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History, present and futureof Process Analysers

January 27, 2009 IFPAC 2009

Drs. Ing. A.L.M. van Adrichem

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Long long ago....

• The philosopher Aristotle• Earth, water, air and fire (348 BC)• Predicted the existence of atoms (330 BC)

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Long long ago....

• Geber (721 – 815)• Geber is a Latinized version of Jabir• Abu Musa Jābir ibn Hayyān

(Arabic: جابر ابن حيان) • Scientific approach of chemistry (776)• Inventor of distillation process

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Long long ago....

• Robert Boyle (1627 - 1691)• The Sceptical Chymist (1661)• Advanced to the modern view of

elements.• Use of proper experimentation.• Boyle’s law.

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Long long ago....

• Lavoisier (1743 - 1794)• Is considered the father of modern chemistry• Elementary Treatise of Chemistry (1789) is

considered to be the first modern chemical textbook.

• Stated the first version of the law of conservation of mass

• Recognized and named oxygen and hydrogen

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• Mendeleyev (1834 - 1907)• Predicted Gallium 5 years before its

discovery• Periodic system of elements (1873)• Petroleum was born in the depths of

the earth (1877)• Found the perfect percentage of

alcohol in Vodka to be 38%

Long long ago....

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Chromatography• Tsvet (1872 - 1919)

• Invented chromatography in 1901 during his research on plant pigments.• Used the term chromatography for the first time in 1906 what literally

means writing with colours.

• Martin (1910 - 2002) en Singe (1914 - 1994)• Made the suggestion to use gas as the mobile phase in 1941• Won the Nobel Price for Chemistry in 1952

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Chromatography• Beckman Instruments

• Founded by Arnold Orville Beckman (1900 – 2004).

• since end 50’s process GC’s• Halfway 70’s model 6710 with

separate programmer• Early 80’s introduction of first

Beckman GC with microprocessor technology

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Chromatography

• Siemens (current)

• Yokogawa (current)

• ABB (current)

• C2V (current)

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Spectroscopy

• IR spectroscopy

• UV / visual spectroscopy

• Raman Spectroscopy

• Mass Spectroscopy

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Spectroscopy• Newton in 1725 presented first requirements for spectroscopic observations

• Bouguer (1729) and Lambert (1760) observed that energy absorption through a thin layer depends on type of material of the thin layer and the frequency of the initial light.

• Bunsen developed in 19e century the first spectroscope

• First half of 19e century large amount of discoveries in spectroscopy

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IR Spectroscopy

• Infra Red is discovered by William Herschel

• First process Infrared analyser end 50’s.

• Number of manufacturers• Tracor Atlas• DuPont• Teledyne• Hartman & Braun• Combustion Engineering

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FTIR Spectroscopy

• France mathematician Fourier (1822)

• Michelson Interferometer

• Analect (current)

• ABB (current)

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UV Spectroscopy

• Hallikainen• Designed together with oil industry• End 1960’s

• Large number of manufacturers

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Raman Spectroscopy

• Discovered by Chandrasekhara V. Raman in 1928

• Young technique for process analyses

• Renshaw (current)

• Rosemount (current)

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Mass Spectroscopy

• Early 1900 a lot of work has been done by Sir J.J. Thomson

• 1970’s first online analyser made by Perkin Elmer

• Thermo (current)

• Ametek (current)

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pH measurement

• Thurneysser (16e century)• Violet juice changed colour after addition of sulphur acid

• Nernst (1889)• Nernst equation

E = Eo + (RT/nF) log [H+]

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pH measurement

• Cremer (1906)• Glass electrode

• Sorensen (1909)• pH scale

• Carderio (1966)• pH pre amplifier

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pH measurement

• Beckman (1934)• pH measurement

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pH measurement

• Beckman

(1941)

Model R

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Physical properties

• Vapour Pressure

• Density

• Cloud Point / Distillation

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Vapour Pressure

• Hallikainen• Designed together

with the oil industry• End 60’s

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Vapour Pressure

• ATAC (current)

• ABB (current)

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Density

• Gravitrol

(1967)

• Micro Motion

(current)

• Solartron

(current)

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Cloud point / Distillation

• Hallikainen• Designed together with the oil

industry• Early 60’s

• Bartec Benke (current)

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Oxygen

• Paramagnetic• Faraday (1845)• Servomex Model 540A

Image supplied courtesy of Servomex

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Oxygen

• Zirconia• Westinghouse model 218

0 100

ReferenceSample

7000C

Image supplied courtesy of Servomex

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Oxygen

• Enotec (current)

• Servomex (current)

• Analytical Specialties Inc. (current)

Image supplied courtesy of ServomexImage supplied courtesy of Servomex

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Future

• General

• NeSSI

• Miniature analytics

• Lab on a chip

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Pressuredifference

P-14

P-1

6

P-17

P-18

P-19

AnalyserBuilding

ProcessAnalyser

SampleConditioning

System

Utilities:- Power- Nitrogen- Hydrogen- Instrument air- Koelwater- Steam

SpendSampleDisposal

Validation /CalibrationFacilities

AnalyserControlSection

AnalyserStatus /Alarms

RecordingFacilities

(Digital)Instrument

System

ProcessControl

ComputerHVAC

V-2

V-1

Sample Take-off point

SampleReturn point

Fast Loop

AnalyserData

Analyse

General

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General

• Current situation of most process analysers• Size is big• Needs protective environment• Needs controlled environment of the product• Complex combination of components• Not always very fast

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General

• Desired future situation• Small size• On or in the process• Simple construction• Simple maintenance• Eliminate Infrastructure• Fast and accurate• (Very) high reliability

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NeSSI• Standard (ANSI ISA SP76) used by all manufacturers

• Internal diameter close to 6 mm or ¼ inch tubing

• Compact

• NeSSI™ Gen I. Mechanical Substrate/fluid components

• NeSSI™ Gen II. Smart Sampling/Connectivity Bus

• NeSSI™ Gen III. Micro Analytical

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Miniature analytics

• pH

• Conductivity

• Raman Spectroscopy

• Moisture

• GC

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Lab on a chip

• Scientific magazine

• Developments mainly in biochemistry

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Thanks for your attention

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Back up slides

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History, present and future of process analytics

Arno van Adrichem

ExxonMobil

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Infra Red Spectroscopy

Symmetrical

stretching

Asymmetrical

stretching

Scissoring

Rocking Wagging Twisting