history of international politics - quickprinter
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History of International Politics
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HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
Inhoudsopgave
1 Wy social scientists must struggle with history 4
2 A system of sovereign states: origins and evolution 5
2.1 Introduction 5
2.2 The state and state-system as historical particularities 5
2.3 The world of 1500 in Europe 6
2.4 Why did the state emerge? How could it emerge? 7
2.5 Did the treaty of Westphalia codify a system of sovereign states? 8
2.6 The peace of Westphalia 1648 9
2.7 Impact of the treaty of Westphalia 1648 9
2.8 How does a system of sovereign states function? 10
2.9 The French revolution and its aftermath 11
3 Nineteenth century transformations 12
3.1 Introduction 12
3.2 A traditional change: the rise of Russia 12
3.3 An ‘intellectual’ change that weakens the old order: the enlightenment and its geopolitical
consequences 15
3.4 An institutional change that aspires to restore order: The congress of Vienna 16
3.5 An institutional change that aspires to restore order: The concert of powers 17
3.6 Global transformations 19
4 Colonialism: a comparative perspective 20
4.1 The global transformation 20
4.1.1 Introduction 20
4.1.2 How could the global transformation occur? 20
Changes that happen within Europe 20
But not strictly due to intra-European factors: ‘inter-societal system of linkages’ 20
4.1.3 What were the consequences of this global transformation? 21
4.1.4 There were also important continuities 21
4.2 The six phases of European colonialism 22
4.3 How did colonization work? 23
4.4 What was the colonial state about? 23
4.5 Justification of colonialism 23
5 Premodern international relations in Asia 24
5.1 Asia before the era of European colonialism 24
5.1.1 Japan (Island State) 25
5.1.2 India 25
5.1.3 China 26
5.1.4 Asia before the era of colonialism: resumé 27
5.2 Experiences of encounter in the nineteenth century 28
5.2.1 Introduction 28
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HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
5.2.2 Japan 28
5.2.3 India 29
5.2.4 China 29
6 Premodern international relations in the Islamic world 31
6.1 The origins, expansion and retreat of early Islam 32
6.2 Diplomacy, conquest and governing practice 33
6.2.1 Why was Early Islam so successful in its project of expansion? 33
6.2.2 “Wars of Ridda” transform into wars of conquest, that extend far beyond Arabia 34
6.2.3 644 : Umar dies, Uthman becomes third of “rightly guided caliphs” 34
6.2.4 656: Uthman killed by mutineers; problem of succession 34
6.3 The Abbasid Empire 35
6.4 The Arabs in Europe 35
6.5 The myth of Ottoman disfavour of European diplomacy 36
6.5.1 The Ottoman empire was an Islamic polity 36
6.5.2 Islam bred feeling of superiority and contempt 36
6.5.3 The ottomans stood aloof from European diplomacy 36
7 The first world war and the league of nations 37
7.1 Why did the First World War happen (in the way that it did)? 37
7.1.1 WWI started in Serbia on August 1914: Eight steps leading towards World War I 37
7.1.2 The first World war had a dramatic impact 38
7.1.3 Why did the first world war happen? Was it inevitable? 38
7.1.4 Why did the USA join the war? 41
7.1.5 Reason for involvement in the First World 42
7.1.6 Why did Russia leave the war? 42
7.2 The League of Nations as a diplomatic innovation 43
7.3 The ‘failure’ of the League of Nations 44
8 The second world war and the united nations 46
8.1 The origins of the Second World War 46
8.1.1 In Europe 46
8.1.2 In the Pacific 48
8.2 The end of the Second World War 49
8.3 The establishment of the United Nations 50
9 Culture and the origins of the cold war – guest lecture 53
9.1 Versie 1 (Engels) 53
9.2 Versie 2 (Nederlandse versie) 56
10 The holocaust and human rights 59
10.1 Legacies and memories in the origins of the Final Solution 59
10.2 The Final Solution within the context of the Second World War 61
10.3 The establishment of the United Nations 61
10.4 The emergence of a Human Rights Regime 61
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HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS 11 Decolonization and the rise of the rest 62
11.1 Decolonization: meaning and background 62
11.2 Decolonization in its international context 64
12 Examplary examquestions 65
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HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
1 Wy social scientists must struggle with history A ‘social scientist struggling with history’ will become attuned to the problems of
• Presentism: the past is richer than those episodes that resemble the present
• Ahistoricism: law-like co-variations that hold across time are few and far between
• Eurocentrism: Non-European regions have their (independent) histories too
• Anarchophilia: international history is loaded with instances of formal &informal empire
• State-centrism: the state and nation-state as the prime actor in international politics is
a historical particularity
Sceptical about transhistorical laws (If …, then …)
But there are transhistorical conundrums and challenges
• Human beings crave for a degree of order and justice
• Order and justice are not easily reconciled
• Order and justice need to be established in a world of plurality and power
Sceptical about neat historical evolutions, about projections of a pending ‘end of history’ (F.
