analysers basics

8/17/2019 Analysers Basics

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ANALYSERS Uhde India Limited

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CONTENTS

1. Genea!2. Sa"#!e $an%!&ng S'()e"

2.1. De(&gn *a+)o( 2.2. Sa"#!e Ta,e-off Po&n)( 2.2.1. Sa"#!e Poe( 2.. Sa"#!e Tan(#o) 2..1. Sa"#!e Tan(#o) /&ne(- Genea! +on(&%ea)&on(. 2..2. S&ng!e !&ne )o )e na!'(e 2... (&ng!e !&ne )o )e ana!'(e &) a '#a(( ()ea" 2..4. *a() !oo# ('()e"( 2..4.1. De(&gn of fa() !oo#( 2..3. a#o&(&ng !&56&% (a"#!e( – /ag )&"e +on(&%ea)&on( 2.4. Sa"#!e Con%&)&on&ng ('()e"

2.4.1. *&!)e&ng2.4.1.1. S)a+, Ga( Sa"#!&ng2.3. Sa"#!e %&(#o(a!2.. M6!)&()ea" (&)+&ng

. T'#e of na!'(e(.1. Co"a)oga#(.1.1. Co"a)oga#&+ Co!6"n.1.1.1. Ga( +o"a)oga#&+ ana!'(&(.1.2. De)e+)o(.1.2.1. Te"a! +on%6+)&v&)' %e)e+)o 8TCD.1.2.2. *!a"e Ion&(a)&on De)e+)o .2. Ra%&an) Eneg' Sen(o(.. E!e+)o+e"&+a! Me)o%

.4. T'#e Of O'gen na!'(&(.4.1. Paa"agne)&+ )'#e.3. ea "on&)o&ng.. na!'(e( &n Ca6()&+;C!o&ne P!an)(..1. TCD na!'(e(..2. Paa"agne)&+ O'gen na!'(e

... Mo&()6e na!'(e .7. Def&n&)&on( 4. Ca!&a)&on 3. na!'(e $o6(e 3.1. Con()6+)&on (#e+)(

3.2. P6ge ('()e"( 3.. /o+a)&on

3.4. S&)&!&)&e( .1. /&g)&ng .2. E!e+)&+ #oe (6##!' .. S)ea" .4. &

.3. =a)e

Process Analysers

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1. General

Po+e(( ana!')&+a! ('()e"( 8Pan(? +o""on!' efee% )o a( On-!&ne Po+e(( na!'(e("a,e &) #o((&!e )o 6(e +e"&+a! +on+en)a)&on( %&e+)!' a( #o+e(( va&a!e( &n()ea% of e!'&ng on &n%&e+) #'(&+a! #aa"e)e( !&,e #e((6e @ )e"#ea)6e .Te "o() +o""on)e+n&56e &n+!6%e +o"a)oga#'? e!e+)o+e"&()' @ (#e+)o(+o#'.

)'#&+a! #an ('()e" &!! &n+!6%e )e fo!!o&ng 6n&)( o +o"#onen)(:

a Sa"#!e an%!&ng ('()e" na!'(e 8)e (en(&ng 6n&)+ Ca!&a)&on ('()e" 8"a' &n+!6%e +a!&a)&on ga(e( ;!&56&%(% Env&on"en)a! (e!)e e >)&!&)&e(

2. Sample hanl!n" sys#em

Of )e aove-"en)&one% +o"#onen)( )e (a"#!e an%!&ng ('()e" &( )e +6+&a! @ "o()of)en )e ea,e() !&n, &n )e ('()e".

Te (a"#!e an%!&ng ('()e" &( an &n)ega! #a) of )e ana!'(&( ('()e" &+ %e!&ve( )o)e ana!'(e a fe(? (a"#!e &n &+ )e +o"#onen)( )o e "ea(6e% e"a&n(6n+ange% &n e!a)&ve +on+en)a)&on(. Te (a"#!e (a!! e e#e(en)a)&ve fo )e #o#e)')o e "ea(6e% a) a #e((6e? )e"#ea)6e? f!o a)e e)+ e() (6&)e% fo )e #o#e o#ea)&on of )e ana!'(e.

Ba(&+a!!' )e (a"#!e an%!&ng ('()e" +on(&()( of 4 e!e"en)(:

a Sa"#!e )a,e-off #o&n). Sa"#!e )an(#o) ('()e" )o )e ana!'(e.+ Sa"#!e +on%&)&on&ng ('()e".% Sa"#!e e)6n an%;o %&(#o(a! ('()e".

2.1 De(&gn fa+)o(

Sa"#!e ()ea" +o"#o(&)&on

Te +o"#!e)e ()ea" +o"#o(&)&on of a!! )e +o"#onen)( an% +on)a"&nan)( "6() e+on(&%ee%. So"e +on)a"&nan)(? (6+ a( (o!&%( o en)a&ne% !&56&%(? "a' ave )o ee"ove% ' )e (a"#!e ('()e". Te #o+e(( +on%&)&on( an% ange of a!! +o"#onen)(

%6&ng no"a! an% e(#e+&a!!' ano"a! +on%&)&on( 8(6+ a( ()a)-6#? (6)%on? a)e+ange? an% (o fo) "6() e +on(&%ee% fo )e ana!'(e a##!&+a)&on an% (a"#!e ('()e"%e(&gn.

I) (a!! e ea!&(e% )a) %&ffeen) ga(e( a( e!! a( !&56&%( %o no) ea%&!' e+o"e+o"#!e)e!' "&e% 6n!e(( )ee &( an a%e56a)e )66!en+e #e(en). 8If )e ana!'(&( &( fo a"&)6e of ga(e( o !&56&%( Man' a )&"e( &) &( ne+e((a' )o &n)o%6+e )66!en+e &n )e#o+e(( ()ea"? )o en(6e )a) &) &( )oo6g!' "&e%. *o!!o&ng ae )e "e)o%( )o&n)o%6+e )66!en+e.

If (a"#!e &( e)a+)e% a) )e %on ()ea" of a !ong? ()a&g) #o+e(( !&ne &) +an e(6!)%a()&+ 6ne#e(en)a)&ve (a"#!e(.

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2.2 Sample #a$e%o&& po!n#s

1 Te fo!!o&ng fa+)o( (o6!% e +on(&%ee% &n %e)e"&n&ng )e o#)&"6" (a"#!e#o&n) !o+a)&on:

1. /o+a)e )e (a"#!e )a# &n )e #o+e(( ()ea" ee a e#e(en)a)&ve (a"#!e +an e&)%an.

2. I) &( &"#o)an) )o !o+a)e )e (a"#!e )a# ee +oe+)&ve a+)&on &( e() ef!e+)e% &n )e#o+e((.

. /o+a)e )e ana!'(e a( nea a( #a+)&+a! )o )e (a"#!e #o&n) )o "&n&"&(e (a"#!e)an(#o) )&"e. /o+a)&on (o6!% e +on(&%ee% )o offe (&gn&f&+an) %&ffeen)&a! #e((6e &f )e (a"#!e &( e)6ne% )o )e #o+e((. vo&% (a"#!e #o&n)( an% e)6n( ao6n% #o+e((+on)o! va!ve(.

