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1 | P a g e

Pu|f]8f]s ˘f[ª\vnf ;ª\Vof $*

(Agrodok-series No. 48)

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf]

lgof{t ahf/df k|j]z

ls;fg ;ª\u7gx¿sf nflu Jofjxfl/s lgb]{lzsf

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lrq CTA partageons les connaissances au profit des communautes rurales

sharing knowledge, improving rural livelihoods

-1fgsf] cfbfg–k|bfg, u|fdL0f hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/_

2 | P a g e

Pu|f]8f]s $*

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ahf/df

k|j]z

ls;fg ;ª\u7gx¿sf nflu Jofjxfl/s lgb]{lzsf

k|mLs hfg sf]Psf]Ps (Freek Jan Koekoek)

dfu{ n]OH8]G; (Marg Leijdens)

ua{6{ l/S; (Gerbert Rieks)

3 | P a g e

o; k|sfzgsf] k|fof]hg ICCO tyf EPOPA åf/f ul/Psf] xf]

© Agromisa Foundation, Wageningen, 2010.

;Dk"0f{ clwsf/ ;'/lIft . o; k':tssf] s'g} klg efusf] k'g?Tkfbg k|sfzssf] lnlvt cg'dltljgf s'g} klg

¿kdf, d'b|0f u/]/, kmf]6f]skL u/]/, dfOqmf]lkmNdåf/f cyjf c¿ s'g} klg ;fwgåf/f ug{ ;lsg]5}g .

k|yd ;+:s/0f M ;g\ @)!)

n]vsx¿ M

k|mLs hfg sf]Psf]Ps (Freek Jan Koekoek), dfu{ n]OH8]G; (Marg Leijdens), ua{6{ l/S; (Gerbert Rieks)

;Dkfbs M dfu{ n]OH8]G; (Marg Leijdens)

lrq M cf]lnleP/ l/Hs]g (Olivier Rijcken)

l8hfOg M Oef sf]s (Eva Kok)

cg'jfb M lgs Kof/f]6 (Nick Parrott) -efiff ;Dkfbg_

d'b|s M Digigrafi, Wageningen, Netherlands

ISBN Agromisa: 978-90-8573-120-7

ISBN CTA: 978-92-9081-436-8

4 | P a g e

k|:tfjgf

!) jif{eGbf a9L cjlwb]lv h}ljs pTkfbgsf] ljZjJofkL dfu al9/x]sf] 5 / ljsf;f]Gd'v

d'n'ssf ls;fgx¿n] o; ljlzi6 ahf/af6 nfe lng ;Sb5g\ . To:tf] ahf/n] a9L nfebfos

d"No k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . clk|msfaf6 h}ljs pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{t k|jw{g sfo{qmd (Export

Promotion of Organic Products from Africa – EPOPA, g]kfnLdf Okf]kf) sf] ;~rfng ;g\ !((&

b]lv @))* sf] cGt;Dd tfGhflgof / o'ufG8fdf -/ s]xL ;dosf nflu, hflDaofdf_ ul/Psf]

lyof] . o; Okf]kf sfo{qmdsf] nIo h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ahf/;Fu ls;fgx¿sf] ;DaGw

:yflkt u/]/ oL d'n'sx¿df ltgsf] cfDbfgL j[l4 ug'{ lyof] . sfo{qmdsf] cGtdf, !,)),))) eGbf

a9L ;fgf ls;fgx¿ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t kl/of]hgfx¿df ;xefuL ePsf] sf/0faf6

nfeflGjt eP . Okf]kf sfo{qmdsf] ;'?cft / o;sf nflu cfly{s ;xof]u l:jl8; cGt/f{li6«o

ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]u (Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency – SIDA) åf/f

ul/Psf] lyof] / o;sf] sfof{Gjog Pu|f]Osf] k/fdz{ (AgroEco Consultancy) -g]bNof{G8;_ /

u|f]lnª\s (Grplink) -l:j8]g_ gfds ;+:yfx¿åf/f ul/Psf] lyof] . o; Pu|f]8f]s (Agrodok)

k':tssf tLg} hgf n]vsx¿df Okf]kf sfo{qmdsf nflu sfd u/]sf] w]/} jif{sf] cg'ej 5 .

o; Pu|f]8f]ssf] dfWodaf6 c¿x¿;Fu Okf]kfsf cg'ejx¿sf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug{ ;lsG5 eGg]

tYok|lt Pu|f]ld;f (Agromisa) uf}/j cg'ej ub{5 . o; Pu|f]8f]s k':tsn] c¿ ACP d'n'sx¿df

k"jL{ clk|msfsf] cg'ej k}mnfpg dbt ug]{5 / cem a9L ;fgf ls;fg Pj+ ltgsf ;ª\u7gx¿

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg Pj+ ltgsf] Jofkf/df ;kmn JolQm tyf lgsfox¿ x'g]5g\ .

hdLg cuf{lgs (Zameen Organic) gfds ;+:yf sL6gfzs cf}iflwx¿sf] k|of]u gu/L pTkfbg

ul/Psf] skf;sf nflu Gofok"0f{ Jofkf/sf lgldQ ls;fgx¿sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf] / ahf/ k|jw{g

ug]{ cu|0fL ;+:yf xf] . To; ;+:yfsf luH; :k'/ (Gijs Spoor) ljz]if wGojfbsf kfq x'g'x'G5 .

luH;n] 36gf cWoogx¿dWo] Pp6f cWoogsf nflu xfdLnfO{ hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg'ePsf]

lyof] / To; cWoogdf o; k':tsdf JofVof ul/Psf w]/} ;jfnx¿sf] lrq0f ul/Psf] lyof] .

xfdL o; k|sfzgdf of]ubfg ug'{x'g] k|To]s JolQmk|lt wGojfb 1fkg ug ub{5f}F / To:tf

JolQmx¿sf] ;+Vof pNn]v ug{sf nflu Psbd} w]/} 5 .

Pu|f]ld;f, hgg/L @)!)

5 | P a g e

ljifo ;"rL

! kl/ro =============================================================================== &

!=! o; lgb]{lzsfsf] If]q tyf hf]8 ============================================== &

!=@ o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ;+/rgf ======================================================== *

!=# ;'? ug'{eGbf klxn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;jfnx¿ ================================ !)

!=$ ahf/sf vf; lx::ffx¿sf nflu cGo ljlzi6 pTkfbgx¿ ========== !@

@ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ ================================================ ======= !#

@=! ahf/sf cfjZostfx¿ ========================================================= !#

@=@ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ M ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f =============================== !%

@=# vfB ;'/Iff tyf kQf nufpg] Ifdtf ======================================= !*

@=$ `k]mo/6 «]8sf] k|df0fLs/0f ======================================================= @)

# h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] kmfd{ / k|df0fLs/0f ====================================== ====== @#

#=! l;4fGt tyf cEof;x¿ ========================================================= @#

#=@ h}ljs k|df0fLs/0f ================================================================ @*

#=# ;fd"lxs k|df0fLs/0f M cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ======================= #)

$ ;DefJotf tyf sfd ug{sf nflu k'FhL ============================================== #$

$=! ;DefJotf ========================================================================== #%

$=@ nufgLsf nflu k'FhL / Jofkf/sf nflu ljQLo Joj:yf =============== $)

$=# hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f tyf hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ============================== $!

6 | P a g e

% >[ª \vnfsf] ljsf; ==================================================== ================= $$

%=! ls;fgx¿, ltgsf e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx¿ ============================= $%

%=@ ls;fgsf ;ª\u7g, ltgsf e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ =============== $*

^= h}ljs lgof{tsf] ahf/Ls/0f ========================================================== %$

^=! ahf/Ls/0fsf] /0fgLlt =========================================================== %%

^=@ $ j6f P cyf{t\ Place -7fpF_, Product -pTkfbg_,

Promotion -k|jw{g_ / Price -d"No_ ======================================== %^

^=# ahf/Ls/0fsf] Joj:yfkg ======================================================= ^%

& Joj:yfkg, of]hgf th'{df / d"Nofª\sg ========================================== ^^

&=! Jofkf/sf] d"Nofª\sg ============================================================== ^&

&=@ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tdf s;/L ;kmn aGg] ============================= ^(

* hdLgsf] 36gf M h}ljs j:t' tyf k]mo/6«]8 skf; ============================== &!

cg';"rL ! M cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL – cfjZostfx¿ ======================== &^

cg';"rL @ M d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg ============================================ &(

cg';"rL # M ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ ======================================================= *!

yk kf7\o;fdu|L ========================================================================== *$

pkof]uL 7]ufgfx¿ ======================================================================= *^

zAbsf]if =============================================================================== ()

7 | P a g e

! kl/ro

h}ljs pTkfbgn] ljleGg kmfObfx¿ k|bfg ug{ ;Sb5 . o:tf kmfObfx¿df oL kb{5g\ M pRr

u'0f:t/sf nflu a9L d"No tyf ;fdu|Ldf sd nfut, afnL ljljwLs/0f, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] pTs[i6

Joj:yfkg, h}ljs ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f, df6fsf] pj{/tfdf ;'wf/ / ls;fg tyf pkef]Qmfx¿sf

nflu :jf:Yodf sd hf]lvd . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgsf] lgof{t ug]{ sfd ls;fg tyf h}ljs

j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ ;ª\u7gx¿sf nflu cfsif{s x'g ;Sb5, ahf/sf vf; lx:;fx¿ -ljlzi6

ahf/x¿_ n] a9L d"No xfl;n ug{sf nflu / ahf/df a9L ;'ljwfk|fKt :yfg k|fKt ug{sf nflu

cj;/ pknAw u/fpFb5g\ .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf ljlzi6 ahf/x¿df k|j]z ug'{sf kmfObfx¿ dfq x]g'{ nf]enfUbf] -/ k|foM e|fds_

x'G5 . o; lsl;dsf lg/fzfx¿af6 aRgsf lgldQ /fd|f];Fu tof/L ug'{ / oL lgof{t ahf/x¿df

;+nUg d'Vo ;jfnx¿sf af/]df ;dembf/L tyf 1fg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

!=! o; lgb]{lzsfsf] If]q tyf hf]8

o; Pu|f]8f]s k':tssf] p2]Zo ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf ;ª\u7g tyf To:t} ;d"xx¿nfO{ To:tf]

hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg' xf] h'g hfgsf/L pgLx¿sf nflu h}ljs j:t'sf] lgof{t ahf/ k|jw{g

ug]{ ls gug]{ egL / oL ultljlwx¿df ;+nUg x'gsf nflu pgLx¿nfO{ s'g s'/f cfjZos 5 egL

lg0f{o ug{sf nflu cfjZos x'G5 . Pu|f]8f]ssf] o; k':tsn] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t Jofkf/ ;'?

ug{ tkfO{Fn] cfk}mFnfO{ tof/ kfg{sf nflu dbt ug{sf lgldQ 1fg, hfgsf/L tyf ;|f]tx¿ pknAw

u/fpFb5 . o; Pu|f]8f]s k':tsaf6 h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ˘f[ª\vnf (organic chains) sf] ljsf; ug]{

sfo{df aLrdf /xg] u}/–;/sf/L ;ª\u7g, ;/sf/L ljefux¿ tyf k/fdz{bftfh:tf ;ª\u7gx¿n]

klg / ;fy} Jofkf/Lx¿n] klg nfe lng]5g\ .

;Dk"0f{ s[lif pTkfbgx¿ lgof{tsf nflu ;'xfpFbf x'Fb}gg\ . k/Dk/fut lgof{tsf afnLx¿df skmL,

lrof, skf; / ltn kb{5g\ . t/sf/L tyf kmnh:tf tfhf pTkfbgx¿sf nflu h}ljs j:t'x¿

lgof{t ug]{ ahf/x¿ klg 5g\ . lgof{tsf nflu gofF j:t'x¿sf] ljsf; ;w}F eO/xG5 . o;sf

pbfx/0fx¿ k"mn, h8La'6L tyf ˘f[ª\uf/ ;fdu|Lsf pTkfbgx¿ x'g\ . o:tf ;Dk"0f{ pTkfbgx¿sf

nflu, of] Pu|f]8f]s k':ts pkof]uL 5 .

k9\gsf nflu pkof]uL / ;DalGwt k|sfzgx¿ x'g\ M

Pu|f]ld;f (www.agromisa.org) / s[lif tyf u|fdL0f ;xof]usf nflu k|fljlws s]Gb|

(Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation ACP-EU) (www.cta.int)

http://www.cta.int/

8 | P a g e

åf/f k|sflzt ‘Marketing for small scale producers’ -;fgf pTkfbsx¿sf nflu

ahf/Ls/0f_ / ‘Starting a cooperative’ -;xsf/L ;'? ug]{_ . h}ljs s[lifsf

cEof;x¿sf af/]df Pu|f]8f]sn] xfn tof/L ul//x]sf] 5 / ;f] o; k':tssf] k"/s

x'g]5 .

s[lif tyf u|fdL0f ;xof]usf nflu k|fljlws s]Gb (CTA), Okf]kf / vfB tyf s[lif

;ª\u7gåf/f k|sflzt Jofjxfl/s lgb]{lzsf ‘Regulations, Standards and

Certification for Agricultural Exports’ -s[lif lgof{tsf nflu lgodfjnL, dfkb08

tyf k|df0fLs/0f_ .

cfO{kmf]Pd\ (IFOAM) åf/f k|sflzt ‘The Organic Business Guide’ -h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf_ -;g\ @)!)_

!=@ o; lgb]{lzsfsf] ;+/rgf

o; lgb]{lzsfdf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ahf/df k|j]z ug{sf nflu tof/L ug{sf lgldQ

cg';/0f ug'{kg]{ sbdx¿sf af/]df JofVof ul/Psf] 5 .

cWofo ! — h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t Jofkf/df k|j]z ug{'eGbf

klxn] tkfO{F ;r]t x'g' cfjZos x'g] s]xL d'Vo ;jfnx¿sf

af/]df kl/ro lbOPsf] 5 .

cWofo @ — h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ahf/ M ;fdfGotof, ha

ls;fg ;ª\u7gsf ;b:ox¿n] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t

ahf/df ;Defjgf ePsf j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ub{5g\, ta tL

;ª\u7gx¿n] lgof{t ultljlwx¿ ;'? ub{5g\ . o;df rfNg'kg]{

klxnf] sbd eg]sf] pTkfbgsf] dfu 5 ls 5}g egL kQf

nufpgsf nflu / To; ahf/df u'0f:t/ tyf k|j]z;DaGwL

cfjZostfx¿ s] 5g\ egL yfxf kfpgsf nflu h}ljs j:t'sf]

ahf/sf] n]vfhf]vf ug'{ xf] .

cWofo # — h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf k|df0fLs/0f M

o;kl5 ls;fgx¿n] cfk\mgf] kmfd{ tyf pTkfbgsf ljlwx¿

h}ljs ¿kdf k|df0fLs/0f ug{sf nflu of]Uo 5g\ ls 5}gg\

egL kQf nufpg' cfjZos x'G5 . h}ljs pTkfbgx¿ To:tf]

jftfj/0f–d}qL ¿kdf pTkfbg ul/G5g\ h;df h}ljs

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9 | P a g e

dfb08x¿sf] kfng ul/G5 / ltgnfO{ afx\o ¿kdf k|dfl0ft ul/G5 . ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] 7"nf]

;d"x;Fu sfd ug]{ ;dodf, cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL (Internal Control System) sf] ljsf;

ug'{kb{5 .

cWofo $ — ;DefJotf tyf nufgL M o:tf] Jofkf/;DaGwL

/0fgLlt ;Dej 5 ls 5}g egL o;/L ul/g] kxndf n]vfhf]vf

ug}{ kb{5 . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df a9L (‘premium’)

d"Nosf] ck]Iff ug{ ;lsG5 t/ o;sf] nfut klg a9L x'G5 -

pbfx/0fsf nflu, k|df0fLs/0f_ . olb Jofkf/df gfkmf x'g] eP

dfq of] Jofkf/ lbuf] x'G5 .

cWofo % — ˘f[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; M lgof{t Jofkf/df To:tf w]/} lqmofzLn lgsfox¿sf] ˘f[ª\vnf

cfjZos x'G5 h'g lgsfox¿n] pkef]Qmfx¿;Fu pTkfbgstf{x¿sf] ;DaGw ufF:b5g\ . h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg eg]sf] bL3{sfnLg Jofkf/ xf] / To:tf

k|lta4 lqmofzLn lgsfox¿;Fu d"No ˘f[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; ug'{

dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . tL lgsfox¿n] To:tf] ˘f[ª\vnf /

k|df0fLs/0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg] lhDd]jf/Lx¿sf]

;Ddfg ub{5g\ . o:tf] ˘f[ª\vnf eg]sf] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf]

ahf/sf nflu k|d'v s'/f xf] .

cWofo ^ — h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ahf/sf] k|jw{g M ahf/

k|jw{gdf k|jw{g, :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] d"No ltg]{ vl/bstf{ kQf

nufpg] sfo{ / dfu ePsf] ahf/df pTkfbg lgof{t ug]{ s'/f

;+nUg x'G5g\ . of] sfd ;kmntfk"j{s ;DkGg ug{sf nflu

ljz]if 1fg tyf ;Lkx¿ cfjZos x'G5g\ .

cWofo & — of]hgf th'{df, d"Nofª\sg tyf Joj:yfkg M of] clGtd

t/ dxŒj eg] sd gePsf] ljifo cyf{t\ Joj:yfkg xf] . o;df

of]hgf th'{df tyf d"Nofª\sgsf rqmx¿ (cycles of planning and

evaluation) ;d]t kb{5g\ . Joj:yfkg ;kmn Jofkf/ ;~rfngsf

nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] . o; cWofodf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf]

lgof{tsf nflu ;fGble{s Joj:yfkgsf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{ ;jfnx¿k|lt ;ª\s]t ul/Psf] 5 .

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10 | P a g e

cg';"rLx¿df kf7sn] lgDglnlvt ljifo k]mnf kfg{ ;Sg]5g\ M

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL — cfjZostfx¿

d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

yk kf7\o ;fdu|L

pkof]uL 7]ufgf

zAbsf]z

!=# ;'? ug'{eGbf klxn] Wofg lbg'kg]{ ;jfnx¿

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df k|j]z ug'{ eg]sf] Jofkf/sf] /0fgLlt xf]

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t Jofkf/ ;'? ug]{ eGg] s'/fdf ahf/ k|jw{g, k|zf;g, ls;fgx¿;Fusf]

;DaGw cflb h:tf ;ª\u7gsf w]/} If]qx¿df kl/jt{g ug]{ s'/f ;+nUg x'g ;Sb5g\ . h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ug]{ s'/fdf jftfj/0f–d}qL ¿kdf sfd ug]{ / bL3{sfnLg Jofkfl/s ;DaGwsf]

ljsf; ug]{ s'/fk|lt k|lta4tf cfjZos x'G5 . tkfO{Fsf] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/df vfln

‘lgodx¿sf] kfng’ dfq ul/Fb}g, a? ;f]eGbf a9L klg sfd ul/G5 eGg] s'/fdf h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] cfoft ug]{ w]/} lgsfox¿ cfZj:t x'g rfxG5g\ / pgLx¿ tkfO{Fsf] ;ª\u7g To:tf]

;ª\u7g xf] h;n] dflg;x¿sf] hLjgdf ‘kl/jt{g’ NofO/x]sf] 5 eGg] s'/f klg x]g{ rfxG5g\ .

ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;ª\ul7t kfg]{ sfo{

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ahf/sf cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu ls;fgx¿ lsg ;ª\ul7t

x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/fsf b'O{ sf/0fx¿ 5g\ . klxnf], lgof{t ahf/sf] k|jw{g ug{sf nflu t'ngfTds

¿kdf 7"nf] kl/df0fdf pTkfbgx¿ x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf/0f kl/of]hgfdf w]/} ls;fgx¿

;+nUg x'g' cfjZos 5 . bf];|f], h}ljs j:t'x¿ x'gsf nflu, ltgsf] k|df0fLs/0f x'g' cfjZos

x'G5 / o:tf] k|df0fLs/0f ;d"xsf ¿kdf ug'{ ;aeGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . o;sf nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f

k|0ffnL cfjZos x'G5 / o:tf] k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 -kl/R5]b #=# x]g'{xf];\_ .

lgof{tsf] ahf/Ls/0f

lgof{t ahf/ eg]sf] ljz]if 1fg cfjZos x'g] Jofkf/ xf] / o;df k'FhL, ;ª\ul7t Joj:yfkg,

ahf/sf] 1fg -ahf/df ;Dks{ JolQm_ / k|aGwut Ifdtf (logistical capacities) sf] cfjZostf

kb{5 . To;sf/0f ls;fg tyf ltgsf ;ª\u7gx¿n] lgof{t ahf/ k|jw{gdf ;+nUg x'g] af/]df

j:t'jfbL ljsNkx¿ /f]Hg'kg]{ x'G5 .

11 | P a g e

o;sf w]/} ljsNkx¿ 5g\ M oxfF ltgsf # j6f pbfx/0f lbOPsf 5g\ M

ls;fgx¿sf] ;ª\u7gsf lgldQ lgof{tsf] sfd ug{sf nflu lgof{t ug]{ s'g}

sDkgL k]mnf kfg'{xf];\ . ha tkfO{Fsf] ;ª\u7g d'Vo ¿kdf pTkfbgdf ;+nUg x'G5,

ta of] sfd ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . sDkgLn] lgof{t ug{sf nflu cg'ej, ;Lk tyf

k|aGw (logistics) pknAw u/fpg ;Sb5 . lgof{t ug]{ sDkgLn] JolQmut ¿kdf

s/f/gfdf ug{ ;Sb5g\ cyjf ls;fg ;ª\u7gx¿;Fu s/f/gfdfdf x:tfIf/ ug{

;Sb5g\ .

tkfO{Fsf] s[lif pTkfbgsf nflu ahf/ k|jw{g tyf lgof{tdf tkfO{FnfO{ ;xof]u

ug{sf lgldQ cyjf ltgsf] lhDdf lngsf lgldQ klxn]b]lv g} lgof{tsf] sfd

ul//x]sf] ;xsdL{ ls;fg ;ª\u7g;Fu ;Demf}tf ug'{xf];\ .

hf]lvdx¿ lnFb} / k/]sf] vr{ Aoxf]b}{ lgof{t ahf/sf] k|jw{g cfk}mF ug'{xf];\ . cfk\mgf]

;ª\u7gdf klxn]b]lv g} lgof{tsf] dfq sfd ug]{ ljefu 5 cyjf Joj:yfks 5g\

eGg] s'/fdf / cfk\mgf] ;ª\u7gleq cfjZos Ifdtf 5 eGg] s'/fdf kSsf ug'{xf];\

egL tkfO{FnfO{ ;Nnfx lbOG5 .

lgof{t cyjf :jb]zL ahf/ <

:jb]zL tyf If]qLo ahf/x¿ lgof{t ahf/sf t'ngfdf ;fdfGotof a9L kx'Fr ug{ ;lsg] x'G5g\ /

;d'b|kf/ lgof{t yfNg'eGbf klxn] lglZrt ¿kdf logsf af/]df ljrf/ ug'{kb{5 . ljz]if u/L of]

s'/f tof/L pTkfbgsf xsdf ;fFrf] x'G5 / o:tf] ;fdfgdf klZrdL ahf/df ;zQm k|lt:kwf{sf]

;fdgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . s]xL pTkfbgsf xsdf, lgof{t d"Nosf t'ngfdf :jb]zL d"No a9L x'g

;Sb5 . olb o;f] xf] eg] lgof{t ug'{sf] ;§f :yfgLo ahf/df cfk\mgf] :yfg agfpgsf nflu

k|lt:kwf{ ug'{ a9L a'l4dfgL x'g]5 . Wofg lbg'kg]{ c¿ kIfx¿ k|ToIf e'QmfgL -gub_, ;fdu|LnfO{

e08f/0f / pkof]u ug]{;Ddsf] cjlw (shelf life), sd s7f]/ pTkfbg / e'QmfgL;DaGwL

cfjZostfx¿ x'g\ . gofF sDkgLn] :jb]zL tyf If]qLo ahf/df l;Sg] / Jofkf/ ug]{ cg'ej

xfl;n ug{ ;Sb5g\ / To;kl5 lgof{t ahf/sf] ;Defjgfsf af/]df ljrf/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

:yfgLo t/sf/L tyf vfBfGg afnL -ds}, t?n, l;dL cflb_ h:tf s]xL pTkfbgx¿sf lgldQ

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tsf nflu pNn]vgLo ahf/ 5}g -cyjf d'l:snn]_ 5 . s]xL 7fpFx¿df

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf ahf/x¿sf] ljsf; x'Fb} 5 / To:tf ahf/x¿n] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] :jb]zL

cyjf If]qLo ahf/df laqmL ug]{ cj;/ pknAw u/fpFb5g\ .

12 | P a g e

Joj:yfkgdf kg]{ c;/x¿

ahf/sf] vf; lx:;fdf -o; dfldnfsf xsdf, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df_ k|j]z ug{sf nflu

/0fgLltsf af/]df ul/g] lg0f{osf c;/x¿ ;ª\u7gsf] Joj:yfkg tyf ultljlwx¿dfly kb{5g\ .

;fdfGo, Joj:yfkgsf ;jfnx¿nufot ;Dk"0f{ ;jfnx¿sf af/]df lj:tf/df rrf{ ug'{ o;

lgb]{lzsfsf] If]qeGbf k/sf] s'/f xf] . ahf/sf] 1fg, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf k|df0fLs/0f,

;DefJotf tyf hf]lvd, d"No ˘f[ª\vnf tyf lgof{t ahf/sf] k|jw{g;DaGwL cWofox¿df h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf Joj:yfkgsf ljlzi6 ;jfnx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . s[kof

oL cWofox¿ ;fjwfgLk"j{s k9\g'xf];\ .

clk|msfsf cg'ejL lgof{tstf{x¿adf]lhd, ;kmn lgof{t Jofkf/sf nflu ;aeGbf dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj eg]sf] klxnf] >]0fLsf] Joj:yfkg xf], of] ahf/df Psbd} pRr d"No kfpg'eGbf klg a9L dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

!=$ ahf/sf vf; lx::ffx¿sf nflu cGo ljlzi6 pTkfbgx¿

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] s[lif pTkfbg eg]sf] ljlzi6 ahf/sf nflu Ps k|sf/sf] ljz]if pTkfbg xf] .

ahf/sf ljlzi6 lx:;fx¿sf nflu s[lifsf c¿ g} ljlzi6 pTkfbgx¿ 5g\ . o:tf pTkfbgx¿df

oL kb{5g\ M

k]mo/6 «]8 (Fairtrade) – pTkfbgstf{ tyf sfdbf/x¿sf nflu pTs[i6 ;fdflhs cj:yf

;'lglZrt ub{5, o;sf pbfx/0fx¿df, s]Gofsf] k]mo/6 «]8 lrof cyjf a'ls{gf kmf;f]sf

km]o/6 «]8 cfFkx¿ kb{5g\ . kl/R5\b @=$ klg x]g'{xf];\ .

:jflbi6 vfgf tyf ljz]iftf — z'4 tyf Olyof]lkofsf] z'4 x/f/ skmL (Harrar coffee)

cyjf Pp6} 7fpFdf dfq pTkfbg x'g] 6f]uf] sf]sf (Togo cocoa) h:tf c;fwf/0f u'0f

ePsf pTkfbg . To:tf] pTkfbgdf :jflbi7 vfgfsf nflu u'0f:t/ 5 ls 5}g egL hfFr

ug{sf nflu cfoft ug]{ sDkgLx¿sf u'0f:t/;DaGwL cfk\mg} dfkb08x¿ x'G5g\ .

kof{{j/0f–d}qL — o;sf] pTkfbg jftfj/0f–d}qL lsl;daf6 ul/G5 t/ s[lifsf /f;folgs

j:t'x¿nfO{ k"0f{ ¿kdf lgif]w eg] ul/Fb}g . /]gkm/]:6 PnfOG; (Rainforest Alliance-RA)

åf/f k|dfl0ft Osf]–o's] s]/f (Eco-UK bananas) o;sf] Pp6f pbfx/0f xf] . /]gkm/]:6

PnfOG;n] kof{j/0f–d}qL u'0f:t/sf] k|Tofe"lt ug{sf nflu cfk\mg} dfkb08 tyf

n]vfk/LIf0fsf] sfof{Gjog ub{5 .

13 | P a g e

@ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/

h}ljs pTkfbgx¿sf] dfu s]xL jif{otf lg/Gt/ ¿kdf al9/x]sf] 5 . o; dfusf] k|ltlqmof:j¿k

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg klg al9/x]sf] 5 t/ xfnsf jif{x¿df dfunfO{ ;Gt'i6 kfg{sf nflu

pTkfbg Ifdtf eg] kof{Kt 5}g . s]xL Jofkf/L tyf k|zf]wgstf{x¿nfO{ kof{Kt tyf pRr

u'0f:t/sf h}ljs j:t'sf pTkfbgx¿ pknAw u/fpg ljZj;gLo ;fe]mbf/x¿ kQf nufpg]

sfo{df sl7gfO eO/x]sf] 5 . h}ljs / cGo k|dfl0ft pTkfbgx¿sf] Jofkf/ ;fdfGotof a9L

d"Nodf eO/x]sf] 5 . of] a9L d"No eg]sf] k|df0fLs/0f tyf pTkfbgsf] nfutnfO{ zf]wegf{ ug{sf

lgldQ xf] . a9L d"No ahf/;Fu ;DalGwt x'G5 / of] l:y/ x'Fb}g .

@=! ahf/sf cfjZostfx¿

h}ljs j:t'sf pkef]Qmfx¿ pRr u'0f :t/sf, :jf:Yos/, jftfj/0f–d}qL tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf

lhDd]jf/ pTkfbgx¿ vf]Hb5g\ . pgLx¿ oL u'0fx¿ ePsf pTkfbgx¿sf nflu a9L d"No ltg{

tof/ x'G5g\ .

pRr u'0f:t/ M ljlzi6 ahf/x¿df vl/b ug]{ pkef]Qmfx¿ pRr u'0f:t/sf] ck]Iff ub{5g\ . olb

s7f]/ cy{df eGg] xf] eg] u'0f:t/sf] cy{ ‘k|of]u ug{sf nflu of]Uo’ eGg] x'G5 t/ a9L ;fdfGo

cy{df o;n] pTkfbgsf] ljz]if cyjf ljlzi6 u'0fx¿ cyf{t\ ;/b/eGbf dflysf] s'g} u'0f eGg]

a'emfpFb5 . h}ljs k|df0fLs/0fdf dfkb08x¿sf] kfng, ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f tyf o;

˘f[ª\vnfsf ;Dk"0f{ r/0fx¿df lgoGq0f x'g] ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ h}ljs k|df0fLs/0fn] pTs[i6

u'0f:t/sf] d'gfl;a k|Tofe"lt (guarantee) pknAw u/fpFb5 . h}ljs vfB j:t'sf] k|zf]wg

ug]{x¿df k|foM u'0f:t/ tyf vfB ;'/IffnfO{ cfZj:t kfg]{ k|0ffnLx¿ ljBdfg x'G5g\ .

:j:y M :jf:Yosf af/]df pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;/f]sf/ eg]sf] h}ljs vfB j:t'sf] dfudf j[l4 u/fpg]

d'Vo zlQm xf] . w]/} pkef]Qmfx¿ sL6gfzs cf}iflwx¿, kz'sf nflu k|of]u x'g] cf}iflwx¿ cyjf

j[l4 u/fpg] j:t'x¿ afFsL /x]sf vfB j:t' vfgaf6 hf]lug rfxG5g\ . h}ljs vfB j:t'df oL

j:t'x¿ /xFb}gg\ / k|df0fLs/0f eg]sf] o;sf] k|Tofe"lt (guarantee) xf] . w]/} dflg;x¿ :jfbsf

nflu vfgfdf ylkPsf To:tf c¿ j:t'x¿ klg rfxFb}gg\ h'g h}ljs vfB j:t'df klg x'Fb}gg\ .

jftfj/0fLo kIfx¿ M w]/} pkef]Qmfx¿ jgsf] ljgfz, Psn afnLsf] ;+:sf/ (mono–cultures) sf

nflu 7"nf] If]q pknAw u/fpg] sfo{h:tf jftfj/0fdf k'Ug] Iflt tyf kz'x¿sf] sNof0fsf af/]df

;/f]sf/ /fVb5g\ . jftfj/0fdf Iflt k'u]sf] 5}g / hgfj/x¿nfO{ klg cgfjZos ¿kdf xflg

14 | P a g e

k'¥ofOPsf] 5}g eGg] s'/f h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgsf ljlw tyf k|df0fLs/0fn] ;'lglZrt ub{5g\

.

;fdflhs ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ M c¿ pkef]Qmfx¿n] ;fdflhs kIfx¿df ;/f]sf/ /fVb5g\ / o;nfO{

vfB j:t'sf] pTkfbgsf] lgikIftf klg elgG5 . >dsf cj:yf -pbfx/0fsf nflu, e'QmfgL, ;'/Iff,

Pstfa4 x'g] clwsf/_ n] :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] dfkb08 k"/f ug'{kb{5 / afn >dsf] k|of]u ul/Psf]

x'g'x'Fb}g . oL ;jfnx¿nfO{ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf dfkb08x¿df a9\bf] dfqfdf ;dfj]z ul/Fb} 5g\ .

lrq ! M o'/f]k / cd]l/sfdf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] laqmL w]/}h;f] k/Dk/fut ;'k/dfs]{6x¿sf]

dfWodaf6 ul/G5 .

lrq

15 | P a g e

@=@ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ M ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f

cfsf/ / j[l4

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ ljsl;t d'n'sx¿df vfB j:t'sf] ahf/sf] @ k|ltzt / % k|ltztsf]

aLrdf dfq 5 . of] g} To:tf] sf/0f xf] h;n] ubf{ o;nfO{ ljlzi6 ahf/ (niche market) elgG5 .

