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ISBN No: 978-9937-8154-0-6

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cGTodf k|:t't k'l:tsf tof/ ug]{ qmddf ljleGg txdf ;+nUg ;a}nfO{ d wGojfb lbgrfxG5' . o; s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qnfO{ k|zf;lgs, cfly{s, k|fljlws ;xof]uk'¥ofpg'x'g] ;fem]bf/x¿, /fli6«o lgs'~h tyf jGohGt' ljefu, bft[;+:yfx¿8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= o"=s]=, 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= o"=P;\=, dsf{y/ kmfpG8];g, kmf]8{ kmfpG8];g,o"P;PcfO{8L g]kfn, sfb'/L kmfpG8];g, 8flj{g Olgl;ol6e, s]o/ g]kfn -;u'gsfo{qmd_, >L hLd c6\j], cf]s kmfpG8];g tyf tfKn]h'ªl:yt gful/s tyf kqsf/;dfhsf k|ltlglw ;+:yfx¿nfO{ pxf+x¿sf] ;b\efj / ;xof]usf nflu xflb{s wGojfb6So||fp“5' . o; k'l:tsfsf] pkof]uaf6 e"–kl/lw:t/Lo hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgk4ltsf] ljsf; ug{ ;xof]u k'Ug'sf ;fy} o; If]qsf] :yfgLo tj/df ul/g] of]hgfth'{df sfo{df k[i7e"ld tof/ ug{ dxŒjk"0f{ ;fljt x'g]5 eGg] s'/fdf d ljZj:t 5' .cGttM of] k'l:tsfnfO{ cfjZos ;'emfj tyf k[i7kf]if0f lg/Gt/ k|fKt x'g] cfzf ub{5' .

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Tff/fk|;fb 1jfnLhLljsf]kfh{g ljz]if18ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m= g]kfnOd]n M [email protected]

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8ANo"=8ANn"=Pkm\= g]kfnn]h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fIf]qdf :yfgLo cg'ejxfl;n u/]sf] 5 . ljleGgtxsf pkef]Qmf ;d"x,;ldlt, kl/ifb\, cflb;+u;xsfo{sf] :yfgLo txdfcg'ej xfl;n ul//x]sf] 5 .o;af6 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\=,g]kfnn] h}ljs ljljwtf;+/If0f sfo{sf] Jofjxfl/scg'udg lg/Gt/ ul/g'kg]{dx;'; u/]sf] 5 . ha;Dd:yfgLo ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf ;jfnx¿, k|fyldstfx¿ tyf pgLx¿sf] hf]lvdjxg ug]{ IfdtfHf:tf s'/fx¿sf] ;~rfngaf6 pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLjgdf s] s:tf]u'0ffTds tyf ;ª\VofTds kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eGg] k|dfl0fs ¿kdf pbfx/0f;lxtb]vfpg ;lsb}g clg o; sfo{df ;+nUg ljleGg ;fem]bf/x¿ / bft[;+:yfx¿nfO{hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf] kl/jt{g b]lvg] u/L / dx;'; ul/g] u/L :yfgLo lgoldt of]hgfth'{df tyf sfo{of]hgfx¿, k|:tfjgfx¿df pNn]v ug{ / k|:t't ug{ ;lsb}g, ta;Ddvf; s] s] s'/fdf kl/jt{g ePsf] xf], s;sf] k|of;n] kl/jt{g ePsf] xf], kl/jt{gsf]b"/ufdL k|efj s] x'G5 / To:tf] kl/jt{g ug]{ nIo lsg ul/Psf] xf] < cflb k|Zgsf]oyfy{ pQ/ kfpg ;ls“b}g . t;y{, o;} cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/L oxf+sf] kl/ifb\ tyf;ldltx¿nfO{ pgLx¿s} hLjgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{ afgLa;fNg / To:tf] sfdnfO{ ;+/If0fsfo{sf] c¿ ultljlwh:t} :yflkt ug{sf nflu o;}s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qaf6 yfngL ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . lsgeg], hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf]kl/jt{gnfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ug]{ tyf :yfgLo:t/df ljZn]if0f u/L To;sfkl/0ffdx¿nfO{ ;+/If0fsf cGo ultljlwx¿sf] Pp6f kf6f]sf ¿kdf ;dfj]z ul/b}+g,ta;Dd h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0f sfo{ lbuf] tyf kmnbfoL x'“b}g eGg] s'/fnfO{ uxgdx;'; ul/Psf] 5


