History of History of MMedicineedicine inin RomeRome

Assist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞAssist.Prof.Dr. Mehmet KARATAŞ

Department of History of Medicine and EthicsDepartment of History of Medicine and Ethics

RRoman Civilization oman Civilization

Villanova PeriodVillanova Period ((1000–200 BC1000–200 BC) ) Roman Republic (Roman Republic (200–27 BC200–27 BC)) Roman Empire after Emperor Augustus (27 BC and after). Roman Empire after Emperor Augustus (27 BC and after).

During the Roman civilization Christianity had emerged During the Roman civilization Christianity had emerged in the Middle East and Christianity became the official in the Middle East and Christianity became the official religion of the roman empire at the end of the 4. century religion of the roman empire at the end of the 4. century AD.AD.

Etruscans and MedicineEtruscans and Medicine

Bronze models of livers were founded in Bronze models of livers were founded in archeological sites in Italian peninsula. These models archeological sites in Italian peninsula. These models were used by Etruscans, who lived there before. It is were used by Etruscans, who lived there before. It is stunning that these bronze models are similar to the stunning that these bronze models are similar to the clay models which were found in Mesopotamia clay models which were found in Mesopotamia ((hepatoscopyhepatoscopy).).

The dental prothesis which were found in The dental prothesis which were found in archeological sites show that the Etruscans were archeological sites show that the Etruscans were successful in tooth prothesis.successful in tooth prothesis.

Roman MedicineRoman Medicine

Greek medicine peaked in Alexandria and then it Greek medicine peaked in Alexandria and then it influenced Roman medicine. It is considered that the influenced Roman medicine. It is considered that the Roman medicine had developed by Etruscan and Roman medicine had developed by Etruscan and Greek civilizations.Greek civilizations.

Romans were interested in politics, philosophy, Romans were interested in politics, philosophy, military, architecture instead of in medicine.military, architecture instead of in medicine.

There were more Greek physicians than Roman There were more Greek physicians than Roman physicians. The upper class had their own special physicians. The upper class had their own special physicians (physicians (as their slavesas their slaves).).

Some Roman PhysiciansSome Roman Physicians

Asclepiads from BitiniaAsclepiads from Bitinia

Asclepiads (Asclepiads (120–70 BC120–70 BC) adhered to the Hilt ) adhered to the Hilt theorytheory ((humoral theory or 4 temperaments humoral theory or 4 temperaments theory)theory). They used massage, diet and exercise . They used massage, diet and exercise as treatment. His ideas were developed by his as treatment. His ideas were developed by his students and established the basement of the students and established the basement of the methodism, which was effective for centuries.methodism, which was effective for centuries.

Some Roman PhysiciansSome Roman Physicians

Soranus Soranus ((1st century AD1st century AD))

Soranus from Ephesus is one of the greatest Soranus from Ephesus is one of the greatest physicians from the Rome Period. He was physicians from the Rome Period. He was specialized in injuries and diseases, especially specialized in injuries and diseases, especially in obstetric and gynecology. He worked on in obstetric and gynecology. He worked on menstruation, occurence of pregnancy, birth menstruation, occurence of pregnancy, birth and and abnormal babies presentation.abnormal babies presentation.

Some Roman PhysiciansSome Roman Physicians

Rufus from EphesusRufus from EphesusHe had some important anatomical observations. He He had some important anatomical observations. He defined optical nerve and argued that the nerves take defined optical nerve and argued that the nerves take origin from brain. He also realized that the pulse is origin from brain. He also realized that the pulse is based on heart beats.based on heart beats.

DioscoridesDioscoridesPedianus Dioscorides was a physician in Roman Pedianus Dioscorides was a physician in Roman Army. That’s why he had possibilities to travel and Army. That’s why he had possibilities to travel and examine many plants. He wrote the medical usage of examine many plants. He wrote the medical usage of some plants in his work some plants in his work De Materia Medica.De Materia Medica.

Some Roman PhysiciansSome Roman Physicians

CelsusCelsus (not a physician) (not a physician)Cornelius CelsusCornelius Celsus is a Roman who tried to is a Roman who tried to summarize the knowledge of his time. His summarize the knowledge of his time. His works based on Greek Medicine. He wrote an works based on Greek Medicine. He wrote an encyclopedic work encyclopedic work De MedicinaDe Medicina in 30 AD. in 30 AD.