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, hd{gL / ;+o'Qm clw/fHo o;sf ;aeGbf 7"nf ahf/ x'g\ t/ l:j8]g,

l:j6\hNof{G8 / 8]gdfs{df hg;ª\Vofsf] k|ltJolQmsf lx;faaf6 o:tf j:t'sf] ;aeGbf a9L

pkef]u ePsf d'n'sx¿ x'g\ . oBlk h}ljs skmL tyf ltnh:tf s]xL pTkfbgx¿sf nflu hfkfgL

ahf/ /fd|f] 5 t/ hfkfgsf] cy{tGq / cfoftx¿sf nflu o;sf] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ ;fgf] 5

.

d]lS;sf], a|flhn / blIf0f clk|msfh:tf dWod cfo ePsf d'n'sx¿df klg h}ljs j:t'x¿sf]

ahf/ a9\b} uO/x]sf] b]lvG5 . ;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6\;h:tf dWo k"j{sf wgL d'n'sx¿n] klg h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] k|j[lQnfO{ la:tf/} e]§fpFb} 5g\ .

lrq @ M h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ljZjJofkL v'b|f ahf/sf] ljsf;

-;|f]t M u|f]lnª\s, ;g\ @))^_

/]vflrq

16 | P a g e

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf w]/} ahf/x¿sf] j[l4sf] ;ª\of k|efjsf/L /x]sf] 5 / of] g} To:tf] sf/0f xf]

h;n] ubf{ w]/} v'b|f Jofkf/L, lgdf{tf tyf lgof{tstf{x¿ ahf/df /0fgLlts :yfg :yflkt ug]{

OR5f /fVb5g\ . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] of] ahf/ ;g\ !((* df cd]l/sL 8n/ !# c/aaf6 a9]/ ;g\

@))% df cd]l/sL 8n/ @% c/a ePsf] 5 .

ahf/sf] ;+/rgf

;'?sf lbgx¿df o'/f]ksf h}ljs j:t'sf pTkfbsx¿n] Psbd} ljlzi6 Psbd} lgwf{l/t

ahf/x¿sf] k|of]u ub{y] . h:t} M

kmfd{df g} laqmL (On-farm sales) — pkef]Qmfx¿ lsGgsf nflu kmfd{df g} cfpF5g\,

:jf:Yosf nflu vfgfsf :6f]/x¿ (Health-food Stores) — To:tf :6f]/x¿ h;n] k|fs[lts

cyjf h}ljs pTkfbgx¿ Dffq laqmL ub{5g\,

afs;sf of]hgfx¿ (Box schemes) — h}ljs pTkfbgx¿sf ljleGg k|sf/x¿n] el/Psf]

afs; lgoldt ¿kdf -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;fKtflxs ¿kdf_ lsGg k|lta4tf JoQm ug]{

pkef]Qmfx¿ . o;n] ahf/sf af/]df, ljz]if u/L df};dL pTkfbgx¿sf af/]df kSsf x'g

/ pTkfbgx¿sf af/]df of]hgf th'{df ug{ pTkfbsx¿nfO{ cj;/ k|bfg ub{5 .

;'k/dfs]{6x¿

cfhef]ln, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] laqmL w]/}h;f] k/Dk/fut ;'k/dfs]{6x¿sf] dfWodaf6 x'G5 . ;+o'Qm

clw/fHo tyf l:j8]gdf sd} dfq h}ljs j:t'x¿ dfq laqmL ug]{ k;nx¿ 5g\ / tL d'n'sx¿df

;'k/dfs]{6sf] dfWodaf6 h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] laqmL x'g] kl/df0fdWo] sl/a *) k|ltzt laqmL

;'k/dfs]{6x¿sf] dfWodaf6 x'G5 t/ hd{gL / g]bNof{G8\;df eg] To:tf] laqmL sl/a cfwf dfq 5

. laqmLsf oL cGt/x¿df ;'k/dfs]{6x¿åf/f h}ljs pTkfbgdf lnOPsf] cle?lrsf] dfqf

k|ltlalDat x'G5 / o:tf] cle?lr ;+o'Qm clw/fHo, l:j8]g tyf l:j6\hNof{G8df t'ngfTds ¿kdf

a9L 5 . 7"nf ;'k/dfs]{6x¿sf ˘f[ª\vnfx¿ (big supermarket chains) o;sf d'Vo vl/bstf{x¿

x'g\ / To:tf ;'k/dfs]{6x¿n] ;fdfGotof cfoftstf{ tyf Kofs ug]{ ;+:yfx¿sf] ;~hfnsf]

dfWodaf6 sfd ub{5g\ . To;/L cfoft ug]{ tyf Kofs ug]{ ;+:yfx¿n] w]/} pTkfbgx¿ pknAw

u/fpFb5g\ . ;'k/dfs]{6sf] dfWodaf6 laqmL ubf{sf] Pp6f c;/ eg]sf] u'0f:t/;DaGwL

cfjZostfdf j[l4 ug'{ ePsf] 5 .

17 | P a g e

cfoft tyf pTkfbg

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/ ug]{ o'/f]ksf w]/} cfoftstf{x¿ hd{gL, g]bNof{G8\; tyf k|mfG;df 5g\ .

h}ljs j:t'x¿af6 vfgf agfpg] pBf]ux¿n] pTkfbgx¿, w]/}h;f] cfoftstf{x¿n] cfk"lt{ u/]sf

pTkfbgx¿af6, pTkfbg ub{5g\ . s[lifsf sRrf ;fdu|Lx¿af6 tof/L tyf Kofs ul/Psf

pTkfbgx¿df k|zf]wg ug]{ lgdf{tfx¿ w]/}h;f] o'/f]kel/ cjl:yt 5g\ . vfgf tof/ ug]{ w]/}h;f]

pBf]ux¿ ltgsf] cfoftdf ;+nUg 5}gg\ t/ cfoft ug]{ sfdnfO{ cfoftsf ljz]if1x¿sf]

lhDdfdf 5f]l8lbG5g\ .

ahf/df lx:;f

ljleGg k|sf/sf h}ljs pTkfbgx¿sf] ahf/df ljBdfg lx:;fx¿df w]/} 7"nf] km/s x'g ;Sb5 .

b'UwhGo kbfy{, kmn, cfn' / cGo ;fukftnufot tfhf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lx:;fsf] d"No

;fdfGotof a9L, slxn]sfxLF t oL pTkfbgx¿sf] s'n laqmLsf] % k|ltztb]lv !) k|ltzt;Dd

x'G5 . oL pTkfbgx¿sf] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] laqmL ;DejtM t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L 5 lsgeg]

ahf/df kfOg] To:tf pTkfbgx¿df sL6gfzs cf}iflwx¿sf] cjlzi6 efu /xg ;Sb5 egL

dflg;x¿ ljZjf; ub{5g\ / :jf:Yok|ltsf ;/f]sf/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ h}ljs j:t'x¿ vl/b ub{5g\ .

u'0f:t/ tyf d"Nodf cGt/

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pkef]Qmfsf] ahf/ km/s x'G5 / pTkfbs tyf v'b|f laqmL ug]{x¿n] sDtLdf klg

tLgf]6f km/s–km/s /0fgLltx¿nfO{ k|of]udf NofPsf x'G5g\ M

pTkfbgx¿sf] pRr u'0f:t/ -:jflbi6 vfgfsf] pRr u'0f:t/_, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf]

k|df0fLs/0fåf/f k'li6 ul/Psf], ahf/sf] ;aeGbf dflysf] efudf /x]sf] x'G5 .

:jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] d"Nosf nflu df}lns pTkfbgsf] ljsf; — ahf/sf] aLrsf] efu .

k|lt:kwf{Tds d"Nodf k/Dk/fut pTkfbgx¿sf gSsnx¿ — ahf/sf] ;aeGbf tNnf] efu

oL /0fgLltx¿ Jofkf/L tyf cfoftstf{x¿åf/f fk"lt{stf{x¿;Fu ljleGg dfusf ¿kdf k|:t't

ul/G5g\ . klxnf b'O{ /0fgLltx¿df s]lGb|t / vl/bstf{x¿nfO{ cfk"lt{ ug]{ cfoftstf{x¿sf] a9L

;/f]sf/ u'0f:t/df x'G5 . ahf/sf] ;aeGbf tNnf] efudf s]lGb|t ahf/ ˘f[ª\vnfnfO{ cfk"lt{ ug]{

Jofkf/Lx¿sf] a9L ;/f]sf/ ahf/sf] tNnf] efudf x'G5 .

;fdfGotof Jofkf/Lx¿ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] d"No k/Dk/fut To:t} j:t'x¿sf] d"Nosf t'ngfdf @)

k|ltzteGbf a9L dxª\uf gxf]pmg\ eGg] rfxG5g\ . t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd d"Nosf lbzftk{m

bL3{sfnLg k|j[lQ ljBdfg 5 / o:tf] k|j[lQnfO{ u'0f:t/df hf]8 lbg] cfoftstf{x¿sf] dfWodaf6

;Gt'i6 kfg{ ;lsG5 . To:tf cfoftstf{x¿rflxF ahf/sf] t'ngfTds ¿kdf sd d"NoeGbf w]/}

a9L d"No ltg{ OR5's x'Fb}gg\ .

18 | P a g e

@=# vfB ;'/Iff tyf kQf nufpg] Ifdtf

vf; u/L o'/f]k]nL tyf ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf ahf/x¿df vfB ;'/Iffdf Psbd} s8f zt{sf

lbzftk{m hfg] k|j[lQ b]lvG5 .

vfB ;'/Iff

vfB ˘f[ª\vnf ;~rfng ug]{ ;a} ;+:yfx¿sf nflu cfk"m;Fu vfB ;'/Iff;DaGwL ;jfnx¿nfO{

;Daf]wg ug]{ vfB ;'/Iff k|0ffnL x''g' cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf k|0ffnLx¿n] To:tf] vfB j:t'sf]

klxrfg ug{ ;Ifd agfpFb5 h'g vfB j:t' hLjf0f'', /f;folgs j:t'x¿sf] cjz]if, ux|f}F wft',

sL6gfzs cf}iflwaf6 k|b"lift x'G5 cyjf cGo xflgsf/s j:t'x¿n] vfB j:t'nfO{ k|of]u ug{sf

nflu c;'/lIft / cof]Uo agfPsf x'G5g\ . o;sf nflu lgoGq0fsf dxŒjk"0f{ laGb'x¿åf/f

hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f (Hazard Analysis by Critical Control Points – HACCP) ug]{ k|0ffnL cyjf

ISO 9000 -sf]7f ! x]g'{xf];\_ h:tf vfB ;'/Iffx¿sf] afx\o k|df0fLs/0fsf k|0ffnLx¿ t ljBdfg

5g\ t/ t/ ;fdfGotof h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tsf nflu oL k|0ffnLx¿ cfjZos 5}gg\ . olt

x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg lgs6 eljodf o;df kl/jt{g x'g] ;Defjgf 5 lsgeg] ljz]if u/L ;'k/dfs]{6x¿n]

;'/Iffsf pRr dfkb08x¿sf] dfu ub{5g\ .

o'/f]k;Fu ul/g] k/Dk/fut tfhf kmn tyf t/sf/Lsf] k/Dk/fut Jofkf/df s[lif;DaGwL pTs[i6

cEof;x¿ (Good Agricultural Practices – Global GAP) tyf :jf:Yosf pTs[i6 cEof;x¿

(Good Hygeinic Practices - GHP) ahf/df k|j]z ug{sf nflu zt{ ePsf 5g\ -sf]7f ! x]g'{xf];\_ .

kz'hGo pTkfbgx¿ -dx, df5f, df;' cflb_ sf nflu, :jf:Yo;DaGwL sfg'gL yk zt{x¿ -o'/f]k]nL

;ª\3sf lgodx¿df cfwfl/t_ klxn]b]lv g} ljBdfg 5g\ / ltgsf] kfng ug}{ kb{5 . vf; u/L,

o:tf pTkfbgx¿sf] k|zf]wg ul/g] ;+:yfx¿åf/f ul/g] lg/LIf0f vfB ;'/Iffsf /fli6«o

clwsf/Lx¿åf/f ul/g'kb{5 / To:tf clwsf/Lx¿ o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3bf/f dfGotfk|fKt x'g'kb{5 .

tkfO{Fsf nflu s'grflxF vfB k|0ffnL cfjZos 5 / cfoft Jofkf/df nfu" x'G5 eGg] af/]df cfoft

ug]{ sDkgL cyjf h}ljs j:t'x¿ k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgsfo;Fu ;fdfGotof tkfO{F 5nkmn ug{

;Sg'x'G5 .

vfB ;'/Iff, u'0f:t/;DaGwL dfkb08 / ljlwx¿sf af/]df yk Jofjxfl/s hfgsf/L CTA tyf

vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7gåf/f ;g\ @))^ df k|sflzt ‘Regulations, Standards and Certification for

Agricultural Export’ / -s[lif;DaGwL cfoftsf nflu lgodx¿, dfkb08 tyf k|df0fLs/0f_ ;DaGwL

lgb]{lzsfdf pknAw 5 .

19 | P a g e

sf]7f ! M u'0f:t/, vfB ;'/Iff tyf jftfj/0f;DaGwL dfkb08

Global-GAP

Global-GAP sf] ;'?cft o'/f]ksf v'b|f vl/bstf{x¿åf/f ul/Psf] xf] / of] tfhf pTkfbg -kmn,

t/sf/L, df5f / df;'_ sf nflu u'0f:t/ tyf vfB ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt sfo{qmd xf] . tfhf

pTkfbg cfk"lt{ ug]{x¿df of] k|df0fLs/0f x'g' o'/f]ksf ax';ª\Vos ;'k/dfs]{6x¿sf nflu cfhef]ln

cfjZos 5 . oBlk ;a} h}ljs vfB j:t'x¿sf] laqmL ;'k/dfs]{6x¿åf/f x'Fb}g t/ h}ljs tfhf

kmn tyf t/sf/Lx¿sf nflu a9\bf] dfqfdf o; cfjZostfnfO{ nfu" ul/Fb} 5 (www.globalgap.org

x]g{'xf];\) .

ISO 9001

ISO 9001 eg]sf] u'0f:t/sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ k|0ffnL xf] / o;sf] k|of]u sDkgLx¿åf/f ;Dk"0f{

ljZje/ ul/G5 . of] eg]sf] pTkfbgsf] dfkb08 xf]Og t/ o;df oyf]lrt kl/>d ;'lglZrt

ug{sf nflu k|lqmofx¿ x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

HACCP

o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3sf vfBfGg k|zf]wg ug]{ ;a} lgsfox¿sf nflu sfg'gåf/f g} lgoGq0fsf dxŒjk"0f{ laGb'x¿åf/f hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f (Hazard Analysis by Critical Control Points – HACCP) ug]{

k|0ffnL ljBdfg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . of] pTkfbg k|lqmofleq vfB ;'/Iffsf hf]lvdx¿sf]

ljZn]if0faf6 ;'? x'G5 / o;kl5 lgoGq0fsf laGb' tyf sbdx¿sf] th'{df o:tf] hf]lvdx¿sf]

/f]syfd ug{sf nflu ul/Psf] 5 .

ISO 22000

vfB u'0f:t/sf] Joj:yfkg;DaGwL gofF dfkb08 ISO 22000 eg]sf] HACCP / ISO 9001 sf]

PsLs/0f xf] . o; dfkb08adf]lhd k|dfl0ft x'g' ;fdfGotof cfjZos x'Fb}g t/ o;n]

k|lt:kwf{Tds nfe lbg ;Sb5 .

oL dfkb08x¿sf] sfof{Gjog k|df0fLs/0fljgf g} klg vfB sDkgLx¿sf] cfGtl/s Joj:yfkgdf

;'wf/ Nofpgsf lgldQ w]/} pkof]uL pkfo x'g ;Sb5 . afx\o k|df0fLs/0f eg]sf] sDkgLsf]

ljZ;gLotf k|jw{g ug{sf nflu / sd{rf/Lx¿df ;r]tgf pTkGg ug{sf nflu pkof]uL pkfo xf] .

http://www.globalgap.org/

20 | P a g e

kQf nufpg ;Sg] Ifdtf (Traceability)

kQf nufpg ;Sg] Ifdtf;DaGwL k|0ffnLn] pTkfbg, k|zf]wg tyf ljt/0fsf ;a} r/0fx¿df s'g}

klg vfBfGg, vfB j:t' cyjf vfB j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ hgfj/ kQf nufpg ;lsg] Ifdtf pknAw

u/fpFb5 . xfn}sf jif{x¿df kQf nufpg ;lsg] IfdtfnfO{ s'g} k|b"if0fsf] ;|f]tsf] cyjf vfB

˘f[ª\vnfsf] cGtdf pTkfbgsf] c;kmntfsf] klxrfg ug]{ pkfosf ¿kdf :jLsf/ ul/Psf] 5 .

o;n] k|of]usf nflu c;'/lIft cyjf cof]Uo egL 7flgPsf] s'g} klg pTkfbgnfO{ lkmtf{ ug{

ljt/s cyjf clwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;Ifd kfb{5 .

;g\ @))% sf] hgj/Lb]lv otf o'/f]nL ;ª\3df cfoft ul/Psf vfBfGgsf ;Dk"0f{ pTkfbgx¿df

kQf nufpg ;lsg] Ifdtf x'g' cfjZos 5 / / ltgdf kQf nufpg ;lsg] Ifdtf;DaGwL k|0ffnL

x'g'kb{5 . o:tf] cfjZostf sRrf kbfy{sf] pTklQ (origin of the raw material), pTkfbgx¿sf]

uGtJo tyf ltgsf aLrsf] ;DaGwsf af/]df /]s8{ /fVg] sfo{df ;Lldt 5 . olb o;df lqmofzLn

;a} lgsfox¿n] oL Go"gtd cfjZostfx¿sf] kfng ug]{ xf] eg] Pskl5 csf]{ r/0f u/L To;sf

cfwf/df tL pTkfbgx¿sf] pTklQ kQf nufpg ;lsG5 .

kQf nufpg ;lsg] Ifdtf / h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/ (Traceability and organic trade)

k|To]s lqmofzLn lgsfon] pTkfbg;DaGwL hfgsf/Lsf] /]s8{ /fVg' h}ljs j:t'x¿sf]

k|df0fLs/0fdf klxn]b]lv g} cfjZos 5 . ls;fg / vl/bstf{x¿ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf]

k|df0fLs/0fåf/f afFlwPsf x'G5g\ / pgLx¿ bL3{sfnLg ;DaGwk|lt k|lta4 x'G5g\ . vfB

˘f[ª\vnfel/ hfgsf/Lx¿sf] cfbfg–k|bfg ug{sf nflu / Ps–csf{nfO{ ;f] k7fpgsf nflu

klxn]b]lv g} ;+/rgf ljBdfg 5 / o;df lqmofzLn ;+:yfx¿n] klxn]lv g} Ps–csf{nfO{ lrGb5g\

/ ;~rf/ ub{5g\ eGg' o;sf] cy{ xf] . o:tf] ;+/rgf x'g' kQf nufpg ;lsg] Ifdtf;DaGwL

k|0ffnLsf] ;'?cft ug{sf nflu kmfObfsf] s'/f xf] .

@=$ k]mo/6 «]8sf] k|df0fLs/0f

k]mo/6 «]8 (Fairtrade) eg]sf] Psbd} rfF8f] al9/x]sf] ahf/sf] tyf ;fdflhs dfkb08 xf] . o:tf]

;fdflhs dfkb08sf] p2]Zo ;fgf pTkfbsx¿sf] cj:yf tyf aufgsf sfdbf/x¿sf] sNof0fdf

;'wf/ Nofpg' xf] . k]mo/6 «]8 tyf tyf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf ¿kdf k|df0fLs/0f — oL b'j} ePsf

pTkfbgx¿sf nflu ahf/ al9/x]sf] 5 . sL6gfzs cf}iflwx¿af6 d'Qm, jftfj/0fLo ¿kdf d}qL

/ ;fdflhs ¿kdf lhDd]jf/ lsl;dn] oL pTkfbgx¿ lgsflnPsf 5g\ egL k|Tofe"lt (guarantee)

ul/G5 . o;sf pbfx/0f skmL tyf lrof x'g\ .

21 | P a g e

k]mo/6 «]8sf sDkgLx¿n] pTkfbgstf{x¿nfO{ k|Tofe"lt ul/Psf]

Go"gtd d"No ltb{5g\ . ;f] d"Nosf cltl/Qm, ‘k]mo/6 «]8 pRr d"No’

elgg] cltl/Qm eQf klg ltb{5g\ / o;sf] k|of]u pTkfbsx¿n]

;ª\u7gfTds ;'b[9Ls/0f tyf ;fd'bflos ljsf;sf nflu ug}{}

kb{5 .

k]mo/6 «]8sf b'O{ km/s–km/s nIox¿ 5g\ . aflx/af6 Hofnfdf

sfdbf/ nufPsf kl/l:yltx¿sf] pTkfbgsf xsdf, o;sf] d'Vo

nIo eg]sf] sfdbf/x¿sf cj:yfx¿df ;'wf/ Nofpg' xf] . ;fgf

ls;fgx¿sf xsdf, o;sf] d'Vo nIo eg]sf] cfk\mgf pTkfbgsf

nflu hfoh d"No ltgLx¿nfO{ pknAw u/fpg' xf] .

lrq # M k]mo/6 «]8sf] lrx\g

pTkfbs ;ª\u7gx¿n] k|df0fLs/0f k|fKt ug{sf nflu, s]xL dfkb08x¿sf] kfng ug}{ kb{5 .

pbfx/0fsf nflu, ;ª\u7g tyf ;xsf/Lx¿n] k|hftflGqs ¿kdf sfd u/]sf] x'g} kb{5 .

aufgx¿sf nflu, sfd ug]{ cj:yf tyf sfdbf/k|lt ul/g] Jojxf/;Fu ;DalGwt w]/}

cfjZostfx¿ 5g\ . logLx¿sf] ;DaGw ;ª\u7gsf] :jtGqtf tyf ;fd"lxs df]ndf]nfO

(collective bargaining), sfdbf/x¿sf nflu cfjf; tyf ;/;kmfOsf] Joj:yf Pj+ ltgsf] :jf:Yo

Pj+ ;'/Iffh:tf ;jfnx¿;Fu ;DalGwt 5g\ . ltgn] afn >d tyf hah{:tL >ddfly k|ltaGw

klg nufpF5g\ . jftfj/0fLo ;+/If0f clej[l4 ug{sf nflu o;sf c¿ cfjZostfx¿ klg 5g\ .

xfn k]mo/6 «]8 k|df0fLs/0fdf s]xL !( j6f pTkfbg ;d"xx¿ ;d]l6Psf 5g\ . ltgsf] ;"rL tn

lbOPsf] 5 M

;fgf pTkfbsx¿ M s]/f, pv', sf]sf, skmL, ;'s]sf kmn, tfhf kmn / t/sf/Lx¿,

h8La'6L tyf d;nf, dx, h'; (juice), ;'kf/L / t]nsf aLpx¿, lSjgf]cf (quinoa),

rfdn, aLp skf;, lrof / jfOg (wine) .

sfdbf/x¿nfO{ Hofnfdf nufPsf kl/l:yltx¿df M ;hfpgsf nflu sfl6Psf k"mn, tfhf

kmn, h'; (juice), ;hfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/g] la?jf, lrof / jfOg (wine) .

k]mo/6 «]8 n]alnª cu{gfOh];G; OG6Gof{;gn (Fairtrade Labelling Organizations International -

FLO) k]mo/6 «]8sf nflu dfkb08x¿sf] lgwf{/0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ ljZjJofkL 5ftf ;ª\u7g xf]

/ o;sf] j]a;fO6 xf] M www.fairtrade.net .

lrq

http://www.fairtrade.net/

22 | P a g e

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfo tyf g}ltstfk"0f{ Jofkf/ cyjf ;fdflhs dfkb08

s]xL h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfox¿n] ;fdflhs dfkb08 /÷cyjf Jofkf/sf g}lts

dfkb08x¿sf] ljsf; u/]sf 5g\ . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf dfkb08x¿sf cltl/Qm To:tf dfkb08x¿

nfu" ul/G5g\ . k|df0fLs/0f lgsfox¿sf km/s–km/s cjwf/0ffx¿ x'G5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu M

g]r/NofG8 (Natureland) -hd{gL_ n] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0fsf] cª\usf ¿kdf

;fdflhs dfkb08x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z u/]sf] 5 .

d[lQsf ;ª\u7g (Soil Association) -;+o'Qm clw/fHo_ n] olb u|fxsn] g}ltstfk"0f{

Jofkf/sf] n]an (label) sf] k|of]u ug{ rfx]sf] v08df g}ltstfk"0f{ Jofkf/sf

dfkb08adf]lhd k|df0fLs/0f ub{5 .

23 | P a g e

# h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] kmfd{ / k|df0fLs/0f

h}ljs s[lifsf w]/} kl/efiffx¿ 5g\ . h}ljs eg]sf] ‘s'g} klg /f;folgs ;fdu|Lx¿ljgf pTkfbg

ul/Psf]’ egL w]/} dflg;x¿ 7fGb5g\ . t/, s[lifsf w]/} k/Dk/fut ¿kx¿ /f;folgs j:t'af6

d'Qm 5g\ t/ tL h}ljs x'g' g} cfjZos 5 eGg]rflxF xf]Og lsgeg] ltgn] kof{j/0fLo

Joj:yfkgsf l;4fGtx¿sf] kfng eg] u/]sf xF'b}gg\ . ;dfg ¿kdf, h}ljs j:t' eg]sf] k"0f{

¿kdf k|df0fLs/0fdf lge{/ x'Fb}g . :yfgLo kl/j]zdf, pkef]Qmfx¿n] yfxf kfPsf 5g\, ljZjf;

ub{5g\ / h}ljs j:t'x¿sf pTkfbsnfO{ e]6\g ;Sb5g\ eg] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/sf] cfzo s]

xf] eGg] af/]df b'O{ kIfx¿sf aLrdf ;dembf/L x'g ;Sb5 .

w]/} 6f9fsf h}ljs j:t'sf ahf/x¿df, vf; u/L cGt/f{li6 «o ahf/x¿df u|fxs tyf

pTkfbsx¿sf] e]6 x'Fb}g / of] g} To:tf] 7fpF xf] hxfF afx\o -t];|f] kIfsf]_ k|df0fLs/0fsf]

cfjZostf kb{5 / pTkfbgdf h}ljs dfkb08x¿sf] kfng ul/Psf] 5 egL pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{

k|Tofe"lt (guarantee) pknAw u/fOG5 . o; cWofodf ;j{k|yd h}ljs s[lifsf l;4fGtx¿sf

af/]df / To;kl5 k|df0fLs/0fsf af/]df JofVof ul/G5 .

#=! l;4fGt tyf cEof;x¿

h}ljs s[lif s]xL l;4fGtx¿df cfwfl/t x'G5 / oL l;4fGtx¿sf] JofVof tn ul/Psf] 5 . h}ljs

afnLsf] cfwf/e"t kl/efiff eg]sf] h}ljs afnLx¿ /f;folgs sL6gfzs cf}iflw tyf s[lqd

dnljgf kmd{sf lbuf k|0ffnLx¿df nufOPsf x'G5g\ . ltgsf] km;n leœofO;s]kl5 s'g} klg

:j¿ksf] k|b"if0f x'g lbOGg / olb ltgsf] k|zf]wg ug'{ 5 eg] vfB j:t'sf] ;+/If0fsf nflu ylkg]

s'g} klg s[lqd j:t' (artificial food additives) sf] k|of]u ug{ lbOGg . hgfj/x¿sf] Go"gtd

kl/efiffsf xsdf tL hgfj/x¿ s'g} klg PG6Lafof]l6s cf}iflw, xdf]{g a9fpg] cf}iflwx¿sf]

lgoldt k|of]uljgf / r/gdf kx'Fr;lxt x'sf{OOsf] x'g'kb{5 . h}ljs pTkfbgx¿df cfg'j+lzs

¿kdf kl/dfh{g ul/Psf ;"Id hLj (genetically modified organisms) x'Fb}gg\ cyjf tL ltgaf6

lg:s]sf] x'g' x'Fb}g .

h}ljs s[lifdf s'g} Pp6f afnLsf] ;§f kmfd{sf] k"/} k|0ffnL x]l/G5 . o;sf d'Vo l;4fGtx¿ x'g\ M

k'g/fj[lQ ul/g] kf}li6s tŒjx¿ (recycling nutrients), df6fsf] pj{/tfsf] ;+/If0f, h}ljs

ljljwtfsf] ;+/If0f tyf k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng . h}ljs kmfd{df ;Dk"0f{ kmfd{sf] ;lqmo Joj:yfkg

;+nUg x'G5 hxfF ls;fgn] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf cjnf]sg ul//x]sf], l;ls/x]sf] / k/LIf0f ul//x]sf]

x'G5 .

24 | P a g e

kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] k'g/fj[lQ (Recycling of nutrients)

kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] k'g/fj[lQ eg]sf] h}ljs kmfd{sf] k|d'v cEof; xf] h;n] afx\o ;fdu|Lsf]

cfjZostf 36fpFb5 . o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ M

afnLsf] cjlzi6 efu kz'x¿nfO{ v'jfOG5 cyjf To;af6 k|fª\ufl/s dn agfOG5 .

kz'x¿sf] uf]a/sf] k|of]u afnLdf dn xfNgsf nflu ul/G5 .

lrq $ M h}ljs kmfd{df kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] k'g/fj[lQ

h}ljs kmfd{df afnLsf] cjlzi6 efu 89fpg] s'/fdfly k|ltaGw nufOPsf] 5 lsgeg] o;af6

kf}li6s tŒjx¿ / h}ljs kbfy{ v]/ hfG5g\ .

lrq

lrq

25 | P a g e

kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] k'gM:yfkg

afnLaf6 km;n leœofpg] sfo{n] kmfd{ k|0ffnLeGbf aflx/ kf}li6s tŒjx¿nfO{ n}hfG5 . k/Dk/fut

s[lifdf oL kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] k'gM :yfkgf ug{sf nflu s[lqd dnsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . h}ljs

kmfd{df o;sf] k'gM:yfkgf ug{sf nflu / kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] txsf] lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu c¿ g}

ljlwx¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 -lrq $ x]g{'xf];\_ .

xl/t dn — sf];] afnLx¿n] xfjfaf6 gfO6«f]hg ;f]:5g\ / o;nfO{ cfk\mgf h/f -ufgf_ df

e08f/0f ub{5g\ . xl/of] x'Fb}sf] cj:yfdf sf];] afnLnfO{ df6fdf hf]Tg] xf] eg] df6fsf nflu

nfebfos x'G5 / o;n] gfO6«f]hgsf] tŒj / h}ljs kbfy{df j[l4 ub{5 . c¿ afnLx¿;Fu ld;fP/

km;n -pbfx/0fsf nflu, l;dL_ leœofpgsf lgldQ sf];] afnL nufpg' cyjf kfn}kfnf] v]tL ug'{

jfl~5t t 5}g t/ ce}m klg df6fsf nflu eg] nfebfos 5 . To:tf sf];] afnLx¿ klg 5g\ h'g

tg] af]8L, sfp;f] (Mucuna) / ;gO{ (Sunn hemp) nufotsf afnL df6fdf ;'wf/ ug{sf nflu

nufOG5g\ .

r§fgL kmf]:km]6 (Rock phosphate)— pi0f hnjfo' ePsf] If]qsf] df6fdf kmf]:km]6sf] sdL x'G5 .

r§fgL kmf]:km]6 eg]sf] k|fs[lts vlgh xf] . h}ljs s[lifdf df6fsf] pj{/tfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf

nflu o; vlghsf] k|of]unfO{ cg'dltk|fKt 5 .

¿vx¿ /f]Kg] cyjf s[lif–jg— ¿vx¿n] cfk\mgf ulx/f h/fx¿sf] dfWodaf6 “kf}li6s

tŒjx¿nfO{ tfGg] kDk” (nutrient pumps) sf ¿kdf sfd ub{5g\ . h/fx¿n] df6fsf] leqL

txaf6 kf}li6s tŒjx¿nfO{ dfly tfG5g\ / o:tf tŒjx¿ em/]sf / s'lxPsf kftsf] dfWodaf6

afnLx¿nfO{ pknAw x'G5g\ . of] g} s[lif–jgsf] cfwf/ xf] . ¿vx¿af6 c¿ kmfObf klg x'G5g\,

o;af6 df6fnfO{ l:y/ /fVg dbt k'U5, kfgL ;l~rt eP/ /lx/xg] s'/fdf j[l4 x'G5 / k|fs[lts

zq'x¿sf nflu a:g] 7fpFx¿ pknAw x'G5g\ .

csf]{ kmfd{af6 dn — hgfj/x¿sf] dn csf]{ kmfd{af6 Nofpg ;lsG5 . k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon]

o;df :jLs[lt lbg'kb{5 / of] s'/f hgfj/x¿sf] g:n s;/L x'sf{OPsf] 5 / s:tf] vfnsf] bfgf

ltgn] kfPsf 5g\ eGg] s'/fdfly lge{/ ub{5 . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] v]tL ug]{ s]xL ls;fgx¿n]

km;n leœofO;s]kl5 cfk\mgf] v]taf/Ldf j:t'efp r/fpg uf]7fnfx¿nfO{ af]nfpF5g\ / o;sf] klg

p:t} c;/ x'G5 .