2

;f/f+zdf eGbf dx;'; ul/Psf log} cg'ej Pjd\ l;lsPsf kf7 tyf ljutsf :ynutcg'ejx¿af6 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] ;+/If0f sfo{qmdsf ljleGg kfOnfx¿df lbuf]hLljsf]kfh{gsf] cjwf/0ffnfO{ d"nk|jfxLs/0f ul//x]sf] 5 . o;} ;Gbe{df8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\=, g]kfnsf] cfkm\gf] sfof{g'ej klg o:tf] /x]sf] 5, æha;Dd :yfgLoafl;Gbfx¿, pkef]Qmfx¿sf hLjLsf]kfh{gsf Go"gtd cfjZostfx¿ k"/f x'b}gg\, ;fy}pgLx¿n] cfk\mgf ;Gtltx¿sf] eljio, ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ;f+:s[lts, /fhgLlts tyfjftfj/0fLo ¿kdf ;'/lIft /x]sf] dx;'; u/L ;+/If0f sfo{df h'6\b}gg\, ta;Dd lbuf];+/If0fsf] pknlAw xfl;n ug{ ;ls“b}g .Æ jf:tjdf oxL g} xfd|f] Jofjxfl/s l;sfO/x]sf] 5 . -hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿ M cWoog k|ltj]bg, @))&, 8ANo"=8ANn"=Pkm\=g]kfn_

o:tf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ s;/L dx;'; ug]{, s;/L ;j{;fwf/0fx¿aLr o; s'/fsf]hfgsf/L u/fpg], pgLx¿s} ;dfhdf ePsf] kl/jt{gn] ;+/If0f ul/Psf ;|f]tx¿dfs:tf] c;/ kfl//x]sf] 5, pkef]Qmfx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdfly s] s:tf] k|efj kfl//x]sf]]5 < h;df vf; u/L u}/sfi7 jg k}bfjf/, r/0f Joj:yfkg, ko{6g Joj;fo,cfocfh{g, ;]jf tyf ;|f]tx¿dflysf] kx'“r, Jojl:yt kz'kfng, k|fs[lts tyf;fdflhshGo hf]lvdx¿nufot cGo k|fs[lts ;|f]thGo pTkfbgx¿df s]–s:tf]kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5, pgLx¿sf] hf]lvd axg ug]{ Ifdtfdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 ls5}g eGg] s'/fx¿nfO{ g} of] hLljsf]kfh{g cg'udg k4ltdf ;dfj]z ug{ vf]lhPsf] 5 .t;y{, hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/sf sfo{qmdx¿nfO{ cfocfh{g ultljlwsf] 3]/fdf dfq ;Lldtgu/L ;+/If0f sfo{df ;+nUg ;d'bfosf dflg;x¿sf] cGo kIfx¿df cfjZos Wofgk'¥ofpg'kg]{ sfo{nfO{ cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg sfo{sf ljleGg r/0fx¿df ;dfj]z ug]{k|of; ul/Psf] 5 . hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljljw kIfx¿ Efg] k|fs[lts ;|f]t Joj:yfkg tyf;+/If0f sfo{;“u ;DalGwt x'g' ;fGble{s 5, h;df hLljsf]kfh{gsf] u'0ffTds kIfx¿sf]cg'udg eg] d"t{¿kdf gb]lvg] s'/fx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ug}{kg]{ ePsf] 5 . lsgeg],s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ;+/If0f tyf hLljsf]kfh{gsf ultljlw ;~rfng ug{ nfu]sf]Ps bzs k'lu;s]sf] 5 -@@ dfr{, !((*_ / o;aLrdf ljleGg lsl;dsf of]hgfx¿Tfh'{df u/L sfof{Gjog;d]t ul/;lsPsf] 5 . ljleGg cWoog, zf]w, ljZn]if0f klgul/;lsPsf] 5 eg] xfn;fn} dfq o; If]qsf] lj:t[t ;fdflhs–cfly{s cfwf/e"t;j]{If0f -;fdflhs–cfly{s a];nfOg ;j]{If0f, @))&_ / o;sf] ljutsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s d"Nofª\sg sfo{ ul/;lsPsf] 5 . pQm cWoog ;j{]If0f k|ltj]bgaf6 o; If]qdfs] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5, ;+/If0f tyf lbuf] ljsf;sf sfo{qmdaf6 s'g ju{n] slt


3

kj{tLo If]qdf 3/ jgfpgsf nflu k|of]u ul/Psf sf7, v/,dfln¨f] cflb h"g hLljsf]kfh{gsf klg Go"gtd cfwf/ x'g\

k|ltkmn k|fKt u¥of], s;n] u'dfof] eGg]s'/fsf] ;lrq j0f{g pbfx/0f tyftYox¿;lxt k|:t't ul/Psf] 5 .

o; hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgk4ltsf] :yfkgf tyf ljsf;af6 o;;+/If0f If]qsf afl;Gbfx¿sf];DkGgtfdf clej[l4 x'g] ck]Iff/flvPsf] 5, h;n] ubf{ ;+/If0f sfo{dfpgLx¿sf] :j:km"t{ tyf :j}lR5s;xeflutf Pjd\ Ifdtf / ;|f]tsf] lbuf]Joj:yfkg sfo{ clej[l4 cflbkl/0ffdx¿n] k|hflt, :jR5 hn;Dkbf, jg cflbsf] lbuf] ;+/If0f, hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf]c;/ jxg ug]{ Ifdtfdf j[l4, ;Ld;f/ If]qsf] j'l4dQfk"0f{ k|of]u x'g uO{ cGttM ;+/If0ftyf ;Da4{g sfo{df ;d'bfosf] ;lqmo ;xeflutf a9\5 . h;sf] kl/0ffd:j¿k8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] lnPsf] ;+/If0fsf] d'Vo nIo k"/f x'g] cfzf ug{ ;lsG5 .