4. /o+a)e )e (a"#!e )a# fo ea(e of +!ean&ng o "a&n)enan+e an% "ean( of a++e(( )o)e (a"#!e #o&n). Sa"#!e )a,e-off #o&n)( (a!! e f&))e% a) )e (&%e of )e #o+e(( !&ne? )eaange"en) (a!! ena!e 6n#!6gg&ng an% f!6(&ng of )e (a"#!e !&ne(.

3. /o+a)e )e (a"#!e #o&n) ee )e #o+e(( ea+)&on o "&&ng &( ()a!e? an% avo&%(a"#!e #o&n) !o+a)&on ee "&e% #a(e( "a' e&().

. /o+a)e )e (a"#!e )a# on )e )o# o (&%e of )e #o+e(( !&ne )o "&n&"&(e #oo (a"#!&ng.

In (o"e +a(e(? (#e+&a! #ov&(&on( "a' e e56&e% a) )e (a"#!e )a,e-off #o&n)( fo

)ea)&ng a (a"#!e? &+ "a' o)e&(e +a6(e %&ff&+6!)&e(? o )o e%6+e )&"e !ag.

Te ga( (a"#!e( (o6!% e )a,en fo" )e )o# @!&56&% (a"#!e( fo" )e (&%e of )eo&

200 ""

*o (&"#!e ga( (a"#!&ng? &) &( of)en (6ff&+&en) )o "a,e )e (a"#!&ng #oe fo" (o"e

+!ean ("oo) #e &) )e en% +6) a) an ang!e of ao6) 43°. Te (&


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∈ - Cen)e !&ne of #o+e(( #e

43°

1

n a!)ena)e #oe fo va#o6 @ !&56&% +an e 6(e% a( g&ven e!o:

∈ - Cen)e !&ne of #o+e(( #e

En)' o!e( &) +en)e !&ne (#a+e% ;A a#a)

2.2.1. Sample pro'es

Sa"#!e #oe( (o6!% e 6(e% e+a6(e )e' #ov&%e a "oe e#e(en)a)&ve (a"#!e %6e)o )e &ge f!o a)e( aa' fo" #o+e(( #e a!!(. Sa"#!e #oe( e!&"&na)e a!!+on)a"&na)e( an% #a)&+6!a)e an% a+) a( a f&() ()age of f&!)a)&on an% +on%&)&on&ng.S#e+&a! %e(&gn +on(&%ea)&on( ae e56&e% en #o+e(( ve!o+&)&e( ae e+e((&ve? &+"a' e56&e )&+, a!! #oe( an% &g )e"#ea)6e a##!&+a)&on. Coo(&ve (ev&+e o &g )e"#ea)6e( "a' e56&e (#e+&a! a!!o'( o "a)e&a!(.

O#en #oe( ae )'#&+a!!' "a%e of (o) !eng)( of ()a&n!e(( ()ee! #e of )6e? o &n+e( o6)(&%e %&a"e)e an% 6(e% a) )e"#ea)6e( a##o&"a)e!' 1000f 8340+.

M6!)o) (a"#!e aveag&ng #oe( ae 6(e% )o o)a&n a (a"#!e o(e +o"#o(&)&on &( anaveage of )a) e&()&ng a+o(( )e en)&e %6+). veag&ng &( no"a!!' a))e"#)e% &n %6+)(6n%e 2 fee) &n %&a"e)e. M6!)!e #oe (a"#!e aveag&ng &( fe56en)!' 6(e% &n f!6e( an%()a+,( of !age o&!e( an% ea)e( &n &+ ()a)&f&+a)&on "a' e a #o!e" o eee56&e% ' +o"#!&an+e eg6!a)&on.

*&!)e #oe( ae genea!!' 6(e% &n ga( ()ea" (6+ a( +o"6()&on a##!&+a)&on( en )e()ea" +on)a&n( (&gn&f&+an) 56an)&)&e( of #a)&+6!a)e "a)e&a!. Te f&!)e "a)e&a!( 6(e% ae#&"a&!' (&n)ee% o oven ()a&n!e(( ()ee! an% va&o6( +ea"&+(. Te(e #oe( "6()

a!a'( e !o+a)e% &n )e #o+e(( %6+) &n a "anne )a) "&n&"&(e( )e& e#o(6e )o#a)&+6!a)e(? o e!(e fe56en) +!ean&ng &!! e e56&e%. /o+a)&ng )e #oe &n(&%e an% F6()%on()ea" of a en%? a%%&ng aff!e( F6() 6#()ea" of )e #oe "&n&"&(e( )e #oee#o(6e.

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f&!)e #oe "6() a!a'( e o#ea)e% a) a )e"#ea)6e e!! aove )e %e #o&n)

)e"#ea)6e of )e ()ea" &n &+ )e #oe &( &n(e)e%. *&!)e #oe( +an e +!eane% 'e"ov&ng )e #oe fo" (ev&+e. $oeve? a "oe +o""on "e)o% &( a !o-a+,('()e"? &+ &n)o%6+e( a&? n&)ogen? o ()ea" &n)o )e (a"#!e !&ne )o !o a+, )o6g)e f&!)e &n )e eve(e %&e+)&on. T&( "a' e %one "an6a!!' en (a"#!e f!o eg&n( )o%o# )o 6na++e#)a!e !eve!( o a6)o"a)&+a!!' a) #e-(e) &n)eva!(. No)e )a) !o a+, ga((o6!% e aove )e %e #o&n) )o #even) )e"#ea)6e +on%en(a)&on &n )e (a"#!e !&ne(o f&!)e #oe.

Te &n(e)&on #oe( (o6!% ave a "e+an&+a! e()a&n&ng %ev&+e )o #even) )e #oefo" !o&ng o6) en )e #a+,&ng g!an% &( !oo(ene%.

To #even) #oe %a"age? a!! (a"#!&ng #oe( (o6!% ave a "ean( )o F6%ge en )e

#oe &( #6!!e% o6) #a() )e va!ve.

2.(. Sample Transpor#

*o goo% +on)o! of )e #o+e((? )e )&"e !ag &nvo!ve% &n +onve'&ng )e (a"#!e fo" )e#o+e(( !&ne )o )e ana!'(e (a!! e a( "&n&"6" a( #o((&!e. Te !ag )&"e (a!! e("a!!e )an )e )&"e +on()an)( affe+)&ng )e "ea(6e% #o#e)' of )e #o+e((.

Te a&" &( )o "a,e &) !e(( )an 1 "&n6)e 80-0 (e+on%( &( )e #efee% va!6e(? 6) &nan' +a(e (a!! no) &n+ea(e "oe )an 3 "&n6)e(.

Te ana!'(e (a"#!e &n )a,e )&"e 8#o+e(( !ag )&"e +an e e%6+e% B' )o "e)o%(1 ' '#a(( ()ea" o 2' fa() !oo#.