26 | P a g e

afx\o ;fdu|Lx¿åf/f k|fª\ufl/s dn agfpg] sfo{ — kmfd{eGbf aflx/sf k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{x¿af6

k|fª\ufl/s dn agfpg] PsfO :yfkgf ug{ ;Dej x'G5 . aflx/af6 NofOg] ;fdu|Ldf oL kb{5g\ M

gbL cyjf tnfpdf kfOg] cUnf] 3f; (reed) cyjf kfgLdf kfOg] emf/kft, ¿vsf kftx¿ -

emf8L, a'6\ofg_, j:t'–efp cyjf s'v'/fsf] kmfd{sf] dn, vfBfGg k|zf]wg ug]{ PsfOaf6 k|fKt x'g]

t/sf/Lsf] v]/ uPsf] c+z cflb . k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgsfon] oL kbfy{x¿sf] k|of]u ug{sf nflu

:jLs[lt k|bfg u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 / oL kbfy{x¿sf] ;|f]tsf af/]df pgLx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L cfjZos

x'G5 .

Jofkfl/s ¿kdf pknAw h}ljs dn — h}ljs dn pTkfbg / ltgsf] ahf/ k|jw{g ug]{ sDkgLx¿

5g\ . k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon] logsf] k|of]unfO{ :jLs[lt lbPsf] x'g'kb{5 .

df6fsf] pj{/tfsf] ;+/If0f

pj{/ df6f] pTs[i6 h}ljs kmfd{sf] cfwf/ xf] . h}ljs kbfy{ cyjf k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{sf] clGtd

cj:yf (humus) eg]sf] df6fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ efu xf] h;n] kf}li6s tŒjx¿ / kfgLnfO{ /flv/xG5,

df6fnfO{ ;+/rgf k|bfg ub{5 / df6fsf hLjx¿nfO{ afFRg] 7fpF pknAw u/fpFb5 . df6fsf To:tf

hLjx¿n] kf}li6s tŒjx¿sf] pknAwtf ;'lglZrt ub{5g\ .

h}ljs kmfd{df tn n]lvPadf]lhdsf sfo{x¿ u/L df6fsf] ;+/If0f ul/G5 / df6fsf] pj{/tf sfod

/flvG5 M

5fkf] (Mulching) — ;'Svf x'gaf6 df6fnfO{ hf]ufpg, e"Ifo lgoGq0f ug{, h}ljs kbfy{

yk ug{ / emf/kftnfO{ a9\g glbg .

e"Ifo lgoGq0fsf ljlwx¿ — df6fnfO{ aufP/ cyjf p8fP/ n}hfcf];\ egL ;f]sf] /f]syfd

ug{sf lgldQ .

afnL 9fSg] sfo{, xl/t dn (Cover crops, green manure) — e"Ifo lgoGq0f ug{,

df6fnfO{ dlnnf] kfg{ / emf/kftsf] lgoGq0f ug{ .

k|fs[lts dn — df6fsf] pj{/tfdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu j:t'–efpsf] dn, t/n dn,

lkgf / e'; .

Aff]6–la?jf, ¿v tyf hgfj/x¿sf] ljljwtf

kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnLdf Pp6} 7fpFdf af]6–la?jf, ¿v tyf hgfj/x¿sf] ljljwtf /xG5 . ;Fu} ldn]/

ltgn] 7fpF, k|sfz, kfgL tyf cGo kf}li6s tŒjh:tf pknAw ;|f]tx¿sf] jfl~5t k|of]u ub{5g\ .

27 | P a g e

h}ljs kmfd{df ldl>t afnL, kfn}kfnf] afnL nufpg] sfo{ / s[lif–jgsf] cEof; u/]/ ljljwtf

xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . hgfj/x¿ o; k|0ffnLsf dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u x'g\ lsgeg] ltgn] dflg;x¿n]

vfg g;Sg] h}ljs kbfy{ vfG5g\, dn pknAw u/fpFb5g\ / kl/jf/sf nflu vfgf tyf cfDbfgLsf

dxŒjk"0f{ ;|f]t x'g ;Sb5g\ .

k|fs[lts ;Gt'ng

af]6–la?jf, ¿v, hgfj/, sL/f / ;"Id hLjx¿sf aLrdf cGtlq{mof u/L To;af6 ltgn] l:y/

k|0ffnLsf] l;h{gf ub{5g\ eGg' g} k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngsf] cy{ xf] . ;Gt'lnt k|0ffnLdf k|fs[lts

zq'x¿sf] pkl:yltsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ sL/f tyf /f]ux¿n] uDeL/ Iflt k'¥ofpg] sd df}sf x'G5 .

h}ljs ls;fgn] ljlwtf tyf ;"Id–jftfj/0f (micro-climate) -pbfx/0fsf nflu ldl>t afnL,

¿vx¿ /f]Kg] sfo{ / df6fsf] cfj/0fsf nflu ul/g] v]tLsf] dfWodaf6_ k|fs[lts ;Gt'ngnfO{

hufpg ;Sb5g\ / o;n] hLljt hLjx¿sf aLrdf cGtlqm{of a9fpFb5 .

;Gt'lnt k|0ffnLdf skmLsf] pTkfbg

skmL df}lns ¿kdf hª\unsf] af]6 xf] / of] 5xf/L ePsf], cfb|{ (humid) jftfj/0fdf ;aeGbf

/fd|f];Fu x's{G5, o;sf h/fx¿ df6fdf x'G5g\ / To; df6fnfO{ hª\unsf] v]/ uPsf] kbfy{ tyf

k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{sf] clGtd cj:yf (humus) n] 9fs]sf] x'G5 . o:tf] jftfj/0fdf skmLsf] af]6

:j:y tyf alnof] / o;df sL/f tyf /f]u nfUg] ;Defjgf sd x'G5 . 5xf/L ePsf] / cfb|{

jftfj/0fn] Iflt k'¥ofpg] ;Defjgf ePsf sL/fx¿nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{sf nflu k|fs[lts

zq'x¿sf nflu a:g] 7fpF pknAw u/fpFb5 . o:tf k|fs[lts zq'x¿df Eofu'tf, sfd gnfUg]

kbfy{df n'Sg] 5]kf/f, ¿vdf n'Sg] r/f / dfs'/f cyjf emf8L / ¿vx¿df afFRg] Pj+ c¿sf]

l;sf/ ug]{ sL/fx¿ kb{5g\ . 5xf/L lbg] ¿vx¿ / 5fkf] ePsf skmLsf kmfd{x¿df k|fs[lts

¿kdf nfebfos oL cj:yfx¿sf] gSsn ul/G5 . ltgdf skmLsf af]6x¿n] /fd|f] pTkfbg

lbG5g\ / leœofOPsf] skmLsf] km;n klg t'ngfTds ¿kdf /fd|f] x'G5 . skmL nufpg]x¿n]

5xf/L lbg] ¿vx¿ nufpg} kb{5 / 5fkf]sf] cEof; ug}{ kb{5 egL h}ljs k|df0fLs/0f ug]{

lgsfox¿n] lgwf{l/t ub{5g\ .

28 | P a g e

lrq % M skmL] 5xf/L ePsf], cfb|{ (humid) jftfj/0fdf, k|fs[lts zq'x¿nfO{ a:g] 7fpF pknAw

u/fpg] hª\unsf sfd gnfUg] j:t'x¿åf/f 9flsPsf] 7fpFdf ;aeGbf /fd|f];Fu x's{G5 .

olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg sL/f cyjf /f]u uDeL/ ¿kdf k}mlng ;Sb5g\ . uxg ¿kdf lg/LIf0f u/]sf

v08df o;af6 tL o;/L k}mlng] sfo{ gfh's ;Ldfdf k'u]sf] 5 ls 5}g eGg] s'/fsf] klxrfg ug{

;lsG5 . Psbd} v/fa dfldnfx¿df, o;/L k}mlng] s'/fnfO{ k|fs[lts sL6gfzs cf}iflw -k|dfl0ft

ug]{ lgsfoåf/f ltgnfO{ cg'dlt lbOPsf v08df_ åf/f lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 . k|fs[lts sL6gfzs

cf}iflwx¿sf s]xL ;|f]t ;fdu|Lx¿sf nflu ‘yk kf7\o ;fdu|L’ sf] kl/R5]b x]g'{xf];\ . h}ljs

pTkfbgsf af/]df ykf hfgsf/Lsf nflu, tkfO{F cfk\mgf] :yfgLo h}ljs cleofg cyjf j]a;fO6

www.ifoam.org df International Federation of Organic Agriculture Movements (IFOAM) df x]g{

;Sg'x'G5 . ;|f]t;DaGwL 7]ufgfx¿sf nflu ‘pkof]uL 7]ufgfx¿’ eGg] kl/R5]b x]g'{xf];\ .

#=@ h}ljs k|df0fLs/0f

h}ljs k|df0fLs/0f -afx\o k|df0fLs/0f_ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf 6f9fsf / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/x¿df kxF'r

ug{sf nflu cfjZos x'G5 . of] sfd h}ljs dfkb08x¿sf cfwf/df ul/G5 . o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3,

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf / hfkfgsf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ug]{ k|d'v ahf/x¿df h}ljs

lrq

http://www.ifoam.org/

29 | P a g e

k|df0fLs/0fnfO{ sfg'gL ¿kdf lgodg ul/Psf] 5 . k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfo, k|df0fLs/0fsf] k|lqmof

/ pTkfbgx¿ — ;a}n] Go"gtd sfg'gL dfkb08x¿sf] kfng ug'{kb{5 eGg' o;sf] cy{ xf] .

o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3df, sfg'gL dfkb08x¿sf] lgwf{/0f o'/f]knL ;ª\3åf/f ul/Psf] 5 . k|dfl0ft ug]{ lghL

lgsfoåf/f lg/LIf0f tyf k|df0fLs/0f ul/G5 . w]/} o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿df k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ Ps cyjf

;f]eGbf a9L lghL lgsfox¿ 5g\ / ltgsf cfk\mg} dfkb08x¿ -a9L ljlzi6 cyjf lj:t[t_ 5g\ .

oL o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3sf Go"gtd sfg'gL dfkb08df cfwfl/t 5g\ t/ ltgdf yk s]xL cfjZostfx¿

x'g ;Sb5g\ . ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfdf, /fli6 «o h}ljs sfo{qmd (National Organic Program - NOP)

n] s[lifsf h}ljs pTkfbgx¿sf] pTkfbg, ;~rfng / n]an nufpg] sfo{;DaGwL dfkb08x¿sf]

ljsf;, sfof{Gjog tyf k|zf;g ub{5 . /fli6 «o h}ljs sfo{qmdn] k|dfl0ft ug]{ k|ltlglw -ljb]zL /

:jb]zL_ x¿nfO{ dfGotf k|bfg ub{5 / tL k|ltlglwx¿n] ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf] s[lif ljefu

(USDA – United States Department of Agriculture) sf dfkb08x¿ k"/f ub{5g\ egL k|dfl0ft

ug{sf nflu h}ljs j:t''x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf ;~rfng k|lqmofsf] lg/LIf0f ub{5g\ .

h}ljs j:t'df kl/jt{g ug]{ sfo{

h}ljs j:t'x¿ lgof{t ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg

x'g OR5f ug]{ ls;fgx¿ h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f xfl;n ug{sf

lgldQ kl/jt{gsf] cjlw eP/ kf/ ug'{

cfjZos x'G5 . olb pTkfbg klxn]b]lv

g} ‘sdLsf] sf/0fn] h}ljs’

(organic by default) -cyf{t\ ljut #

jif{df s[lif /f;folgs j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u

ul/Psf] 5}g_ ePsf v08df 7Ls Ps

jif{df g} -o'/f]knL ;ª\3df lgof{tsf

nflu_ ;fdfGotof o:tf] kl/jt{g xfl;n

ug{ ;lsG5 . k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon]

klxnf] jif{df kl/l:yltsf] cg'udg ug]{5

oBlk pTkfbgx¿nfO{ cem} h}ljs egL

k|dfl0ft ul/Fb}g / pTkfbgdf a9L d"No

k|fKt x'g]5}g . ;fdfGotof kl/jt{gsf]

cjlw To; ldltb]lv ;'? x'g ;Sb5 h'g

ldltb]lv ls;fgx¿sf] btf{ ePsf] x'G5, lrq ^ M kmfd{sf] lg/LIf0f

lrq

30 | P a g e

h}ljs kmfd{sf lgodx¿sf] kfng ub{5' egL tL lgodx¿k|lt cfk\mgf] k|lta4tf JoQm ug]{

;Demf}tfdf x:tfIf/ ePsf] x'G5 . k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ km/s–km/s lgsfox¿sf aLrdf ;xL

cfjZostfx¿ km/s–km/s x'g ;Sb5g\ / o;sf af/]df k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ tkfO{Fsf] lgsfo;Fu

5nkmn ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

s[lifdf /f;folgs j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 / k|of]u ul/Fb} 5 cyjf h}ljs kmfd{df cg'dlt

k|bfg gul/g] cEof;x¿ 5g\ eg] kl/jt{gsf] cjlw # jif{ x'g]5 . k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgsfon] k|To]s

kmfd{sf nflu kl/jt{gsf] of]hgf lgwf{/0f ub{5 / o:tf] of]hgfsf] kfng ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

kl/jt{g / ljlzi6 cfjZostfx¿sf lbzftk{msf jf:tljs cjwf/0ffx¿ yfxf kfpgsf nflu

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfo;Fu ;'?df g} ;Dks{ ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ 5 .

#=# ;fd"lxs k|df0fLs/0f M

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL

w]/} ;fgf ls;fgx¿ ePsf ls;fg ;ª\u7gx¿sf nflu k|df0fLs/0f k|fKt ug'{ eg]sf] hl6n

k|lqmof xf] lsgeg] o;df w]/} kmfd{x¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ ;+nUg x'G5 . o; dfldnfsf xsdf,

;fd"lxs k|df0fLs/0fsf] dfWodaf6 k|df0fLs/0f xfl;n ug{ ;lsG5 . ;fd"lxs k|df0fLs/0f eg]sf]

k|df0fLs/0fsf] To:tf] ljz]if ¿k xf] h;df ls;fg ;ª\u7gx¿sf nflu lgof{tstf{x¿åf/f s/f/

ul/Psf ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf 7"nf ;d"xx¿sf nflu lg/LIf0fsf] vr{nfO{ ;Lldt kfl/G5 . cfGtl/s

lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u JolQmn] u/]sf] k|df0fLs/0fhlQs} txsf] lgoGq0fsf] tx k|Tofe"lt

(guarantee) ug{sf nflu ul/G5 . o;df cfGtl/s cg'udgsf] dfWodaf6 pTkfbgsf] h}ljs

k|fdfl0fstf (integrity) / pTkfbg k|lqmof ;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldQ ;d"x cfk}mFn] lhDd]jf/L lng]

s'/f ;+nUg x'G5 . afx\o k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] hfFr ub{5 /

k|df0fkq hf/L ug'{eGbf klxn] kmfd{sf] gd'gfsf] lg/LIf0f ub{5 .


btf{ ul/Psf ;Dk"0f{ ls;fgx¿n] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgsf dfkb08x¿sf] kfng ub{5g\ eGg]

s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu afnL nufpg] JolQmx¿sf] ;d"xnfO{ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLn] ;Ifd

kfb{5 . o;n] ubf{ k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ afx\\o lgsfoåf/f x/]s ;fgf ls;fgsf] nflu JolQmlkR5]

lg/LIf0f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfaf6 hf]ufpF5÷;f] cfjZostfsf] /f]syfd ub{5 / k|df0fLs/0f ug]{

To:tf] afx\\o lgsfo w]/} cbIf / vlr{nf] klg x'G5 . cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf :ki6 ¿kdf

kl/eflift sfo{ljlwx¿ -cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] lgb]{lzsfdf clen]vg ul/Psf]_ lgwf{/0f ug]{,

31 | P a g e

/]s8{ /fVg] tyf ;fGble{s hfgsf/Lx¿ kmfOn /fVg] s'/f ;+nUg x'G5 . clen]vg ul/Psf] o;

k|0ffnLsf] d"Nofª\sg k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ afx\o lgsfoåf/f jflif{s ¿kdf ul/G5 . To:tf] lgsfon]

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLn] slt /fd|f];Fu / slt bIf ¿kdf sfd ul//x]sf] 5 egL d'Vo ¿kdf

d"Nofª\sg ub{5 . o; k|lqmofsf] cª\usf ¿kdf ls;fgx¿sf] Pp6f gd'gfsf] lg/LIf0f afx\o

¿kdf ul/g]5 .

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;Dk"0f{ kmfd{x¿sf] btf{ tyf cfGtl/s jflif{s lg/LIf0f ug]{ Joj:yf

ldnfOG5, ;d"xsf ;Dk"0f{ kmfd{x¿sf] ;"rL pknAw u/fOG5 / vl/b ug]{ k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg

ul/G5 . o;df ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu lgodx¿ pknAw u/fOG5 / sd{rf/L tyf

ls;fgx¿sf nflu k|lzIf0fsf] Joj:yf ul/G5 . cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL :yflkt ug{ tyf

To;sf] ;~rfng ug{sf nflu cfjZostfx¿sf] lj:t[t ;dLIffsf nflu cg';"rL ! x]g'{xf];\ . afnL

nufpg] dflg;x¿sf] x/]s ;d"xn] cfkm\gf] ljlzi6 kl/l:ylt k"/f ug{sf nflu oL ;fdfGo

cfjZostfx¿nfO{ cfk"mx¿cg'¿k ldnfpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfkg -cyjf ;~rfng_ pTkfbs ;ª\u7g cyjf lgof{tstf{åf/f

ug{ ;lsG5 . cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng ug]{ JolQm k|df0fkq kfPsf] JolQm x'g'kb{5,

lghn] cfGtl/s lg/LIfsx¿ lgo'Qm u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 / cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] To:tf] sfof{no

;~rfng u/]sf] x'g'kb{5 h'g sfof{nodf cfjZos b:tfj]h lg/LIf0fsf nflu pknAw x'g] u/L

/flvPsf x'G5g\ .

l;4fGttM vfln ;fgf ls;fgx¿ dfq Pp6f ;d"xsf] cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLåf/f ;d]l6Psf]

;d"xsf ;b:ox¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ . 7"nf ;ª\u7gx¿ klg ;d"xdf /xg ;Sb5g\ t/ ltgsf] lg/LIf0f

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ afx\o lgsfoåf/f ul/Psf] x'g} kb{5 . k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon] o;sf nflu

;Ldfsf af/]df lg0f{o ug]{5 . k|zf]wgstf{ tyf lgof{tstf{x¿ ;d"xsf] o; ;+/rgfsf cª\u x'g

;Sb5g\ t/ k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ afx\o lgsfoåf/f jflif{s ¿kdf ltgsf] lg/LIf0f ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 .


afx\o k|df0fLs/0f

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] afx\o k|df0fLs/0fdf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLn] s:tf] sfd ul//x]sf]

5 egL lg/LIf0f ug]{ sfo{ / Jofkf/sf ;fGble{s k|lqmofx¿df lj:t[t cGtb[{li6 (insight) k|fKt ug]{

sfo{ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . o;df lg/LIfsx¿nfO{ Jofks hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] sfo{ ;+nUg x'G5 /

k|foM k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf l;kmfl/;x¿adf]lhd ljz]if k|sf/sf] cg';/0f (follow-up)

cfjZos x'g ;Sb5 . h}ljs j:t'x¿;DaGwL k|df0fkq Ps jif{sf nflu dfq hf/L ul/G5 /

zt{x¿ k"/f ul/Psf 5g\ ls 5}gg\ egL x]g{sf nflu ls;fg ;ª\u7gx¿sf] ;dLIff x/]s jif{

32 | P a g e

ul/G5 . olb ;d:ofx¿ 5g\ eg] cyjf zª\sfsf sf/0fx¿ 5g\ eg] Ps jif{df yk lg/LIf0f ug{

;lsg]5 . oL] ;a}sf] cy{ k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 eGg] xf] .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f eg]sf] ;do nfUg] k|lqmof xf] . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{

lgsfo;Fu tkfO{Fsf] ;DaGwnfO{ Joj:yfkg ug]{ sfo{ pkef]Qmfx¿;Fusf] ;DaGwnfO{ Joj:yfkg

ug]{ sfo{h:t} xf] . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfonfO{ oyf;Dej rfF8f] kl/of]hgfdf

;+nUg kfg'{kb{5 eGg' o;sf] cy{ xf] lsgeg] ;DaGwsf] ljsf; ug{ / k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgsfosf

cfjZostf tyf l;kmfl/;x¿sf] sfof{Gjog ug{ ;do nfUb5 . k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgsfo;Fu ljZjf;

lgdf{0f / /fd|f] sfo{ut ;DaGwsf] l;h{gfn] lg/LIf0fsf] k|lqmofnfO{ ;lhnf] klg kfg{] 5 .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf] 5gf]6

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf] 5gf]6 ug]{ s'/f ahf/, dfu{ (channels)

tyf tkfO{Fn] hf]8 lbg] egL lg0f{o ug{'ePsf u|fxsx¿dfly lge{/ ub{5 .

k|foM cfoftstf{sf] cfk"mn] sfd ug{ rfx]sf], k|dfl0ft ug]{ vf; lgsfo x'G5 .

k|dfl0ft ug]{ s'g} lgsfo tkfO{Fsf] d'n's cyjf If]qdf klxn]b]lv g} ;lqmo /x]sf] x'g

;Sb5, cGo :yfgLo cyjf If]qLo h}ljs j:t'x¿sf pTkfbsx¿sf] e|d0fdf cfpg]

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfo;Fu ldn]/ sfd ubf{ vr{ sd x'g ;Sb5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, e|d0f

vr{ w]/}nfO{ efu nufP/_ .

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ ljb]zL lgsfox¿;Fu ;DaGw sfod eO/x]sf k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ :yfgLo

lgsfo x'g ;Sb5 .

s]xL d'n'sx¿df dfkb08x¿nfO{ k|df0fLs/0f ug{sf nflu k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ s]xL

lgsfox¿nfO{ dfGotf lbOPsf] -‘;Ifd clwsf/Lx¿åf/f :jLsf/ ul/Psf]’_ x'Fb}g .

s]xL ahf/x¿df, k|df0fLs/0fsf] ljz]if lrx\gsf] k|of]u ug'{ klg pko'Qm x'G5 -oBlk o;df

nfO;]G; z'Ns ltg]{ s'/f ;+nUg x'G5_ .

olb tkfO{F km/s–km/s ahf/x¿nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{ rfxg'x'G5 eg] tkfO{FnfO k|df0fLs/0f

ug]{ To:tf] lgsfosf] cfjZostf kb{5 h'g lgsfo w]/} clwsf/Lx¿ tyf

cfoftstf{x¿åf/f :jLs[t 5 .

tkfO{Fsf] nlIft ahf/df, k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf] :jLsfo{tfsf] d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf cltl/Qm,

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf] 5gf]6sf cGo dxŒjk"0f{ kIfx¿ x'g\ M

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ k|lqmofsf] kf/blz{tf, bIftf tyf ljZj;gLotf

;]jfsf] dgf]j[lQ tyf k|bfg ul/Psf] ;]jfsf] ljZj;gLotf

33 | P a g e

k|df0fLs/0f k|fKt ug]{ sfo{df nfUg] hDdf vr{ -h'g vr{ lg/LIf0f ug{sf nflu ul/Psf]

e|d0fsf] vr{sf t'ngfdf a9L x'G5_ .

lrq & M h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] n]ansf s]xL pbfx/0fx¿

ACP d'n'sx¿df ;lqmo h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf nflu ‘pkof]uL 7]ufgf’ eGg]

kl/R5]b x]g'{xf];\ .

lrq

34 | P a g e

$ ;DefJotf tyf sfd ug{sf nflu k'FhL

lrq * M;DefJotf cWoog tyf hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5

Jofkfl/s pBd ;'? ug'{eGbf klxn] ;f] pBdaf6 gfkmf x'g] ;Defjgf 5 ls 5}g egL ;DefJotf

cWoog tyf hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'G5 . oL b'O{ cWoogx¿ s'g} klg Jofkfl/s

of]hgfsf] ljsf;sf cTofjZos kIfx¿ x'g\ . cfjZos nufgL ug{sf nflu / s]xL hf]lvdx¿

Aoxf]g{sf nflu slt k'FhL cfjZos x'g]5 egL n]vfhf]vf ug'{ klg tkfO{Fsf nflu cfjZos x'G5 .

olb tkfO{F s'g} cg'bfg cyjf bftf;dIf C0f cyjf lghL ljQsf] ;|f]tsf nflu lgj]bg lb{Fb}

x'g'x'G5 eg] pgLx¿n] o:tf] lx;fa–lstfa x]g{ rfxg ;Sb5g\ . tL Jofkf/sf nflu tof/L ug{sf

lgldQ dxŒjk"0f{ sbdx¿ Klg x'g\ / ltgn] Jofkf/ ;~rfng ug]{ ;dodf p7\g ;Sg] ;Dk"0f{

;jfnx¿sf af/]df ljrf/ ug{ tkfO{FnfO{ afWo kfb{5g\ . ;DefJotfsf] lx;fa–lstfa ug]{ ;dodf

tkfO{Fn] klxnf] # b]lv % jif{sf] ;do x]g'{kb{5 . s'g} klg Jofkf/df klxnf] jif{ s'g} klg gfkmf

gsdfpg' Psbd} ;fdfGo s'/f xf] / o;df 3f6f klg x'g ;Sb5 . bf];|f] jif{df cfDbfgL / vr{

a/fa/ x'G5 / t];|f] jif{b]lv gfkmf ;'? x'g ;Sb5 .

ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df, Jofkf/sf] jftfj/0f k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg] vfnsf] x'G5, ;fdu|Lx¿sf]

cfk"lt{ ;'/lIft gx'g ;Sb5 cyjf ;/sf/L lgod, s/, ljlgdo tyf Aofhsf b/x¿ cl:y/ x'g

;Sb5g\ . oL tŒjx¿n] Jofkf/dfly k|efj kfb{5g\ . To;}n] lognfO{ ;DefJotf cWoogdf ;dfj]z

ug'{kb{5 . o:tf] cWoognfO{ k|f/lDes lgb]{lzsfsf ¿kdf k|of]u ug'{xf];\ t/ kl/jt{gx¿ -k|foM

ablnO/xg] d"Nox¿nufot_ nfO{ ;dfof]hg ug{sf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf cBfjlws ul//xg'xf];\ .

lrq

35 | P a g e

$=! ;DefJotf

o; kl/R5]bdf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/df ck]Iff ug{ ;lsg]

vr{sf] k|sf/sf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f lbOPsf] x'G5 . o:tf s]xL

vr{x¿ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] vf; Jofkf/df nfu" x'G5g\ -

pbfx/0fsf nflu, pTkfbgsf nflu 5'§f5'§} ;~rfng vr{_ /

cGo vr{x¿ ;a} lgof{t Jofkf/sf nflu ;femf x'G5g\ .

tn lbOPsf] vr{sf] ;ª\lIfKt ljj/0f clGtd xf]Og / o;sf] k|of]u dfu{–bz{gsf] ¿kdf dfq

ug'{kb{5 . jf:tljs vr{ pTkfbgsf] k|sf/, sDkgLsf] ;+/rgf cflbdfly w]/} lge{{/ ub{5 .

vr{x¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug{sf nflu cfk\mgf] Jofkf/sf] sbd–sbdlkR5]sf vr{x¿sf] hfFr ug'{xf];\ .

ahf/df dfu s] 5 <

;j{k|yd h}ljs ahf/df vkt x'g ;Sg] pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f -6g_ sf] j:t'jfbL cg'dfg ug'{xf];\ .

ahf/sf] ;Defljt dfusf] cg'dfg ug{sf nflu afx\o ljz]if1nfO{ cfdGq0f ug'{ pko'Qm x'g]5 .

olb tkfO{Fsf] cfoftstf{;Fu klxn]b]lv g} /fd|f] ;DaGw 5 eg] lghn] s'g s'/f vl/b ug]{ k"jf{g'dfg

u/]sf 5g\ egL tkfO{F ;f]Wg ;Sg'x'G5 .

ljz]if1tf

;DefJotfsf] lx;fa–lstfa tof/ kfg{sf nflu dbt ug{sf lgldQ hfgsf/ JolQmsf] vf]hL ug'{

pko'Qm x'G5 .

Jofkf/sf] cf}hf/

Hff]lvd tyf cj;/x¿ sxfF sxfF 5g\ egL x]g{sf nflu Jofkf/sf] cf}hf/sf ¿kdf oL lx;fa–

lstfax¿nfO{ k|of]udf Nofpg /fd|/L th'{df ul/Psf] tflnsf (spreadsheet) n] ;Dej agfpFb5

. tkfO{F tnsf s'/f hfFr ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 M

olb ;ª\sng ul/Psf] pTkfbg cg'dfgsf] &) k|ltzt dfq eof] eg] s] x'g]5 <

olb tkfO{Fn] yk sd{rf/L egf{ ug'{eof] eg] / tnasf] vr{ a9\of] eg] s] x'g]5 <

tkfO{F yk gfkmf sxfF ug'{x'G5 M kl/df0f cyjf u'0f:t/ -a9L d"No_ a9fP/ <

lrq

36 | P a g e

@= tkfO{F slt cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 <

tkfO{Fsf ls;fgx¿n] slt pTkfbg ub{5g\ cyjf slt pTkfbg ug{ ;Sb5g\ < olb cfk"lt{ w]/}

5 -cyjf w]/} ls;fgx¿ 5g\_ eg] tkfO{Fn] To:tf] kl/df0fdfly Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 h'g

kl/df0fnfO{ ljz]if u/L tkfO{Fsf] ;ª\u7gn] ;FefNg ;Sb5 . o;sf af/]df rflxg]eGbf a9L cg'dfg

ug'{ w]/} ;lhnf] / nf]enfUbf] x'G5 ! ;fgf] kl/df0faf6 ;'? ug'{, cg'ejsf cfwf/df ljsf; ub}{

hfg' / ;'?sf jif{x¿df hf]lvdx¿nfO{ Go"g /fVg' a'l4dfgL x'g]5 . Ifdtfsf] a9L cg'dfg / klxn]

cg'dfg gul/Psf ;d:of cyjf gf]S;fgLnfO{ 7fpF lbgsf nflu ;DefJotfsf] lx;fa–lstfanfO{

To:tf] kl/df0fdfly cfwfl/t agfpg'xf];\ h'g ck]lIft kl/df0fsf] sl/a ^) k|ltzt x'G5 .

tkfO{Fsf] ;DefJotfsf cg'dfgx¿nfO{ dflysf cg'dfgx¿ -cyf{t\ of t dfu of cfk"lt{_ sf]

;aeGbf tNnf] txdf cfwfl/t ug'{xf];\ . pTkfbgeGbf dfu a9L ePsf] cj:yfdf o:tf] dfu k"/f

ug{ cfk"lt{ ub{5' egL k|lt1f ug'{ / ls;fgx¿n] cfk\mgf] pTkfbg a9fpg]5g\ egL k"jf{g'dfg ug{'

nf]enfUbf] x'G5 . jrg lbOPsf] ahf/sf] cl:tTj jf:tjdf ljBdfg 5 eGg] k|df0f x]g{sf nflu

ls;fgx¿n] k|tLIff ug]{5g\ / pTkfbg a9fpgsf tkfO{Fn] u/]sf l;kmfl/;x¿sf] cg';/0f gug{

;Sb5g\ . bf];|f], olb tkfO{Fn] cfoftstf{nfO{ jrg lbg'eof] / To;kl5 ;f] k"/f ug{ ;Sg'ePg eg]

o;n] tkfO{Fsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ ;'?df g} v/fa kfg]{5 . dfu ul/Psf]eGbf sd lbG5' eGg' /

cfk\mgf] jrg k"/f ug'{ a9L /fd|f] x'G5 .

#= h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgsf] d"No s] 5 <

d"Nox¿sf] ljZj;gLo ;ª\s]t km]nf kfg'{ ;lhnf] gx'g ;Sb5 . pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/, Ct' /

ljZjJofkL cfk"lt{ cyjf k|j[lQx¿sf cfwf/df d"No km/s kg]{ ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ cfoftstf{x¿

d"Nosf] pNn]v ug{ k|foM rfxFb}gg\ . c¿ cfoftstf{x¿ pgLx¿n] kfpg] d"No atfpg dg

k/fpFb}gg\ lsgeg] k|lt:kwf{sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ d"No sd x'g ;Sb5 egL pgLx¿ 8/fpF5g\ .

j]a;fO6df vf]hL u/]/, w]/} cfoftstf{x¿;Fu s'/f u/]/ cyjf Jofkfl/s d]nfx¿ (trade fairs) df

uP/ ahf/sf] cWoog ug{sf nflu afx\o ljz]if1 lgo'Qm u/]/ d"Nox¿sf af/]df tkfO{F ljrf/x¿

yfxf kfpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

$= lkmN8sf] ;ª\u7gsf] vr{ s:tf] 5 <

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k4ltsf] ;~rfngdf vr{ nfUb5 . o;df Wofg lbg'kg]{ vr{x¿df oL kb{5g\ M

37 | P a g e

lkmN8sf sd{rf/Lx¿ / ltgLx¿sf] ;'ljwfsf nflu oftfoft, kmf]g cflb h:tfnfO{ lbg'kg]{

e'QmfgL

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf Joj:yfkssf] tna -olb To:tf JolQm klxn]b]lv g}

;ª\u7gdf sfd ul//x]sf 5g\ / cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL lghsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿sf] cª\u

x'G5 eg] lghsf] tnasf] s]xL efu_

lkmN8 clkm; / kmlg{r/÷pks/0f . :yfkgf vr{, ef8f / ;Def/

lg/LIf0f tyf cGo ultljlwx¿sf] clen]vg ug{sf nflu nflu d;nGb / kmf]6f]skLx¿

sd{rf/L tyf ls;fgx¿sf] k|lzIf0fsf nflu vr{ .