8ANo"=8ANn"=Pkm\=, g]kfnn] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf lsgtof/ ug{' k/]sf] xf] <o; kljq lxdfno e"–kl/lw sfo{qmd cGtu{t kg]{ s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] cfk\mgf] cfly{s–k|fljlws ;xof]udf /fli6«o lgs'~h tyfjGohGt' ;+/If0f ljefu;“u ldnLh'nLsg :yfgLo afl;Gbfx¿Dffkm{t ;+/If0f ug{ yfn]sf]sl/a Ps bzs k'lu;s]sf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] yfngL ubf{ jf:tjdf lbuf]hLljsf]kfh{g ljlwsf] pkof]uaf6 o;sf] kl/jt{gsf] cg'udg ul/g'k5{ eGg] kIfdf s'g}7f]; cjwf/0ff cfO;s]sf] lyPg . oBlk, :yfgLo pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿, kl/ifb\sfkbflwsf/Lx¿ / kl/of]hgf ;xof]usf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] sfof{Gjog ul/Psfultljlwx¿sf] q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s, jflif{s k|ult ljj/0fx¿ lgoldt ¿kdf tof/ ug]{,sf7df8f} l:yt kl/of]hgfsf] s]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf lgoldt ¿kdf k7fpg] ul/GYof], h;sfcfwf/df gof“ ultljlwx¿sf] lgdf{0f tyf sfo{of]hgf klg ;+u;+u} ul/GYof] . oLultljlwx¿ Vff;u/L k|s[ltsf lx;fan] a9L nIosf] cfwf/df k|ult ljj/0fsf ¿kdftof/L ul/GYof] . o;/L @))# sf] ;dodf cg'udgsf] cfjZostfnfO{ dx;'; u/Ls]Gb|Lo sfof{nodf Pp6f 5'§} lgsfo ljsf;, cg';Gwfg tyf cg'udg eg]/ v8f ul/of] .

#


4

pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿n] ;~rfng u/]sf] k|zf]wg KnfG6,Pp6f cfocfh{g tyf cNk/f]huf/sf] ;fwg ePsf] 5 .

a9\bf] h¨nL kz'x?sf] ;ªVofn] :yflgo afl;Gbfsf]jfnLgfnL vfg] u/]sf] 5 h;sf sf/0f åGå j9\bf] 5 .

o;kl5 cg'udg ultljlwnfO{ Pp6f 5'§} ljifout cfjZostfsf] ¿kdf lnO{ o;;+ucfjZos tYofª\sx¿ klg ;ª\sng ug{ yflnof] . o;af6 k|To]s kl/of]hgf :t/df cf–cfkm\gf tYofª\sx¿sf] cfwf/ klg agfpg yflnof] t/ olt x'bfx'+b} klg hLljsf]kfh{gcg'udg eg] Pp6f ;ª\VofTds tYofª\sx¿sf] ;ª\sng sfo{ dfq}df ;Lldt /xg k'Uof],h;sf] ;/f]sf/ kl/of]hgfsf] lkmN8 sfof{nonfO{ / s]Gb|Lo sfof{nonfO{ dfq} xf] eGg]b]lvof] . t/, /fd|f] kIf eg]sf] h}ljs ljljwtfsf] kIfdf eg] cg'udg /fd|f];+u g} :yflktul/Psf] b]lvG5, h:t} lxdlrt'jfsf] cg'udg, u}/sfi7 kbfy{sf] cg'udg tyf ;fdflhskIfdf 5fqfj[lQsf] cg'udgh:tf pNn]vgLo pbfx/0fx¿ 5g\ . t/, oL ;a} kl/of]hgfsf]]cu|;/tfdf ul/GYof] eg] o;sf] kl/0ffd :yfgLoeGbf kl/of]hgf txdf a9L ul/GYof],h;n] :yfgLo kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf s:tf] kl/jt{geO/x]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L sd} x'GYof] . o;/L ;ª\slnt ljleGg tYofª\sx¿nfO{hLljsf]kfh{gsf] kIfaf6 ;DaGw :yflkt ug]{ / To;sf] cGt/;DaGwsf] JofVof ug]{ sfo{k/fdz{ bft[sf] zf]w tyf cg';Gwfgdf ;Lldt /xg k'Uof] .