B' +on%&)&on&ng )e (a"#!e a) )e #o+e(( (a"#!e )a# )'#&+a!!' a!!o( fo "oee!&a!e o#ea)&on of e)e"e!' %&ff&+6!) (a"#!e( )a) +anno) e )an(#o)e% ea(&!' )o ae"o)e (a"#!e +on%&)&on&ng ('()e".

2..1. Sa"#!e )an(#o) !&ne( – Genea! +on(&%ea)&on(

T6&ng 6n( ae e+o""en%e% e+a6(e of ("a!!e &n)ena! vo!6"e? !e(( en)a&n"en) %6e)o a6#) en%(? an% ea(e of &n()a!!a)&on. P&ng 6n( ae (o"e)&"e( e56&e%? &n &++a(e? (#ee% !oo#( ae 6(e% )o "&n&"&(e !ag )&"e(.

S#e+&f&+a)&on of )6&ng (o6!% &n+!6%e en(6&ng )e +o"#a)&&!&)' of )6&ng "e)a!!6g' )o(a"#!e +e"&()' an% +oo(&on a!!oan+e(. Te "a&"6" (()ea" of "a&n f&!)e? )e "a)e&a! of )e fa() !oo# (a!! e (a"e a( )a) of )e #o+e((!&ne. Te "a)e&a! of )e e"a&n%e of #o+e(( !&ne (a!! e of SS1 6n!e(( &) &( no)(6&)a!e fo )e (ev&+e.=en an ana!'(e &( o6) of (ev&+e &) &( a%v&(a!e )o &(o!a)e )e (a"#!e !&ne an% )o #6ge&) &) %'? +!ean? o'gen fee n&)ogen a) a !o f!o a)e @ #!6g (ea! )e en%.Hee# (a"#!e !&ne( (o) )o "&n&"&(e )an(#o) !ag )&"e.

>(e )e ("a!!e() %&a"e)e !&ne )o en(6e a e#e(en)a)&ve (&ng!e-#a(e (a"#!e )a) &(+on(&()en) &) )e e56&e% f!o a)e an% ava&!a!e #e((6e %o#. Sa"#!e !&ne( of

&n+ of? 0.03-&n+ a!! &( +o""on fo "an' ana!'(e ('()e"(.

Pov&%e (6ff&+&en) #e((6e )o "a&n)a&n a%e56a)e ve!o+&)&e(. T'#&+a! f!o ve!o+&)&e( ae a(g&ven e!o

• 3 - 10 fee);(e+on% fo !&56&%(

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• 20 )o 40 fee);(e+on% fo ga(e(.

>(e f!o &n%&+a)o( an% +e+, va!ve( )o en(6e )a) (a"#!e f!o &( &n )e #o#e %&e+)&on.

Te (&


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2..2. (&ng!e !&ne )o )e ana!'(e

T&( ('()e" &( genea!!' 6(e% en )e (a"#!e !&ne vo!6"e &( ("a!! &n e!a)&on )o )e(a"#!e +on(6"#)&on @ )6( )e )an(#o)a)&on !ag e"a&n( &)&n a++e#)a!e !&"&)(.$en+e )&( &( genea!!' a++e#)a!e fo f&e!% "o6n)e% ('()e"( &+ ae &n()a!!e% +!o(e )o)e (a"#!e )a,e-off #o&n)(.

en) ; Da&n

2... (&ng!e !&ne )o )e ana!'(e &) a '#a(( ()ea" T&( ('()e" +on(&()( of a '#a(( ()ea" an+e% off +!o(e )o )e ana!'(e )o "a&n)a&n&g (a"#!e )an(#o) ve!o+&)'? e(6!)&ng &n a ("a!! )an(#o)a)&on !ag. Te '#a(( ()ea"&!! e +onne+)e% )o ven);%a&n. &f e+ono"&+a!!' F6()&f&a!e a (a"#!e e+ove' ('()e" (a!!e +on(&%ee%.

en) ; Da&n

en) ; Da&n

2..4. *a() !oo# ('()e"(

*a() !oo#( ae +&+6!a)&ng !oo#( 6&!) ove a #&e+e of e56"en)? &+ +ea)e( %&ffeen)&a!#e((6e. *a() !oo#( ae )e "o() #efee% (a"#!e )an(#o) ('()e" e+a6(e )ee &( noa()e of #o%6+)? )e )an(#o) )&"e !ag( ae ("a!! @ )e #&ng +an e of ea(ona!e (&


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1 Te (6##!' @ e)6n !&ne( of e56a! %&a"e)e

/&ne (&


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1. *&!)e&ng2. Pe((6e +on)o!

. *!o +on)o!4. Te"#ea)6e +on)o!3. Pa(e +on)o!;#a(e +ange

$oeve &) "a' e ,e#) &n "&n% )a)? )e "oe )e +o"#onen)( )e !e(( e!&a!e )e('()e" e+o"e(. $en+e e (a!! )' )o "&n&"&(e )e +o"#onen)( &n )e ('()e". !a'()' )o %a a +!ean @ %' (a"#!e fo" )e #o+e(( ()ea" #o((&!e

2.4.1. *&!)e&ng

=en )e (a"#!e &( no) +!ean? )en f&!)e( ae 6(e%. Mo()!' )e' ae 6(e% )o e"ove !age(&


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Po+e(( !&ne 900°+

Pa+,e% Toe( &) G!a(( "&+o-f&e f&!)e )6e( +an e 6(e% )o (e#aa)e %o#!e)( of %o#!e)( of !&56&%? &+ &( &""&a!e &) ano)e. 8O&! &n '%o+aon( o o&! &n a)e.T&( a!(o +an e 6(e% )o e"ove (6(#en%e% ga( 6!e( fo" !&56&%. S&n+e (#e+&f&+gav&)' %&ffeen+e e)een !&56&%( &( !e((? )e (e#aa)&on e56&e( !onge )6e( o )e f!oa)e( ave )o e ve' !o +o"#ae% )o ga(e(.

B'#a(( ()ea" +an e %e(&gne% &) (!()ea" '#a(( f&!)e( a( g&ven e!o:

2.+. Sample !sposal

On+e )e (a"#!e a( #a((e% )o6g )e na!'(e &) &( )e f&na! f6n+)&on of )e (a"#!&ng('()e" )o +a' )e (a"#!e )o a (afe #o&n) fo %&(#o(a!. T&( &( of)en %one ' e)6n&ng )e!&ne )o )e Po+e(( a) a #o&n) ee )e #e((6e &( (6&)a!e. !a'( )e "e)o% a%o#)e%(o6!% #e(en) no a


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ae e() 6(e% fo (a"#!e ()ea"( av&ng (&"&!a +o"#o(&)&on( (o )a) )e #o!e"( of +o((-+on)a"&na)&on ae "&n&"&(e%.