%= vl/b tyf ;~rfngsf vr{ s] 5g\ <

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/nfO{ k/Dk/fut Jofkf/;Fu;Fu} ;~rfng ug'{ 5 eg] cltl/Qm vr{ nfUg]5

lsgeg] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgnfO{ k/Dk/fut pTkfbgeGbf cnUu} ¿kdf ;~rfng ug'{

cfjZos x'G5 . pTkfbgsf cfwf/df k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfosf cfjZostfx¿ x'g ;Sb5g\ .

vl/b tyf ;~rfngsf vr{x¿df oL kb{5g\ M

h}ljs j:t'sf nflu pRr d"No

h}ljs pTkfbgsf nflu yk -5'§}_ :6f]/ / oL :6f]/sf] ;/;kmfO

5'§} 9'jfgL / h}ljs j:t' nf]8 ug'{eGbf klxn] 6 «sx¿sf] ;/;kmfO

ls;fgx¿sf ;ª\sng ug{sf lgldQ ;kmf emf]nf, k/Dk/fut afnLx¿sf nflu k|of]u

ul/Psf k'/fgf emf]nfx¿df pTkfbgsf] ;ª\sng ug{ ;lsFb}g

km/s–km/s >]0fL (grade) sf / 56gL ul/Psf (sorted) pTkfbgx¿sf nflu ;kmf

emf]nf÷afs;x¿

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] vl/b ug]{ ;do k/Dk/fut vl/b ug]{ ;doeGbf km/s x'g] ePsfn]

vl/bstf{x¿sf nflu cltl/Qm ;do -e'QmfgL_

^= k|zf]wgsf vr{ s] 5g\ <

k/Dk/fut pTkfbgsf] k|zf]wg ul/g] s'g} 7fpFdf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] klg k|zf]wg ul/G5 eg]

e08f/0fsf 5'§} ;'ljwfx¿ x'g' cfjZos x'G5 / h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|zf]wg ug{ ;'? ug'{eGbf klxn]

d]l;gx¿sf] ;kmfO ug'{kg]{5 . Kofs ug]{ ;fdu|Lx¿ -lgof{tsf nflu_ gofF / ;kmf x'g'kb{5 . oL

vr{x¿ k|zf]wgsf ;fdfGo vr{x¿eGbf cltl/Qm x'g]5g\ .

38 | P a g e

&= k|df0fLs/0fsf vr{ s] 5g\ <

k|df0fLs/0f klg vr{ xf] . k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfox¿n] lg/LIfsx¿nfO{ lg/LIf0f ug{sf nflu

cfjZos kg]{ lbgsf] ;ª\Vofsf] cg'dfg;lxt jf:tljs k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu Psd'i6 /sdsf] aLn

k7fpF5g\ .

cfltYo k|bfg ug]{ ;ª\u7gsf ¿kdf, lg/LIfssf nflu oftfoft, cfjf; tyf vfgfsf] vr{sf

nflu tkfO{F lhDd]jf/ x'g'x'g]5 . kl/of]hgf tof/ kfg]{ ;dodf k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfoaf6 vr{sf]

cg'dfgsf nflu cg'/f]w ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

*= lgof{tsf vr{ s] 5g\ <

lgof{t ug]{ sfo{df oL vr{ kb{5g\ M

aGb/ufx;Ddsf] 9'jfgL vr{ . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] 9'jfgL u}/–h}ljs j:t'x¿eGbf 5'§} ¿kdf

ug'{kb{5 .

;~rfng (handling) . olb aGb/ufxdf pTkfbgnfO{ :6f]/df /fVg'kb{5 eg] o;sf nflu

5'§} e08f/0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

lgof{t s/x¿ x'G5g\ / ;DejtM k|ltlglwx¿sf nflu nfUg] cGo z'Nsx¿ klg x'G5g\ .

(= tkfO{Fn] slt kfpg'x'g]5 / tkfO{Fsf] cfDbfgL slt x'g]5 <

tkfO{Fsf] pTkfbgn] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] egL jf:tljs ¿kdf tkfO{Fn] ck]Iff ug{ ;Sg] d"Nosf] ;ª\s]t

tkfO{Fn] kQf nufpg'kg]{5 -kl/R5]b ^=@ klg x]g'{xf];\_ . To;kl5 tkfO{F ;Defljt cfDbfgLsf]

lx;fa ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 . dflysf kl/R]5bx¿df lx;fa ul/Psf] vr{ yfxf kfPkl5 / cGo vr{x¿

-pbfx/0fsf nflu, l:y/ vr{ / ;DklQsf] x|f; s§L_ nfO{ Wofgdf /flv;s]kl5 tkfO{F cg'dflgt

gfkmfsf] lx;fa–lstfa ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5 .

Dfly g} pNn]v ul/;lsPh:t}, gofF Jofkf/df klxnf] cyjf bf];|f] jif{df ;d]t gfkmf x'g g;Sg'

Psbd} ;fdfGo s'/f xf] .

b|i6Jo M cfoftstf{x¿n] of t FOB d"No of CIF d"No ltb{5g\ . 9'jfgLsf] vr{sf] s'grflxF efu

s'g kIfn] ltb{5 eGg] s'/fsf] ;ª\s]t FOB / CIF n] ub{5g\ -zAbsf]if x]g''{xf];\ .

39 | P a g e

tflnsf ! M h}ljs lgof{t Jofkf/;Fu ;DalGwt s]xL ;fdfGo yk kmfObfx¿ / vr{

If]q kmfObf nfut

ahf/ k|jw{g a9L laqmL d"No

(‘h}ljs j:t'sf] a9L d"No’_

;Lldt kl/df0f, km/s

cfjZostf / cnu dfu{sf]

sf/0fn] ubf{ ahf/ j|jw{gsf

nflu yk vr{

;'wfl/Psf] u'0f:t/sf] sf/0fn]

ubf{ a9L laqmL d"No

-u'0f:t/df km/s _*

yk ahf/sf] sf/0fn] ubf{

laqmLsf] a9\bf] kl/df0f

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ljlzi6

ahf/df ljlzi6 pTkfbgn]

/fd|f] d"No gkfPsf v08df

Go"g u'0f:t/df km/s

(differential),

-Psbd} pRr cyjf Psbd}

Go"g u'0f:t/ pTkfbsx¿sf

nflu ;d:of_

lgof{tstf{x¿ ;'? ug{sf nflu M

ahf/df ;/n kx'Fr

cfGtl/s cg'udg tyf afx\o

lg/LIf0f

a9\bf] cg'udgsf] sf/0fn] ubf{

;Defljt art

Affx\o lg/LIf0f tyf

k|df0fLs/0fsf] vr{

k|fljlws cfjZostfx¿ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf]

vr{

5'§} k|zf]wgsf] vr{ / k|fljlws

;Ldfx¿

;fgf ls;fgx¿;Fu l:y/

cfk"lt{ ˘f[ª\vnfsf] lgdf{0f

a9\bf] lgoGq0f ePsf] /

larf}lnof gePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{

;Defljt art

ls;fgx¿sf] a9L d"No / pRr

u'0f:t/sf] dfusf] sf/0fn] ubf{

sRrf ;fdu|Lx¿sf] a9\bf] vr{

cfk\mg} ls;fgx¿ cfk"lt{ ug{

c;kmn ePsf v08df c¿

ls;fgx¿af6 ;fdfg lsGg

;Dej gx'g]

40 | P a g e

$=@ nufgLsf nflu k'FhL / Jofkf/sf nflu ljQLo Joj:yf

Jofkf/sf] ;'?sf] r/0fdf nufgLsf] vr{ Aoxf]g{sf nflu tkfO{FnfO{ k'FhL

/ Jofkf/sf] klxnf] jif{ -of kl5Nnf jif{x¿_ df vr{sf]+ cfjZostf

kb{5 . Jofkf/ ce}m bIftfk"j{s rln/x]sf] 5}g eg] klg / Jofkf/df

cln cln cfDbfgL eO/x]sf] 5 cyjf slQ klg cfDbfgL eO/x]sf] 5}g

eg] klg tkfO{n] nufgL ul//xg' cfjZos x'G5 . tkfO{FnfO{ cfjZos

kg]{ k'FhLsf] dfqfnfO{ tkfO{Fn] sd cfsng ug'{x'Fb}g .

Jofkf/sf nflu laQLo Joj:yf

;fdfGotof lgof{tstf{n] pTkfbg tyf lgof{t vr{sf nflu klxn] g} ljQLo Joj:yf ug'{ cfjZos

x'G5 t/ klg lgof{t ul/Psf] pTkfbgsf nflu e'QmfgL k|fKt ug'{eGbf klxn] k|foM nfdf] ;do

s'g'{kg]{ x'G5 . of] s'/f vf; u/L ev{/ ;'? u/]sf pBdx¿ tyf ;fgf lgof{t sDkgLx¿sf nflu

;d:ofk"0f{ x'G5 . vfln slxn]sfxLF dfq cfoftstf{n] Jofkf/sf vr{x¿sf nflu ljQLo k|aGw ug{

;xof]u pknAw u/fpFb5g\ . ;DefJotfsf] lx;fa–lstfaaf6 cfk\mgf] Jofkf/ ;'? ug{sf nflu

cfjZos kg]{ ljQsf] cg'dfg tkfO{F ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 .

n]6/ ckm q]ml86 (Letter of credit)

e'QmfgLsf nflu kv{g] ;donfO{ 5f]6\ofpg] Pp6f pkfo cfoft ug]{ JolQmaf6 lgof{tstf{sf

lgldQ n]6/ ckm q]ml86 (Letter of Credit – LC) sf nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ xf] . n]6/ ckm q]ml86sf]

k|of]u k|foM cfoftsf] pRr d"Nosf ef8fsf] hf]lvd Aoxf]g{sf nflu ul/G5 t/ s]xL

lrq

pbfx/0f M skmL lgof{tsf nflu klxn] g} ljQLo Joj:yf

Ps sG6]g/ h}ljs skmL kfgL hxfhdf /fVgsf nflu x'g]] vr{ cd]l/sL 8n/ $),))) x'g

;Sb5, lgof{tstf{n] Tof] /sd nufgL ug'{kb{5 / efjL lgof{tsf nflu vl/b ug]{ / k|zf]wg

ug]{ sfd klg hf/L /fVg'kb{5 . cfoftstf{n] Tof] lt?Gh]n s'g{] ;dodf p;n] sd{rf/LnfO{

tna lbO/xg' cfjZos x'G5 / c¿ ;~rfng vr{ klg Aoxf]g'{kb{5 . lgof{tstf{x¿n] cfk"mnfO{

w]/}h;f] To:tf] kl/l:yltdf k]mnf kfb{5g\ h'g kl/l:yltdf pgLx¿;Fu k'FhL sd x'G5 / s'g}

klg yk pTkfbg lsGg ;Sb}gg\ lsgeg] pgLx¿ lgof{t u/]sf pTkfbgx¿sf] e'QmfgLsf nflu

klv{/x]sf x'G5g\ .

41 | P a g e

cfoftstf{x¿n] ;fdfgx¿ cfOk'Ug'eGbf klxn] g} lgof{tstf{nfO{ cg'dlt lbgsf lgldQ e'QmfgL

k|fKt ug{sf nflu n]6/ ckm q]ml86sf] k|of]u ug{] s'/f dGh'/ ug{ ;Sb5g\ . n]6/ ckm q]ml86

cfoft ug]{ lgsfosf] cg'/f]wdf cfoft ug]{ lgsfosf] a}+såf/f hf/L ul/G5 . To;kl5 of]

lgof{tstf{sf] a}+sdf k7fOG5 / ;f] a}+sn] ;fdfg rnfgL ug{ ;Sb5g\ egL lgof{tstf{nfO{

hfgsf/L lbG5 . ha lgof{tstf{n] a}+sdf lan ckm n]l8ª (Bill of Lading), Jofkfl/s OGEjfO;

(commercial invoice) / kf/jxgsf] cjlwdf ef8fsf] aLdf ul/Psf] 5 eGg] k|df0fnufot

;fGble{s sfuhftx¿ k]; ub{5, ta cfoftstf{sf] a}+sn] lgof{tstf{sf] a}+sdf k};f :yfgfGt/0f

ub{5 . lgof{tstf{n] n]6/ ckm q]ml86df pNn]v ePsf ;Dk"0f{ zt{x¿ k"/f gu?Gh]n lan ckm

n]l8ª eg]sf] e'QmfgLsf] k|Tofe"lt (guarantee) xf]Og eGg] s'/f a'e\mg'kb{5 .

Jofkf/sf lgldQ ljQLo k|aGw ug{sf nflu C0f

C0f cyjf sfd ug]{ k'FhL k|fKt ug]{ w]/} pkfox¿ 5g\ M

:yfgLo jfl0fGo a}+sx¿n] Jofkf/sf nflu k};f pknAw u/fpg ;Sb5g\ t/ ltgLx¿sf]

Aofhsf] b/ pRr x'g ;Sb5 .

s]xL bft[ ;+:yfx¿sf To:tf sfo{qmdx¿ 5g\ h'g sfo{qmdaf6 ahf/sf] Aofhsf] b/eGbf

sddf, slxn]sfxLF jfl0fHo a}Fsx¿;Fu ldn]/, Jofkf/sf nflu k};f pknAw u/fOG5 .

s]xL cGt/f{li6 «o ;+:yfx¿sf klg ahf/sf] b/eGbf sd b/df C0f pknAw u/fpg]

sfo{qmdx¿ 5g\ .

olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg ahf/sf] b/eGbf sd b/df, ljz]if u/L Joj;fo ;'? dfq u/]sf pBdx¿sf

nflu C0f lngsf nflu of]Uo x'g ;w}F ;lhnf] x'Fb}g . ;fdfGotof k"/f ug'{kg]{ cfjZostfx¿ s8f

x'G5g\ / logdf tkfO{Fn] s]xL jif{otfb]lv gfkmf ug]{ Jofkf/ ub}{ cfpg'ePsf] 5 egL tkfO{Fn]

k|dfl0ft ug'{kg]{ s'/f;d]t kb{5g\ . o;f] ug'{ ev{/ ;'? u/]sf Joj;fox¿sf nflu lglZrt ¿kdf

c;Dej 5 . k};f ;fk6L lbg] of]hgf ePsf s]xL ;+:yfx¿ cg';"rL # df b]vfOPsf 5g\ .

$=# hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f tyf hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

Jofkf/sf] of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofsf] cª\usf ¿kdf hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . of]

eg]sf] tkfO{Fsf] kl/of]hgfsf] cyjf tkfO{Fn] xfl;n ug{ rfxg'ePsf] -h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t

Jofkf/sf] :yfkgf ug]{_ nIosf] ;kmntfdf afwf kfg{ ;Sg] tŒjx¿sf] klxrfg ug]{ tyf n]vfhf]vf

ug]{ ljlw xf] . tkfO{Fn] To:tf tŒjx¿sf] klxrfg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 h'g tŒjx¿n] tkfO{Fsf]

Jofkfl/s pBddf hf]lvd pTkGg ub{5g\, To:tf hf]lvd pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 / o;n] ubf{

42 | P a g e

nfut cyjf hl6ntf pTkGg x'g ;Sb5 . vfB lgof{tdf To:tf w]/} tŒjx¿ 5g\ h;n] hf]lvd

pTkGg ub{5g\ . To:tf tŒjx¿dWo] s]xLsf] ;"rL tn lbOPsf] 5 M

ckof{Kt sRrf ;fdu|L -afnL ;vfk eP/ tyf Iflt eP/ cyjf ls;fgx¿n] c¿

vl/bstf{x¿nfO{ a]r]/_

9'jfgLsf] ckof{Kt ;~hfn / ;'ljwfx¿

9'jfgL, e08f/0f cyjf k|zf]wgsf] cjlwdf pTkfbgdf Iflt cyjf k|b"if0f

cTofjZos, h}ljs j:t'sf ¿kdf cg'dlt k|fKt, ;fdu|L -pbfx/0fsf nflu Kofs ug]{

;fdu|Lx¿_ sf] cefj

k|lzIf0fk|fKt sfdbf/x¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, cfGtl/s lg/LIfs cyjf cfGtl/s n]vf

k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfks_ sf] cefj

s/ j[l4

ahf/ aGb, vl/bstf{{x¿sf] cefj

vl/bstf{{x¿ 6f6 plN6g' cyjf sLt]{ sfd ug'{, e'QmfgL gx'g'

hf]lvdx¿sf] Joj:yfkg

hf]lvdx¿sf] Joj:yfkg eg]sf] hf]lvdx¿sf] /f]syfd ug{sf nflu / hf]lvdx¿ pTkGg x'g ;Sg]

;Defjgfx¿ sd ug{sf nflu tkfO{Fn] s] ug{ ;Sg'x'G5, ;f]sf af/]df ljrf/ ug]{ / x/]s hf]lvdn]

pGkGg ug{ ;Sg] ;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ;kmntfk"j{s ug{sf nflu tkfO{Fn] s]–s:tf sbdx¿

rfNg ;Sg'x'G5, tL sbdx¿sf] k/LIf0f ug'{ xf] . cGtdf, ;–;fgf hf]lvdx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu,

9'jfgLsf] ;dodf afnL leh]sf] sf/0faf6 u'0f:t/df sdL x'g' cyjf ;'sfpgsf nflu nfUg] yk

vr{_ af6 hf]lugsf nflu ;l~rt sf]if 5 /÷cyjf afnL w]/} ;vfk ePsf] h:tf 7"nf

;d:ofx¿sf] ;dfwfg ug{sf nflu of]hgf cfkm";Fu 5 eGg] s'/f tkfO{Fn] ;'lglZrt ug{'kb{5 .

hf]lvdn] pTkGg ug{] cj/f]wsf t'ngfdf pTkGg x'g ;Sg] hf]lvdsf] ;DefjgfnfO{ hf]lvdsf]

¿kdf kl/eflift ul/G5 . yf]/} gf]S;fg, pbfx/0fsf nflu ls;fgx¿n] ug]{ yf]/} yf]/} laqmLh:tfn]

pTkGg ug]{ / af/Daf/ eO/xg] tŒjx¿nfO{ b}lgs Joj:yfkgåf/f ;dfwfg ug{ ;lsG5 .

ljWj+;sf/L c;/ -af/Daf/ e"sDk ghfg] If]qdf x'g] e"sDkh:tf_ lj/n} x'g] hf]lvdx¿nfO{ w]/}

k|fyldstf lbg'kb}{g lsgeg] To:tf] hf]lvd pTkGg x'g] ;Defjgf sd 5 / ltgsf nflu of]hgf

th'{df ug]{ tkfO{Fsf] Ifdtf ;Lldt 5 .

‘slxn]sfxLF’ -/ k|foM k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg] lsl;dn]_ pTkGg x'g] hf]lvdx¿sf nflu / ;'Svfsf]

sf/0fn] k"/} afnL ;vfkh:tf 7"nf] ;d:of pTkGg ug{ ;Sg] hf]lvdx¿sf nflu cfk"mnfO{ tof/

43 | P a g e

kfg'{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . o;/L tof/ kfg]{ sfo{df tkfO{Fsf] Jofkf/df To;n] slt gf]S;fgL -vr{_

k'¥ofpF5 eGg] s'/fk|lt ;r]t x'g' / of]hgf th'{df u/L To:tf] gf]S;fgL -vr{_ sf] ;fdgf s;/L

ug]{ eGg] s'/f ;+nUg x'G5 .

tflnsf @ M hf]lvdsf] ;fwf/0f ljZn]if0fsf] gd'gf

vt/f÷hf]lvd s]

x'g\

slt ;dosf]

km/sdf of]

pTkGg x'G5

-cg'dfg ug'{xf];\_

To:tf]

;Eefjgfsf]

/f]syfd ug{

cyjf To;nfO{

sd ug{ s] ug]{

To;nfO{ /f]Sgsf

nflu s] ug]{

To;sf lj?4

rflng] sbdx¿

n/Lx¿sf] k|of]u

u}/–h}ljs

pTkfbgx¿sf

nflu klg ul/g]

ePsfn] 9'jfgLsf]

cjlwdf h}ljs

afnL k|b"lift

ePsf] 5

km;n leœofpg] x/]s ;dodf

h}ljs pTkfbg

9'jfgL ug'{eGbf

klxn] rfnsx¿n]

n/L k"0f{ ¿kdf

;kmf ug'{kb{5

eGg] ljifodf

rfnsx¿;Fu

;xdlt sfod

ug'{xf];\

vl/b ug]{

clws[tn] n/Lsf]

hfFr ub{5g\

vl/b ug]{

clws[tn] h}ljs

afnLsf] 9'jfgLsf

nflu kmf]xf]/

n/LnfO{ cg'dlt

lbFb}gg\

clk|msfnL lgof{tstf{x¿sf nflu k|aGwut sl7gfOx¿

clk|msfnL lgof{tstf{x¿n] v]t–af/Lb]lv kfgL hxfh;Dd cfGtl/s 9'jfgLdf d'Vo r'gf}tLx¿sf]

;fdgf ub{5g\ . k"jf{{wf/sf] cj:yf tyf ;]jfsf] u'0f:t/ ;fdfGotof sdhf]/ 5 . o;n] lgof{t

;]jfnfO{ sd e/kbf]{ agfPsf] 5, ;fdfg vl/b ug]{ / laqmL ug]{ ;dosf aLrdf a9L ;do

nfUb5 eGg] o;sf] cy{ x'G5 -/ To;sf/0f d"Nosf] hf]lvd / k'FhLut vr{sf] a9L ;fdgf

ug'{kb{5_ / k|aGwut ;jfnx¿sf nflu Joj:yfkgsf] a9L ;do nufpg' cfjZos x'G5 .

44 | P a g e

% >[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;

lrq ( M h}ljs j:t'sf pTkfbgx¿sf] cfk"lt{

h}ljs ahf/df kx'Fr ug{sf nflu tkfO{Fn] cfk"lt{ ˘f[ª\vnf (supply chain) sf] ljsf; ug'{kb{5 .

Jofkf/ ;'? ug'{eGbf klxn] o;df lqmofzLn lgsfo -cfoftstf{x¿;Dd_ sf] klxrfg ug'{kb{5 .

;a} lgsfox¿sf e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿ lgwf{l/t x'g'kb{5 . tL lgsfox¿nfO{ u}/–;/sf/L

lgsfo, lj:tf/ ;]jf (extenson services) cyjf Jofkf/sf] ljsf;sf nflu ;]jf pknAw u/fpg]

lgsfoh:tf aLrsf ;ª\u7gx¿n] ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg'kb{5 . o; cWofodf vfln ls;fg tyf

ls;fg ;ª\u7gx¿ -hf] lgof{tsf nflu lhDd]jf/ 5g\_ sf e"ldsfx¿sf af/]df rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

h}ljs pTkfbgx¿sf] cfk"lt{ ˘f[ª\vnfleq lqmofzLn lgsfox¿n] ldn]/ sfd ug'{ / bL3{sfnLg

;DaGwsf] lbzftk{m sfd ug'{sf] dxŒjnfO{ :jLsf/ ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . oL lgsfox¿

k|df0fLs/0fsf nflu cfjZos hfgsf/L pknAw u/fpg] / Ps–csf{sxfF k'¥ofpg] sfo{df Ps–

csf{k|lt lge{/ x'G5g\ . bL3{sfnLg ;DaGwsf] vf]hL ug]{ lgsfox¿n] cNksfnLg gfkmfnfO{

clwstd kfg{ -k|foM c¿x¿sf] zf]if0f u/]/_ vf]Hb}gg\, a? Gofof]lrt ¿kdf yk d"No afF8r'F8 ug{

/ bL3{sfnLg kmfObf -o;nfO{ d"No ˘f[ª\vnf eGg ;lsG5_ cfh{g ug{ vf]Hb5g\ .

lrq

45 | P a g e

>[ª\vnfdf lqmofzLn lgsfox¿ / ltgsf lhDd]jf/Lx¿

lgof{t ug'{eGbf klxn] >[ª\vnfdf lqmofzLn lgsfox¿ x'g\ M -!_ pTkfbg ug]{ ls;fgx¿, -@_

pTkfbg vl/b ug]{, yf]sdf hDdf ug]{ / ltgsf] >]0fL (grade) ldnfpg] ls;fg ;ª\u7g cyjf

lgof{t ug]{ sDkgLx¿ / -#_ ahf/ k|jw{g ug]{ tyf lgof{t ug]{ lgof{tstf{x¿ . lgof{tkl5 cfoft

ug]{x¿n] ;fdfgsf] lhDdf lnG5g\, ;fdfGotof k|zf]wg ug]{ pBf]uh:tf cGo Jofkf/Lx¿nfO{

cyjf o; k|lqmofsf] cGtdf /x]sf / ;fdfgsf] v'b|f laqmL ug]{{x¿nfO{ ;fdfg ljt/0f ub{5g\ .

To:tf ;fdfg laqmL ug]{ v'b|f laqmL ug]{{x¿n] cGtdf pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ ;fdfg laqmL ub{5g\ .

%=! ls;fgx¿, ltgsf e"ldsf / lhDd]jf/Lx¿

ls;fgx¿ dGh''/ ul/Psf] u'0f:t/df pTkfbgsf] dGh'/ ul/Psf] kl/df0f pTkfbg ug{ /

vl/bstf{nfO{ cfk"lt{ ug{ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ -oL zt{x¿sf] pNn]v s/f/df ul/Psf] x'G5_ .

ls;fgx¿n] slxn]sfxLF, ljz]if u/L d"Nox¿ 36a9 eO/x]sf] ;dodf s/f/ ul/Psf] eGbf

a9L d"No lbg] cs}{ vl/bstf{nfO{ ;fdfg a]Rg ;Sb5g\ eGg] s'/f cg'ejn] l;sfPsf] 5 .

ls;fgx¿nfO{ ljZjf;df Nofpgsf nflu / s/f/ ul/Psf] vl/bstf{k|lt OdfGbf/ x'gsf

nflu s]xL ;do nfUg ;Sb5 .

Jofkf/ ug]{ ljleGg tl/sfx¿

Jofkf/nfO{ k|foM lnnfddf j:t'x¿sf] ljlgdodf cyf{t\ ;fdfgx¿sf] ;fdfGo vl/b cyjf laqmL

h] x'G5, To:t} s'g} rLh xf] egL Jofkf/sf af/]df ;dembf/L agfOG5 . t/ vl/b tyf laqmL

eg]sf] Jokf/sf] Ps kIf dfq xf] . of] eg]sf] lglZrt ¿kdf h}ljs j:t'sf pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{t

ug]{ w]/}h;f] ;+:yfx¿sf] kl/l:ylt xf]Og . cfk\mgf cfk"lt{stf{x¿;Fusf] ;DaGwdf nufgL u/]/ /

u'0f:t/, kl/df0f, ;dodf g} sfd k"/f cflb ug]{ ;+oGqx¿ ;dfj]z u/]/ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf l:y/

d"No ˘f[ª\vnf (stable value chain) sf] ljsf; ug{ oL lgof{tstf{x¿ sf]l;; ub{5g\ . o;df d'Vo

zAb eg]sf] nufgL ug'{ cyf{t\ ;do, k};f / tkfO{sf] Vofltsf] nufgL ug'{ xf] . of] g} To:tf]

sf/0f xf] h;n] ubf{ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/df bL3{sfnLg k|lta4tf ;++nUg x'G5 . w]/}h;f]

cfoftstf{ tyf lgdf{tfx¿n] e/ kbf{ cfk"lt{stf{x¿;Fu bL3{sfnLg ;DaGwx¿sf] ljsf; ug]{

nIo /fv]/ o;/L g} sfd ;~rfng ub{5g\ .

46 | P a g e

ls;fgx¿ h}ljs j:t'sf dfkb08x¿sf] kfng ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ h;n] ubf{

pTkfbgsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug{ ;lsof];\ . o;df kl/jt{gsf] cjlw ;dfj]z x'g]5 -kl/R5]b

#=@ x]g'{xf];\_ / ;f] cjlwdf ls;fgx¿n] h}ljs j:t'sf dfkb08x¿sf] kfng ug'{ cfjZos

x'g]5 oBlk ce}m pTkfbgnfO{ k|dfl0ft h}ljs j:t' egL a]Rg ;lsg]5}g . of] h}ljs

ljlwx¿df kl/jt{g ug{sf nflu ls;fgx¿sf lgldQ Pp6f afwf xf] . olb vl/b ug]{n]

klxnf] jif{df To; af]emsf] s]xL efu Aoxf]/]sf] v08df o;n] dbt ug{ ;Sb5 .

ls;fgx¿ ;fdfGotof cfk\mgf ;d"xsf] cª\u x'g' cfjZos x'g]5, ls;fgx¿n] ;fd"lxs

k|df0fLs/0fsf] k|0ffnLdf ;+o'Qm ¿kdf efu lng]5g\ -kl/R5]b #=# x]g'{xf];\_, ls;fgx¿sf]

;ª\u7g cyjf lgof{tstf{ sDkgLåf/f ltgsf] k|zf;g ul/Psf] x'G5 . ls;fgx¿sxfF

lgoldt e|d0f ug'{ /÷cyjf lg/LIf0f ug'{ tyf -h}ljs_ kmfld{ªsf ljlwx¿sf] ljsf; tyf

ltgdf ;'wf/ Nofpgsf nflu pgLx¿n] k|lzIf0f k|fKt u/]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug'{

o; k|0ffnldf cfjZos x'G5 . ls;fgx¿ lkmN8sf sd{rf/L /÷cyjf lg/LIfsx¿nfO{

cfk\mgf] kmfd{df :jfut ug{, k|lzIf0f ;qx¿df efu lng / cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf

sfd ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;Nnfxsf] kfng ug{ OR5's x'g' cfjZos 5 .

gofF kxnsf] ;'?df, s]xL ls;fgx¿ o;df efu lng OR5's x'g ;Sg] / c¿x¿n] la:tf/}

kl5 dfq efu lng ;Sg] ;Defjgf x'G5 . To:tf ;[hgzLn ls;fgx¿nfO{ cfslif{t ug'{

dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 h'g ls;fgx¿ gofF cEof;x¿nfO{ u|x0f ug{ pTk|]l/t / h}ljs j:t'x¿sf

dfkb08x¿sf] kfng ug{sf nflu k|lta4 x'G5g\ .

ef}uf]lns lgs6tf klg kmfObfsf] s'/f x'g ;Sb5 lsgeg] o;n] ubf{ ls;fgx¿n] Ps–

csf{nfO{ k|f]T;flxt ug{ ;Sb5g\ . lgs6tfn] Ps–csf{sf]df e|d0f ug{ / cfGtl/s lgoGq0f

k|0ffnLsf] cª\usf ¿kdf ;xefuL ls;fgx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug{ klg ;lhnf] x'G5 . s[lifdf

/f;folgs j:t'x¿sf] k|of]usf] pRr tx ePsf If]qx¿df l5d]ssf u}/–h}ljs

kmfd{x¿af6 x'g] To:tf j:t'x¿sf] k|jfxåf/f x'g] k|b"if0fsf] hf]lvd klg sd ub{5g\ . olb

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg x'g] If]qdf o; k|sf/sf] hf]lvd ePsf v08df k|df0fLs/0fsf

nflu lg/LIf0f a9L uxg ¿kdf ug'{kb{5 / kmn:j¿k a9L dxª\uf] klg x'G5 .

ljz]if u/L, cfk\mgf ;fyLx¿n] k|lzIf0f tyf cfk\mgf pTkfbgx¿sf] a9L d"No k|fKt u/]sf]

b]v]kl5 klxnf] jif{ ;xefuL gePsf ls;fgx¿ pTk|]l/t x'g ;Sb5g\ . o;sf] kmn:j¿k

of]hgfx¿df ls;fgx¿ a9L ;b:o x'g ;Sb5g\ t/ o;n] ubf{ 3';k}7sf] hf]lvd -u}/–

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿ klg h}ljs j:t'sf ¿kdf cfk\mgf pTkfbg a]Rg

sf]l;; ug{ ;Sb5g\_ . ls;fg ;ª\u7gsf g]tfx¿ o;sf] /f]syfd ug{sf nflu /

klxn]b]lv g} ljBdfg ;ª\u7gsf h}ljs j:t' tyf u}/–h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ug]{

;b:ox¿sf aLrdf tgfjsf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu hfu?s x'g' cfjZos 5 .

