magnetic tape cartridge systems, Philips' Compact Cassette became

dominant as a result of Philips' decision in the face of pressure from Sony to license the format free of

charge. Philips also released the Norelco Carry-Corder 150 recorder/player in the U.S. in November

1964. By 1966 over 250,000 recorders had been sold in the US alone and Japan soon became the

major source of recorders. By 1968, 85 manufacturers had sold over 2.4 million players.

In the early years, sound quality was mediocre, but it improved dramatically by the early 1970s when

it caught up with the quality of 8-track tape and kept improving. The Compact Cassette went on to

become a popular (and re-recordable) alternative to the 12-inch vinyl LP during the late 1970s.[2]

Compact Cassette 1963Introduction of music cassettes

The mass production of Compact Cassettes began in 1964 in Hanover, Germany. Prerecorded music cassettes (also known as

Musicassettes; M.C. for short) were launched in Europe in late 1965. The Mercury Record Company, a U.S. affiliate of Philips,

introduced M.C. to the U.S. in July 1966. The initial offering consisted of 49 titles. However, the system had been designed initially

for dictation and portable use, with the audio quality of early players not well suited for music. Some early models also had

unreliable mechanical design. In 1971 the Advent Corporation introduced their Model 201 tape deck that combined Dolby type B

noise reduction and chromium dioxide (CrO2) tape, with a commercial-grade tape transport mechanism supplied by the Wollensak

camera division of 3M Corporation. This resulted in the format being taken more seriously for musical use, and started the era of

high fidelity cassettes and players.

During the 1980s, the cassette's popularity grew further as a result of portable pocket recorders and high-fidelity ("hi-fi") players,

such as Sony's Walkman (1979). The body of the Walkman was not much larger than the cassette tape itself, with mechanical

keys on one side, or electronic buttons or a display on the face. Sony's WM-10 was even smaller than the cassette itself, and

expanded to hold and play a cassette.