*a+)o( )o e +on(&%ee%:

1. Se#aa)e +on%&)&on&ng e56"en) fo ea+ ()ea".2. Pov&(&on( fo ven)&ng e)een (&)+&ng va!v&ng )o #even) +on)a"&na)&on !ea,age.. Co(( +on)a"&na)&on %6e )o "e+an&+a! fa&!6e 8!ea,age o fa&!6e )o #6ge )e

()ea" #ev&o6(!' ana!'(e%.4. Te e!a)&ve +on+en)a)&on( of )e +o"#onen)( &n ea+ ()ea".3. Re(#on(e )&"e a( !ong (a"#!e !&ne ( )o )e na!'(e.. Cange( &n f!o a)e a( (a"#!e !&ne( (&)+e% &.e. "&n&"6" 6#(e) of )e ('()e" &(

no) a+&eve%.7. Te %ea% vo!6"e (a!! e ,e#) )o a "&n&"6".

Ea+ (e#aa)e (a"#!e ()ea" (o6!% e f6!!' +on%&)&one% &n a (e#aa)e )a&n of +o"#onen)( efoe &) en)e( )e (&)+&ng ('()e". & o#ea)e% o (o!eno&% o#ea)e%va!ve( ae 6(e% fo (&)+&ng #o+e(( f!6&%(. Te +o""on +a6(e of +on)a"&na)&on &( !ea,)o6g )e va!ve(. Tee ae )o +o""on a##oa+e( )o e!&"&na)e )&(. Te !o+, @!ee% ('()e" @ )e 6(e of a a+, f!6(.

(. Type o& Analysers

(.1. *hroma#o"raphs

Co"a)oga#( ae "a&n!' 6(e% &n )e ana!'(&( of +o"#o6n% "&)6e(? ee )e+on+en)a)&on of a!! )e "&)6e( nee% )o e ana!'(e%. Co"a)oga#( o, on )e%&ffeen+e &n (o!6&!&)';a(o#)&on ;a%(o#)&on of (6()an+e( e)een a "o&!e @()a)&ona'

#a(e. I) e!&e( on )e %&ffeen+e &n #a)&)&on eav&o6 e)een a f!o&ng "o&!e #a(e @a ()a)&ona' #a(e )o (e#aa)e )e +o"#onen)( &n a "&)6e. +o!6"n o!%( )e()a)&ona' #a(e @ )e "o&!e +a&e( )e (a"#!e )o6g )&(. 8Te +a&e ga( 8"o&!e#a(e )a,e( )e (a"#!e @ "ove a+o(( )e ()a)&ona' #a(e. If )e ()a)&ona' #a(e &(+on)a&ne% &n a +o!6"n? &) &( +a!!e% +o!6"n +o"a)oga#'.

E.g. Ga( +o"a)oga#' o /&56&% +o"a)oga#'.

If )e ()a)&ona' #a(e o++6#&e( a #!ane (6fa+e? &) &( +a!!e% #!ana +o"a)oga#'.E.g. T&n !a'e( +o"a)oga#' @ Pa#e +o"a)oga#'. In )e +a(e of ga(eo6( (a"#!e? ga( &( 6(e% &n )e "o&!e #a(e @ !&56&% ; (o!&% &n )e()a)&ona' #a(e Te +o"#o6n%( ge) (e#aa)e% on )e ()a)&ona' #a(e e+a6(e of )e%&ffeen+e &n (o!6&!&)' o a%(o#)&on. In +a(e of !&56&% ()a)&ona' #a(e? )e (e#aa)&on &(

a(e% on (o!6&!&)' an% &( +a!!e% Ga( /&56&% Co"a)oga#' 8G/C. In +a(e of (o!&%()a)&ona' #a(e? )e (e#aa)&on &( a(e% on a%(o#)&on an% &( +a!!e% Ga( So!&%

Co"a)oga#' 8GSC. Mo() fe56en)!' 6(e% +a&e ga(e( ae $e? $2 @ N2? .

Tee ae %&ffeen) )'#e( 6n%e /&56&% +o"a)oga#':

1 /&56&%-/&56&% +o"a)oga#'2 /&56&% –(o!&% +o"a)oga#' Ion +o"a)oga#'4 S&


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. S"a!! (a"#!e e56&e"en)(.

K6a!&)&e( of Ca&e Ga(

• I) (o6!% no) +e"&+a!!' &n)ea+) &) )e (a"#!e o ()a)&ona' #a(e.

• I) (o6!% no) &n)efee o %a"age )e De)e+)o.

• I) (o6!% e #6e @ e!a)&ve!' &ne#en(&ve.

• Te +a&e ga( &( genea!!' (6##!&e% &n &g-#e((6e +'!&n%e(. Te #e((6e &(

e%6+e% )o 100#(&g @(6##!&e% )o )e +o"a)oga# a) 20-100+";"&n.

Te !&56&% &n )e ga( –!&56&% +o"a)oga#' (a!! e:

• Ine) )oa%( )e %&ffeen) +o"#onen)( &n )e (a"#!e.• goo% (o!ven) fo )e (a"#!e +o"#onen)(

• D&ffe &n (o!ven) +a#a+&)' fo )e va&o6( (a"#!e +o"#onen)(

• Re"a&n( a( a !&56&% &n $&ge @!oe ange of a##!&+a)&on

• Te"a!!' ()a!e a) &ge )e"#ea)6e(.

In +o"a)oga#' fo (e#aa)&ng #o!a +o"#o6n%( 8()a&g) +a&n a!+oo!( a #o!a !&56&%#a(e (o6!% e (e!e+)e%. n% fo non-#o!a +o"#o6n%( !&,e (a)6a)e% '%o+aon(8(6+ a( ga(o!&ne a non-#o!a !&56&% #a(e (a!! e 6(e%.

.1.1. Co"a)oga#&+ Co!6"n

.1.1.1. Ga( +o"a)oga#&+ ana!'(&(

Ga( +o"a)oga#( &n "an' a'( ae ana!ogo6( )o %&()&!!a)&on +o!6"n(. To ana!'(e a(a"#!e &n )e GC )e fo!!o&ng +on%&)&on( (a!! e "e):

1 Sa"#!e (o6!% e vo!a)&!e. 2 I) (o6!% no) e ea+)&ng &) o) "o&!e @ ()a)&ona' #a(e. I) (o6!% e )e"a!!' ()a!e.

Ga( +o"a)oga#' &( a!"o() 6(e% e+!6(&ve!' fo ogan&+ +o"#o6n%(: e+e#) fo #e"anen) ga(e(.

Te +o"a)oga#&+ (o!&% (6##o) #'(&+a!!' (6##o) )e !&56&% #a(e @ "a&n)a&n( a )&nf&!" of )e !&56&% #a(e &n "a&"6" +on)a+) &) )e ga(eo6( (a"#!e. Te (o!&% (6##o)

(a!! ave )e fo!!o&ng +aa+)e&()&+(• $ave a !age (6fa+e aea

• $ave a #oe ()6+)6e &) 6n&fo" #oe (&


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G!a(( &( )e e() )6&ng "a)e&a!? 6) no) e+o""en%e% fo #o+e(( +o"a)oga#(e+a6(e of &)( fag&!e na)6e.