oxL kl/of]hgf tx tyf s]Gb|Lo txdf ;Lldt /xg k'u]sf] sfo{nfO{ kl/ifb\ tyf To;dftxtsf ;ldltx¿sf] lhDd]jf/Ldf ;+:yfut ub}{ / o;nfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbghLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg sfo{sf] sfof{Gjogaf6 s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qaf6yflng vf]lhPsf] xf] . lsgeg], o;af6 jf:tljs ¿kdf oxf“sf :yfgLo /}yfg]afl;Gbfx¿, ljkGg ju{ tyf ;fdflhs ¿kdf jl~rt u/fOPsf ju{x¿sf] ;DkGgtfdfs] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5, oxf“ pknAw hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿ Vff;u/Lk|fs[lts ;|f]tnufot ;fdflhs, cfly{s, ef}lts tyf dfgjLo ;|f]tx¿df s] s:tf]kl/jt{g ePsf] 5, pgLx¿sf] :yfgLo ;'zf;gsf] ;+/rgfdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5,


5

pkl:ylt tyf d'Vo e"ldsfdf k|ltlglwTj s] s:tf] 5 < pgLx¿n] :yfgLo lgsfox¿,kl/of]hgfdf s] s:tf] k|efj kfg{ ;ls/x]sf 5g\, pgLx¿sf] egfOnfO{ k|fyldstfsf ;fylnOPsf] 5 jf 5}g, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] lbuf] Joj:yfkgdf pgLx¿sf] ;/f]sf/ slt 5,To;sf] lbuf] Joj:yfkg sfo{df ;lqmo ;xeflutf tyf cy{k"0f{ ;xeflutf /x]sf] 5 jf5}g < pkef]Qmfx¿sf] b}lgs hLljsf]kfh{gsf Jojxf/x¿n] k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly gsf/fTdsjf ;sf/fTds s] s:tf] k|efj kfl//x]sf] 5 < pgLx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvdx¿dfh:t} hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf] pTkfbg, :jf:Yo, vfg]kfgL, jftfj/0fdf ePsf] k|efj, gLltut;jfnx¿, /f]uJofwL, rf]/L l;sf/L tyf To;sf] /f]syfd ultljlw, cTolws h8La'6Lsf];ª\sng cflb sfo{x¿df Go"g ePsf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] cflb tYox¿sf pknlAwx¿nfO{cfjlws ¿kdf x]g]{, ljZn]if0f ug]{ / pgLx¿s} cfufdL of]hgfx¿df To;sf] oyf]lrtdfqfdf pNn]v ul/Psf] 5÷5}g eGg] cEof;x¿sf] cg'udg sfo{nfO{ ;+:yfut ug]{d"ne"t nIo /flvPsf] 5 .

o;}u/L o; cg'udg sfo{k4ltsf] ;+:yfut ug]{ nIon] o; If]qdf ePsf] kl/jt{gsfultljlwx¿nfO{ Pp6f r'gf}tL tyf cj;/sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5, h;af6 :yfgLopkef]Qmfx¿, pkef]Qmf ;ldltx¿ tyf Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿ a]n}dfo;tkm{ rf;f] b]vfO{ To;sf] ;xh Joj:yfkg ug{ ;Ifd x'g]5g\ eGg] nIo lnOPsf]5 . t;y{, ;du|df o; ;+/If0f If]qdf ePsf], u/]sf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] kl/jt{gx¿nfO{lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] ljlw ckgfP/ ul/g] pknlAwx¿sf] cg'udg sfo{sf] ultljlwn]s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] p2]Zo k"/f ug{]tkm{ xfd|f ultljlw pGd'v 5÷5}g eGg]s'/fsf] pbfx/0f tyf k|dfl0fs ;"rsx¿ pknAw u/fpg]5 .

cfkm\gf] hLljsf]kfh{g of]hgf tof/ ug{ cfk;df5nkmn ub}{ cfdf ;d"xsf ;b:ox¿

cfjZos k"jf{wf/x?sf] cefjsf sf/0f pRr lxdfnLIf]qdfa;f]af; ug]{x?sf] hLjg si6s/ / hf]lvdo'Qm jg]sf] 5


6

hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿sf] cg'udg kl/jt{gsf] k|:t't 9f“rfn] hLljsf]kfh{gsfljleGg kIfx¿df ePsf] kl/jt{gsf] cg'udg ug]{ tYox¿sf] ljZn]if0f ug'{sf ;fy;fy}o; 9f“rfnfO{ tyf pknlAwx¿nfO{ s;/L ;/n, a'lemg] tyf pkof]u ug{ ;lsg] efiffdfkl/jt{g ug{ ;lsG5 / ;+/If0f If]qsf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;xh ¿kdf k|of]udfs;/L Nofpg ;S5g\ eGg] Pp6f k|Zg v8f x'G5, o;sf nflu cjZo klg oxf+sf rf;f]/fVg] ;ldlt, ;d"xx¿ tyf kl/ifb\n] eP÷u/]sf clxn];Ddsf cEof;, Ifdtf /;|f]tx¿sf] cWoog÷ljZn]if0f ul/g' cToGt cfjZos 5 . lsgeg], o;}sf cfwf/df of]sfdnfO{ alnof] ¿kdf ;+:yfut ug{ of]hgf tyf cfjZos k|fljlws dfu{bz{g u/fpg;lsG5 .