Fukuyama)
H. Kissinger (his work)
• “Revisionism” is at the core of historical research
o HISTORY does not coincide with the PAST
o New evidence
o New theoretical frameworks
o Political biases
• H. Kissinger works with a particular “philosophy of history”
o Great men, great powers, great responsibilities
o A tragic view of historical development --- e.g., the unification of Germany
o “Our generation has succeeded in stealing the fire of the gods and it is doomed to
live with the horror of its achievement.” – e.g.: nuclear weapons
The outline of the course for the next weeks
- Somewhere in the 17th century, the system of sovereign states began. This is the time
when states were being established and the concept of sovereignty was being
established, practical concept that actually structured international politics.
- In the 19th century (next week) there were real transformations (economy, society,
technology). It had a big impact on how international politics operated. The rise of
nationalism is situated here. A new dimension was introduced; the project and practice
of colonialism. Made possible only thanks to industrialization.
- The classes beyond those, won’t be that Eurocentric anymore. Next week: Middle-
Eastern politics. Next will be Asia. Both in Middle-Eastern and Asia there was
international politics and they still have their influence on contemporary trade etc.
- Cold war basically began in 1947 and lasted until 1991. Lectures given by others.
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2 A system of sovereign states: origins and evolution
2.1 Introduction
The meaning of the “state” and the impossibility of escaping anachronisms
= de onmogelijkheid om te ontsnappen aan de inbreuk in de chronologische samenhang van
toestanden of gebeurtenissen.
The world as we live in today is relatively recent: The European state came of age in the 16th
century process of war-making
2.2 The state and state-system as historical particularities
- Eurocentricity in 2 ways on the map
A. Europe is placed in the middle
-> ancient maps: don’t show europe at
the centre; the world is represented
differently
B. In relative terms Europe is much
bigger on this map than in reality
-> presented bigger than it actually is.
- There are cleary seperate and
different states
-> clear borders and by the colours:
every country has a different colour and
every country has only one colour
This kind of world is emerged (= voortgekomen) in the 16th centrury
- On the old map there are no states, the only thing we see are empires
= they have an “gemeenschappelijk centrum”; political, economic and cultural centre
-> for example chinese empire, russian,..
- Another thing shown by the older map: there are trade routes and a lot of economic
trades
- But international politics did not happen in the way it happens now, not state based
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HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS
- Last map: develop a proper design of what really happens, of what the world is realy
like, the world we actually live in.
= the world of planetory globalisation
-> does not show countries, shows urbanised regions
Conclusion State with clear borders as we know today is not some “natural” entity; it is
not normal!
2.3 The world of 1500 in Europe
What did the political life look like?
- Some 500 more or less independent political units
-> all across Europe; very large
-> wide variety of types of politic societies (vb: dutchies; sippies (independent),…)
- A ‘kind of cultural homogeneity’ as a result of Roman domination
= social systems, ‘how to behave’,..
- De-centered political structures coupled with a post-Roman, medieval longing (=
verlangen) for unity
unity was never achieved again !
Only 2 episodes where it looked like unity might be restored again:
• 800 AD: Karel de Grote = crowned emperor by pope: Restoration of the Roman
unity with Christianity -> never really succeeded in the realization of unity.
Europe was peppered (= gebombardeerd) with political entities.
• 1500 – 1558: Keizer Karel V inherited wide territories and ruled almost entire
Europe. Europe became reunited. Keizer Karel V was known as a religious person
Europe would be ideologically united: a Christian place.
It looks like unity is going to be achieved Karel chooses not to pursue unification.
He gave parts of his lands to his son. He chooses not to enter war with France.
He chooses pluralism. France does not really shows gratitude.
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HISTORY OF INTERNATIONAL POLITICS Two movements came up; centralization of the states and less fragmentation of Europe
-> 2 questions?
- How did we move from over 500 states to less than 50?
- How was pan-europeanism changed into nationalism:
The unitary longing is gradually being abandoned: Explanations
• Age of Discovery: In the 17th century (16th as well), European sailors began to
discover the world.
It’s not only a European thing (Chinese already traded with India in 15th century)
More competition among the European states: Each state sent out its own
expedition. They were in competition for economic benefit
=> No European unity.
• Movable type printing: Intellectual development had been oral before. Printing
enabled the cultivation of reason and the idea that decisions had to be rationalized
somehow.
=> Problem for European unity: authority of Christian church based on tradition
(one of the sources of the idea of political union).
• Protestant Reformation: Cultural movement that had a great impact (Calvin and
Luther). Individual people should have direct access to God. The Bible should be
printed in different languages believers can develop knowledge themselves.
Protestantism = popular: Certain rulers adopted the new religion, so some states
were ruled by Protestantism this caused a lot of division.
=> No European unity
2.4 Why did the state emerge? How could it emerge?
What is a state? In the 16th century
- The state = an organization controlling a territory and the population inhabiting that
territory, typically by means of professional bureaucracy, and by means of the
monopolization of the legitimate use of force
- States are ‘impermeable’
How could it emerge (= tevoorschijn komen)?
- After medieval times leaders slowly created institutions (based on kings)
= to legitimize their state towards their own populations
creating popular support for their state
- Because of warfare “States make war and war makes states”
Larger or more powerful political units were able to conquer smaller ones,
professional armies and bureaucracies helped support this
- Due to confessionalization where states chose a side in the religious conflict, see
reformation above
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