Genea!!' )e +o!6"n( ae > (a#e% o +o&!e%. B6) >-(a#e% +o!6"n( g&ve e))e e(6!)(.Te #a+,&ng &( e!% &n #!a+e &) !&))!e g!a(( oo! o SS "e( a( #a+,&ng e)a&ne.

.1.2. De)e+)o(

f)e (e#aa)&ng )e +o"#o6n%(? )e +o"#o6n%( e!6%e fo" )e ()a)&ona' #a(e @a) )a))&"e )e' +an e 56an)&f&e% ' a %e)e+)o.

Te )'#e of %e)e+)o ava&!a!e &) GC &(:

1. Te"a! +on%6+)&v&)' na!'(e 2. *!a"e Ion&(a)&on De)e+)o . E!e+)on Ca#)6e De)e+)o

4. N&)ogen #o(#o6( De)e+)o 3. *!a"e Po)o"e)' De)e+)o . Ma(( S#e+)o"e)'

O6) of )e ? )e "o() +o""on!' 6(e% one( &n #o+e(( +o"a)oga#( ae )e f&())ee.

.1.2.1. Te"a! +on%6+)&v&)' %e)e+)o 8TCD:

Te"a! +on%6+)&v&)' ana!'(e &( a(e% 6#on )e #&n+!e of ea) )an(fe #o#e)' of ga(e(. De#en%&ng on )e )'#e of )e e!e"en) 6(e% )e TCD &( ,non a( +a)oo"e)e?)e"&()o? o)-&e %e)e+)o e)+. a (&"#!&f&e% +&+6&)' of TCD &( g&ven e!o:

Te TCD +on(&()( of a !o+, +on)a&n&ng a +av&)' )o6g &+ )e ga( f!o(. ea)e%e!e"en) &( #o(&)&one% &n )e +av&)' @ !oo(e( ea) )o )e !o+,. Tee &( a efeen+e%e)e+)o &%en)&+a! )o )e "ea(6&ng %e)e+)o. Te "ea(6&ng @ efeen+e %e)e+)o( ae6(6a!!' #!a+e% &n a +o"#aa)&ve!' "a((&ve (&ng!e "e)a! !o+, of &g ea) +a#a+&)' )o"&n&"&(e eo( %6e )o )an(&en) ea)&ng @ +oo!&ng. Te f&() f&!a"en) !oo(e( ea) ' a!! )eea) !o(( "e+an&("(: +on%6+)&on? +onve+)&on @ a%&a)&on: Of &+ )e "aFo ea) !o((&( ' )e"a! +on%6+)&v&)' of )e ga( &+ (6o6n%( )e f&!a"en). Te e(&()an+e o e(&()an+e +ange &( "ea(6e% e!e+)on&+a!!'. Te e)en% @%6a)&on of +ange &(#o#o)&ona! )o )e e(#e+)&ve ga( +o"#onen)(. Te )e"a! +on%6+)&v&)' of +a&e ga( &(no) a fa+)o a( )&( ga( #a((e( ove )e efeen+e %e)e+)o a( e!!.

Te )e"a! +on%6+)&v&)' of ga(e( ae o6g!' #o#o)&ona! )o )e (56ae oo) of )eMo!e+6!a e&g)(.

G

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$

Te #&n+!e( of o) a& o )e"&()o %e)e+)o( ae )e (a"e. Te (en(&)&v&)' of )e"&()o ..) a o) "e)a!!&+ &e 8 f &!a"en) &( ve' goo% (&n+e )e )e"#ea)6e +oeff&+&en) of

e(&()an+e of )e"&()o &( "6+ &ge )an )a) of "e)a!!&+ &e(. B6) )e )e"#ea)6eange on &+ &) a( )&( a%van)age &( ve' nao. ) &ge )e"#ea)6e &)( (en(&)&v&)'&( )oo !o @ a) !oe )e"#ea)6e( &)( e(&()an+e &( )oo gea) fo )e &n#6) &"#e%an+e of )e a"#!&f&e. =en $2 &( )e +a&e ga( )e"&()o aga&n a( a #o!e"? a( &) e%6+e()e "e)a!!&+ o&%e (e"&+on%6+)o e+e#) a) !o )e"#ea)6e(.Te +o&+e e)een )e )o &( a(e% on )e"#ea)6e +on(&%ea)&on(:a. "&en) @ (6 –a"&en) Te"#ea)6e( - Te"&()o.. $&ge )e"#ea)6e -Me)a! &e(

*&!a"en)( ae fa&+a)e% fo" T6ng()en? n&+,e!? #!a)&n6" e)+.

%van)age(:

1. /&nea ove a &%e ange.2. Non-%e()6+)&ve )o )e (a"#!e. S&"#!e &n +on()6+)&on.

.1.2.2. *!a"e Ion&(a)&on De)e+)o

In )e *ID? )e ga(e( )a) e!6%e fo" +o!6"n "& &) $2 @ 6n &n O2 o a&. E!e+)on(@&on&+ "o!e+6!a fag"en)( ae fo"e% &n )e f!a"e. Te ga( ()ea" fo" )e f!a"e?&+ +on)a&n( e!e+)on(? en)e( an e!e+)o%e ga#. T&( e!e+)on&+a!!' +age% #a)&+!e+o"#!e)e( a +&+6&) @ !e) +6en) f!o &n an e)ena! +&+6&). Te +6en) &( "ea(6e%

e!e+)on&+a!!' @ &( #o#o)&ona! )o )e Ma(( f!o of e!e+)on( @&on( &n )e ()ea"? &+ &(&n? )6n( #o#o)&ona! )o )e +on+en)a)&on of ( +o"#onen) &n )e ()ea".

G

* E

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B

C

- Sa"#!e +o"#onen) fo" +o"a)oga#. B-a& (6##!'.C- *6e! (6##!'. D - f!a"e ). E-#o!a&(e.* – Ign&)e. G - +o!!e+)o

.

(.2. Ra!an# Ener"y Sensors

If a%&a)&on a) %&ffeen) ave!eng)( &( #a((e% )o6g a #o+e(( "a)e&a! )e a"o6n) of a(o#)&on &( an &n%&+a)&on of (a"#!e &%en)&)' o +o"#o(&)&on .B' BeeJ( /a?

L /n 8I0 ; I L a +

. - (oan+e. a –"o!a a(o#)&on – (a"#!e #a) !eng) + – a(oe +on+en)a)&on

I0 –Ra%&a)&on &n)en(&)' en)e&ng )e (a"#!e

I - Ra%&a)&on &n)en(&)' !eav&ng )e (a"#!e

Te #oe ve(&on of IR ana!'(e e!&"&na)e( )e nee% fo a (a"#!e )e nee% fo a (a"#!ean%!&ng ('()e" @ +an e 6(e% fo o) !&56&% @ ga( #a(e #o+e((. Te efa+)&ve &n%e&( a 6n&56e #o#e)' of an' +e"&+a! +o"#o6n%.

> ana!'(e( ae "oe (en(&)&ve )an IR 6) +an an%!e on!' +!ean? (&ng!e-#a(e(a"#!e(.