xfn;Dd ul/Psf cg'udgsf cEof;x¿ s] s:tf 5g\ <8ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m= g]kfnn] s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf cfly{s–k|fljlws ;xof]usf nflulkmN8 sfof{no :yfkgf u/]sf] 5, h;n] vf;u/L lgoldt ¿kdf ul/g] cg'udgsftYofª\sx¿nfO{ q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s tyf jflif{s ¿kdf ;ª\sng ug]{, k'g/fjnf]sg ug]{tyf To;sf cfwf/df k|ult ljj/0f tof/ ug]{ ul//x]sf] 5 . o;/L ul/g] ultljlwdfvf;u/L ;ª\VofTds ljj/0fx¿, ultljlwx¿ ;DkGg eP÷gePsf lx;fan] k|:t'tul/G5, h;n] o; If]qdf s] slt / s:tf ultljlwx¿ ;DkGg ul/P eGg] s'/fsf]jf:tljstf b]vfp“5 . hals o;n] o; If]qdf a;]sf afl;Gbf tyf oxf“sf] h}ljsljljwtfdf u'0ffTds jf ;ª\VofTds k|ult s] eof] eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L u/fp“b}g .t/, o; kl/of]hgfsf] tyf ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf] cfx\jfgdf / bft[;+:yfsf]k|fyldstfdf ljleGg ;dodf cfjlws d"Nofª\sg ul/g] ul/Psf] 5, h;sf] pkof]uvf;u/L :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ hfgsf/L u/fpg'eGbf klg bft[ ;+:yfsf] rfxgf tyfTo;sf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ tyf efjL kl/of]hgfsf] /0fgLlt to ug{sf nflu s]Gb|df /kl/of]hgfsf pRr kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ug]{ u/]sf] xfnsf] cEof; /x]sf] 5 . o;sf]pbfx/0fsf nflu ut jif{ ul/Psf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s d"Nofª\sg tyf cfwf/e"t;fdflhs cfly{s ;j]{If0f– @))& cflb /x]sf 5g\ . o;} ;j]{If0fsf] pkof]u :yfgLoJoj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf nflu hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿sf] lgoldtcg'udg sfo{ pgLx¿ cfkm+}n] u?g\ eGg] p2]Zon] of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{gsfpknlAwx¿sf] cg'udgsf] cEof;sf] k|of; yflnPsf] xf] . xfn o; sfo{df ;xof]uug{sf nflu 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m=, g]kfnsf] sf7df8f}“l:yt sfof{nodf cg'udg PsfO;d]t/x]sf] 5, h;n] lg/Gt/ ¿kdf ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .


7

:ynut cg'udg M o; kl/of]hgf;+u ;DalGwt kbflwsf/Lx¿, of]hgf k|aGws,clws[tx¿ Tfyf ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿n] lgoldt ¿kdf cf–cfkm\gf sfo{If]q tyfljifo cg';f/ ultljlw ;DkGg eP÷gePsf], s'/fsf] k|ult cg'udg ul//x]sf 5g\,h;n] q}dfl;s, cw{jflif{s tyf jflif{s k|ltj]bg agfpg ;xh agfp“5 / xfn;Ddsf]cEof;sf] pbfx/0f klg oxL g} xf] . o;/L ul/g] ;ª\sng tyf k|ult ljj/0fdf tfhftyf k|f/lDes tYofª\sx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] x'gfn] 5f]6f] ;dodf g} slt sfd;DkGg eof], slt af“sL 5 / slt ;|f]t–;xof]usf] cfjZostf k5{, To;sf] oyfy{ lrq0fcfp“5 . t/, o;n] u'0ffTds kl/jt{gsf af/]df s]xL eGg ;Qm}g ;fy} oL ultljlw a9L¿kdf k|fljlws cfjZostf k"/f ug{sf nflu ul/Psfn] :yfgLo ;ldlt, kl/ifb\sfkbflwsf/Lx¿ klg k"0f{¿kdf ;+nUg /xg] cj;/ sd /xG5 .

