History of The world

Alimuzzaman Bappy bappy.ce.buet@gmail.com

We look again at the familiar dot of the universe. That's here. That's home. That's us. On it everyone we love, everyone we know, everyone we ever heard of, every human being who ever was, lived out their lives. The aggregate of our joy and suffering, thousands of confident religions, ideologies, and economic doctrines, every hunter and forager, every hero and coward, every creator and destroyer of civilization, every king and peasant, every mother and father, hopeful child, inventor and explorer, every teacher of morals, every corrupt politician, every "superstar," every "supreme leader," every saint and sinner in the history of our species lived there-on a mote of dust suspended in a sunbeam. The Earth is the only world known so far to harbor life. There is nowhere else, at least in the near future, to which our species could migrate. Even its very amazing fact that the history of earth will show us the history of energy .Here we will try to discuss about the history of world from the beginning.

The Solar System is composed of a set of radically different types of planets and moons-from the gas giants Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune to the rocky inner planets. Centuries of studying Earth, its neighboring planets, and meteorites have enabled the development of models of the birth of the Solar System.

Earth was not around at the beginning-the universe began without us some 10 billion years earlier than Earth. The universe started out with only two elements, hydrogen and helium gas, which formed stars that burned these elements in nuclear fusion reactions. Generations of stars were born in gas clouds and died in explosive novas. The conditions in those novas produced the heavier elements we have with us today. Around it swirled a disk of the same material, which grew white-hot from the great compressive forces. That new star became our Sun, and the glowing disk gave rise to Earth and its sister planets. We can see just this sort of thing happening elsewhere in the universe. While the Sun grew in size and energy, beginning to ignite its nuclear fires, the hot disk slowly cooled. This took millions of years. During that time, the components of the disk began to freeze out into small dust-size grains. Iron metal and compounds of silicon, magnesium, aluminum, and oxygen came out first in that fiery setting. As time went by, they reached a hundred kilometers or so in size, collisions produced a lot of outright melting and vaporization, and the materials which we can confidently call rocks and iron metal-began to sort themselves out. The dense iron settled in the center and the lighter rock separated into a mantle around the iron, in a miniature of Earth and the other inner planets today. At some point during this time, the Sun ignited. Although the Sun was only about two-thirds as bright as it is today, the process of ignition was energetic enough to blow away most of the gaseous part of the disk. Though Earth was neatly orbiting the Sun as a rocky mass four and a half billion years ago, no organism could survive there. Radiation from the recent supernova kept the planet extremely hot, its surface molten, and oxygen was non-existent. Plus, incredibly massive meteorites and asteroids frequently slammed onto the surface-creating even more heat. The Earth got so hot, it began melting. Heavier material sank to the bottom, lighter stuff rose to the top. Some elements evaporated. This transformation created the Earth's layered core and mantle, crust, and atmosphere.Even today the Earth undergoes constant change. Shifting, sliding, and colliding tectonic plates "surf" atop its semi-molten mantle. This relentless drifting speeds along at the rate of fingernail growth, yet causes mountains to rise, volcanoes to erupt, and earthquakes to strike. Different elements joining, colliding, breaking apart, and joining again is a very ferocious stage in the life of any planet. Even after the Earth formed, when the atmosphere began to stabilize, it was under siege. Early microbes, in their struggle for life, clashed with and consumed hydrogen gas. Hundreds of millions of years passed. These microbes evolved into prokaryotes and adapted further, finding energy in sunlight. Then, in a process called photosynthesis, they flooded the atmosphere with oxygen. The rise of oxygen formed a protective layer around the Earth and also helped cool the Earth, eventually encasing the planet with ice in a series of "Snowball Earths" 2.4 to 2.2 billion years ago. Some life forms survived, some proliferated, pushing oxygen levels higher. This enabled a greater diversity of life. Even as the Universe drifts, the Earth's surface is in continual motion — moving a little more than two centimeters per year, floating on a semi-molten bed of lava. Along the edges where the continental and oceanic crust plates meet, all sorts of crazy things happen. These massive plates scrape past each other sideways. They dive under each other. And in places, they get snagged, causing tremendous pressures to build. When this tension suddenly releases things happen much, much faster than two

centimeters per year. But how do we know that the Earth's surface is moving? Some of the early scholars studying the first world maps began to notice some very odd things for instance, that West Africa seems to fit nicely into Brazil.

Evolution of life started with birth of bony Fish; our direct ancestor, evolution of Amphibians, permian extinction of earth, mesozoic Era; age of the dinosaurs and at last ended with legacy of Primates. At the end the world is being dominated by the super creature human beings.