(.(. Elec#rochem!cal Me#ho

E!e+)o+e"&+a! Me)o% e56&e( an e!e+)o!')&+ +e!!? &+ +on)a&n( an e!e+)o!')e @ )oe!e+)o%e(. Te #aa"e)e( a((o+&a)e% &) e!e+)o+e"&+a! +e!! ae vo!)age? +6en) @e(&()an+e 8+on%6+)an+e. Te 6(e of e!e+)o+e"&+a! "e)o%( &( e()&+)e% )o )e

(a"#!e(? &+ +on%6+)( e!e+)&+a! +6en).

##!&+a)&on(: Mea(6e"en) of #o+e(( a)e fo +on)a"&nan)( (6+ a( $a%ne((?a""on&a? (a!&n&)' @ +!o&ne @ &on&+ ()eng)? o&%a)&on-e%6+)&on #o)en)&a!? &on&++on)a"&nan)( @ env&on"en)a!!' e!a)e% ana!'(&( (6+ a( #$? +!o&ne? )o&+ "e)a! &on(.Te "o() +o""on e!e+)o+e"&+a! "e)o% &( #o)en)&o"e)'. Po)en)&o"e)&+ "e)o%"ea(6e( )e vo!)age +ange o #o)en)&a! a+o(( )e #o)en)&o"e)&+ +e!! a( )e+on+en)a)&on of one o "oe +o"#onen)( of )e e!e+)o!')e +ange(.E.g.: #$ e!e+)o%e

"#eo"e)&+ e!e+)o+e"&+a! ana!'(&( &( )e "ea(6e"en) of +6en) )o6g )e(a"#!e a( )e +on+en)a)&on of an e!e+)o!')e o (a"#!e +o"#onen) va&e(.Con%6+)&v&)' "ea(6e"en) ega%( )e (a"#!e a( a e(&()an+e &n an e!e+)&+a! +&+6&). +ange &n )e +on+en)a)&on of )e +o"#o6n% of )e e!e+)o!')e +ange( )e e(&()an+e &n)e +&+6&).

(.). Type O& O/y"en Analys!s

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.3.2. /ea,age "on&)o&ng

/ea,age &n ('()e"( &) %angeo6( +on+en)a)&on( a( )o e e+ogn&(e% ea!'.

.3.. ea "on&)o&ng

If )e #o)en)&a! !ea,age +anno) e !o+a)e% )&( &( +a!!e% ea Mon&)o&ng. Ba(e% on )e)'#e of a


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#aa"e)e &n )e +a6()&+ #!an) a( )&( &n%&+a)e( )e #efo"an+e of "e"ane(. ove+e)a&n $2 +on+en)a)&on( 83 )e "&)6e of +!o&ne e+o"e( E#!o(&ve.

Te no"a! +o"#o(&)&on of )&( ()ea" &( a( g&ven e!o:

COMPONENT

;

C!2 3.$2 0.

O2 2.CO2 3.13

Ine) 2.01Mo&()6e 0.0

Te )e"a! +on%6+)&v&)' fa+)o( fo %&ffeen) ga(e( ae a( g&ven e!o:

GSES TC fa+)o

1 C!2 0.12 2 ,.

O2 1.0324 CO2 0.90

3 N2 0.99 CO 0.92

7 SO2 0.77

Te "ea(6e"en) &( a(e% on )e )e"a! +on%6+)&v&)' of '%ogen. $'%ogen &( &g!')e"a! +on%6+)&ve +o"#ae% )o )e o)e +o"#onen)( #e(en) &n )e "&)6e

..1.1. Mea(6e"en)

Te (a"#!e )a) &( )a,en )o )e (a"#!&ng ('()e" &( %&ve)e% &n)o )o #a)(. One ()ea"f!o( )o6g an > ea+)&on a))a+"en). > ea+)&on a))a+"en) &( 6(e% )o +onve)+e)a&n ga( +o"#onen)( &n )e (a"#!e ga(. Man' "ea(6e"en)( e56&e a +e"&+a!ea+)&on 8a6&!&a' ea+)&on e &n&)&a)e% efoe )e (a"#!e ga( en)e( )e na!'(e. Teea(on(1. I"#ove )e %e)e+)a&!&)' of )e +o"#onen) of &n)ee()2. E!&"&na)e )e effe+) of ga(e( )a) !ea% )o &n+oe+) e(6!)(.T&( a6&!&a' ea+)&on &( &n&)&a)e% ' > a%&a)&on. !o #e((6e $g va#o6 !a"# e"&)(> a%&a)&on a) 234n" ave!eng). Te a%&a)&on #a(( )o6g a %o6!e a!!e% ea+)&on)6e "a%e of 56a)< @ &( ef!e+)e% ' a ef!e+)o. Te (a"#!e ga( #a((e( )o6g )eea+)&on )6e. Te (a"#!e f!o a)e &( %e)e"&ne% ' )e ea+)&on )&"e. Te !o #e((6e$g va#o6 !a"# e"&)( ao6n% 130"= of #oe? &+ &( (6ff&+&en) )o &n&)&a)e )e fo!!o&ngea+)&on.

$2 C! 2 L 2$C!

Te )e"a! +on%6+)&v&)' of $C/ &( a!"o() e56&va!en) )o )a) of C/2. Te ea+)e% (a"#!e

ga( o6)-of )e ea+)&on a))a+"en) en)e( )e f!o&ng efeen+e (&%e of )e a(&++on%6+)&v&)' (en(o.Te o)e ()ea" en)e( )e "ea(6&ng (&%e of )e (en(o. Te %&ffeen+e &n )e"a!+on%6+)&v&)' e)een )e )o &( (en(e% a( )e +on%6+)&v&)' of $2 #e(en) &n )e ()ea" @)6( +on+en)a)&on of $2 #e(en) &n )e ()ea".

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Te +onve(&on of $2 @ C/2 )o $C/ )a,e( #!a+e &n )e #e(en+e of > a%&a)&on ee )e

a"o6n) of C/2 #e(en) &n )e "&)6e &( aove 20 v;v. =en C/2 +on+en)a)&on &(e!o 20v;v? a )66!a f6na+e &( 6(e% ee )e "&)6e &( ea)e% 6#)o 00 De+ C foena!&ng )e ea+)&on.

..1.2. Po&n)( )o e )a,en +ae

1. /&fe of )e Me+6' va#o6 !a"# &( a) )e "o() 1'ea. $en+e )e 6n&) (a!! ee#!a+e% af)e )&( #e&o%.

2. ) &n)eva!( of - ee,(? a !ea, )e() (a!! e #efo"e% @ #6g&ng (a"#!e ga( f!oa)e )o e "a&n)a&ne% 10 !;.

(.,.2. Parama"ne#!c O/y"en Analyser T&( ana!'(e &( 6(e% fo )e ana!'(&( of O'gen #e(en) &n !&56&% +!o&ne. S&n+e +!o&ne+a6(e( !&))!e +o(( &n)efeen+e? )e (a"e (a!! e )a,en +ae &n )e +a!&a)&on.