s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 ul/g] cg'udg M o;}u/L ;do;dodf ljifout clws[tx¿ tyfd]g]h/x¿ / ;fem]bf/sf k|ltlglwx¿af6 klg ultljlwsf] cg'udg ug]{ ul/Psf] 5 . o;dfvf;u/L ljifout h:t} hLljsf]kfh{g, h}ljs ljljwtf, hnjfo' kl/jt{g, k|zf;g;~rfng, cfly{s ultljlw cflbsf] k|ult tyf o;sf] sfof{Gjogdf cfOk/]sf ;d:ofx¿sf]ljZn]if0f ug]{ / :ynut ¿kdf g} o;sf] k[i7kf]if0f ug{df o; ultljlwsf] pkof]u ug]{ul/Psf] 5 . o:tf] cg'udgsf] cEof;n] Psflt/ lkmN8df /x]sf kl/of]hgf ;Da4kbflwsf/Lx¿, kl/ifb\ tyf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿aLr cGt/lqmof ug]{ cj;/ldNg'sf ;fy} tTsfn} cg'udgstf{n] dx;'; u/]sf s'/fx¿sf] hfgsf/L lkmN8df x'g] / tLs'/fx¿nfO{ s]Gb|df cfOk'u]kl5 :jod\n] cGo JolQmx¿;+u 5nkmn÷ljZn]if0f u/L pkof]uug]{ ul/Psfn] o;sf] pkof]usf] dxŒj cem uxg b]lvG5 . t/, o;df b]lvPsf r'gf}tLdfljs6, w]/} lbg nfUg] / s]Gb|af6 6f9f /x]sf lkmN8 ;fO6x¿ vf;u/L kj{tLo If]qdf x'gfn]o;sf] lgoldttf tyf ;'rf?kgdf eg] s]xL cGt/ ePsf] kfOG5 . tyflk, xfn;Ddsf]cEof;df of] k4ltnfO{ k|efjsf/L dflgPsf] 5 eg] s]Gb|af6 klg o; sfo{sf nflu k|f]T;fxglbOPsf] 5 .

afx\o k/fdz{ bft[ ;]jfaf6 ul/g] d"Nofª\sg M o;sf cltl/Qm 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m=,g]kfnn] a]nfavtdf afx\o k/fdz{ bft[ ;+:yfx¿af6 ;]jf lng] klg u/]sf] 5, h;n]a]nfa]nfdf vf;u/L cfjlws ¿kdf kl/of]hgfsf] jf s'g} ljlzi7 ljifodf uxgcWoog÷ljZn]if0f u/L l;kmfl/;x¿ lbg] u5{, h;nfO{ s]Gb|n] cfkm\gf /0fgLlt kq,gLlt tof/ ug]{, bL3{sfnLg of]hgf tyf k|:tfjgf tof/ ug]{ / To;sf] of]hgfsf]vfsfx¿ tof/ ug{nfO{ pkof]u ul/G5 . 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pk\m= g]kfnn] xfn;Dd o:tf vfnsf


8cWoog÷cg';Gwfg w]/} g} u/fPsf] / u/fO/x]sf] 5 t/ o;sf] k'gMpkof]usf] tx slt /sxf+;Dd 5 < ;DalGwt kl/of]hgfsf pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ o; ;DaGwdf s] hfgsf/L 5 <s] pgLx¿ To:tf d"Nofª\sg sfo{sf] l;kmfl/;x¿n] lbPsf kl/0ffdk|lt ;hu tyf ;r]t5g\ < s] pgLx¿nfO{ o;af/]df hfgsf/L 5 < eGg] k|Zgx¿sf pQ/x¿n] g} oLcWoog÷cg';Gwfgsf kl/0ffdx¿ ;xof]uL / pkof]uL eP eGg] s'/fsf] k'li6 u5{ . ut;fn ul/Psf] s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] ;fdflhs–cfly{s d"Nofª\sg k|ltj]bg Pp6fpbfx/0f xf] .

k|efjsf/L cg'udgsf afws tÏjx¿ s] s] x'g\ <lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g cg'udgsf] b[li6sf]0faf6 xfn;Ddsf] pknlAw tyf cEof;x¿nfO{x]bf{ w]/}h;f] k|ultx¿ tyf kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ uxg ¿kdf ljZn]if0f ug{ ;lsPsf] 5}g .tL tYofª\sx¿nfO{ ljleGg ljifout kIfaf6 5'6\ofP/ x]l/Psf] 5}g, To;n] ubf{ slttyf s] ultljlw ;DkGg eof] eGg] k|ultaf/] hfgsf/L eO/x]sf] 5 t/ o;af6 vf; s]pknlAw xfl;n u/L /flvPsf] 5 < tL k|ultx¿ lbuf] x'g]tkm{ pGd'v 5g\ jf 5}gg\eGg] s'/fsf] hfgsf/L eg] 5}g cyf{t\ xfnsf] cEof;af6 of] s'/f 5'6\ofpg sl7gb]lvG5 . To;}u/L kl/of]hgf If]qleqsf ljleGg ;d"x, ljleGg ljifodf cyf{t\ If]qdfcfPsf] kl/jt{gsf] uxgtfdf slt km/s k/]sf] 5, tL tYox¿sf] ;x;DaGw tyftfnd]ndf klg cGt/ b]lvPsf] 5 . xfn;Dd cg'ej ul/Psf cEof;x¿nfO{lgDglnlvt ¿kdf pNn]v ug{ ;lsG5 . o;}u/L cnu–cnu vfnsf ;"rgfx¿sf]Joj:yfkg / lkmN8df To:tf tYofª\sx¿sf] ;ª\sng u/L g/flvPsfn] klg o;df;d:of b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L tL tYofª\sx¿aLrsf] cGt/;DaGw / o;sf] ;+/If0f;+usf]cGt/;DaGw b]vfpg] sfddf klg cefj b]lvPsf] 5 . To;}u/L oL ultljlwx¿af6