47 | P a g e

lgof{tstf{ cyjf ls;fgx¿sf] ;ª\u7gnfO{ ;f]e}m laqmL ug]{ ls;fgx¿

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ˘f[ª\vnfsf ls;fgx¿ b'O{dWo] s'g} Ps pkfoaf6 cyf{t\ of ;f]e}m

lgof{tstf{nfO{ cyjf ltgsf cfk\mg{ ;ª\u7gx¿nfO{ cfk\mgf pTkfbg a]Rg ;Sb5g\ .

larf}lnofnfO{ a]Rg] sfo{nfO{ cg'dlt x'Fb}g lsgeg] h}ljs ˘f[ª\vnf bL3{sfnLg s/f/ tyf

nufgLsf af/]df kf/bzL{ x'g' cfjZos 5, oLdWo] s'g} klg s'/f larf}lnofåf/f x'g ;Sb}g .

s/f/gfdf ul/Psf ls;fg cyjf laqmLsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd v]tL ug]{ ls;fg

ls;fgx¿n] JolQmut ¿kdf s/f/gfdf ul/Psf ls;fg

cyjf laqmLsf] ;Demf}tfadf]lhd v]tL ug]{ ls;fgsf ¿kdf

lgof{t ug]{ sDkgLnfO{ ;f]e}m laqmL ug{ ;Sb5g\ . o:tf]

dfldnfsf xsdf, lgof{t ug]{ sDkgL;Fu k|df0fkq -cyf{t\

h}ljs j:t'sf] k|df0fkq lgof{t ug]{ sDkgLsf] gfddf x'G5_ /

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng ug]{ lhDd]jf/L

sDkgLn] lnG5 . ;]jf, cfk"lt{;DaGwL ;Demf}tf /

lhDd]jf/Lx¿ h:tf ;jfnx¿ s/f/df ;d]l6G5g\ .

s/f/df kmfd{sf] of] ljlw To:tf] kl/l:yltx¿df pkof]uL x'G5 h'g kl/l:yltx¿df ls;fgx¿sf]

;ª\u7g x'Fb}g cyjf ;ª\u7gdf cfk\mg} cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng ug]{ cg'ejsf] cefj

x'G5 . of] ;'?sf] gd'gf x'g ;Sb5 h'g gd'gf kl5 uP/ ˘f[ª\vnfsf] ¿kdf ljsl;t x'G5 . To:tf]

˘f[ª\vnfdf ls;fgx¿sf] a9L lgoGq0f x'G5 -tn JofVof ul/Padf]lhd_ .

ls;fgx¿n] cfk\mg} ;ª\u7gnfO{ cyjf ;f]sf] dfWodaf6 laqmL ub{5g\

ha ls;fgx¿ cfk\mg} ;ª\u7gdf cfa4 x'G5g\, ta ltgn]

cfk\mg} ;ª\u7gnfO{ pTkfbg a'emfpFb5g\ . To;kl5 ;ª\u7gn]

pTkfbgsf] ;ª\sng, yf]sdf e08f/0f, >]0fL (grade) df

ldnfpg] Pj+ / 5F6gL (sorting) ug]{ / ltgsf] u'0f:t/sf]

lgoGq0f ug]{ sfo{sf] lhDdf lnG5 . To;kl5 ls;fg

;ª\u7gn] lgof{t ug]{ sDkgLnfO{ laqmL ub{5 cyjf cfk}Fm

lgof{t ub{5 . o:tf kl/l:yltx¿sf xsdf ;fdfGotof

ls;fg ;ª\u7gsf] gfddf k|df0fkq x'G5, ;f] ;ª\u7g

lrq

lrq

48 | P a g e

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL ;~rfng ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'G5 / ;ª\u7gn] g} ls;fgx¿nfO{

k|lzIf0f pknAw u/fpFb5 .

ls;fg ;ª\u7gdfk{mt cfk\mgf pTkfbg laqmL ug]{ ls;fgx¿nfO{ x'g] w]/} kmfObfx¿ 5g\ M

ls;fgx¿ lgof{t ug]{ sDkgL;Fu jftf{ ug{sf nflu /fd|f] cj:yfdf x'G5g\

pgLx¿n] /fd|f] d"No k|fKt ug{ ;Sb5g\ lsgeg] yf]sdf ;fdfg hDdf u/]/, 5F6gL u/]/ /

>]0fL (grade) ldnfP/ ;ª\u7gn] d"No yk ub{5

o:tf] kl/l:yltsf xsdf, JolQm ls;fgx¿n] cfk\mgf ;ª\u7gx¿;Fu s/f/ ug'{ / s/f/df ul/Psf

;xdltk|lt k|lta4 x'g' cfjZos x'G5 -dflysf] kl/R5]bdf s/f/sf af/]df ul/Psf l6Kk0fLx¿

x]g'{xf];\_ .

o:tf] Joj:yfdf ;fdfGotof ls;fgx¿n] ;ª\u7gk|lt a9L cf:yf k|blz{t u¿g\ / Pp6} dfq

vl/bstf{ ;f] ;ª\u7gnfO{ laqmL u¿g\ eGg] ck]Iff ul/G5 . o:tf] Joj:yfdf ;ª\u7gsf cu'jf /

;b:ox¿sf aLrdf ljZjf;sf] 3lgi6 ;DaGw / b'j}df b[9tfsf] cfjZostf x'G5 . ;Dk"0f{

;b:ox¿ cfk\mgf] ;ª\u7gsf] /0fgLlt;Fu ;xdt x'g'kb{5, ;a}n] ;f] /0fgLltnfO{ ;dy{g ug'{kb{5

/ cfjZostfx¿sf] kfng ug{sf nflu ;a} k|lta4 x'g'kb{5 .

%=@ ls;fgsf ;ª\u7g, ltgsf e"ldsf tyf lhDd]jf/Lx¿

olb ;ª\u7g k|hftflGqs 5, ;ª\u7gsf] ;+/rgf kf/bzL{ 5 / hjfkmb]lxtfsf] cEof; ul/Psf] 5

eg] pTkfbsx¿sf] ;ª\u7gaf6 ls;fgx¿n] w]/} nfe lng ;Sb5g\ . lgoldt a}7sx¿sf]

cfof]hgf ul/g'kb{5 /;xefuL x'gsf nflu ls;fgx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t x'g'kb{5 .

olb ;ª\u7g k|df0fkq k|fKt ug]{ lgsfo 5 eg] o;sf] sfg'gL x}l;ot x'g' cfjZos x'G5 .

;~rf/ tyf ljZjf;

lgof{tsf nflu h}ljs pTkfbgsf lgldQ ;ª\u7gsf cu'jf tyf h}ljs v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿sf]

aLrdf ljZjf;k"0f{ ;DaGw x'g'kb{5 . ;ª\u7gaf6 ul/g] ck]Iff klg x'G5g\ / ltgdf oL kb{5g\ M

!_ h}ljs v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿n] kl/l:ylt h:tf];'s} eP tfklg a9L d"No k|fKt ug]{ ck]Iff ub{5g\,

@_ ‘s]Gb|’ n] x/]s jif{ cfk\mgf pTkfbg lslgb]cf];\ egL ck]Iff ug]{ ls;fgx¿ / x/]s jif{

s]Gb|nfO{ ;ffg a'emfcf];\ egL ck]Iff ug]{ ‘s]Gb|’ .

49 | P a g e

o;df hf]lvdx¿ klg x'G5g\ M olb h}ljs v]tL ug]{ ls;fgsf] s'g} g]tf;Fu glhssf] ;DaGw 5

eg] / lghn] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] dfkb08sf] pNnª\3g ub{5 eg] To:tf] JolQmn] k"/} ;d"xnfO{

hf]lvddf kfbf{;d]t k|dfl0ft ul/Psf] ;d"xaf6 tL JolQmnfO{ aflx/ lgsfNg sl7g x'g ;Sb5 .

s;}n] a9L d"No lbPsf v08df cyjf u'0f:t/sf pRr cfjZostfx¿ k"/f ug{sf nflu pgLx¿n]

;ª\3if{ ul//x]sf] cj:yfdf ls;fgx¿n] c¿x¿nfO{ pTkfbg a]Rg klg ;Sb5g\ . b:tvt ePsf]

s/f/n] dfq of] /f]lsFb}g . olb ;ª\u7gn] bf];|f] ls:tfsf] e'QmfgL kl5 ug]{ u/L klxnf] ls:tfsf]

e'QmfgL ub{5 t/ csf]{ Jofkf/Ln] Ps} k6sdf k"/f e'QmfgL -olb To:tf] e'QmfgL klxnf] / bf];|f]

ldnfpFbf To;eGbf sd x'G5 eg] klg_ ub{5 eg] ls;fgx¿n] c¿nfO{ klg pTkfbg laqmL ug{

;Sb5g\ . cGtdf, s'g} ;ª\u7g -cyf{t\ klxn]b]lv ljBdfg /x]sf]_ df h}ljs / u}/–h}ljs j:t'

pTkfbg ug]{ ;b:ox¿ 5g\ eg] h}ljs j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ ;b:ox¿sf t'ngfdf h}ljs j:t'

pTkfbg gug]{ ;b:ox¿n] cfk"mnfO{ sd Wofg lbOPsf] / sd ;xof]u ul/Psf] s'/f k]mnf kfg{

;Sb5g\ / o;n] ;ª\u7gleq tgfj pTkGg ug{ ;Sb5 .

oL ;Defljt vt/fx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVbf, d"No lgwf{/0f, u'0f:t/;DaGwL cfjZostf tyf

Jofkf/sf / k|df0fLs/0fsf cGo cj:yfx¿h:tf ;d:ofx¿sf af/]df pko'Qm ;~rf/ ty kof{Kt

;do lbg' cfjZos 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 x'G5 . cem ;aeGbf dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f t s] 5 eg] ;a}

lqmofzLn lgsfox¿n] cfk;df ljZjf;sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . vl/bstf{ / pTkfbsx¿

Pp6} ;ª\u7gsf cª\u x'g\ / pgLx¿sf aLrdf Ps–csf{k|lt cfk;df OdfGbf/Lsf] ljsf; ug'{

cfjZos 5 .

lrq M lgoldt a}7sx¿sf] cfof]hgf ul/g'kb{5 / ;xefuL x'gsf nflu ls;fgx¿nfO{ pTk|]l/t

x'g'kb{5 .

lrq

50 | P a g e

rfn" k'FhL

lgof{t ug]{ ;ª\u7gsf nflu, JolQmsf ¿kdf w]/} ls;fgx¿af6 pTkfbg vl/b ubf{ nfUg]

k|zf;lgs vr{ w]/} a9L x'G5 . olb lgof{t ug]{ ;ª\u7gsf t'ngfdf ls;fgx¿n], ;ª\sng,

yf]sdf e08f/0f / ;fob a9L bIftfk"j{s >]0fL -u|]8_ 5'6\ofpg] sfd ug]{ -/ sd nfutdf ug]{_ xf]

eg] ls;fgsf a9\bf] dfqfdf :yfgLo ;ª\u7gx¿n] o; ;d:ofsf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

olb ls;fg ;ª\u7g cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf nflu lhDd]jf/ 5 eg] ;f] ;ª\u7gn] To:tf]

k|0ffnLsf] ;~rfng ug{sf nflu / k|df0fLs/0f tyf 5'§} ;~rfng -pbfx/0fsf nflu, 5'§} 9'jfgL,

e08f/0f, Kofs ug{sf nflu gofF / ;kmf ;fdu|L_ h:tf vr{x¿ Aoxf]g{sf nflu rfn" k'FhL k|fKt

ug{' cfjZos x'G5 . ;DefJotf tyf rfn" k'FhLsf af/]df cWofo $ klg x]g'{xf];\ .

36gf cWoog M ;ª\ul7t x'g]

o'ufG8fdf, tfhf / ;'Svf kmnx¿sf] lgof{t ug]{ Ps JolQmn] To:tf kmnx¿sf] cfk"lt{ ug{sf

nflu # lhNnfsf ^ j6f km/s–km/s 7fpFx¿sf ls;fgx¿sf *–!@ ;d"xx¿;Fu s/f/ ul/g\ .

kmnx¿sf] ;ª\sng lglZrt lbgx¿df ul/GYof] . ;'?df ls;fgx¿n] kmfd{sf] d"n åf/df NofP/

/fv]sf kmnx¿sf] ;ª\sng ug{sf nflu pgn] Pp6f lks–ck uf8L / rfns k7fpg] uly{g\ .

slxn]sfxLF kmnx¿ w]/} x'Gy] / / c¿ ;dodf Psbd} yf]/} . To;kl5 ls;fgx¿n] ;ª\sngsf]

Pp6} s]Gb| x'g] u/L cfk"lt{ ;d"xx¿df cfk"mnfO{ ;ª\ul7t kf/] . To; ;dodf ;aeGbf /fd|f]

kmn s;sxfF 5, ;f]adf]lhd -v]tL ul/Psf] Ps8;Fu klg ;DalGwt_ ls;fgx¿n] cfk"lt{ ug{

yfn] . ;ª\sng ug]{ lbgeGbf cufl8 ls;fgx¿n] cfb]z (order) k|fKt ub{y], s;n] slt cfk"lt{

ug]{ egL lg0f{o ub{y] / dGh'/ ul/Psf] km;n ;ª\sng ug]{ 7fpFdf NofpFby] . ToxfF pgLx¿n]

u'0f:t/ lgoGq0f ug]{ sfd ub{y], ;fdfgsf] tf}n lnGy] / lgof{t ug]{ JolQmåf/f pknAw

u/fOPsf q]m6x¿df kmnx¿ /fVby] . tL ;d"xx¿ clxn] cfP/ cf}krfl/s ¿kdf ;ª\u7gx¿df

cfa4 ePsf 5g\ / x/]s ;ª\u7gsf] a}+s vftf 5 . ;b:ox¿n] cfk\mgf aLrdf k};f efu

nufpFb5g\ . ;ª\u7g ug]{ 7fpFx¿df 5fgf lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu ls;fgx¿n] k]mo/6 «]8af6 k|fKt

x'g] a9L d"Nosf] k|of]u u/] / tL 7fpFx¿ clxn] e]63f6sf dxŒjk"0f{ 7fpF ePsf 5g\ . o:tf

7fpFx¿sf] k|of]u cGo vl/bstf{x¿sf nflu kmfd{sf cGo pTkfbgsf] yf]s ;ª\sng ug{ /

Jofkf/ ug{sf nflu klg ul/G5 .

51 | P a g e

sd{rf/L / vr{

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ug{] kl/of]hgfsf nflu cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] Joj:yfks lgo'Qm

ug'{ k|fyldstf x'G5 . cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] o:tf] Joj:yfks lzlIft tyf bIf x'g'

cfjZos x'G5 lsgeg] oL JolQmn] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ afx\o JolQm;Fu ;~rf/ ub{5g\ / oL JolQm

;a} ls;fgx¿sf] k|zf;g ug{sf nflu -;fdfGotof sDKo'6/df_ lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . k|df0fLs/0f ug]{

lgsfox¿sf nflu ;ª\u7gfTds k|ltj]bg, pTkfbsx¿sf] ;"rLsf] ;f/–;ª\If]k cflbnufot Psbd}

lj:t[t clen]vgsf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

cfGtl/s ¿kdf ls;fgx¿sf] lg/LIf0f ug{sf nflu / cfjZos hfgsf/L ;ª\sng ug{sf nflu

sd{rf/Lx¿ x'g' klg cfjZos x'G5 . o:tf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] 5gf]6 ;b:ox¿dWo]af6, ljz]if u/L

s]xL lzIff k|fKt u/]sf / sfd ug{ OR5's JolQmx¿dWo]af6 ug{ ;lsG5 . logLx¿nfO{ tna lbg

cfjZos gx'g ;Sb5 t/ pgLx¿sf e|d0f tyf cGo vr{x¿ Aoxf]g'{kb{5 / pgLx¿n] ;do

lbPafkt ;DejtM s]xL kfl/>lds lbg' cfjZos x'G5 .

olb ls;fg ;ª\u7g lgof{t ug]{ sfo{df k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg 5 eg] o; ;ª\u7gdf lgof{t

Joj:yfks tyf sd{rf/L klg cfjZos x'G5g\ . lgof{t ug]{ sfo{sf nflu ljz]if ;Lk, ljz]if u/L

;~rf/sf] ;Lk / ahf/sf af/]df /fd|f] 1fg x'g' cfjZos x'G5 . To:tf JolQm ahf/sf af/]df

/fd|f] ;dembf/L xfl;n ug{sf nflu / vl/bstf{x¿;Fu ;DaGw ljsf; ug{sf nflu

vl/bstf{x¿sxfF / Jofkf/ d]nfx¿df hfg ;Ifd x'g'kb{5 .

lrq !! M ˘f[ª\vnfsf ultljlwnufot h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ˘f[ª\vnfsf] of]hgfut k|:t'tLs/0f M

s= ls;fgx¿n] lgof{t ug]{ lgsfonfO{ ;f]e}m laqmL ub{5g\

v= ls;fgx¿n] cfk\mgf] ;ª\u7gnfO{ laqmL ub{5g\ / ;ª\u7gn] lgof{t ug]{ lgsfonfO{ laqmL ub{5

u= ls;fgx¿n] cfk\mgf] ;ª\u7gnfO{ laqmL ub{5g\ / ;ª\u7gn] pTkfbg lgof{t ub{5

lrq

52 | P a g e

˘f[ª\vnfsf ultljlwx¿ M vl/b, yf]s e08f/0f, >]0fL -u|]8_ ldnfpg], k|zf]wg, ahf/ k|jw{g /

laqmL

ls;fg ;ª\u7g cfk"mn] pTkfbg a'e]msf] 7fpFb]lv ;f] laqmL gx'Gh]n;Dd ;f] pTkfbgsf nflu

lhDd]jf/ x'G5 . vl/b ug]{, ;kmf ug]{, >]0fL -u|]8_ ldnfpg] / Kofs ug]{ sfd cfwf/e"t k|lqmof x'g\

h'g sfdsf] ;Dkfbg lgof{t ug]{ lgsfo cyjf pTkfbs ;ª\u7gn] ug{ ;Sb5g\ .

x/]s r/0fdf u'0f:t/sf] lgoGq0f ;'lglZrt ug'{kb{5 . u'0f:t/ kQf nufpg] Ifdtf ePsf] k|0ffnL

(traceability system) :yflkt ug]{ ;Nnfx ;zQm ¿kdf lbOG5, a'emfOPsf] pTkfbgdf n]an

nufPsf] x'g' cfjZos 5 h;n] ubf{ JolQm ls;fg cyjf ls;fgx¿sf ;fgf ;d"xx¿nfO{ kl5

klg kQf nufpg ;lsof];\ . -kl/R5]b @=# x]g'{xf];\_ .

vl/b tyf yf]sdf e08f/0f

olb ;ª\u7g g} vl/bstf{ 5 eg] o;n] vl/b ug]{ 7fpF lgwf{l/t ug'kb{5 / h}ljs j:t'sf]

pTkfbg ug]{ ls;fgx¿n] dfq ;fdfg a'emfpg ;Sg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu To; 7fpFdf s'g}

k|0ffnL ljBdfg x'g'kb{5 . 3';k}7 Pp6f hf]lvd xf] lsgeg] c¿ ls;fgx¿ klg a9L d"No kfOg]

kmfObfaf6 nfeflGjt x'g rfxG5g\ . ;ª\u7gn] a'emfOPsf pTkfbgx¿sf] u'0f:t/dfly uDeL/

¿kdf Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 . ls;fg ;ª\u7gn] cfk\mgf ;b:ox¿af6 ;Dk"0f{ pTkfbg lsGg

st{Josf] sf/0fn] afWo 5 eGg] dx;'; ug{ ;Sb5 t/ sd u'0f:t/sf] pTkfbg lsGg' eg]sf] /fd|f]

Jofkf/ xf]Og / olb s]xL ls;fgx¿n] sd u'0f:t/sf ;fdfgx¿ a'emfP eg] ;Dk"0f{ ;d"xn] g} b'Mv

kfpg ;Sb5 .

>]0fL -u|]8_ 5'6\ofpg] / k|zf]wg ug]{ sfd

>]0fL -u|]8_ 5'6\ofpg] / k|zf]wg ug]{ sfd eg]sf lgof{t kl/of]hgfdf u'0f:t/sf] Joj:yfkgsf

nflu cTofjZos kIf x'g\ . pTkfbgsf cfwf/df ;fwf/0f cyjf a9L hl6n k|zf]wgsf] cfjZostf

x'g ;Sb5 .

af}a'{g elgnf (Bourbon vanilla) sf nflu >d–k|wfg ^ dlxgf nfdf] ;'wf/ ug]{ k|lqmof

(curing process) sf] cfjZostf kb{5 . w]/}h;f] cfoftstf{ tyf lgdf{tf sDkgLx¿ k]ml/ yk

;kmfO tyf >]0fL -u|]8_ ldnfpg' cfjZos x'g] pTkfbgsf] ;§f yk k|zf]wgsf nflu klxn] g}

tof/ eO;s]sf] pTkfbg k|fKt ug{ rfxG5g\ .

53 | P a g e

vl/b ug]{sf Go"gtd cfjZostfx¿ ;w}F k"/f ug}{ kb{5 . lgof{tsf] To:tf] s'g} If]q 5}g hxfF ;kmf

ug]{, >]0fL -u|]8_ 5'6\ofpg] / Kofs ug]{ ;'ljwfx¿ cfjZos gxf]pmg\ . cfwf/e"t

cfjZostfx¿eGbf k/, yk sbdx¿ rfNg] s'/f -pbfx/0fsf nflu, vfB ;'/Iff cfZj:t kfg]{

sfd_ n] tkfO{Fsf] sfo{ ;~rfngdf d"No yk ug{ ;Sb5 / u'0f:t/sf] pTkfbg cfk"lt{stf{sf

¿kdf tkfO{Fsf] :yfgnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ ;Sb5 . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|zf]wgdf, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf

k|fs[lts tŒjx¿sf] k|of]u ug}{ kb{5 / ltgdf yk ul/g] j:t' / tŒjx¿df h}ljs dfkb08x¿ k"/f

ug'{kb{5 .

Kofs ug]{ / lgof{tsf nflu tof/L ug]{

pTkfbgnfO{ ;'/lIft /fVg / ;~rfngdf bIftf a9fpg — oL b'j}sf nflu pTkfbg Kofs ug]{

ljlwx¿sf af/]df k|foM vl/bstf{x¿sf ;zQm k|fyldstfx¿ x'G5g\ .

klZrdf sDkgLx¿n] hgzlQmsf] ;§f prfNg (lifting) / Ps 7fpFaf6 csf]{ 7fpFdf ;fg{ (carrying)

sf nflu dl;gx¿sf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . olb hgzlQmsf] k|of]u ul/G5 eg] sfdbf/x¿n] prfNg

kfpg] tf}nsf sfg'gL ;Ldfx¿ 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, g]bNof{G8;df o:tf] tf}nsf] ;Ldf @% s]hL

5 . w]/}h;f] cfoftstf{x¿ pTkfbgnfO{ km]l/ Kofs ug{ rfxFb}gg\ t/ Kofsx¿ gvf]nLsg otfplt

ltgnfO{ ;fg{ rfxG5g\ . of] g} To:tf] sf/0f xf] h;n] ubf{ tkfO{Fn] l7Sssf] Kofs]h u/L ;fdfg

cfk"lt{ u/]sf] pgLx¿ rfxG5g\, of] pgLx¿ cfk\mgf nflu dfq xf]Og, a? of] ltgsf

pkef]Qmfx¿sf nflu klg xf] . o;sf] c;/ Kofs]hdf n]v]/ 5flkg] s'/fx¿dfly klg kb{5 .

pTkfbgsf] 7Ls Kofs]h tof/ u/L cfk"lt{ ug{ ;Ifd x'g' ahf/ k|jw{gsf] tkfO{Fsf] dxŒjk"0f{ /0fgLlt xf] .

Kofs]lhªsf cltl/Qm, ;kmfO, Pk\mnf6f]lS;g (aflatoxin) k/LIf0f -abfd tyf o:t} j:t'x¿sf

nflu_, pTkfbgsf] cfb|{tf (humidity of the produce) cflb;DaGwL lgodx¿sf] kfng ug'{kb{5 .

‘s[lif pTkfbgx¿sf] lgof{t -;g\ @))^_ (Export of Agricultural Porducts (2006) df

j]a;fO6x¿sf] ;"rL lbOPsf] 5 h;df cfoftsf ;xL lgodfjnLx¿ lbOPsf 5g\ .

ahf/Ls/0f / lgof{t

ls;fg ;ª\u7g pTkfbg vl/b ug{sf nflu / ;aeGbf /fd|f] vl/bstf{nfO{ laqmL ug{sf nflu

lhDd]jf/ x'G5 h;n] ubf{ ls;fgx¿n] bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ;aeGbf /fd|f] d"No kfpF5g\ . o:tf]

eO/x]sf] 5 egL ls;fgx¿n] ljZjf; ug'{kb{5 / o;sf/0f lg0f{o ug]{ k|lqmof kf/bzL{ x'g'kb{5 .

ahf/Ls/0f tyf lgof{tsf cGo ;jfnx¿sf af/]df cfpFbf] cWofodf rrf{ ul/Psf] 5 .

54 | P a g e

^= h}ljs lgof{tsf] ahf/Ls/0f

lrq !@ M lgof{t tyf cfoft

ahf/Ls/0fsf af/]df w]/} lstfax¿ n]lvPsf 5g\ . o; cWofosf] p2]Zo ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL

;jfnx¿sf af/]df k"0f{ ljj/0f pknAw u/fpg' xf]Og, a? To;sf] ;§f h}ljs lgof{tsf]

ahf/Ls/0fdf ;+nUg ultljlw, ljsNk tyf /0fgLltx¿sf] JofVof ug'{ xf] . ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL

;jfnx¿ Tyf ;fdfGo zAbfjnLx¿sf nflu Agrodok 26, ‘Marketing for small-scale producers’

x]g'{xf];\ .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/ k|jw{g ls;fg / lgof{tstf{x¿sf] aLrsf] ;+o'Qm k|of;sf ¿kdf dfq

;kmn x'G5 . lgof{tstf{ -cyjf ls;fg ;ª\u7gsf] lgof{t ljefu_ åf/f ul/g] Jofkf/;DaGwL

lg0f{ox¿ ubf{;d]t ls;fgx¿ ˘f[ª\vnfsf cª\u x'g\ egL dx;'; ug{sf nflu / pgLx¿sf] cf:yf

sfod /flv/fVgsf nflu s:tf k|sf/sf lg0f{ox¿ ul/Psf 5g\ / s] cfwf/df ul/Psf 5g\ egL

ls;fgx¿n] yfxf kfpg' pkof]uL x'G5 .

lrq

55 | P a g e

h}ljs lgof{t Jofkf/ ;'? ug'{eGbf klxn] cfk\mgf] /0fgLlt kl/eflift ug'{, cfk\mgf] ahf/sf] lx::ff

yfxf kfpg' / tkfO{F ;kmntfk"j{s To; lx:;fdf k'Ug ;Sg'x'G5 eGg] s'/f yfxf kfpg' dxŒjk"0f{ 5

. o;sf] JofVof tn kl/R5]b ^=! Dff ul/Psf] 5 . kl/R5]b ^=@ eGbf cufl8 To:tf d'Vo

lg0f{ox¿sf] jl/kl/ s]lGb|t ahf/Ls/0fsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ¿k/]vf lbOPsf] 5 h'g lg0f{ox¿ cyf{t\ s]

laqmL ug]{, s;nfO{, s'g d"Nodf / s;/L h:tf lg0f{ox¿nfO{ ahf/Ls/0fsf] /0fgLltdf ;Daf]wg

ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 .

oL tŒjx¿nfO{ ahf/Ls/0fsf ldl>t tŒjx¿ elgG5 / $ j6f P cyf{t\ Place -7fpF_, Product

-pTkfbg_, Promotion -k|jw{g_ / Price -d"No_ sf ¿kdf ¿kdf logsf] ;ª\lIfKt ¿k k|:t't

ul/G5 .

^=! ahf/Ls/0fsf] /0fgLlt

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ahf/nfO{ ;Daf]wg ug]{ lg0f{on] ;ª\u7gsf] ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL ;fdfGo

gLlt;Fu /fd|/L d]n vfg'kb{5 . bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf l6sfp x'g ;Sg] /0fgLltsf # k|sf/x¿ dfq

5g\ egL ahf/Ls/0fsf kf7\ok':tsx¿df atfOPsf] 5 M !_ cGt/ ug]{ sfo{ (Differentiation), 2)

@_ hf]8 (Focus) / @_ nfutdf g]t[Tj (Cost leadership) . oL /0fgLltx¿dWo] s'g} Pp6f /0fgLltsf]

klg rog gug]{ ;ª\u7gx¿ hf]lvdsf] aLrdf c8\lsG5g\ .

!_ ahf/nfO{ cGt/ ug]{ /0fgLlt (market differentiation strategy) eg]sf] To:tf] /0fgLlt xf] h'g

/0fgLlt To:tf 7"nf sDkgLx¿sf nflu pko'Qm x'G5 h'g sDkgLn] ahf/sf vf;–vf; lx:;fdf

k'¥ofpg] nIo ePsf y'k|} j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg ub{5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, sf/ lgdf{tf sDkgLn]

ljleGg k|sf/sf sf/x¿ agfpF5 M kmfd{ tyf cGo Jofkf/x¿sf nflu kmf]/–x\jLn 8 «fOe (4 wheel

drive) ePsf lks–ck uf8Lx¿, kl/jf/x¿sf nflu t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;:tf] ;n'g sf/, nfdf] b"/L

tyf v/fa ;8sdf klg ofqf ug'{kg]{ cfjZostf ePsf ;ª\u7gx¿sf nflu w]/} l;6 ePsf

km/flsnf kmf]/–x\jLn 8 «fOe (4 wheel drive) ePsf :6];g sf/x¿ .

@_ hf]8sf] /0fgLlt eg]sf] To:tf] /0fgLlt xf] h'g /0fgLltdf sDkgLn] ahf/sf] Ps lx:;fdf hf]8

lbG5 / ljlzi6 ahf/sf nflu Pp6} -cyjf ;DejtM s]xL_ pTkfbgx¿sf] dfq pTkfbg ub{5 .

#_ nfutdf g]t[Tjsf] /0fgLlt eg]sf] To:tf] /0fgLlt xf] h'g /0fgLltsf] p2]Zo laqmLnfO{ cfslif{t

ug{sf nflu ;:tf pTkfbgx¿sf] pTkfbg ug'{ xf] . pTkfbgdf gofF l;h{gfTds s'/f ug]{ cyjf

;'wf/ ug]{ sfo{k|lt yf]/} dfq Wofg lbOG5 cyjf s'g} Wofg lbOGg, vfln sd nfutdf pTkfbgdf

‘g]t[Tj’ ug]{ lbzftk{m dfq hf]8 /xG5 . ha nfutdf g]t[Tjsf] /0fgLlt ePsf] s'g} sDkgLn]

56 | P a g e

cfk\mgf pTkfbgx¿sf] ljsf; ug{ yfNb5, ta of] ahf/df km/s kfg]{ /0fgLltsf lbzftk{m cufl8

a9\b5 . nfutdf g]t[Tjn] ;fdfGotof 7"nf] kl/df0fsf pTkfbgx¿df sfd ub{5 . w]/} lrlgof

pTkfbsx¿n] nfutdf g]t[Tjsf] /0fgLltsf] rog ub{5g\ .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ug]{ lgsfox¿n] ;fdfGotof of t hf]8sf] cyjf cGt/ ug]{ /0fgLltsf]

cg';/0f ub{5g\ . nfutdf g]t[Tj eg]sf] d'l:snn] Pp6f ljsNk xf] lsgeg] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf]

kl/df0f ;fgf] x'G5 / nfut t'ngfTds ¿kdf a9L x'G5 . olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg nfutsf t'ngfdf

k|ltkmn eg]sf] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df ;+nUg sDkgLx¿sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ s'/f xf] .

hf]8sf] /0fgLltsf] k|of]u ug]{ sDkgLx¿n] cfk\mgf pTkfbgx¿sf af/]df ePsf] pTs[i6 1fgaf6

kmfObf lnG5g\ . o;sf] sdhf]/ kIf eg]sf] To:tf sDkgLx¿ klg vf; ahf/dfly a9L lge{/

x'G5g\ / ha ahf/sf] ultzLntf (dynamics) df kl/jt{g cfpF5 -pbfx/0fsf nflu, ha

vl/bstf{x¿n] sd d"Nosf] dfu ug{ yfNb5g\_, To:tf] ;dodf tL sDkgLx¿ hf]lvddf x'G5g\ .

7"nf] kl/df0fsf] sf/f]af/ ug{ klg sl7g x'G5 .

cGt/ ug]{ /0fgLltsf] k|of]u ;fdfGotof h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df ljljwLs/0f ug]{ j:t'sf

;fdfGo lgof{tstf{x¿åf/f ul/G5 . o; dfldnfsf xsdf, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbgsf] If]q

eg]sf] cfk\mgf] Jofkf/sf] csf]{ nfOg dfq xf] . oBlk oL sDkgLx¿ cfk\mgf] Jofkf/sf k/Dk/fut

If]qx¿df cg'ejL x'G5g\ t/ klg h}ljd j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tsf dfu{ (channel) sf ljz]iftfx¿af6

k|foM 5Ss kb{5g\ .

s]xL lgof{tstf{x¿ cfk\mgf] ;fdfGo -k/Dk/fut_ Jofkf/sf nflu h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df

nfutsf] g]t[Tjdf hf]8sf] yk /0fgLltnfO{ ldnfpFb5g\ . o; cjwf/0ffn] ;lhn};Fu cGtlj{/f]wlt/

8f]¥ofpFb5 lsgeg] Psbd} a9L dfu ePsf h}ljs j:t'sf pTkfbgx¿sf] ;fgf] kl/df0fnfO{

u'0f:t/, sd nfut / Go"gtd k|of;df cfwfl/t ;fdfGo k|0ffnLdf ldnfpg'kb{5 .