$o &( &) )a,en +ae

N2 &( 6(e% a( )e Qeo ga(. =&!e #a((&ng N2 )o6g )e ('()e" a%F6() )e va!6e )o 0.9

vo!. 6(&ng )e


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@ % &n 30 $PO4. $eav' foa"&ng o++6( %6e )o %e+o"#o(&)&on of a)e &n a& @ &n$PO4. T&( (6(&%e( (!o!' @ )e ('()e" +an e #6) a+, &n o#ea)&on.

4. !! ,&n%( of f!e&!e )6&ng (a!! e avo&%e% a( )e' ave a )en%en+' )o a(o a)efo" a)"o(#ee? &+ +an +a6(e an eo &n "ea(6e"en).

3. S6##!' of 6"&% ga( )o )e +e!! fo "oe o6( +an +a6(e "a!f6n+)&on&ng of )eana!'(e.

(.3. De&!n!#!ons

1. On-()ea" fa+)o

I) &( )e )o)a! )&"e )e ana!'(e &( o#ea)&ng e!&a!'? e!a)&ve )o #o+e(( o#ea)&on(.

2. Ovea!! ('()e" e(#on(e )&"e

T&( &( )e )o)a! )&"e e56&e% )o )a,e a e#e(en)a)&ve (a"#!e? +on%&)&on &)? ana!'(e )e(a"#!e @ o6)#6) )e e(6!)(.

. Safe)' ; Env&on"en)a! e56&e"en)(

If )e ana!'(e &( e56&e% fo )e "on&)o&ng #o!!6)&on an%;o o++6#a)&ona! env&on"en)?)en &) (a!! +o"#!' &) )e a##o#&a)e eg6!a)&on e56&e"en)( a##!&+a!e fo (6+ a"ea(6e"en).

4. T6n ao6n% )&"e

I) &( )e )o)a! )&"e of (a"#!e ('()e" !ag? %ea% )&"e an% )e ana!'(e e(#on(e )&"e.Ta) &( )e )&"e e!a#(e% fo" en )e (a"#!e &( )a,en &n a) )e (a"#!e #o&n) )o )e )&"e

)e %a)a &( )an("&))e% ('()e"

3. Sa"#!e )an(#o) )&"e

Sa"#!e )an(#o) )&"e o !ag-)&"e &( a f6n+)&on of )e (a"#!e !&ne !eng) @ %&a"e)e? )ea(o!6)e #e((6e &n )e !&ne @ )e (a"#!e f!o a)e.

) 8/&56&% L / ; f!o a)e !ag

) 8a#o6 L / 8P14.7 30!ag *( 14.7 40T

) - Sa"#!e )an(#o) )&"e &n "&n6)e( !agP - Sa"#!e !&ne #e((6e &n #(&g

- T6&ng o!6"e In ++;f)

L - To)a! !&ne !eng) &n f)

Fs - *!o a)e &n ++;"&n. a) ()an%a% +on%&)&on( 814.7 #(&a ? 70 %eg +.

T - Te"#ea)6e &n Deg F

. a!&%a)&on

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a!&%a)&on &( o(ev&ng @ no)&ng )e %&ffeen+e e)een )e ana!'(e ea%&ng @ )eagee% ana!'(&( ()an%a% &n)o%6+e% &n)o )e ana!'(e 8&f an'? &)o6) an' a%F6()"en)

"a%e )o )e ana!'(e.

). *al!'ra#!on

Ca!&a)&on &( a%F6()&ng )e ana!'(e o6)#6) )o agee &) a ()an%a% &n)o%6+e% &n)o )eana!'(e.I) &( #efea!e )o +a!&a)e )e na!'(e &) )e en)&e (a"#!&ng ('()e".

4.1. Ca!&a)&on ga( 8(#an ga(

Ca!&a)&on ga( &( an a++6a)e!' "a%e-6# "&)6e +on)a&n&ng on!' )e +o"#onen)( )o e"ea(6e%? 6) "a' +on)a&n an &ne) %&6!en).

Ca!&a)&on ga( &( nee%e% )o +e+, )e ange of )e ana!'(e? (o )e +on+en)a)&on( of +o"#onen)( (o6!% e ao6) 0of )e "a&"6" va!6e.

4.2. Qeo ga(

Qeo ga( &( of)en )e (#an ga( %&!6en) an% +on)a&n( none of )e o)e &"#6&)&e( e#e+)e%. I) &( 6(e% )o +e+, )e ana!'(e


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1. To +ea)e a non-a


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Te +on+e)e f!oo of )e ana!'(e o6(e a(o( !&56&%( @)6( +ea)e( a e(6!)an) a


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Te %&(#o(a! of )e #6ge "e%&6" fo +a(&ng( +on)a&n&ng f!a""a!e "a)e&a! (a!! e v&ao#en ven) !&ne( )e"&na)&ng o6)(&%e )e ana!'(e o6(e @aa' fo" #!a+e( ee )e'

+o6!% (#o&! aea +!a((&f&+a)&on of o)e e56"en).

+.(. Loca#!on

na!'(e o6(e( (a!! e !o+a)e% a( +!o(e a( #o((&!e )o )e (a"#!e #o&n)( of )e e!evan)ana!'(e(? )o "&n&"&(e (a"#!e )an(#o) )&"e !ag an% o)e (a"#!&ng #o!e"(.

Te !o+a)&on of )e ana!'(e o6(e (a!! e (6+ )a) a (afe aea fo )e ven)&!a)&on a& &n!e) +an e fo6n% &n )e &""e%&a)e v&+&n&)'. T&( (afe aea (a!! #efea!' e ve)&+a!!'aove )e ana!'(e o6(e.S&n+e (a"#!e +on%&)&on&ng e56"en) "o6n)e% on )e o6)(&%e a!!( &!! +ea)e a %&v&(&on2 aea ao6n% )e ana!'(e o6(e? &) &( no) ne+e((a' )o !o+a)e )e ana!'(e o6(e &n an

aea? &+ a( o&g&na!!'? (afe 8a) ga%e !eve!.

Te (e!e+)e% !o+a)&on (a!!

1. !!o fee a++e(( fo "o)o ve&+!e(? )o ena!e )an(#o) of eav' e56"en)? (6+a( +o"#e((e% ga( o))!e(? )e() e56"en) an% ana!'(e(.

2. Be fee fo" (#&!!age of +!ean&ng a)e an% #o+e(( !&56&%(

. Be fee fo" (o+, an% v&a)&on fo" a&!oa%(? &ga'( an%;o v&a)&ng #o+e((e56"en) (6+ a( e+o+a)&ng +o"#e((o(.

4. !!o fee eva+6a)&on &n +a(e of e"egen+' &n )e ana!'(e o6(e o &n )e #o+e((

aea.