Old Stone Age, the earliest period of human development and the longest phase of mankind’s history. It is approximately coextensive with the Pleistocene geologic epoch, beginning about 2 million years ago. This development was exceedingly slow. Living in caves scared of animals , helplessly surrendered to the nature, use of fire ,use of stone are some of the characteristics.

The control of fire by early humans was a turning point in the cultural aspect of human evolution. Fire provided a source of warmth, protection, and a method for cooking food. These cultural advancements allowed for human geographic dispersal, cultural innovations, and changes to diet and behavior. Additionally, creating fire allowed the expansion of human activity to proceed into the dark and colder hours of the night.

Man started movement throughout the globe . In the meantime man tempted animals previously they were scared .They came into know silicon ores amazing to see that silicon ores in their hand has been replaced by silicon chips at present age .The coming of farming had allowed the growth of settled populations to take place, but it did not make the coming of civilization inevitable. With the rise of civilization, small-scale, village-based societies became large-scale ones with cities, advanced technologies, and the capability to mobilize the labor of thousands of workers to achieve specified ends. In the fertile river valleys, large rivers provide plentiful water (vital for growing crops) plus huge amounts of fresh, fertile mud brought down from the mountains where the rivers start. In the spring, the rain and snow melt from the mountains causes the rivers to flood large areas of land, where the water and mud creates some of the most productive farmland in the world. The flood waters only cover the plains for a few weeks, however, before flowing on to the sea. In places such as Mesopotamia, Egypt and the north-west Indian subcontinent, the rest of the year is hot and dry, meaning that crops soon wilt and die. Early farmers therefore found these areas difficult to settle. It was only when they started digging pools and constructing dams to keep some of the floodwater from flowing away, and irrigation channels to carry the stored water to their fields, that agriculture could begin to flourish here. Once irrigation agriculture had become established in these river valleys, crop yields were abundant. This led to population growth on a scale never before seen. The valleys of the Euphrates and Tigris in Mesopotamia, the Nile in Egypt and the Indus in the north-west Indian subcontinent became home to large, dense concentrations of people.

The first method of counting was counting on fingers. This evolved into sign language for the hand-to-eye communication of numbers which, while not writing, gave way to written numbers.Tallies made by carving notches in wood, bone, and stone were used for at least forty thousand year.]Stone age cultures, including ancient Native American groups, used tallies for gambling with horses, slaves, personal services and trade-goods.

The wheel is probably the most important mechanical invention of all time. Nearly every machine built since the beginning of the industrial revolution involves a single, basic principle embodied in one of mankind’s truly significant inventions. It’s hard to imagine any mechanized system that would be possible without the wheel or the idea of a symmetrical component moving in a circular motion on an axis. From tiny watch gears to automobiles, jet engines and computer disk drives, the principle is the same.

In the great river valleys of Tigris and Euphrates, the Nile, the Indus and later the Yellow river, several centres of power emerged simultaneously. Inevitably, tensions arose between these centres, which resulted in warfare on a scale which overwhelmed the ability of individual villages to protect themselves. In Mesopotamia at least, many villages physically disappeared as their populations relocated to the safety of the new walled cities. Professional armies soon made their appearance. The increasing scale of warfare can be seen in the construction of city walls in all the major river valley civilizations; in the rich hordes of weapons and armour found in tombs; and in early sculptural reliefs showing organized military formations marching to battle. These forces needed feeding and equipping, and the farming populations, knowing that their security depended upon them, would have had little choice but to pay the taxes to do so. Furthermore, the appearance of specialist soldiers in the pay of the city elites greatly increased the latter’s

coercive power over the rest of the population (as well as introducing a new and destabilising element within the elites’ power-structures).

Gunpowder is the first physical explosive and propellant. Before its invention, many incendiary and burning devices had been used, including Greek fire. The invention of gunpowder is usually attributed to experimentation in Chinese alchemy by Taoists in the pursuit of immortality, and is popularly listed as one of the "Four Great Inventions" of China. Then the British started to use the smarter version pistols or small gun as war weapon . Human development continues with time. Trade network around the world, industrial revolution ,innovation , revolution in transportation emerge .Man started using more energy than their ancients for their food, transportation, industrialization and advancement of technologies. The advance in needs of dynamic power, in modern times, has been even greater than in ponderable things. Even two centuries ago, the energy available for man's work was mainly limited to that obtained from domesticated animals. The wind served in a small measure through the sails of ships and of windmills, and there were water-wheels, but the average amount of energy at his service was certainly less than one horse-power per capita. At the present time it may safely be reckoned that in the United States and in European countries on a similar economic basis, the average amount is at least ten times as great, and the present rate of increase quite as high as in the case of mineral resources.

Referances:1. Carl Sagan, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space2. History of earth documentary .3. Origin and eavlution of earth –National Academy of Sciences.