^=@ $ j6f P cyf{t\ Place -7fpF_, Product -pTkfbg_, Promotion -k|jw{g_ /

Price -d"No_

$ j6f P sf] cy{ xf] M

Place -7fpF_ — sxfF a]Rg], cem /fd|f];Fu eGg] xf] eg] ‘ljt/0f’

Product -pTkfbg_ — s] a]Rg]

Promotion — vl/bstf{x¿nfO{ s;/L cfslif{t ug]{ / laqmL ug]{,

Price -d"No_ — s'g d"Nodf laqmL ug]{

57 | P a g e

$ j6f P Ps–csf{dfly lge{/ x'G5g\ M ;kmn ahf/Ls/0f Ps–csf{;Fusf] ;fd~h:odf /xFb} $

j6f P dfly lge{/ ub{5 .

Place -7fpF_

ljt/0f M If]q tyf d'n'sx¿sf] 5gf]6

lgof{t ahf/sf] 5gf]6 w]/} tŒjx¿dfly lge{/ /xG5 / tL tŒjx¿ x'g\ M

! ef8fsf ljBdfg ;DaGwx¿ -of ;d'b| cyjf kfgL hxfhaf6 pTkfbg k7fpgsf nflu_

@ e|d0fsf nflu ljBdfg ;DaGwx¿ -JolQmut e|d0fx¿sf nflu_

# ahf/sf] dfu -kl/df0f, u'0f:t/ tyf ;Defljt j[l4sf b[li6af6_

$ k|lt:kwf{sf] tx

% eG;f/ z'Ns tyf Jofkl/sf u}/–s/ afwfx¿ -sf]6fnufot_

^ Jofkf/sf cGo lgodfjnLx¿

& Jofkf/sf ljBdfg ;Dks{x¿

* efiff / ;~rf/df ;xhtf

( ;DalGwt ahf/sf] 1fg

clk|msfaf6 ul/g] w]/}h;f] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t o'/f]klt/ x'G5 . clk|msf / o'/f]ksf aLrdf

;DaGw ofqL / ef8f — b'j}sf nflu ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf tyf hfkfgsf t'ngfdf ;fdfGotof w]/}

ljsl;t 5 . clk|msfnLx¿sf] o'/f]k]nL d'n'sx¿;Fu k|foM JolQmut ;Dks{ x'G5 . csf{tk{m Nofl6g

cd]l/sfsf h}ljs j:t'sf lgof{tx¿ of t ;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf, o'/f]k of hfkfglt/ k7fOg

;Sb5g\ . Pl;ofn] klg h}ljs j:t'x¿sf ljsl;t ahf/x¿df cfk"lt{ ub{5 .

uGtJo d'n'ssf] 5gf]6 ug]{ ;dodf, ;f+:s[lts tŒjx¿sf t'ngfdf cfly{s tŒjx¿ a9L lg0ff{os

x'G5g\ . olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg ;f+:s[lts tŒjx¿ dxŒjk"0f{ /xG5g\ . k|mfG;df ul/g] cfoftx¿ w]/}h;f]

d'Vo ¿kdf dbuf:s/, Sofd]?g / ;]g]unh:tf k|mfG;]nL efiff af]lng] d'n'sx¿af6 cfpF5g\ .

cª\u]|hL efiff af]Ng] clk|msfnL d'n'sx¿sf] ;+o'Qm clw/fHo;Fu k|foM /fd|f] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw 5 .

hd{gL, g]bNof{G8;, k|mfG; / ;+o'Qm clw/fHo h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] cfoftsf d'Vo uGtJox¿ x'g\ /

logn] w]/}h;f] o'/f]knL ahf/df ;]jf k'¥ofpFb5g\ . lgof{t ug{sf nflu a9L sl7g d'n'ssf ¿kdf

l:j6\hNof{G8nfO{ 7flgG5 lsgeg] ljdfgåf/f ul/g] 9'jfgLsf nflu cfoftstf{x¿åf/f h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf nflu k|of]u ul/g] dfkb08x¿ oxfF w]/} s8f 5g\ . O6fnLsf] cfoft;DaGwL sfo{ljlw

58 | P a g e

w]/} hl6n 5 / o; sfo{ljlwn] o'/f]k]nL ;ª\3eGbf aflx/af6 h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] cfoftnfO{

lg?T;flxt ub{5 .

Af|flhn, OlhK6, d]lS;sf] tyf blIf0f clk|msfh:tf dWod cfo ePsf d'n'sx¿df h}ljs j:t'sf

ahf/x¿ k|s6 x'Fb} 5g\ / ltgn] klg cj;/ pknAw u/fpF5g\ . ToxfF ce}m k|lt:kwf{ ;Lldt 5 .

t/ oL d'n'sx¿ w]/}h;f] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] cfk\mg} pTkfbgdf lge{/ 5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu,

;+o'Qm c/a Old/]6h:tf dWo k"j{sf pRr cfo ePsf ahf/x¿ a9L dfqfdf cfoftdf e/ kb{5g\

/ tL a9L cfzfhgs 7fpF x'g ;Sb5g\ . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/sf nflu lgodx¿ galg;s]sf]

sf/0fn] ubf{ ToxfF k|df0fLs/0fsf sd s8f dfux¿ 5g\ .

ljt/0f M dfu{ (channels), vl/bstf{ tyf ahf/sf lx:;fx¿

clwsf+z h}ljs j:t'x¿sf nflu, s'g} If]q cyjf dxfb]zdf yf]/} dfq cfoftstf{x¿ 5g\ .

cfoftstf{x¿n] ljz]iftM w]/} d'n'sx¿sf u|fxsx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpF5g\ / ahf/sf km/s–km/s

lx:;fx¿nfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpg ;Sb5g\ . To;sf/0f, ltgsf dfu km/s–km/s x'G5g\ .

lgof{tstf{x¿sf nflu To:tf] cfoftstf{ kQf nufpg' dxŒjk"0f{ 5 h'g cfoftstf{sf] :yfg

pTkfbgsf] vf; k|sf/ tyf kl/df0fsf] k|jw{g ug{sf nflu ;aeGbf /fd|f] x'G5 / hf] o;f] ug{sf

nflu OR5's klg 5 -sf]7f x]g'{xf];\_ .

dfu{x¿ (channels) sf] rog ug{sf nflu ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL cjwf/0ff

ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] cy{ tkfO{Fsf] pTkfbgsf ;aeGbf cGtdf /x]sf k|of]u (end

uses) / ToxfF;Dd k'¥ofpg] dfu{x¿sf] ljZn]if0f eGg] xf] . o;f] u/]/, tkfO{F cfk\mgf] pTkfbgsf

nflu Psbd} cfsif{s dfu{sf] rog ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 . pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb tkfO{F;Fu Psbd}

;fgf] kl/df0fdf :jflbi6 dx 5 eg] of] dx To:tf] cfoftstf{nfO{ a]Rg'sf] s'g} cy{ 5}g h'g

cfoftstf{sf] Jofkf/ eg]sf] 7"nf] kl/df0fdf dxnfO{ s]xL :t/Lo k|sf/x¿df ld;fpg' xf] .

o;/L g} olb tkfO{;Fu Psbd} w]/} abfd 5 / To:tf] abfd vfhfsf] k/Dk/fut ahf/df Psbd}

?rfOG5 eg] tkfO{Fn] ahf/df k|zf]wg ul/Psf] ahf/sf] lx:;f -pbfx/0fsf nflu, kLg6 a6/ —

peanut butter) df ljz]if1tf xfl;n u/]sf cfoftstf{x¿af6 a9L d"No kfpg] ck]Iff ug'{ x'Fb}g .

h}ljs a:t'x¿sf] ahf/df o; ljz]if u'0f:t/sf] slQ klg vf]hL g} ul/Fb}g cyjf o; ahf/sf]

ce}m ljsf; ug{ afFsL 5 eGg] s'/f tkfO{Fn] kQf nufpg'x'g]5 . csf]{ pbfx/0f eg]sf] zL a6/

(shea butter) xf] h;sf] of t ˘f[ª\uf/sf ;fdfg cyjf vfBfGg -sf]sfnfO{ k|lt:yfkg ug]{

j:t'sf ¿kdf_ :ki6 ¿kdf cGtdf ul/g] b'O6f k|of]ux¿ (end uses) 5g\ . oL b'O{ ahf/x¿sf

nflusf af6f tyf u'0f:t/;DaGwL dfkb08 km/s–km/s x'G5g\ .

59 | P a g e

pTkfbg

pTkfbg Kofs]lhª;lxtsf] -vf; u'0f:t/sf]_ jf:tljs pTkfbg, s'g} a|fG8 / pTkfbg;Fu} cfpg]

s'g} klg ;]jfx¿ ldn]/ ag]sf] x'G5 . lgof{tsf] x/]s ahf/sf u'0f:t/, :jfb, /ª tyf Kofs]lhªsf

cfjZostfx¿ x'G5g\ . oL ljz]if dfux¿sf af/]df yfxf kfpg' / ltgsf] /]vb]v ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .

yf]s cyjf tof/L pTkfbg

lgof{tsf nflu tof/L j:t' pTkfbg ug'{ d"No clej[l4 ug]{ clGtd pkfo xf] / of] cfsif{s

ljsNkh:tf] b]lvg ;Sb5 . t/ v'b|f tyf vfgkfgsf ahf/x¿sf cfk\mg} cfjZostfx¿ x'G5g\ /

tL yf]s÷j:t'sf ahf/x¿sf eGbf k"0f{ ¿kdf km/s x'G5g\ . v'b|f tyf vfgkfgsf ahf/x¿df

k|foM t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;fgf] kl/df0fsf t/ af/Daf/ ul/g] ljt/0fsf] cfjZostf kb{5 . o;sf]

cy{ Psbd} /fd|f] k|aGwut tyf Joj:yfkg;DaGwL Ifdtf 5 eGg] x'G5 .

tof/L pTkfbgx¿df hfg'eGbf klxn] yf]s lgof{t ;'? ug]{ ;Nnfx ;zQm ¿kdf lbOG5 .

a|flG8ª tyf n]an (label) nufpg] sfo{

a|flG8ª tyf n]an nufpg] sfo{ eg]sf tkfO{Fsf] pTkfbgnfO{ c¿x¿af6 km/s kfg]{ pkfox¿ x'g\

. pkef]Qmf ahf/x¿df, a|flG8ª eg]sf] lgdf{tfx¿n] Wofg lbg] d'Vo s]Gb|laGb' xf] . y'k|} ;fdu|Lx¿

lgof{t ug]{ lgsfox¿sf nflu pkef]Qmfx¿sf aLrdf a|flG8ª ug'{ cgfjZos 5 t/ cf}Bf]lus

a|fG8 cyjf n]ansf af/]df ljrf/ ug'{ pkof]uL x'g ;Sb5 . olb tkfO{Fsf] ;ª\u7gsf] u'0f:t/df

cfwfl/t hf]8 cyjf cGt/ ug]{ /0fgLlt 5 -^=! x]g'{xf];\_ eg] ljz]if u/L o:tf] x'g ;Sb5 .

cfwf/e"t ¿kdf, n]an nufpg] sfo{df lglZrt u'0f:t/sf pTkfbgx¿nfO{ gfd lbg] / ltgnfO{

km/s kfg]{ sfo{ ;+nUg x'G5g\ . sf]:6f l/sfsf] ‘sf]Sofk]m’ (Coocafe) hf]8 /0fgLlt cjnDag ug]{

sfo{df cf}Bf]lus n]an nufpg] sfo{sf] /f]rs pbfx/0f xf] (www.coocafe.com x]g'{xf];\) .

http://www.coocafe.com/

60 | P a g e

k|jw{g

k|jw{gcGtu{t pTkfbgsf] laqmL a9fpg] nIo ePsf ;~rf/;DaGwL ;Dk"0f{ ultljlwx¿ kb{5g\ .

ahf/;Fu ;~rf/ ug]{ w]/} pkfox¿ 5g\ . h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/df w]/}h;f] x'g] ;~rf/ eg]sf]

d]n (mail), k'l:tsf, j]a;fO6, JolQmut ;Dks{ / Jofkf/ d]nfsf e|d0f x'g\ .

u'0f:t/df km/s tyf dfkb08x¿

j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/df Pp6} cfk"lt{stf{sf pTkfbgx¿nfO{ c¿sf pTkfbgx¿;Fu ;lhn} cfk;df

kl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 . o;sf] ;xhLs/0f ug{sf nflu, s'g} klg j:t'sf pTkfbg–u'0f:t/;DaGwL

dfkb08x¿ 5g\ . o:tf dfkb08x¿nfO{ Codex Alimentarius h:tf ;ª\u7g, ;/sf/, If]qut

;ª\u7g, j:t'x¿sf] ljlgdo cyjf Jofkf/Lx¿ cfk}mFåf/f cflwsfl/s dfGotf lbOPsf] x'g

;Sb5 . o;sf/0f olb s;}n] ‘s8f bfgf / o'/f]k]nL tof/L’ (strictly hard bean and European

preparation) egL kl/eflift ul/Psf] / Ujf6]dfnfsf] w]/} skmL lsG5 eg] p;nfO{ To;af6 s]

ck]Iff ug]{ eGg] s'/f yfxf x'G5 . o;sf] t'ngfTds ¿kdf /fd|f] u'0fsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ u'0f:t/df

km/s elgg] o;sf nflu a9L d"No k|fKt x'G5 . u'0f:t/df km/s eg]sf] ;a} ahf/x¿df

ljBdfg x'G5 . s]xL dfldnfsf xsdf, pTkfbsx¿n] s'g} j:t'sf nflu -pTkfbsx¿sf nflu_

a|fG8sf] 5fksf] Joj:yf u/]sf 5g\ . lrlstf s]/f (Chiquita bananas), b]n df]G6 e'OFs6x/ (Del

Monte pineapples) / 6]:6L 6d 6df6/ (Tasty Tom tomatoes) o;sf pbfx/0f x'g\ .

:jf:Yodf hf]lvd /x]sf -pbfx/0fsf nflu, df;' / df5f_ s]xL pTkfbgx¿sf nflu ;/sf/x¿n]

sfg'gL dfkb08x¿sf] lgwf{/0f ub{5g\ eg] w]/} If]qx¿df dfkb08x¿sf] lgwf{/0f Jofkf/Lx¿

cfk}Fmn] ub{5g\ . JolQm Jofkf/Lx¿n] klg ;fdfGo dfkb08x¿sf t'ngfdf s8f dfkb08sf]

k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5g\ . ;/sf/x¿n] ljz]if u/L pTkfbgx¿sf] kf}li6stf tyf ;'/Iff;Fu ;/f]sf/

/fVb5g\ eg] lgof{tstf{x¿n] sfg'gsf] lj:t[t ljj/0fsf af/]df yfxf kfpg'kb{5 . cfk\mgf

vl/bstf{af6 pTkfbgsf] ljj/0f (specifications) sf nflu cg'/f]w ug'{ pkof]uL x'G5 .

61 | P a g e

cGt/f{li6 «o ahf/Ls/0fdf,;fwf/0f, :ki6 / ;Lwf vfnsf] k|:t'tLs/0f dg k/fOG5 . o;df hf]8

tkfO{sf] ;Gb]zsf] ljifoj:t'df x'g'kb{5 . k|ToIf ;~rf/ -JolQmut laqmL_ nfO{ k'l:tsf cyjf

j]a;fO6df lbOPsf] :t/Lo hfgsf/Låf/f k'li6 ul/Psf] x'g'kb{5 / Jofj;flos klqsf cyjf cGo

;~rf/ dfWoddf ul/Psf] lj1fkg klg c¿ dfWodx¿nfO{ ;'b[9 kfg{ pkof]uL x'g ;Sb5 .

w]/}h;f] If]qx¿df Jofkf/ d]nfx¿df ;xeflutf gofF tyf ljBdfg pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ e]6\g] Psbd}

k|efjsf/L pkfo xf] .

b'O{–tkmL{ k|lqmof

pTkfbgsf] k|jw{g b'O{–tkmL{ k|lqmof xf], ;Gb]zx¿ k7fpg'sf cltl/Qm, ;Gb]zx¿ k|fKt ug'{ klg

plQs} dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . u|fxsx¿af6 k|fKt k[i7kf]if0f (feedback) nfO{ hfgsf/Lsf] ax'd"No ;|f]tsf

¿kdf x]g'{kb{5 h;sf] dfWodaf6 tkfO{F pgLx¿n] s] vf]lh/x]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f /fd|/L a'e\mg

;Sg'x'G5 / o;åf/f ltgsf ljj/0f (specifications) nfO{ cfk\mgf] pTkfbgdf cg's"lnt ug{ /

ahf/df cfk\mgf] :yfgdf ;'wf/ Nofpg ;Sg'x'G5 .

JolQmut ;~rf/

JolQmut ;~rf/ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tdf ;fdfGo lgof{tdf eGbf a9L k|d'v dxŒjsf] x'G5

lsgeg] w]/}h;f] vl/bstf{x¿ lgof{tstf{x¿n] bL3{sfnLg k|lta4tf b]vfpmg\ eGg] rfxG5g\ .

tkfO{F;Fusf] ;DaGw sfod /flv/fVgsf nflu jif{df Ps k6s vl/bstf{x¿nfO{ e]6\g'kb{5 .

xfnsf] b"/ ;~rf/ tyf OG6g]{6sf] k"jf{wf/n] ubf{ cfk\mgf pkef]Qmfx¿;Fu lgoldt ;Dks{df

;~rf/sf] of]hgf th'{df ug]{ ;dodf, tkfO{F rf/ tŒjx¿nfO{ km/s ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 M

;Gb]z -o;sf] ljifoj:t'_

;Gb]zsf] ¿k -of] s;/L eGg]_

dfWod -s'g af6faf6_

o;nfO{ s;/L Jojl:yt ug]{

Jofkf/;DaGwL ;~rf/df oL s'/f klg ;dfj]z x'g'kb{5 M

tkfO{Fsf] pTkfbgsf] pknAwtf

tL k|fKt ug]{ zt{ / cj:yf

62 | P a g e

/lx/xgsf nflu clk|msfsf pkef]Qmfx¿sf nflu k"0f{ ¿kdf ;Dej 5 . pkef]Qmf tyf ;Defljt

pkef]Qmfx¿n] u/]sf ;f]wk'5sf] hjfkm t'?Gt lbg'kb{5 !

s'g} vl/bstf{n] cfpFbf] Ct'df, eGg'xf];\, @%) 6g vl/b ug{ rfxG5g\ egL ;ª\s]t ug{ ;Sb5g\

/ o;sf nflu tkfO{F jrg lbg'x'G5 . t/ k"jf{g'dfg ug{ g;lsg] o:tf w]/} tŒjx¿ 5g\ h;n]

pTkfbgsf] of]hgf tof/ kfg{ sl7g agfpFb5g\ . o:tf tŒjx¿df oL kg{ ;Sb5g\ M sd pTkfbg

x'g] u/L jiff{ gx'g' cyjf v/fa lsl;dn] kfSg] u/L jiff{ 9Lnf] x'g' / afnL ;'Sg', c¿

vl/bstf{x¿ To; If]qdf cfpg' / pTkfbg vl/b ug'{, cyjf sL/f cyjf /f]ux¿n] pTkfbg 36\g'

. oLdWo] s'g} klg tŒjsf] cy{ ;a} ldnfP/ tkfOF{n] !%) 6g dfq hDdf ug{ ;Sg'x'G5 eGg] x'G5 .

tkfO{Fn] lkmN8af6 lgoldt ¿kdf e/ kbf]{ hfgsf/L k|fKt ug'{x'G5 / cfk"mn] jrg lbPsf] sf/f]af/

tkfO{Fn] k"/f ug{ ;Sg'x'g]5}g egL tkfO{Fn] dx;'; ug'{x'G5 eg] vl/bstf{;Fu tkfO{F ;~rf/ ug{

;Sg'x'G5 .

pTkfbgk5fl8sf] syf

vl/bstf{x¿ -/ pkef]Qmfx¿_ a9\bf] dfqfdf pTkfbg / ;ª\u7gsf] k5fl8sf pTs[i6 syfx¿

Yffxf kfpg rfG5g\ . o;n] pTkfbgnfO{ cfs[lt tyf 5lj k|bfg ub{5 . ls;fgx¿n] kl/of]hgfaf6

s;/L kmfObf kfpF5g\ / hLljsf]kfh{gdf ;'wf/ Nofpg]af/]df ;ª\u7gn] s] ul//xsf] 5 eGg]af/]df

tkfO{Fn] ;~rf/ ug'{kb{5 eGg' o;sf] cfzo xf] .

d"No

;fdfGotof laqmL ug]{x¿ d'Vo ¿kdf cfk\mgf pTkfbgsf nflu pgLx¿n] k|fKt ug{ ;Sg] d"Nodf

cle?lr /fVb5g\ . t/ o;aeGbf a9L c? tŒjx¿ klg 5g\ h;dfly Wofg lbg' cfjZos 5 .

slxn]sfxLF sd d"No :jLsf/ ug'{ Jofkf/sf nflu t'ngfTds ¿kdf /fd|f] x'g ;Sb5 . pbfx/0fsf

nflu, ha vl/bstf{ Ct'sf] ;'?df Jofkf/sf nflu laQLo ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg OR5's 5 eg]

cyjf vl/bstf{ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf ;fdfg vl/b ug{ OR5's 5 eGg] s'/f :ki6 5 eg] o;f] ug'{

/fd|f] x'G5 . o:tf] dfldnfsf xsdf, cNksfnLg ¿kdf d"No sd x'G5 t/ bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf

ahf/ ;'/lIft /xG5 .

j:t'sf ahf/x¿df d"Nox¿dfly b'O{ lsl;daf6 k|efj kb{5 M

ljZj ahf/sf] d"Nodf 36a9

63 | P a g e

tkfO{Fsf] vf; pTkfbgsf] ljz]if u'0f . pbfx/0fsf nflu, olb tkfO{F :jflbi6 skmL pTkfbg

ug{'x'G5 eg] cf};t u'0f:t/sf] skmLsf t'ngfdf ljZj ahf/sf] d"Nodf cfPsf] 36a9af6

sd k|efj kb{5 .

ljZj ahf/sf] d"Nodf 36a9

ljZj ahf/df d"Nox¿df s:tf] ljsf; x'G5 eGg] s'/fsf] k"jf{g'dfg ug'{ sl7g x'G5 . Psbd} yf]/}

j:t'x¿sf lgof{t afnLx¿ dfq :yfoL afnL x'g\ / ls;fgn] tof/L cj:yfdf cyjf ;lhn};Fu

csf]{ j:t' pTkfbg ug]{ s'/fdf kl/jt{g ug{ ;Sb}gg\ . o;n] ubf{ ljZj ahf/df pgLx¿sf]

lge{/tf a9\b} hfG5 .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf w]/} ahf/x¿n] a9\bf] dfqfdf ;fdfGo j:t'x¿sf ahf/n] h:t} sfd ub{5g\ /

tL ;fdfGo ahf/df ePsf ljsf;x¿af6 k|efljt x'G5g\ . o;sf] cy{ tn n]lvPadf]lhd x'G5 M

h}ljs j:t'sf d"Nox¿ k/Dk/fut d"Nox¿;Fu a9L 3lgi7 dfqfdf ;DalGwt x'Fb} 5g\ /

h}ljs j:t'sf d"Nox¿ cfk"lt{ / dfu;Fu;Fu} kl/jt{g x'G5g\, ahf/sf] ;fgf] dfqfsf]

sf/0fn] ubf{, s'g} Ps 7fpFsf] afnL ;vfk x'g' cyjf k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ gofF lgsfosf]

cfudgh:tf t'ngfTds ¿kdf ;fgf 36gfx¿sf] c;/ klg ahf/df 7"nf] x'G5 .

d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

ljZj af/df sd d"No / d"Nosf] 36a9sf] sf/0faf6 x'g] Ifltsf] hf]lvdnfO{ sd ug]{ pkfox¿

5g\ . o;nfO{ d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg elgG5 . oBlk of] dxŒjk"0f{ cf}hf/ xf] t/ o;sf] k|of]u

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df Jofks ¿kdf ul/Fb}g . d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf af/]df

kl/rofTds JofVof cg';"rL @ df lbOPsf] 5 .

pTkfbgsf] u'0f:t/

olb tkfO{Fsf] ahf/;DaGwL /0fgLltsf] hf]8 u'0f:t/df 5 eg] tkfO{sf] d"Nodf of] s'/f k|ltlalDat

x'g'kb{5 . u'0f:t/Lo pTkfbgsf] d"No Psbd} sd x'g' x'Fb}g t/ tkfO{Fn] k|jw{g ul//xg'ePsf]

u'0f:t/ klg tkfO{Fn] lbg ;Sg'kb{5 . olb tkfO{Fsf] :t/Lo pTkfbg 5 eg] tkfO{Fn] a9L ;]jf k|bfg

ug{ g;s'Gh]n k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ c¿x¿sf t'ngfdf tkfO{F a9L d"No nufpg ;Ifd x'g'x'g] 5}g . olb

tkfO{Fsf] ahf/sf] /0fgLlt ;aeGbf sd nfutdf cfwfl/t 5 eg] tkfO{F;Fu k|lt:kwf{ ug]{

c¿x¿sf t'ngfdf tkfO{Fsf pTkfbgx¿sf] d"No sd x'g'kb{5 .

64 | P a g e

t/ ljsNksf] tkfO{Fsf] cGt/ (margin of choice) ;Lldt 5 . cfwf/e"t d"Nodf h:t} u'0f:t/df

kfOg] a9L d"NonfO{ ahf/åf/f kl/eflift ul/G5 . u'0f:t/afkt kfOg] a9L d"Nodf x'g] s'g} klg

kl/jt{gsf af/]df vl/bstf{x¿;Fu jftf{ ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . ahf/n] lgof{tstf{sf] pTklQ (origin),

;]jf, kl/df0f tyf ljZj;gLotfnufot a9LeGbf a9L Jofks b[li6af6 u'0f:t/ lgwf{l/t ub{5 .

pTklQ yfxf g} gePsf cyjf cnf]slk|o pTklQ ePsf lgof{tstf{x¿n] ;jf]{Ts[i6 pTkfbg cfk"lt{

ubf{–ub}{ klg sd d"No lbP/ ;'?df pgLx¿nfO{ ;hfo lbOG5 . tkfO{Fsf] sfdsf] /]s8{df ;'wf/

x'Fb} uPkl5 d"No a9\b} hfG5 .

Kf/bzL{ ¿kdf d"No lgwf{/0f ug]{ sfo{n] laqmL ug]{ / vl/b ug]{ – b'j}sf] vr{ p7fpg] s'/f

;'lglZrt ug{sf lgldQ 36a9 eO/xg] :yfgLo / cGt/f{li6«o ahf/x¿sf hf]lvdx¿ sd ug{sf

nflu b'j} y/LnfO{ ;xof]u ug{ ;Sb5 . of] s'/f laqmL ug]{ / vl/b ug]{sf aLrdf cfk;df ljZjf;

ePdf dfq ;Dej x'G5 .

h}ljs j:t'sf] a9L d"No (organic premium)

h}ljs j:t'sf] a9L d"NonfO{ Pp6} u'0f:t/sf] h}ljs j:t' tyf k/Dk/fut pTkfbgsf aLrdf

/x]sf] d"Nosf] cGt/sf ¿kdf kl/eflift ul/G5 . cfk\mgf s'g} klg j:t'x¿df @) k|ltzteGbf

a9L h}ljs j:t'sf] d"No gltg]{ vl/bstf{sf] p2]Zo x'g ;Sb5 . Jojxf/df, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] a9L

d"Non] cem a9L cGt/, j:t' / ahf/sf cfwf/df k|foM !) k|ltzt / %) k|ltztsf aLrdf

cGt/ b]vfpFb5 . s]xL pTkfbgx¿sf xsdf, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf], ljz]if u/L lj/n} kfOg] /

k|fljlws ¿kdf hl6n pTkfbgx¿sf xsdf, d"No cem a9L x'g ;Sb5 . e'OFs6x/sf] Sofgsf

xsdf, h}ljs j:t'sf] a9L d"No @)) k|ltzt -cfoft d"No_ ;Dd a9L 5 . of] xfn;fn} 36]/

!)) k|ltzt ePsf] 5 . olb To:tf] d"No w]/} a9L 5 eg] of] 36\g] 7"nf] hf]lvd x'G5 .

pTkfbgx¿nfO{ b'O{ k6s cyjf w]/} k6s k|df0fLs/0f ug'{kg]{ klg x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf] cy{ x'G5 M

Ps} ;dodf w]/} k|sf/sf k|df0fLs/0fx¿ x'g' . pbfx/0fsf nflu, h}ljs j:t' / /]gkm/]:6 PnfPG;

sf]sf (Rainforest Alliance cocoa), h}ljs j:t' / k]mo/6«]8sf] cyjf r/f–d}qL skmL . o:tf

kl/l:yltx¿sf xsdf, d"No ;fdfGotof w]/} a9L x'G5 .

pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f / dfqf

cfsf/ -laqmLsf] kl/df0f_ lgof{t kl/of]hgfsf] ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL /0fgLltsf] dxŒjk"0f{ tŒj xf] / o;n] dfqfsf] cy{tGqnfO{ klg kl/eflift ub{5 . laqmLsf] Go"gtd kl/df0fsf lgldQ

vl/bstf{x¿sf nflu cfsif{s d"No k|bfg ug'{ cfjZos x'G5 . cGoyf, pTkfbgsf nflu lbOg]

65 | P a g e

k|zf;lgs emGem6 / Joj:yfkg g} kmfObfsf t'ngfdf a9L x'g ;Sb5g\ . o; sf/0fn] ubf{

lgof{tstf{n] vl/bstf{x¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ ;Lldt /fVg' cfjZos x'G5 .

7"nf] vl/b–laqmLdf ;fdfg hxfhåf/f k7fpg] sfo{ eg]sf] ;fdfGotof sDtLdf klg Ps

sG6]g/el/sf] ;fdfg xf] . ha tfhf kmn -pbfx/0fsf nflu, s]/f_ h:tf pTkfbgx¿sf] cfk"lt{

lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ug'{kb{5, To;kl5 nuftf/ ;fdfg k7fpg' cfjZos x'G5 . o;sf nflu cfk"lt{sf]

7"nf] dfqf / o;sf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu ;Ifd lgof{tstf{ cfjZos x'G5g\ . olb kfgL

hxfhaf6 lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;fdfg cfk"lt{ ug{sf nflu ahf/ nPsbd} ;fgf] 5 eg] cyjf ;fdfg

gvKg] vfnsf 5g\ eg] ljdfgåf/f ;fdfgsf] cfk"lt{ ug'{kg]{ x'g ;Sb5 .

^=# ahf/Ls/0fsf] Joj:yfkg

7"nf sDkgLx¿n] k|foM ahf/Ls/0fsf nflu dflg;x¿ lgo'Qm ub{5g\ / tL dflg;x¿ k|jw{g tyf

a|fG8sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu klg lhDd]jf/ x'g ;S5g\ . oL sd{rf/Lx¿ laqmL ug]{ sd{rf/Lx¿

xf]Ogg\ . ;fgf tyf dWod vfnsf sDkgLx¿df, ;fdfGotof ahf/ k|jw{gsf nflu lgwf{l/t

sd{rf/Lx¿ x'Fb}gg\ / ahf/ k|jw{gsf] sfd Joj:yfkg /÷cyjf laqmL ug]{ sd{rf/L -pbfx/0fsf

nflu, lgof{t Joj:yfks_ dfly /xG5 .

lgof{t ug]{ s'g} klg ;ª\u7g lgoldt ¿kdf ahf/Ls/0fsf] of]hgf th'{dfsf] rqm (marketing

planning cycle) eP/ u'h|g'kb{5 . o:tf] rqmsf lgDglnlvt r/0fx¿ x'G5g\ M

Jofkf/sf] ljZn]if0f

of]hgf th'{df -p2]Zo, nIo, ultljlw, cf}hf/x¿ / ah]6 th'{df_

of]hgfsf] cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg

ahf/;DaGwL hfgsf/L, ljZn]if0ffTds ;Lk tyf l;h{gzLntf o; of]hgf th'{dfdf ul/g] d'Vo

;fdu|L x'g\ .

66 | P a g e

& Joj:yfkg, of]hgf th'{df / d"Nofª\sg

lrq M !# pTs[i6 Joj:yfkg tyf of]hgf th'{df ;kmn Jofkf/sf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfwf/e"t

s'/f xf]

cWofo ! df pNn]v ul/;lsPh:t} of]hgf th'{dfnufot pTs[i6 Joj:yfkg bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf

;kmn Jofkf/sf] ;~rfngsf nflu cfwf/e"t cfjZostf xf] . pTs[i6 Joj:yfkg ljz]if u/L

Jofkf/ ;'? ug{ rfxg] ls;fg ;ª\u7gx¿sf nflu ;fGble{s 5 . ls;fgx¿sf /fd|f cu'jfx¿

To;/L g} :jtM pTs[i6 Jofkf/L x'Fb}gg\ h;/L pTs[i6 Joj:yfksx¿ :jtM ahf/Ls/0fsf pTs[i6

Joj:yfks x'Fb}gg\ .

Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;jfnx¿sf af/]df lj:tf/df rrf{ ug'{ o; lgb]{lzsfsf] If]qeGbf aflx/sf] s'/f

xf] . ahf/sf] 1fg, h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf k|df0fLs/0f, ;DefJotf tyf hf]lvd, d"No

˘f[ª\vnfsf] lgdf{0f tyf lgof{tsf] ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL o;eGbf cl3sf cWofox¿ ;a}df h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] Jofkf/sf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ Joj:yfkg;DaGwL ;jfnx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

lrq

67 | P a g e

&=! Jofkf/sf] d"Nofª\sg

k|To]s Jofkf/sf nflu lgoldt ¿kdf -pbfx/0fsf nflu, jflif{s ¿kdf_ Jofkf/sf] ljZn]if0f tyf

d"Nofª\sg ug'{ / ljBdfg of]hgfnfO{ cBfjlws ug{sf nflu cyjf efjL cjlwsf nflu gofF

of]hgf th'{df ug{sf nflu o;sf] k|of]u ug'{ dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . cg'udg, d"Nofª\sg tyf of]hgf

th'{dfsf] o; k|lqmofnfO{ lg/Gt/ ;~rfng ug'{kb{5 / o;nfO{ of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofsf] rqm

(planning cycle) elgG5 .

of]hgf th'{df k|lqmofsf] rqm — ;an kIf, b'a{n kIf, cj;/ tyf r'gf}tL

SWOT eg]sf] Jofjxfl/s / Jofkf/sf] d"Nofª\sg ug{sf nflu Jofks ¿kdf k|of]u ul/g] cf}hf/

xf] . SWOT sf] cy{ Strengths -;an kIfx¿_, Weaknesses -b'a{n kIfx¿_, Opportunities

-cj;/x¿_ / Threats -r'gf}tLx¿_ eGg] xf] .

;an kIfx¿ pRr u'0f:t/sf] pTkfbg ===========

b'a{n kIfx¿ ;'sfpg] /fd|f] ;'ljwfsf] cefj ============

cj;/x¿ cle?lr /fVg] vl/bstf{ ============

r'gf}tLx¿ >L nª\sfdf sd vr{df To:t} j:t' pTkfbg ul/G5 ============

lrq M SWOT ljZn]if0f

cfGtl/s tŒj

x¿

Affx\o tŒj

x¿

68 | P a g e

o:tf] ljZn]if0f Joj:yfkg / sd{rf/L — b'j}sf] ;xeflutfdf ul/G5 . of] Jofks tyf nlrnf]

x'G5 / olb /fd|f];Fu ul/Psf v08df s]lGb|t x'g ;lsg] vfnsf] glthf lbG5 . t/ SWOT

ljZn]if0f TolQs} /fd|f] x'G5 hlt o;sf nflu tYox¿sf] k|of]u ul/G5 M olb ;xefuLx¿sf] kx'Fr

ahf/, sfg'gL tyf k|fljlws ljsf;sf af/]df ;xL hfgsf/Ldf kx'Fr ePg eg] o:tf] ljZn]if0f

pkof]uL gx'g ;Sb5 .

lbuf]kgfsf] ljZn]if0f

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t kl/of]hgfsf] ljZn]if0f vfln o;sf cfly{s nfut tyf kmfObfx¿eGbf

a9L s'/fx¿sf cfwf/df ul/g'kb{5 . o;sf nflu xfdL # r/0fsf] cjwf/0ffsf] ;Nnfx lbG5f}F M

/0fgLlt;Fu d]n vfg] vfnsf] ljZn]if0f (strategic-fit analysis)

Nfut tyf k|ltkmnsf] cfly{s ljZn]if0f a (financial analysis of costs and benefits)

g}lts tŒjx¿sf] d"Nofª\sg (evaluation of ethical factors)

/0fgLlt;Fu d]n vfg] vfnsf] ljZn]if0f

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ls;fg ;ª\u7gsf] ;fdfGo bL3{sfnLg nIo (general mission), ;+:sf/

tyf /0fgLltx¿;Fu d]n vfg] vfnsf] x'g'kb{5 . ahf/;DaGwL ;fdfGo /0fgLltx¿;Fu d]n vfg]

vfnsf] /0fgLlt x'g' ljz]if u/L dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 . nfutdf g]t[Tj -kl/R5]b ^=!_ lng rfxg]

sDkgLx¿ ;DejtM h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tdf nfUg' x'Fb}g . vf; j:t'df hf]8 ePsf

sDkgLx¿sf] :yfg o:tf] Jofkf/df ;aeGbf a9L /fd|f] x'G5 hals cGt/ ug]{ /0fgLlt ePsf

sDkgLx¿n] cfk\mgf] ;fdfGo Jofkf/;Fu h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/;DaGwL ultljlwsf] d]n vfg] of

gvfg] s'/fsf] d"Nofª\sg ;fjwfgLk"j{s ug'{kb{5 .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0fsf cGo kmfObfx¿ klg 5g\ . o:tf kmfObfx¿df ;'wfl/Psf] hg

;Dks{, ;~hfnx¿nfO{ ;xof]u ug{sf nflu ;'wfl/Psf] kx'Fr -pbfx/0fsf nflu, u}/–;/sf/L

;ª\u7gx¿_ / ISO, Fairtrade / Global GAP h:tf cGo dfkb08x¿ xfl;n ug{sf nflu hu

v8f ug]{ sfo{nufotsf sfd kb{5g\ .

nfut tyf k|ltkmnsf] cfly{s ljZn]if0f

cfly{s nfe nfuteGbf a9L x'g'kb{5 eGg] s'/f s'g} klg Jofkfl/s kl/of]hgfsf] cfwf/e"t s'/f xf]

. s'g} klg kxndf ;+nUg ;Dk"0f{ nfut tyf kmfObfx¿nfO{ Wofgdf /fVb} ul/Psf] ;DefJotfsf]

lx;fa–lstfasf] dfWodaf6 of] sfd ;DkGg ug{ ;lsG5 -cWofo $ x]g'{xf];\_ .

69 | P a g e

ljsf;sf tŒjx¿;d]t ePsf lgof{tsf] ahf/Ls/0f;DaGwL of]hgfx¿df nfutsf] Ps efusf

nflu bft[ lgsfox¿sf] cg'bfg ;xof]u x'g ;Sb5 . o;sf] ;§fdf, tL lgsfox¿n] ;fdfGotof

k"/f ug'{kg]{ s]xL lglZrt ;fdflhs tyf jftfj/0fLo zt{x¿sf] ck]Iff ub{5g\ .

afx\okgf tyf g}lts tŒjx¿

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] sf/f]af/df ;+nUg x'g] lg0f{o ;fdfGotof ljz'4 ¿kdf Jofkfl/s dfq xF'b}g .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] sf/f]af/ ;~rfng ug]{ w]/}h;f] lgsfox¿n] h}ljs s[lifnfO{ ;jf]{Ts[i6 pTkfbg

k|0ffnL 7fGb5g\ . o:tf] k|0ffnLaf6 jftfj/0fdf sd k|efj kb{5, h}ljs ljljwtfdf ;sf/fTds

of]ubfg k'Ub5 / of] pTkfbs tyf sfdbf/x¿k|lt a9L lhDd]jf/ x'G5 eGg] bfaL pgLx¿ ub{5g\ .

olt x'Fbf–x'Fb} klg oL bfaLx¿sf af/]df c¿x¿n] ljjfb ub{5g\ . pbfx/0fsf nflu, h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0fsf] cy{ l;Gy]l6s dnh:tf pTkfbsTj a9fpg] ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u ug]{

cj;/ ls;fgx¿n] u'dfpg' eGg] x'G5 . h}ljs j:t'x¿df kl/jt{g ug]{ eGg] s'/fsf] cy{ s]xL

pbfx/0fx¿df dlxnfx¿sf nflu a9L sfd eGg] x'G5 . h}ljs j:t'x¿;DaGwL kl/of]hgfsf

;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds — b'j} y/L c;/x¿k|lt tkfO{Fn] v'nf b[li6 /fVg l;kmfl/; ul/G5 .

&=@ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{tdf s;/L ;kmn aGg]

?h";"rL

pTkfbg M lgof{t ug{ ;lsg] j:t' ;xL u'0f:t/ / kof{Kt -;Defljt_ kl/df0fdf 5 . u|]8

(grade) 5'6\ofpg], k|zf]wg ug]{ / Koflsª ug]{ sfo{df nufgL ul/;lsPsf] 5 . u'0f:t/sf

nflu cfZj:t kfg]{ sfo{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

k|df0fLs/0f M nlIft ahf/sf lgldQ h}ljs j:t''x¿sf nflu ;xL k|df0fLs/0f pknAw 5 .

k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfo;Fu ;Dks{ /fd|f] 5 . ;dodf g} aLnsf] e'QmfgL ul/Psf] 5 /

lgoldt ¿kdf hfgsf/L pknAw 5 .

pTkfbg lgof{t ug{sf nflu :yfgLo lgof{tstf{;Fu ;Demf}tf ul/Psf] 5 cyjf ;ª\u7gdf

lgof{tsf af/]df ljz]if1tf 5 .

vl/bstf{x¿sf] klxrfg ul/;lsPsf] 5 / k|f/lDes 5gf]6 eO;s]sf] 5 . k|f/lDes ;Dks{

/flv;lsPsf] 5 / o;sf ;sf/fTds glthf 5g\ . o;eGbf cem /fd|f] s'/f M cfk"lt{

˘f[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu 5flgPsf Ps cyjf b'O{ vl/bstf{x¿;Fu ;Demf}tf ePsf]

5 .

pkef]Qmf / ahf/sf dfux¿ cg'¿k plrt k|aGwut Joj:yf (logistical arrangements)

ul/;lsPsf] 5 .

70 | P a g e

/0fgLlt;Fu d]n vfg] M k|ljlwdf kl/jt{g, cfGtl/s cg'udg, afx\o k|df0fLs/0f, vfB

˘f[ª\vnfsf] Joj:yfkg / ahf/Ls/0f ;+:yfsf] bL3{sfnLg nIo (general mission_, /0fgLlt

tyf pTkfbgstf{sf] ;+:sf/;Fu d]nf vfg] vfnsf 5g\ .

ahf/;Fu d]n vfg] M h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] ahf/;DaGwL /0fgLltn] ;ª\u7gsf] ;fdfGo cyjf

klxn]sf] ahf/;DaGwL /0fgLlt;Fu d]n vfG5 .

cfk"lt{ ˘f[ª\vnfsf] Joj:yfkg M ls;fgx¿ ;ª\u7gnfO{ cfk"lt{ ug{ cle?lr /fVb5g\,

o;k|lt tL k|lta4 5g\ / ;ª\u7gn] cfk\mgf] gfkmfsf] s]xL k|ltzt cfk"lt{stf{x¿sf]

;d"xdf nufgL ug{] 5 .

cfly{s nfut tyf kmfObf M kof{Kt gfkmf x'G5 eGg] tYo ;fjwfgLk"j{s ul/Psf]

ljZn]if0fn] b]vfpF5 .

hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f M hf]lvdx¿ :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg] 5g\ cyjf ltgsf] Joj:yfkg ug{

;lsG5 eGg] s'/f hf]lvdx¿sf] ljZn]if0fn] b]vfpF5 .

c;n Joj:yfkg M lgof{t ug]{ ;ª\u7gsf] Joj:yfkg /fd|/L ul/Psf] 5 / of] vfln Ps

JolQmdfly lge{/ 5}g .

ahf/Ls/0fsf] /0fgLlts of]hgf th'{df M lgoldt ¿kdf o;sf] th'{df ul/G5 . ahf/sf

af/]df hfgsf/L lgoldt ¿kdf ;ª\sng ul/G5 .

k|jw{g M ahf/;DaGwL /0fgLlt tyf laqmLsf nflu ljlzi6 k|:tfjsf] ljsf; ul/Psf] 5 .

o;sf af/]df l;nl;n]jf/ ¿kdf ahf/nfO{ hfgsf/L lbOG5 . pkef]Qmf tyf c¿

;/f]sf/jfnfx¿;Fu k[i7kf]if0f (feedback) k|fKt ug{sf nflu :ki6 ¿kdf lgwf{l/t

;+oGqx¿ 5g\ .

k|jw{g -pkef]Qmfx¿sf] Joj:yfkg_ M k|d'v cyjf ;Defljt pkef]Qmfx¿;Fu lgoldt

;~rf/ 5, olb ;Dej 5 eg] ltg;Fu lgoldt e]63f6 ul/G5 . lgof{t ug]{ ;ª\u7gn]

cfk\mgf cfjZostf tyf dfux¿sf af/]df uxgtfk"j{s x]b{5, ;'Gb5 / cfk\mgf ;]jfx¿df

;'wf/ ug]{ cyjf ;]jf yk ug]{ pkfox¿sf] vf]hL ub{5 .

;~rf/ M lgof{t ug]{ ;ª\u7g;Fu O{–d]n, kmf]g tyf k\mofS;åf/f ;w}F ;Dks{ /fVg ;lsG5 /

o;n] rfF8} g} hjfkm lbG5 . d'Vo sd{rf/Lx¿ e|d0fdf /x]sf ;dodf lg0f{o ug{sf nflu

:ki6 Joj:yfx¿ ul/Psf 5g\ .

d"No lgwf{/0f M ahf/sf] cj:yf tyf ahf/;DaGwL /0fgLltx¿adf]lhd d"Nox¿sf] lgwf{/0f

ul/Psf] 5 . olb d"No lgwf{/0f ultzLn (dynamic) 5 eg] s;/L d"No lgwf{/0f -vl/b

tyf laqmL_ ug]{ eGg]af/]df :ki6 / bIf sfo{ljlwx¿ 5g\ . ;~rfng vr{ / ljlgdosf]

hf]lvdsf af/]df Psgf;sf] gLlt ljBdfg 5 . ;ª\u7g ;aeGbf kl5Nnf] ahf/ d"Nodf

ePsf ljsf;x¿;Fu ;Dks{df 5 .

71 | P a g e

* hdLg (Zameen) sf] 36gf M

h}ljs j:t' tyf k]mo/6«]8 skf;

ef/tLo ufpFaf6 k]l/; tyf nG8gsf k]m;g u[xx¿;Ddsf] ofqfsf] syf

ef/tdf skf;sf] pTkfbg d'Vo ¿kdf ;fgf ls;fgx¿n] ub{5g\ . afx\o ahf/ cyf{t\ s[lif

;fdu|L / ltgsf pTkfbg — b'j};Fusf] ltgsf] ;DaGwnfO{ sd of a9L :yfgLo Jofkf/L tyf

dxfhgåf/f lgoGq0f ul/Psf] x'G5 . :yfgLo cy{tGqdf ltg} :yfgLo Jofkf/L tyf dxfhgx¿sf]

e"ldsf lg0ff{os / k|foM zf]if0f ug]{ vfnsf] x'G5 . pgLx¿n] C0f tyf s[lif ;fdu|L pknAw

u/fpFb5g\ / pTkfbg a9fpgsf nflu s[lifdf /f;folgs j:t'x¿sf] k|of]u ug{sf nflu

ls;fgdfly bafa lbG5g\ . To:tf /f;folgs j:t'x¿sf] k|of]uaf6 ls;fgx¿sf] nfutdf j[l4

x'G5 . o;n] ubf{ ls;fgx¿ C0f lng afWo x'G5g\ . o;n] ubf{ pgLx¿df tLj| lg/fzf

(depression) pTkGg u/fpFb5, pgLx¿n] Aofhsf] rsf]{ b/df C0f lng'kb{5 / slxn]sfxLF t

To:tf] C0f ltg{sf nflu afnL;d]t kof{Kt dfqfdf /fd|f] x'Fb}g .

;'?cft

AOFG (Agriculture & Organic Farming Group India cyf{t\ s[lif tyf h}ljs kmfd{+ ;d"x ef/t_

eg]sf] u}/–;/sf/L ;+:yf xf] / o;n] :yfgLo s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿sf] k|of]u u/L w]/} nfut nfUg] /

/f;folgs j:t'k|wfg kmfd{ ;~rfngsf ljsNkx¿sf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;xof]u

pknAw u/fO/x]sf] 5 . o; ;d"xsf ls;fgx¿n] :yfgLo vl/bstf{x¿nfO{ lgliqmo kfg{sf nflu

/ cfk"lt{ ˘f[ª\vnf cyf{t\ ef/tLo sk8f pBf]u / cGt/f{li6«o km];g a|fG8 (brand) df /fd|f] kx'Fr

ug{sf nflu ;+o'Qm ¿kdf sDkgL btf{ ug]{ lg0f{o u/] . kmn:j¿k hdLg (Zameen) gfds sDkgL

:yflkt eof] . of] sDkgL ls;fgsf ;d"xx¿sf] dxf;ª\3 xf] / o;n] clxn] dxf/fi6« / cfGw| k|b]z -blIf0f ef/t_ sf $,))) kl/jf/eGbf a9Lsf] k|ltlglwTj ub{5 .

oL kxnx¿sf nflu k|fljlws ;xof]u u}/–sL6gfzs cf}iflwx¿sf] Joj:yfkg (Non-Pesticide

Management), h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|dfl0ft ug]{ lgsfox¿ / k]mo/6«]8 n]alnª (Fairtrade

Labelling) ;ª\u7gh:tf :j}lR5s n]ansf] sf/f]af/ ug]{ ;ª\u7gnufot w]/} ;~hfnx¿n] pknAw

u/fP . :yfgLo ;/sf/n] cGo ls;fg tyf tNnf] txsf ;ª\u7gx¿sf aLrdf hdLgn] u/]sf]

kxnsf af/]df k|rf/–k|;f/ ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofof] . lhNnf k|zf;gx¿n] h}ljs s[lif ;fdu|Lx¿sf

nflu cg'bfg ;xof]u pknAw u/fP/ ls;fgx¿nfO{ ;xfotf u¥of] / cGt/f{li6 «o :jo+;]jfx¿sf]

;~hfnn] lkmN8df sfo{ ;~rfng ug{sf nflu ;'?df hgzlQm pknAw u/fpg] sfo{df dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x u¥of] .

72 | P a g e

r'gf}tLx¿

;ª\u7gsf] lgdf{0fdf w]/} r'gf}tLx¿ ;+nUg lyP . zlQm / k};fsf nflu k|lt:kwf{ ug]{ w]/} ;d"xx¿

ePsf u|fdL0f ef/tdf / ;fy} sk8f pBf]usf aLrdf w]/} dfqfdf cljZjf; lyof] . ufpFx¿

cfk}mFdf d'Vo r'gf}tLx¿ eg]sf kf/bzL{ g]t[Tj, hjfkmb]lxtf / ;'zf;gsf] l;h{gf ug'{ lyP .

dflg;x¿ Ps–csf{;Fu ;xsfo{ ug{ tof/ lyPgg\ / zlQmzfnL dflg;x¿sf] ;dy{g kfpgsf

nflu ;a} hgf k|lt:kwf{ ul//x]sf lyP . hdLgn] w]/} ;jfnx¿;Fu h'Wg'k¥of] M ls;fgsf] c;n

g]tf sf] 5 < g]t[Tj lng] ;dodf hjfkmb]xL u/fpgsf nflu ;b:ox¿sf pQ/bfloTj s] 5g\ <

s'g sfd ;b:ox¿n] cfk}Fm ub{5g\ / s'g sfdsf nflu pgLx¿n] sd{rf/L lgo'Qm ub{5g\ <

dlxnf, lg/If/ ;b:o / ;'s'djf;L sfdbf/x¿nfO{ s;/L ;+nUg u/fpg] < oL k|Zgx¿nfO{

;Daf]wg ug]{ ;dodf pTk|]/0ff sfod /flv/fVgsf nflu cNksfnLg kmfObfx¿ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{

/ sDkgL ;xL af6fdf /lx/xG5 eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug{sf nflu bL3{sfnLg b[li6 (vision) sf

aLrdf hdLgn] ;Gt'ng sfod /fVg'kb{Yof] .

w]/} ls;fgx¿af6 pTkfbg vl/b ug]{ s'/f / ljleGg y/L k|df0fLs/0f /fVg] s'/f hl6n sfd xf] /

o; sfddf w]/} k|zf;lgs sfo{ ;+nUg x'G5 . x/]s jif{ s/f/x¿df x:tfIf/ ug'{kb{5 / tL

s/f/x¿df ;d"xx¿ (groups), ;ª\3x¿ (clusters), If]qx¿ / sDkfgLx¿sf lhDd]jf/Lx¿sf]

¿k/]vf k|:t't ul/Psf] x'G5 . lnlvt ;Demf}tf tyf cfjZos sfuhftsf] dxŒj ;a}n] a'e\mb}gg\ .

of] Pp6f r'gf}tL 5 .

Joj:yfkgsf] txdf klg r'gf}tLx¿ lyP . o;sf] pbfx/0fsf ¿kdf b'u{d If]qdf /x]/ sfd ug{ /

skf]{/6sf sfd / cGt/f{li6«o ;ª\u7gx¿df cfk\mgf bf}Ft/Lx¿sf t'ngfdf sd cfh{g ug{ OR5's

ePsf sd{rf/Lx¿ egf{ ug]{ sl7gfO lyof] .

;ª\u7g / ls;fgx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f

ls;fgx¿nfO{ kl/of]hgfsf] :jfldTj tyf k|lzIf0f lbP/ hdLgn] ls;fgx¿sf] ;zQmLs/0f ub{5 .

o;n] ;d"xx¿sf] ;'b[9Ls/0fdf tyf Joj:yfkg 6f]nLx¿sf] lgdf{0fdf, sfof{no tyf e08f/0fsf

;'ljwfx¿sf] :yfkgfdf / h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿sf] k|fljlws Ifdtf clej[l4df

hf]8 lbG5 .

73 | P a g e

rf/ txsf] ;+/rgf

;d"xx¿ -@) ;b:oeGbf sd_ nfO{ ;d"x -sl/a @)) ;b:o_ ePsf] ;ª\3 agfOG5 / x/]s

;d"xsf] cfk\mg} btf{, af]8{ / dfl;s a}7sx¿ x'G5g\ . oL ;d"xx¿ qmdzM If]qLo ;ª\u7gsf]

¿kdf cfa4 x'G5g\ / tL ;d"xx¿sf klg 5'§} btf{, af]8{ / dfl;s a}7sx¿ x'G5g\ .

cGtdf, ;aeGbf dflyNnf] txdf ljz]if lhDd]jf/L ePsf b'O{ lgsfox¿ 5g\ / ltgn] ;ª\3x¿df

k|ltj]bg k]; ub{5g\ M

pTkfbs sfo{sf/L ;ldlt (Producer Executive Committee) M ;+:yfsf ¿kdf btf{ ePsf],

k]mo/6] «8sf] a9L d"No / u|fdL0f ljsf;df nufgLsf] Joj:yfkg ug{sf nflu lhDd]jf/ .

kf/:kl/s nfe 6«:6 (Mutual Benefit Trust - MBT) ls;fgx¿sf] OlSj6L z]o/ (equity

share) sf] Joj:yfkgnufot cfly{s Joj:yfkgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ .

ls;fgx¿ sDkgLsf dflns x'g\ / hdLgdf pgLx¿;Fu ePsf] k'FhL nufgL ug{ pgLx¿nfO{

cg'/f]w ul/G5 . o;n] hdLgsf] ;ª\u7gfTds ljsf;df ul/g] nufgLsf ¿kdf a]lrPsf] sRrf

skf;sf] x/]s 6gdf ?= !,!)) -vl/b d"Nosf] # k|ltzt_ of]ubfg ug{ ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|f]T;flxt

ub{5 .

hdLgsf] sfdsf] d'Vo kIf eg]sf] To:tf] g}lts vfB ˘f[ª\vnfsf] lgdf{0f ug'{ /xFb} cfPsf] 5 h;n]

d"No ˘f[ª\vnfsf ;fe]mbf/x¿sf aLrdf a9L ;dfg lsl;dn] gfkmfsf] ljt/0f ub{5 h;n] ubf{

hdLgsf ;b:ox¿n] gfkmfsf] Gofof]lrt lx:;f k|fKt u¿g\ . of] s'/f Jofks ¿kdf ;~hfnx¿sf]

dfWodaf6, sf/vfgf tyf Joj:yfkgsf af/]df hfgsf/L k|fKt u/]/ xfl;n ul/of] .

cg';Gwfgstf{, bftf tyf k|df0fLs/0fsf lg/LIfsx¿n] ˘f[ª\vnfsf ;fe]mbf/x¿nfO{ ;Dks{df

/lx/xgsf nflu dxŒjk"0f{ e"ldsfsf] lgjf{x u/] . ljleGg ;fe]mbf/x¿sf aLrdf e]6]/ g} ul/Psf

a}7sx¿n] ˘f[ª\vnfsf ;fe]mbf/x¿sf aLrdf ljZjf; lgdf{0f ug{sf nflu / ;fe]mbf/LnfO{ sfod

/flv/fVgsf nflu hf]8\g] j:t'sf ¿kdf sfd u/]] .

pknlAwx¿

hdLgdf cfa4 eP/ ;LdfGtLs[t ls;fgx¿ pQ/f]Q/ a9\|b} hfg] C0f tyf k};f ;fk6L lbg]

;fx"x¿sf] afWo kfg]{ s/f/x¿af6 aRg ;Ifd ePsf 5g\ . ls;fgx¿n] cfTd–lg0f{o tyf Gofok"0f{

zt{x¿sf] dfWodaf6 dof{bf xfl;n u/]sf 5g\ .

74 | P a g e

km]o/6«]8 egL k|df0fLs/0f ePsf] ;ª\u7gsf] ;b:o x'g'sf] cy{ ls;fgx¿ cab]lv ljs[t tyf

kl/jt{gzLn ahf/sf] d"Nosf] hf]lvddf 5}gg\ eGg] x'G5 . km]o/6«]8n] Go"gtd d"Nosf] k|Tofe"lt (guarantee) lbG5, To:tf] d"Non] lbuf] kmfd{sf] nfutsf] vr{ p7\b5 / afFRg k'Ug] Hofnfsf]

k|Tofe"lt lbG5 .

h}ljs skf;sf] k|jw{g ug]{ sfo{df / h}ljs kmfd{sf cEof;x¿df ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbg]

sfo{df hdLgsf ls;fgx¿n] cfk\mgf] :jf:Yodf pNn]vgLo ;'wf/ ePsf] b]v]sf 5g\, s[lifdf

dxª\uf /f;folgs j:t'x¿dflysf] k/lge{/tfaf6 d'Qm ePsf 5g\ / pgLx¿n] aflx/ hfg]

vr{nfO{ %) k|ltzt;Ddn] sd ug{ ;s]sf 5g\ . df6fsf] pj{/tf sfod /x]sf] 5, xl/t dnsf]

k|of]u u/]/ / kfn}kfnf] afnL nufP/ pj{/tfnfO{ gjLs/0f ul/Psf] 5 / afnLx¿sf] k|fs[lts

pTyfgzLntf (natural resilience) sf] ;+/If0f ul/Psf] 5, km;n a9]sf] 5 / To;nfO{ lbuf]

agfOPsf] 5 .

pTkfbgsf] kl/df0f # jif{leqdf skf; @)) 6gaf6 a9]/ !,%)) 6g k'u]sf] 5 . o;eGbf k/ 5'§}

a]Rg] rng (side selling) Pp6f r'gf}tL /x]sf] 5 / o;sf] sf/0fn] ubf{ sDkgLn] ;b:ox¿sf]

km;nsf] #) b]lv ^) k|ltzt;Dd vl/b ug{ sDkgL ;Ifd ePsf] 5 . olb laqmL 9Lnf] ePdf

vl/b klg 9Lnf] x'G5 / To;/L g} vl/b 9Lnf] ePdf laqmL klg 9Lnf] x'G5 .

hdLgsf] Jofkfl/s ;DaGw w]/} sDkgLx¿;Fu 5 . ;a}eGbf dxŒjk"0f{ Jofkfl/s ;fe]mbf/L ef/tsf]

w]/} 7"nf] sk8f sDkgL cfnf]s (ALOK) pBf]u;Fu 5 . cfnf]s / hdLgn] cGt/f{li6 «o ahf/df

sRrf skf;sf] laqmL / ;+o'Qm k|jw{gsf af/]df ;xdlt sfod u/]sf 5g\ . hdLgsf] h}ljs

skf; k|zf]wg ug{sf nflu yk z'Ns glng] s'/f cfnf]sn] dGh'/ u/]sf] 5 / o;sf] cy{ sk8f

;'ne d"Nodf pknAw 5 eGg] ePsf] 5 . ha Jofkf/ ;'? eof], vl/bsf nflu c¿ cfb]z o:t}

sDkgLx¿af6 k|fKt eP / g}lts ¿kdf pTkfbg ul/Psf] skf; vf]lh/x]sf sDkgLx¿af6 klg

vl/b cfb]z k|fKt eP . sf/vfgf / lkmN8sf aLrdf Jofks ;~rf/ tyf af/Daf/ ul/Psf cfk;L

e|d0fx¿ o; Jofkfl/s ;DaGwnfO{ ;'b[9 kfg]{ sfo{sf] dxŒjk"0f{ kIf k|dfl0ft ePsf] 5 . ‘Psbd}

;fgf]’ / ‘ljzfn’ sDkgLsf aLrdf bL3{sfnLg ;'vb ;DaGw ;'lglZrt ug'{ sl7g sfd xf] t/

k|f/lDes cg'ej eg] ;sf/fTds 5 / cj;/x¿ cfzfhgs 5g\ .

Jofkfl/s of]hgfsf k|lt:kwf{x¿df hdLgsf] ;xeflutfaf6 nufgL ug]{x¿sf] ljZjf; l;h{gf ug{

dbt u¥of] . o:tf k|lt:kwf{x¿sf] ;xhLs/0f aLcfO{8L (Business in Development - BID) / Go'

e]Gr;{ OlG8of (New Vntures India) h:tf ;fdflhs k'FhL sf]if (social capital funds) n] u¥of] /

o;df Jofkfl/s of]hgfsf 9fFrfx¿ / k|lzIf0fsf] ;xof]u ;dfj]z lyof] . ;fgf ls;fg

;ª\u7gx¿;Fu cfk\mgf ;Lkx¿sf] afF8r'F8 u/]/ w]/} cg'ejL lj1x¿n] dbt u/] .

75 | P a g e

pTs[i6 ;~rf/ tyf k|jw{g hdLgsf Jofkfl/s ultljlwx¿dWo]sf] dxŒjk"0f{ cª\u xf] . k]m;g

a|fG8sf sDkgLx¿n] cfk\mgf cfk"lt{stf{x¿ cyf{t\ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] v]tL ug]{ ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf]

syf atfpg' dxŒjk"0f{ /x]sf] s'/f k]mnf kf/]sf 5g\ . s'g} syf ePsf] pTkfbg lsGg] s'/f

pkef]Qmfx¿n] dg k/fpF5g\ / of] hfgsf/L a|fG8sf] kl/rosf] cª\u x'G5 .

yk hfgsf/L www.zameen.org df km]nf kfg{ ;lsG5 .

http://www.zameen.org/

76 | P a g e

cg';"rL ! M cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL – cfjZostfx¿

o; cg';"rLdf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLdf ;+nUg sfo{ljlwx¿ / /fVg' cfjZos x'g]

clen]vx¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f lbOPsf] 5 . o; ;"rLsf] k|of]u dfu{–bz{gsf nflu dfq ug'{kb{5,

tkfO{Fsf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon] tkfO{FnfO{ ;xL cfjZostfx¿ lbg]5g\ . ;f] lgsfon] ;DejtM

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] pbfx/0f / hfgsf/Lx¿sf] /]s8{ /fVgsf nflu gd'gfdf ¿kdf

kmf/fdx¿ pknAw u/fpg]5 .

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL;DaGwL lgb]{lzsfdf ljj/0f cfjZos x'g] sfo{ljlwx¿

kmfd{ btf{ tyf of]hgfdf ;xefuL x'gsf nflu zt{x¿

ls;fgx¿nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug{] sfo{df ;+nUg sbdx¿

kmfd{sf] lg/LIf0f

ls;fgx¿;Fu s/f/

sf]8 k|0ffnL -ls;fgx¿sf nflu sf]8 gDa/ / pTkfbgsf If]q_

vl/bsf sfo{ljlw tyf clen]vg

e08f/0f tyf ;~rfng sfo{ljlw

k|zf]wgsf sfo{ljlw

Kofs]h ug]{ / n]an nufpg] cyjf af]/f÷afs;df /fVg]

h}ljs j:t'sf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf dfkb08 -h}ljs j:t'sf nflu cfGtl/s dfkb08_

ls;fgx¿sf aLrdf hfgsf/Lsf] k|rf/–k|;f/

ls;fg tyf sd{rf/Lx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f

ljrng (deviations) k]mnf k/]sf v08df To:tf dfldnfsf nflu sfo{ljlw

sd{rf/Lx¿sf] :jfy{sf aLrdf åGå;DaGwL lgodfjnL

hf]lvdsf] n]vfhf]vf -h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] u'0f:t/df Ifltsf] hf]lvd_

;ª\u7gfTds tflnsf tyf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|fdfl0fstf / ltgsf ljz]iftfx¿sf nflu

lhDd]jf/ sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;"rL tyf ltgsf] of]Uotf

clen]v /fVg'kg]{ / kmfOn ug'{kg]{ hfgsf/L

ufpF /÷cyjf If]qsf] gS;f

ls;fgx¿sf btf{ kmf/fdx¿

kmfd{sf] lg/LIf0fsf nflu kmf/fdx¿

77 | P a g e

v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿sf] ;"rL

v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿;Fu ul/Psf s/f/

vl/b;DaGwL /]s8{x¿

cfGtl/s lg/LIfsx¿sf] ;"rL

kl/of]hgfsf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nfly s/f/

k|zf]wg ug]{ PsfO;Fusf] s/f/

a9L ;fdfg a'emfpg] sfo{;DaGwL kmf/fd -u}/–h}ljs pTkfbgx¿sf ;Defljt 3';k}7x¿

hf{r ug{sf nflu_

ls;fgx¿sf] ljrng;DaGwL /]s8{x¿

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] :yfkgf s;/L ug]{ eGg]af/]df a9L lj:t[t lgb]{zg o; k|0ffnLsf]

:yfkgf / ;fd~h:o /fVg] sfo{ ;DaGwL cfO{Pk\mcf]Pd\ (IFOAM) sf] k|lzIf0f lgb]{lzsfdf

;dfj]z ul/Psf 5g\ .