+.). S!5!n"

Te (&


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n eng&neee% o&f&+e (a!! e()&+) )e f!o &n )e(e !&ne(? a +on()an) f!o 6n&) o a (a"#!e

%o(&ng #6"#. *!o e()&+)&on( (a!! a!(o e #ov&%e% &n )o(e !&ne( en)e&ng )e o6(e&+ )an(#o) a


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1. Te +o() of an ana!'(e o6(e o6!% e %&(#o#o)&ona)e )o )e an)&+a)e%a%van)age(

2. Te (e!e+)e% !o+a)&on of )e ana!'(e o6(e8( o6!% e(6!) &n 6na++e#)a!e )&"e !ag(.

. Te (a"#!e &( non-f!a""a!e an% )e #o#o(e% "o6n)&ng #o(&)&on &( &n a (afe aea.

=en +on(&%e&ng f&e!% "o6n)&ng &n a %angeo6( aea? &) (o6!% e ea!&(e% )a)"a&n)enan+e on an o#en ana!'(e? &) )e e!e+)&+ #oe (&)+e% on? &( no) #e"&))e%&)o6) a +!eaan+e +e)&f&+a)e? 6n!e(( )e &n()a!!a)&on &( &n)&n(&+a!!' (afe.

3.7.2. =ea)e #o)e+)&on

*&e!% "o6n)e% ana!'(e( (a!! e #ov&%e% &) a%e56a)e #o)e+)&on aga&n() a%ve(e+!&"a)&+ +on%&)&on(? a&n? (6n a%&a)&on? #o+e(( an% a)e (#&!!(. In (o"e +a(e(? (&e!%&ng

aga&n() a%&an) ea) fo" (6o6n%&ng e56"en) "6() e #ov&%e%.

Ca&ne)( o (e!)e(? &+ ae (6()an)&a!!' o#en an% fee fo" (6o6n%&ng o()6+)&on()o )e #a((age o a&? )a,e )e aea +!a((&f&+a)&on of )e (6o6n%&ng aea. If feeven)&!a)&on &( o()6+)e%? )e aea +!a((&f&+a)&on of )e &n)e&o &( %&v. 1. na!'(e( an%o)e e!e+)&+a! e56"en) (a!! e (e!e+)e% &n a++o%an+e &) )e(e +!a((&f&+a)&on(.

=ee ne+e((a'? (6&)a!e ea)&ng (a!! e #ov&%e% )o #o)e+) )e ana!'(e( an%a((o+&a)e% (a"#!e an%!&ng e56"en). I) (o6!% e ea!&(e% )a) even ana!'(e( &)&n)ena!? )e"o()a)&+a!!' +on)o!!e% ea)&ng "a' e56&e ,ee#&ng )e e)ena! )e"#ea)6e&)&n ea(ona!e !&"&)(

,. U#!l!#!es

.1. /&g)&ng

%e56a)e a)&f&+&a! !&g)&ng (a!! e #ov&%e% &n(&%e an% o6)(&%e )e ana!'(e o6(e? a(e56&e% fo +a'&ng o6) %e!&+a)e e#a&( an% a%F6()"en)( on +o"#!&+a)e% e56"en). Te&!!6"&na)&on of a) !ea() 300 !6 a) o,&ng !eve!( (a!! e +on(&%ee%. Ra#&% ()a) !a"#(&) Qone 1 +e)&f&+a)&on (a!! e 6(e%. E)ena! !&g)&ng (a!! e #ov&%e% &) 400 /6 a)o,&ng !eve!(.

.2. E!e+)&+ #oe (6##!'

I) (a!! e #o((&!e )o %e-eneg&(e ana!'(e( an% a##e)a&n&ng e!e+)&+a! e56"en) #e ana!'(e o #e (e#aa)e ana!'(e &n()a!!a)&on &n )e ana!'(e o6(e e&)e ' a (&)+ o a

a!! (o+,e).

So+,e) o6)!e)( fo e!e+)&+ )oo!( o )e() e56"en) (a!! e #ov&%e%. S&n+e )e(e (o+,e)o6)!e)( ae &n)e!o+,e% on )e ven)&!a)&on ('()e"? )e' "a' e of )e &n%6()&a! )'#e an%#efea!' (&"&!a )o )o(e 6(e% &n )e (o# (o )a) )e() e56"en) fo" )e (o# +an eea%&!' 6(e%. In an' +a(e? )e ee+6)&on of )e(e (o+,e)( (a!! e %&ffeen) fo" o)e (o+,e) o6)!e)( &n )e ana!'(e o6(e (o )a) )e() e56"en) +anno) ea%&!' e 6(e% ono6)!e)(? &+ ae no) &n)e!o+,e%. Te #oe (6##!' %&()&6)&on oa% (a!! e o6)(&%e)e 6&!%&ng &n )e v&+&n&)' of )e ana!'(e o6(e o &n )e e!e+)&+ #oe (&)+ o6(e.

S&n+e &) &( no) #o((&!e )o o)a&n a!! ana!'(e( (6&)a!e fo 220 v 30 $< (6##!' vo!)age? &) &(a%v&(a!e )o #ov&%e #e ana!'(e o6(e one +o""on ()e# %on )an(fo"e fo a!!ana!'(e( e56&&ng 110v 30 $< a)e )an av&ng &n%&v&%6a! ()e# %on )an(fo"e( &)ea+ ana!'(e.

.. S)ea"

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=ee ()ea" &( e56&e% fo ana!'(e(? )e +o""on ()ea" (6##!' !&ne "6() e #ov&%e%&) a !o+, va!ve? +on%en(a)e %a&n? an% a ()a&ne. f)e )e ()a&ne? +o##e )6&ng o

()a&n!e(( ()ee! (a!! e 6(e%.

.4. &

Te +o""on a& (6##!' (a!! e #ov&%e% &) a !o+, va!ve? an% a f&!)e;e%6+&ng ()a)&on.

n a6)o"a)&+ !6&+a)o of )e o&! "&() )'#e (a!! e &n()a!!e% &n )e a&!&ne )o e56"en)6(&ng #&()on( (6+ a( #ne6"a)&+a!!' %&ven (a"#!e %o(&ng #6"#(.

Co##e )6&ng (a!! e 6(e% %on()ea" of )e a& f&!)e.

.3. =a)e

Te +o""on +oo!&ng a)e !&ne (a!! e #ov&%e% &) a !o+, va!ve? f&!)e an% e%6+&ng()a)&on. In%&v&%6a! 6(e( of +oo!&ng a)e (a!! e #ov&%e% &) a va&a!e aea "e)e an%nee%!e va!ve )o a%F6() )e f!o.

Pefea!' (ee) a)e (a!! e 6(e% fo +oo!&ng. >(e% +oo!&ng a)e +an e #e% )o )ea()e (a"#!e %a&n ea%e.

No)e: ee (ee) +oo!&ng a)e &( e#en(&ve? no) ava&!a!e? o &)( )e"#ea)6e &( )oo&g? +oo!&ng &) "e+an&+a! ef&gea)o( o vo)e +oo!e( "a' e +on(&%ee%. In (o"e+a(e(? a ('()e" &) a +&+6!a)&ng +oo!&ng f!6&% an% one +o""on "e+an&+a! ef&gea)o +an e +on(&%ee%.

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