Some Roman PhysiciansSome Roman Physicians

GalenGalenGalen (Galen (AD 129– c.200AD 129– c.200) was Born in Anatolia in ) was Born in Anatolia in Pergamum (Pergamum (BergamaBergama). His father was rich. He travelled). His father was rich. He travelled toto Izmir, Corinth and Izmir, Corinth and Alexandria. Then he became the Alexandria. Then he became the court physician of the famous emperor Marcus court physician of the famous emperor Marcus Aurelius.Aurelius.

HeHe adhered to the Hilt theory adhered to the Hilt theory and the theory of and the theory of HipHipppooccratrates. es. GalenGalen realized that the arteries contain realized that the arteries contain blood instead of air. Notwithstanding he didin’t have blood instead of air. Notwithstanding he didin’t have any idea about the blood circulation and he believed any idea about the blood circulation and he believed that the body continuesly used blood and produced it that the body continuesly used blood and produced it again.again.

GalenGalen

GalenGalen

In his time it was forbidden to dissect bodies In his time it was forbidden to dissect bodies and examine them. That’s why he worked on and examine them. That’s why he worked on monkeys and boars. After that he generalized monkeys and boars. After that he generalized his findings and led to wrong anatomical his findings and led to wrong anatomical knowledge. As a result he influenced the knowledge. As a result he influenced the anatomy badly. His inaccurate information in anatomy badly. His inaccurate information in anatomy had changed afteranatomy had changed after Renaissance. Renaissance.

Roman MedicineRoman Medicine

Public Health and HygienePublic Health and Hygiene

The water systems of the Romans was The water systems of the Romans was excellent. They had baths and wells which excellent. They had baths and wells which were open to public. They had also sewages. were open to public. They had also sewages. The rich people had their own water supplies.The rich people had their own water supplies.

Roman MedicineRoman Medicine

A structure called A structure called CloCloacaaca Maxima Maxima was a part of this was a part of this system and with this structure water could flew under system and with this structure water could flew under streets and buildings. There were also some public streets and buildings. There were also some public lavatories. One public lavatory can be seen inlavatories. One public lavatory can be seen in Ephesus.Ephesus.

ValetudinariaValetudinariaIn Roman army there were some medics. The first In Roman army there were some medics. The first mobile hospital was found by Romans. It is known as mobile hospital was found by Romans. It is known as valetvaletuuddiinaria. naria. The civilian people and the soldiers The civilian people and the soldiers were healed in these hospitals.were healed in these hospitals.

Konuyla İlgili SORU/CEVAPKonuyla İlgili SORU/CEVAP

Soru 1: Soru 1: Antik Roma tıbbının tıbbi uygulamalardaki kuramsal Antik Roma tıbbının tıbbi uygulamalardaki kuramsal yaklaşımı neydi?yaklaşımı neydi?

Cevap 1: Dört unsur (Cevap 1: Dört unsur (hıltlar teorisihıltlar teorisi) )

Soru 2: Soru 2: Aşağıdakilerden hangisi Antik Roma medeniyetinin Aşağıdakilerden hangisi Antik Roma medeniyetinin ünlü hekimlerinden biridir? ünlü hekimlerinden biridir?

Cevap 2: GalenCevap 2: Galen

ReferencesReferences

A. Selim ATAY, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, translationA. Selim ATAY, İnönü Üniversitesi Tıp Fakültesi, translation Tolga GÜVEN, Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik AD Tolga GÜVEN, Marmara Üniversitesi Tıp Tarihi ve Etik AD

ders notlarıders notları Ali Haydar BAYAT, Tıp TarihiAli Haydar BAYAT, Tıp Tarihi Emine ATABEK, Şefik GÖRKEY, Başlangıcından Rönesansa Emine ATABEK, Şefik GÖRKEY, Başlangıcından Rönesansa

Kadar Tıp TarihiKadar Tıp Tarihi Çağlar Boyu Tıp, Roche YayınlarıÇağlar Boyu Tıp, Roche Yayınları http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Pagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page