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf] lgdf{0fsf nflu sbdx¿

of]Uo sd{rf/L kQf nufpg] / ltgn] h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] pTkfbg tyf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f

k|0ffnLsf] ljsf;;DaGwL cfjZos k|lzIf0f k|fKt ub{5g\ eGg] s'/f ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{ .

ls;fgx¿sf] klxrfg . olb ls;fgx¿ h}ljs j:t'x¿;DaGwL l;4fGt tyf cEof;x¿;Fu

kl/lrt 5}gg\ eg] ;r]tgf clej[l4 tyf k|lzIf0f cfjZos x'g]5g\ .

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf cg's"lnt tyf pko'Qm kmf/fdx¿ / -jf~5gLo ¿kdf

lnlvt_ cfO{Pk\mcf]Pd\ (IFOAM) sf] lgb]{lzsf ;'xfpFbf sfo{ljlwx¿ . cfGtl/s lgoGq0f

k|0ffnL;DaGwL lgb]{lzsf ;'?df ;fwf/0f b:tfj]h x'g ;Sb5 . lgb]{lzsfdf ;'?b]lvsf x/]s

36gfx¿sf] lj:t[t ljj/0f x'g'kb{5 eGg'sf] ;§fdf sfo{ljlw tyf kmf/fdx¿sf] jf:tjdf

sfof{Gjog ul/G5 / o;nfO{ ;a} sd{rf/Ln] a'em]sf 5g\ eGg] s'/f a9L dxŒjk"0f{ x'G5 .

klxnf] lg/LIf0feGbf klxn] sfof{Gjog ug'{kg]{ cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf

cfjZostfx¿af/] yfxf kfpgsf nflu k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfo;Fu hfFRg'xf];\ . logdf

sDtLdf klg ls;fgx¿sf] k|j]z;DaGwL kmf/fdx¿ kb{5g\ h;df ls;fgx¿n] h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf dfkb08x¿sf] kfng ug]{ k|lta4tf JoQm ub{5g\ / v]tL ug]{ ls;fgx¿sf]

;"rL ;dfj]z x'G5 .

of t klxnf] lg/LIf0fdf cyjf ;f] cjlwdf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfon]

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL;DaGwL sfuhftsf] hfFr tyf n]vfhf]vf ug}{ kb{5 / ;f]

lgsfon] ;'wf/sf nflu s]xL l6Kk0fL ug]{ cyjf zt{x¿ pNn]v ug]{ ;Defjgf w]/} x'G5 .

78 | P a g e

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL;DagwL clen]v -sfo{ljlw, kmf/fdx¿ cflb_ df / cfGtl/s

lgoGq0f k|0ffnLsf sd{rf/Lx¿åf/f ul/g] o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf qmlds ¿kdf ;'wf/ ug'{xf];\

.

79 | P a g e

cg';"rL @ M d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg

lbglbg} d"Nox¿sf] 36a9 eO/xg] j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df dfnsf pTkfbs tyf dflnsx¿n] d"Nosf]

hf]lvdsf] ;fdgf ug'{kb{5 . s'g} dflg;sf] :jfldTjdf /x]sf ;fdfgx¿sf] d"No 36\g ;Sb5

-cyjf a9\g ;Sb5 t/ a9\g' s'g} ;d:of x'Fb}g_ . ha cGt/ (margin) Psbd} sd x'G5 cyjf

36a9 a9L x'G5, ta d"Nox¿sf] 36a9n] 7"nf] gf]S;fg / 6f6 g} klN6g] cj:yf;Dd k'¥ofpg

;Sb5 .

ljQLo hf]lvdx¿ To; ;dodf x'G5g\ h'g ;dodf tkfO{Fsf] nfut laqmLeGbf km/s d'b|fdf x'G5 .

o:tf] cj:yfsf xsdf ljlgdo b/df ePsf] kl/jt{gn] ahf/ d"Nodf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] h:t} c;/

ub{5 . To;sf/0f ;fdfGo d"Nodf ePsf] hf]lvdsf] Joj:yfkgh:t} ltgsf] Joj:yfkg ug'{kb{5 .

o;df /x]sf] d'Vo cGt/ eg]sf] j:t'x¿sf] d"NoeGbf km/s 9fFrfsf] cg';/0f ljlgdo b/n] ub{5g\

/ o;n] ubf{ tkfO{Fsf] ljZn]if0fnfO{ hl6n kfb{5 eGg] xf] .

hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf pb]Zox¿

d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkgsf] d'Vo p2]Zo eg]sf] hf]lvdx¿nfO{ ;Lldt kfb}{ laqmLaf6 k|fKt x'g]

cfDbfgL a9fpg' xf] . k|foM oL p2]Zox¿sf aLrdf tgfj x'G5 . dflg;x¿n] plrt tyf ;'/lIft

gfkmf cfh{g ug]{ s]xL Go"g d"No :jLsf/ ug'{sf] ;§fdf Psbd} /fd|f] ;Defljt d"Nosf nflu kv{g]

k|j[lQ dflg;x¿df x'G5 . Pp6f cfwf/e"t lgod s] xf] eg] Jofkf/Lx¿ cg'dfg ug]{ JolQm

x'g'x'Fb}g . 7Ls oxL s'/faf6 aRgsf nflu d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL /0fgLlt cfjZos

x'G5 . b'ef{Uojz, of] eg]sf] ;lhnf] ljifo 5}g . ;DejtM ;lhnf] ljifo gx'g' g} To:tf] sf/0f xf]

h;n] ubf{ w]/} lgof{tstf{x¿n] ;xh 1fgsf] tl/sfaf6 j:t'sf] d"No tyf ljlgdo b/sf] ;fdgf

ub{5g\ . /, Tof] lglZrt ?kdf hf]lvdk"0f{ 5 .

d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL /0fgLltx¿

d"Nosf] hf]lvd Joj:yfkg;DaGwL /0fgLltx¿ ;ª\u7gsf cfhZostfx¿ / ahf/sf]

ultzLntf;Fu d]n vfg] x'g'kb{5 . tL /0fgLlt tkfO{F;Fu pknAw Joj:yfkgsf cf}hf/x¿dfly

klg lge{/ ub{5g\ . s]xL pbfx/0fx¿ o; k|sf/ 5g\ M

s]xL sDkgLx¿n] ‘back to back’ -pgLx¿nfO{ pkef]Qmf yfxf ePsf] cj:yfdf dfq vl/b

ug]{ s'/fk|lt k|lta4tf JoQm u/]/_ d"Nosf] hf]lvd sd ug]{ k|of; ub{5g\ .

80 | P a g e

c¿ sDkgLx¿n] kmfd{sf] d"n åf/sf] txdf / cfoftstf{sf] txdf d"Nosf] 36a9sf

af/]df cfk\mgf] ;fdfg vl/b ug]{x¿af5 xKtf–xKtfdf va/ lnG5g\ / To;/L k|fKt

hfgsf/LnfO{ vl/b tyf laqmL d"Nosf af/]df lg0f{o ug{sf nflu k|of]u ub{5g\ .

klxnf] tyf bf];|f] e'QmfgLsf] k|0ffnLsf] k|of]u u/]/ . o;sf] k|of]u ;xsf/Låf/f / s]xL

Jofkf/Lx¿ -pbfx/0fsf nflu, kmn tyf t/sf/L cfoft ug]{x¿_ åf/f Jofks ¿kdf ul/G5

.

pTkfbs ;d"x tyf cfoftstf{x¿;Fu d"Nosf] hf]lvd lng] t/ ;r]t tyf lgolGqt ¿kdf ;f]

lng] /0fgLlt x'g'kb{5 .

81 | P a g e

cg';"rL # M ljQLo ;+:yfx¿

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ug]{ kxnx¿df ljQLo ;xof]u ug]{ ;Defljt cle?lr ePsf / ljZjsf

ljleGg efusf s]xL ljQLo ;+:yfx¿sf] ;"rL oxfF lbOPsf] 5 . oLdWo] x/]s ;+:yfsf C0f;DaGwL

cfk\mg} ljlzi6 dfkb08, k|fyldstf / To;sf nflu zt{x¿ x'g]5g\ . oL ;Dk"0f{ s'/fx¿ k|:t't

ug'{ o; lgb]{lzsfsf] If]qeGbf k/sf] s'/f xf] . 7]ufgfx¿sf] of] ;"rL O{kf]kf sfo{qmd (EPOPA

programme) sf] cª\usf ¿kdf ;g\ @))& df tof/ kfl/Psf] lyof] .

d'n'sx¿adf]lhd ;+:yfx¿ O{d]n / j]a;fO6 7]ufgf

c:6 «]lnof

Investors in Community [email protected]

www.investors[lifncommunity.org

a]lNhod

Credal [email protected]

www.credal.be

Netwerk Vlaanderen [email protected]

www.netwerk-vlaanderen.be

Réseau Financement Alternatif [email protected]

http://www.rfa.be

Triodos Bank (Belgian branch) [email protected]

www.triodos.be / www.triodos.com

FEBEA [email protected]

www.febea.org

Sofgf8f

Caisse d'Economie solidaire Desjardins www.cecosol.com

8]gdfs{

Merkur - den Almennyttige Andelskasse [email protected]

www.merkurbank.dk

lkmgNofG8

Osuuskunta Eko-Osuusraha

[email protected]

www.eko-osuusraha.fi

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.merkurbank.dk/

82 | P a g e


k|mfG;

Banque Populaire d'Alsace www.alsace.banquepopulaire.fr

www.prevair.net

Fédération des Cigales [email protected]

www.cigales.asso.fr

Institut de Développement de l'Economie

Sociale (IDES)

[email protected]

www.esfin-ides.com

Société d'Investissement et de

Développement International (SIDI)

[email protected]

www.sidi.fr

Société Financière de la NEF [email protected]

www.lanef.com

Socoden [email protected]

www.scop.coop

hd{gL

GLS Gemeinschaftsbank

[email protected]

www.gemeinschaftsbank.de

cfoNof{G8

Clann Credo Ltd

Irish Social Finance Centre

www.clanncredo.ie

Tallaght Trust Fund Ltd [email protected]

Western Development Commission [email protected]

www.wdc.ie

O6fnL

Banca Etica [email protected]

www.bancaetica.com

CFI

Compagnia Finanziaria Industriale

[email protected]

www.cfi.it

Coopfond www.coopfond.it

MAG 2 Finance [email protected]

www.mag2.it

hfkfg

Citizen Bank [email protected]

http://www.mag2.it/


83 | P a g e


g]bNof{G8\;

ASN www.asnbank.nl

Triodos Bank [email protected]

www.triodos.nl / www.triodos.com

Oikocredit www.oikocredit.org/

Netherlands Development Finance Company

[email protected]

www.fmo.nl

:k]g

Triodos Investments España B.V. [email protected]

www.triodos.es / www.triodos.com

BBK Solidarioa [email protected]

www.bbksolidarioa.org

l:j8]g

Ekobanken Member Bank

[email protected]

www.ekobanken.se

.

Nordiska Sparlan

[email protected]

www.nordspar.se

k|hftflGqs u0ftGq sª\uf]

Coopec-Kalundu

[email protected]

[email protected]

Mail address in Tanzania but they are active

in the Democratic Republic of Congo

Crédit Populaire Congolais [email protected]

6f]uf]

Microfund [email protected]

;+o'Qm clw/fHo

Shared Interest www.shared-interest.com

Triodos Bank (UK branch) [email protected]

www.triodos.co.uk

www.triodos.com

The Charity Bank Limited

[email protected]

www.charitybank.org

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sf

Women's World Banking [email protected]

www.womensworldbanking.org

www.bancomujer.org

84 | P a g e

yk kf7\o;fdu|L

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] so, Jofkf/ tyf k|df0fLs/0f

CBI, 2004. Export Planner, A comprehensive guide for prospective exporters in developing

countries. www.cbi.nl/marketinfo

CTA, (Walaga, C.), 2005, Organic agriculture in Kenya and Uganda, CTA no. 8033

CTA, (Holderness, M. et al.), 1999, Organic banana 2000: towards an organic banana

initiative in the Caribbean, CTA no. 1003

CTA sf k|sfzgx¿ CTA k|sfzg ljt/0f ;]jf ;]jfsf ;b:ox¿sf nflu pknAw 5g\ M

ljt/0f ;]jf M Distribution Service: www.cta.int/en/Departments/How-we-serveyou/How-to-

order-publications-from-CTA

EPOPA, 2008, Organic Exports – A way to a better life? The EPOPA experience.

EPOPA, 2006, Organic Exporter Guide – hands-on help for organic exports from Africa.

oL b'j} b:tfj]h oxfFaf6 8fpgnf]8 ug'{xf];\ M www.grolink.se/epopa

FAO, CTA, EPOPA, 2006, Regulations, Standards and Certification for Agricultural Exports.

Practical manual for producers and exporters in East Africa.

oxfFaf6 8fpgnf]8 ug'{xf];\ M www.fao.org/docrep/010/a0791e/a0791e00.htm

FAO Manuals on Certification for agricultural exports, oxfFaf6 8fpgnf]8 ug'{xf];\ M

www.fao.org/ES/ESC/en/15/262/highlight_269.html

a9L k|sfzgx¿ oxfF k]mnf kfg'{xf];\ M www.fao.org/organicag/oa-publications/en/

FiBL (Research Institute for Organic Agriculture), 2004. A Guide to successful organic marketing

initiatives. www.fibl-shop.org/shop/show.php?sprache=EN&art=1338 Grolink, The organic

certification directory, x/]s jif{ k|sflzt x'g], M ;Dk"0f{ h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{

lgsfox¿sf] ;"rL ePsf] / ltgsf] sfo{;~rfngsf] If]qsf af/]df tYofª\s / ltgn] sfo{

;~rfng ug]{ d'n'sx¿sf] ljj/0f ePsf] .

http://www.fibl-shop.org/shop/show.php?sprache=EN&art=1338

85 | P a g e

Grolink, Grolink guides, M k|df0fLs/0f xfl;n ug]{ lbzftk{msf af/]df hfgsf/L;lxt .

yk hfgsf/L M More information: www.grolink.se

IFOAM, 2010, The Organic Bus[lifness Guide, Developing sustainable value chains with

smallholders, Elzakker B. v., Eyhorn, Frank.

IFOAM, 2004. Developing Local Marketing Initiatives. A Guide for Small and Medium

Enterprises.

oL / yk k|sfzgx¿ k]mnf kfg'{xf];\ M www.IFOAM.org/bookstore

IFOAM, Internal Control Systems for Group Certification –

Training Kit for Producers.

IFOAM, Training Manual for Organic Agriculture in the Tropics. Find these and more training

documents at: www.ifoam.org > Growing organic > Training platform

ILEIA, Centre for Learning on sustainable agriculture. ‘Farming Matters Magazine’, h'g lbuf]

;fgf kmfd{x¿sf af/]df 5 .

blIf0fsf JolQm tyf ;ª\u7gx¿ lgMz'Ns u|fxs aGg kfpF5g\ . www.ileia.leisa.info > magazine

k|fs[lts sL6gfzs cf}iflw

CTA, Agrecol, (Stoll, G.) Natural crop protection in the tropics: Letting information come to

life. ISBN 38236 1317 0. CTA no. 1005 Agromisa, CTA,(Scheepens,P., Hoevers, R.), Non-chemical

crop protection.

ISBN 978 908573 074 3, CTA no. 1416

vfB ;'/Iff;DaGwL j]a;fO6x¿

www.globalgap.org

www.iso.org

www.fao.org/ag/agn/food/

Webs[liftes on Traceability

kQf nufpg ;lsg] Ifdtf;DaGwL j]a;fO6x¿

EU Fact-sheet: www.ec.europa.eu/food/food/foodlaw/traceability/

;+o'Qm /fHo cd]l/sfsf cfjZostfx¿ United States requirements:

www.ams.usda.gov/AMSv1.0/cool

86 | P a g e

pkof]uL 7]ufgfx¿

IFOAM Africa Office (IAO), mail to: [email protected]

or: www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/around_world/africa.html

clk|msfsf /fli6«o cfGbf]ngx¿sf] ;"rL oxfF pknAw 5 M

www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/around_world/aosc_pages/national_movements.html

lrq

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] v]tL

lbuf] h}ljs If]qx¿sf]

ljsf; ug{sf nflu

hfgsf/L / ;|f]]tx¿

x]g'{xf];\ M

x]g'{xf];\ www.ifoam.org/growingorganic

ts{x¿ M M gLlt M M k}/jL

/0fgLlts ;DaGw M M ahf/Ls/0f M M cg';Gwfg

;xof]u pknAw u/fpg]

people unlimited IFOAM

Hivos International Federation of

Oxfam Novib Organic Agriculture Movements

87 | P a g e

CBI – www.cbi.eu , Centre for the promotion of imports from developing Countries -ljsf;f]Gd'v

d'n'sx¿af6 ul/g] cfoft k|jw{gsf] s]Gb|_

FAO - Food and Agriculture Organisation: Publications, country data, glossary, bibliographic

references, web links, link to research institutions,

events etc. www.fao.org/organicag

ITC (International Trade Centre – Organic Link: www.intracen.org/dbms/Organics. Web portal

serving the organic business communities, helping to link exporters and importers. Contains useful

information about organic products&markets and special features on countries, publications and

organic market news.

Agro Eco-Louis Bolk Institute: Development through trade

n'O{ af]Ns OlG:6Ro'6 eg]sf] cGt/f{li6«o, :jtGq ;ª\u7g xf] / o;n] h}ljs tyf lbuf] s[lif,

ljsf;, kf]if0f / :jf:Yo ;]jfsf If]qdf ;xeflutfd"ns cg';Gwfg tyf ;Nnfxsf af/]df

laz]if1tf k|fKt u/]sf] . ljutsf @) jif{eGbf a9L otf, o;n] ljsf;f]Gd'v d'n'sx¿df ls;fg

tyf pBdLx¿;Fu ldn]/ %) eGbf a9L d"No ˘f[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; u/]sf] 5 . o;sf] cjwf/0ffn]

lbuf] s[lif pTkfbgdf laqmL / ;xefuL ls;fgx¿sf] hLjg :t/df ;'wf/sf lbzftk{m n}hfG5 .

To:tf k|0ffnLx¿ h;n] sfd ub{5g\ ! o;sf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{no l8«a]u]{g (Driebergen),

g]bNof{G8;df 5 . 3fgf / o'ufG8fdf o;sf If]qLo zfvf sfof{nox¿ 5g\ .

yk hfgsf/L M

www.louisbolk.org

E-mail: [email protected]

Ghana: [email protected]

Uganda: [email protected]

ahf/;DaGwL hfgsf/L

www.greentrade.net

www.organic-market.info

www.organicmonitor.com

www.ota.com (North America)

lrq

88 | P a g e

clk|msfdf ;lqmo h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ s]xL o'/f]k]nL lgsfox¿

pTkfbg, dfkb08 tyf k|df0fLs/0fsf af/]df lgb]{lzsfx¿sf nflu M

IMO: www.imo.ch

Naturland: www.naturland.de

Soil Association: www.soilassociation.org

Ecocert: www.ecocert.com

clk|msfdf ;lqmo k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfox¿sf] k"0f{ ;"rL oxfF k]mnf kfg{ ;lsG5 M

www.ifoam.org/about_ifoam/around_world/aosc_pages/Organic_CBs

_operating_in_Africa.html#K

clk|msfdf k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfox¿

Tancert, Tanzania, Ph: +255-22-212 44 41 / Fax: +255-22-212 44 41

Email: [email protected] or [email protected]

Ugocert, Uganda: Ph: + 256-41-269 416, Email: [email protected]

Africert, Kenya Ph: + 254-020-828 857/8 / Fax: + 254-020-828 859

Email: [email protected]

Encert, Kenya: Ph: + 254-724-910 240

Email: [email protected]

AFRISCO, South Africa, Ph: (012) 349 1070 / Fax: 086 518 0107

E-mail: [email protected], www.afrisco.net

k|zfGt dxf;fu/ If]qdf ;lqmo k|df0fLs/0f ug]{ lgsfox¿

ACO/BFA (Australia): www.australianorganic.com.au

Assure Quality (New Zealand): www.organiccertification.co.nz

BIOGRO (New Zealand): www.biogro.co.nz

ECOCERT (France): www.ecocert.com

NASAA (Australia): www.nasaa.com.au

Sofl/laogdf h}ljs j:t'x¿sf af/]df hfgsf/L M

IFOAM Regional Group for Latin America and the Carribbean - El

Grupo de America Latina y el Caribe (GALCI): www.Galci.net

89 | P a g e

Gofok"0f{ Jofkf/

FLO, ‘Fair Trade Labelling Organizations International’

www.fairtrade.net (Fore more information see Section 2.4)

The African Fairtrade Network (AFN) is an independent, not for profit umbrella continental

network of Fairtrade Certified African producer organisations: www.fairtrade.net/afn.html

FLO-Cert is an International Certification Company offering Fairtrade Certification: www.flo-

cert.net

Rain Forest Alliance: www.rainforest.org

ljsf;df ;w}F cufl8

u|f]lnª\s h}ljs j:t'x¿sf gofF If]qx¿ / gofF

ljrf/x¿df, pbfx/0fsf nflu ;ª\u7gx¿sf lgldQ

;ª\u7gleq g} u'0f:t/ ;'lglZrt ug]{ sfo{sf] ljsf;,

PGS tyf cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL;DaGwL

cjwf/0ffsf] ljsf;, ;/sf/ / u}/–;/sf/L

;ª\u7gx¿nfO{ gLltsf] th'{dfdf ;xof]u ug]{ sfo{df

cu|0fL 5 . xfdL ljZje/ If]qut cu'jf tyf gLlt

lgdf{tfx¿nfO{ k|lzIf0f lbG5f}F . xfdL;Fu h}ljs

j:t'x¿sf] ahf/df sfd u/]sf] nfdf] cg'ej klg 5 .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|fdfl0fstf k|Tofe"lt ug{sf nflu gofF pkfox¿sf] l8hfOg ug{ -cyjf k'/fgf

pkfox¿ k]mnf kfg{_ xfdL /dfpFb5f]F .

k/fdz{ ;]jf ● dfkb08x¿sf] ljsf;

pRr :t/sf] k|lzIf0f ● ahf/sf af/]df hfgsf/L

kl/of]hgf th'{df ● k|df0fLs/0fsf] ljsf;

u|f]lnª\s

h}ljs ljZjnfO{ ;]jf k'¥ofpFb}

[email protected] www.grolink.se 7]ufgf M Torfolk, SE-684 95 Hoje, Sweden

kmf]g M +46 563 723 45 Fax: 46 563 720 66

lrq

http://www.rainforest.org/


http://www.grolink.se/

90 | P a g e

zAbsf]if (Glossary)

Pk\mnf6f]lS;g (Aflatoxin) 9';L (fungus) åf/f pTkfbg ul/Psf] ljiffQm kbfy{, Pk\mnf6f]lS;g

km;n leœofOPsf] abfd tyf o:t} cGo j:t'x¿df, ljz]if u/L

leœofOPsf] pTkfbgnfO{ /fd|/L ;'sfOPsf] 5}g eg] of] hf]lvd x'G5 .

h}ljs ljljwtf s'g} kof{j/0fLo k|0ffnL cyhf lglZrt If]qleq hLjgsf ¿kx¿sf]

k|sf/

CIF -;LcfO{Pk\m_ ;d'b|L oftfoftdf k|of]u ul/g] To:tf] zAb h'g zAbsf] cy{ ‘Cost,

Insurance and Freight’ -nfut, aLdf / ef8f_ eGg] xf] . laqmL ug]{n]

;fdfgx¿nfO{ uGtJosf] aGb/ufx;Dd Nofpgsf nflu vr{ / ef8f

ltg}{ kb{5 . o;sf cltl/Qm, laqmL ug]{n] aLdfsf] Joj:yf ldnfpg}

kb{5 / To;sf nflu k};f ltg{} kb{5 . ;fdfgdflysf] :jfldTj -/

hf]lvdsf nflu lhDd]jf/L_ uGtJosf] aGb/ufxdf ;fdfg

emfl/;s]kl5 vl/bstf{dfly :yfgfGt/0f x'G5 .

Codex Alimentarius ;g\ !(^# df vfB tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g -;+o'Qm /fi6 «;ª\3sf] vfB

tyf s[lif ;ª\u7g_ / ljZj :jf:Yo ;ª\u7gåf/f tof/ kfl/Psf]

vfB j:t', vfB pTkfbg tyf vfB ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt cGt/f{li6 «o ¿kdf dfGotfk|fKt dfkb08, cEof;x¿sf ;+lxtf, lgb]{lzsf tyf

l;kmfl/;x¿sf] ;ª\u|x .

www.codexalimentarius.net

j:t' (Commodity) o:tf] pTkfbg h'g p:t} x'G5 rfx] hf];'s}n] o;sf] pTkfbg u/]sf]

xf];\ . ;fdfGotof j:t' eg]sf vlgh ;|f]t tyf s[lif pTkfbgx¿

x'g\, ltgsf] d"No ljZjJofkL ¿kdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] x'G5, of]

cfk"lt{ / dfuadf]lhd lbglbg} 36a9 eO/xG5 . o;sf pbfx/0fx¿

x'g\ M ;'g, kmnfdsf] wft', sRrf t]n, lrgL, skmL / e6df; .

;Ifd clwsf/Lx¿ o:tf] JolQm cyjf ;ª\u7g h;nfO{ lglZrt sfd ;DkGg ug{sf

(Competent authorities) nflu sfg'gL ¿kdf clwsf/, Ifdtf cyjf clwsf/ k|Tofof]hg

ul/Psf] x'G5 .

91 | P a g e

lgoGq0fsf dxŒjk"0f{ Pp6f o:tf] a'Fbf, r/0f cyjf sfo{ljlw h;df lgoGq0fsf] k|of]u

laGb' ug{ ;lsof];\ / vfB ;'/Iffdf /x]sf] hf]lvdnfO{ :jLsf/ ug{ ;lsg]

(Critical Control Points - -dxŒjk"0f{_ txdf /f]syfd, pGd"ng tyf Go"g ug{ ;lsof];\ . CCP

CCP) eg]sf ksfpgsf nflu x'g\ / o;df Go"gtd tfkdfg / ksfpg]

;do ;+nUg x'G5g\ . -tnsf] lgoGq0fsf dxŒjk"0f{ a'Fbfx¿åf/f

hf]lvdsf] ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|0ffnL – HACCP klg x]g'{xf];\_ .

FOB FOB zAbsf] k|of]u ;d'b|L 9'jfgLdf ul/G5, o;sf] cy{ ‘Free On

Board’ -lgMz'Ns 9'jfgL_ eGg] xf] . ‘FOB port’ sf] ;ª\s]tsf] cy{

laqmLstf{n] ;fdfg hxfhdf /flvg] aGb/ufx;Ddsf] / yk ;fdfg

nf]8 ubf{ nfUg] vr{ ltb{5 eGg] xf] . vl/bstf{ hxfhdf ;fdfg

/flv;s]sf] ;dokl5 ;dfgsf nflu lhDd]jf/ x'G5g\ . vl/bstf{n]

;d'b|L oftfoftsf] ef8f, aLdf, ;fdfg emfbf{ nfUg] vr{ / o;

aGb/ufxb]lv clGtd uGtJo;Ddsf] vr{ Aoxf]b{5 .

vfB ;'/Iff vfB j:t' ;'/lIft 5 ls 5}g / ‘k|of]usf nflu of]Uo 5 ls 5}g’

eGg] ;jfn xf], vfB ;'/Iffdf :jf:ydf x'g] hf]lvdsf] /f]syfd ug{]

lsl;dn] afnL pdfg]{, ;~rfng ug]{, tof/L tyf vfB j:t'sf]

e08f/0f ug]{ s'/f ;+nUg x'G5 .

Global-GAP o'/f]ksf w]/} 7"nf ;'k/dfs]{6x¿n] ;'? u/]sf] tfhf s[lif pkh -kmn,

t/sf/L / df;'_ sf nflu u'0f:t/ tyf vfB ;'/Iff;Fu ;DalGwt

sfo{qmd .

;d"xut k|df0fLs/0f ef}uf]lns lgs6tfdf /x]sf / 36L of a9L ;dfg k|sf/sf -kmfd{sf]

(Group Certification) k|0ffnLsf] k|sf/, cfsf/_ ePsf ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] 7"nf] ;d"xsf

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] k|df0fLs/0f .

lgoGq0fsf dxŒjk"0f{ vfB ;'/Iffsf] To:tf] k|0ffnL h'g k|0ffnL pTkfbg k|lqmofleq vfB

a'Fbfx¿åf/f hf]lvdsf] ;'/Iffsf hf]lvdx¿sf] laZn]if0faf6 ;'? x'G5 / h;kl5 o:tf

ljZn]if0f ug]{ k|0ffnL hf]lvdx¿ x'gaf6 /f]syfd ug{sf nflu lgoGq0fsf laGb' tyf

(Hazard Analysis by pkfox¿sf] th'{df ul/Psf] x'G5 . dflysf] lgoGq0fsf dxŒjk"0f{ Critical Control Points laGb' klg x]g'{xf];\_

System - HACCP)

92 | P a g e

cfGtl/s lgoGq0f k|0ffnL To:tf] k|0ffnL h;n] btf{ ePsf ;Dk"0f{ ls;fgx¿n] dGh'/ ul/Psf

pTkfbg;DaGwL dfkb08x¿sf] kfng u/]sf 5g\ egL ;'lglZrt

ug{sf nflu afnL nufpg]x¿sf] ;d"x -;d"xut k|df0fLs/0fdf_

nfO{ ;Ifd kfb{5 .

ISO -cfO{P;\cf]_ ha ahf/sf nflu cfjZos x'G5,ta dfkb08 lgwf{/0fsf nflu

cGt/f{li6 «o ;ª\u7g I(International Organization for

Standardization - ISO) n] ta pTkfbg, ;fdu|L, k|lqmof /

;]jfx¿sf nflu dfkb08x¿sf] ljsf; ub{5 .

ISO 9001 -cfO{P;\cf] ())!_ of] u'0f:t/sf] Joj:yfkgsf nflu Joj:yfkgsf] ;fdfGo dfkb08

ePsf] sf/0fn] ubf{ c¿ dfkb08x¿eGbf s]xL km/s 5, o;sf] cy{

s'g} klg If]qdf h'g;'s} pTkfbg cyjf ;]jf eP tfklg s'g} klg

-k|sf/_ sf] ;ª\u7gn] o;sf] k|of]u ug{ ;Sb5 eGg] xf]

(www.iso.org) .

ljlzi6 ahf/ (Niche market) ahf/sf] Tof] lx:;f h'g lx:;fdf vf; pTkfbg,

;DejtM ljlzi6 dfkb08 cyjf u'0f:t/dfly hf]8 lbOG5 .

h}ljs j:t'sf] a9L d"No p:t} u'0f:t/sf] h}ljs pTkfbg tyf k/Dk/fut pTkfbgsf aLrdf

(Organic premium) /x]sf] d"Nosf] cGt/ .

kQf nufpg ;lsg] Ifdtf s'g} klg vfB j:t', bfgf tyf cfB j:t' pTkfbg ug]{

(Traceability) hgfj/x¿nfO{ kQf nufpg] sfo{

cfk"lt{ ˘f[ª\vnf pTkfbsaf6 pkef]Qmf;Dd pTkfbg k'¥ofpg] / sRrf kbfy{af6

(Supply chain) tof/L pTkfbgdf ¿kfGt/0f ug]{ sfo{df ;+nUg lqmofzLn

lgsfox¿sf] ˘f[ª\vnf -qmd_ .

d"No ˘f[ª\vnf :jtGq Jofkf/x¿sf] To:tf] /0fgLlts u7aGwg h;n] cfk"lt{

(Value chain) ˘f[ª\vnfsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu cfk;df ;xof]u ub{5g\ . o:tf]

˘f[ª\vnfdf o;df lqmofzLn lgsfox¿sf aLrdf laZjf; x'G5 /

ltgn] hfgsf/Lsf] cfbfg–k|bfg ub{5g\ . pgLx¿sf] p2]Zo ahf/sf]

cfk\mgf] lx:;f / cfly{s nfe sfod /fVg' / bL3{sfnLg ¿kdf nfe

xfl;n ug{ -a9\bf] dfqfdf_ hf/L /fVg' xf] . ljsf;sf] If]qdf, d"No

˘f[ª\vnfsf] ljsf;;DaGwL cjwf/0ffsf] k|of]u cle?lrsf s]xL

http://www.iso.org/

93 | P a g e

If]qx¿df nfe xfl;n ug]{ / gug]{x¿sf] aLrdf c;dfgtfsf]

klxrfg ug{sf nflu / ;Defljt ¿kdf ˘f[ª\vnfdf ;a}sf] ljho

x'g] /0fgLltsf] ljsf; ug{sf nflu ul/G5 . o; k|lqmofdf

lbuf]kgfsf] k|of]hgsf nflu ˘f[ª\vnfel/ a9L Gofok"0f{ tyf kf/bzL{

ljt/0fsf af/]df ;r]tgf clej[l4 ul/G5 .

h}ljs j:t'x¿sf] lgof{t ahf/df k|j]zasianfarmers.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/... · h}ljs...

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