;fd'bflos jgleq nufOPsf] cn}+rL+ v]tL, h'gcfosf] Ps dfWod ag]sf] 5 .

;+/If0f pkef]Qmf ;ldltn] jgfPsf] jf6f] ;fd'lxs,;xeflutfsf] k|ltkmn


9n]n]kl:yt kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnocufl8 jflif{s ;efdf 5nkmnug{ ;xefuL ePsf kl/ifb\ tyf cfa4 ;ldltsf ;b:ox¿

hLljsf]kfh{gdf s] s:tf] k|efj tyf kl/jt{g k/]sf] 5 eGg] yfxf kfpg klg sl7gb]lvPsf] 5 .

xfn;Dd b]lvPsf sl7gfOx¿o;af6 ;+/If0f tyf hLljsf]kfh{gdfk/]sf] k|efjsf] dfkg .;ª\slnt ;"rgfx¿sf] Joj:yfkgtyf of]hgfdf To;sf] k'gMpkof]u .;fem]bf/x¿sf] xfnsf] Ifdtf, ;Lktyf ;|f]tx¿ .nlIft pkef]Qmfx¿sf] klxrfg tyfpknlAwx¿ .

hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿sf] o:tf]cg'udgsf] xfn;Ddsf] cEof; x]g]{ xf]eg] s]Gb|Lo txdf dfq} ;Lldt /x]sf] kfOG5 . vf;u/L s'g} ljifodf, If]qdf, nlIft u/Ls] s:tf] kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 eGg] lx;fan] ljlEfGg ljifo s]lGb|t cWoog, ;kmntfsf]syf cflbsf ¿kdf cg'udg ul/g] ul/Psf] 5, h'g s]Gb|Lo:t/df dfq} ;Lldt /x]sf]5 . of] :t/df ul/g] pknlAwx¿sf] pkof]u cfufdL jif{sf] of]hgfdf klg ul/g]5 . ;fy},o:tf lsl;dsf tYofª\sx¿nfO{ jflif{s k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{, n]v tyf ljifout n]vx¿Nf]Vg] clg k|:tfjgfsf] cf}lrTo b]vfpg] sfo{df klg pkof]u ul/G5 . t/, tL ;"rgf tyfkl/0ffdx¿ oxf+sf ;ldlt tyf kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] kl5 k|ltj]bg cfPkl5 dfqyfxf kfpg] ePsfn] o;n] pgLx¿sf nflu geP/ ;+:yf :jod\sf nflu ul/Psf] cEof;xf] eGg] dx;'; u/fp“5 .

Vff]l/of v]tLsf nfuL ul/g] cfunfuL h'g slxn]sf+xLhf]lvdo'Qm klg jGg] u5{ .

rf}+/L ufO{M pRr lxdfnL afl;Gbfx?sf] d'Vo cfo>f]t xf]


10

hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf tof/ ug'{sf] d'Vo p2]Zo s] xf] <s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ tyf o; cGtu{tsf ;+/If0f If]qJoj:yfkg ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg;DaGwL ;Lk tyfIfdtfnfO{ clej[l4 u/L o; sfo{nfO{ ;+/If0f sfo{sf] lgoldt kf6f]sf ¿kdf :yflktu/fO{ ;++/If0fsf] d"ne"t nIo xfl;n ug'{ xf] .

vf;u/L o; hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg cEof;af6 lglb{i6 ultljlwx¿sf]sfof{Gjogn] Psftkm{ :yfgLo nlIft ;d'bfox¿sf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf s] s:tf] ;'wf/NofPsf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L cfjlws ¿kdf x'g]5 eg] ;fy;fy} pgLx¿sf] hf]lvd jxgug]{ Ifdtf, ;'zf;gsf] sfof{Gjog, Gofok"0f{ ;|f]tx¿sf] af“8kmf“6 tyf gLltut / sfo{qmdlgdf{0f txdf kfvf kfl/Psf ju{x¿sf] k|ltlglwTjdf s] s:tf] k|ult x'g uO{ bL3{sfnLg;+/If0fsf p2]Zo k|flKt ug{ pGd'v 5÷5}g eGg] hfgsf/L lg/Gt/ k|fKt x'g]5 eGg] nIolnPsf] 5 .

o; hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf tof/ ug'{sf] ljlzi7 p2]Zo s]xf] <

hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg;DaGwL hfgsf/L u/fpg tyf k4ltsf] ljsf;ug{ ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf nflu ;Gbe{ ;fdu|L tof/ u/Lsfof{Gjog ug'{ .;+/If0f If]q tyf o;nfO{ ;xof]u ug{ pkl:yt kl/of]hgf;+u k|ToIf sfo{ ug]{;fdflhs kl/rfns, kl/of]hgf sd{rf/L, kl/ifb\ tyf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf]hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg;DaGwL a'emfO / Ifdtfsf] ljsf; ug{' .lbuf] hLljsf]kfh{g d"n k|jfxLs/0f /0fgLlt @))% n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf /0fgLltx¿,hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ of]hgf @))& n] l;kmfl/; u/]sf lqmofsnfkx¿sf] sfof{Gjogtyf s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cfwf/e"t ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0fn] l;kmfl/;u/]sf ;"rsx¿sf] t'ngfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gx¿nfO{ ;dotflnsf cg';f/ cg'udgug]{ tyf To;sf pknlAwx¿nfO{ k|ltj]bg tyf k|:tfjgfx¿df / cfufdLof]hgfx¿df k|ltljlDat ug'{ .8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfnn] sfof{Gjog u/]sf hLljsf]kfh{g;+u ;DalGwtlqmofsnfkx¿sf] pknlAw cg'udg ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg'sf ;fy} sfo{qmdsf]k|efjsfl/tf / c;/sf] cg'udg ug{] ljlw tyf tl/sfx¿ k|of]u ug{ ;xof]uk'¥ofpg' .


11

pRr lxdfnLIf]qdf k/Dk/fut v]tL k|0ffnL

of] k'l:tsf s;/L tof/ ul/Psf] xf] <of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf ljutsf ultljlwx¿sf] k'g/fjnf]sg,ljleGg cWoog tyf ljZn]if0f, ;j]{If0f sfo{sf] l;kmfl/; / ;fdflhs–cfly{s cfwf/e"t;j]{If0f @))& sf]] cWoogsf pknlAwx¿nfO{ lgoldt ¿kdf t'ngfTds cWoog ug]{ /;fdflhs–cfly{s cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f @))& df pNn]v ul/Psf s]xL dxŒjk"0f{;"rsx¿sf] n]vfhf]vf ug]{ sfdnfO{ lg/Gt/tf lbg / ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg sfo{:yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿nfO{ x:tfGt/0f ul/;lsPsf] -@))^, ;]K6]Da/_ kl/l:yltdf8ANo"=8ANn"=Pkm\= g]kfnsf] cfufdL jif{x¿df ef}lts pkl:ylt Go"g u/L :yfgLo kl/ifb\tyf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] e"ldsfnfO{ cem dxŒjk"0f{, lhDd]jf/Lk"0f{ / cy{k"0f{agfpgsf nflu cfjZos Ps /0fgLlts ;fwgsf ¿kdf 5nkmn, cWoog, k'g/fjnf]sg/ k/fdz{ ljlw ckgfP/ tof/ kfl/Psf] xf] .

of] k'l:tsfnfO{ s;/L k|of]u ug]{ <of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsf d"ntM ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sfkbflwsf/L, ;+/If0f Joj:yfkg If]q pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;+/If0f If]q ;xof]u kl/of]hgfsfsd{rf/L tyf ;fdflhs kl/rfnsx¿sf] cfjZostfnfO{ x]/]/ tof/ kfl/Psfn]pgLx¿n] klxn] o;df plNnlvt ;"rsx¿, To;nfO{ ;ª\sng ug]{ tl/sf,hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg ul/g'sf] p2]Zo / ;du| ;+/If0f If]qdf ul/Psf sfdtyf To;;DaGwL b:tfj]h / cjwf/0ffx¿nfO{ a'e\mg / dgn] lng'k5{ . To;sf ;fy}hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{gsf ;"rsx¿nfO{ o; k'l:tsfdf kl/eflift k|lqmof tyf ljlwåf/fsfof{Gjog ug'{k5{ . k|of]ustf{x¿n] o; k'l:tsfdf plNnlvt ljlwx¿nfO{ k|of]u ug]{dfq xf]Og, o;df k|:t't ljifox¿nfO{ kl/ifb\ ;b:o / ;xsdL{x¿aLr 5nkmn / dggug'{ k5{ . o;f] ubf{ cfkm"nfO{ s'/fx¿k|:6 x'b} hfG5 / c¿nfO{ klg hfgsf/Lu/fpg] cj;/ ldN5 .

o;sf nflu sfo{If]qsf] 5gf]6s;/L ul/Psf] 5 <hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgk'l:tsfnfO{ vf;u/L s~rghª\3f ;+/If0fIf]qdf ul/Psf] ;fdflhs–cfly{scfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f @))& n] lbPsf


12

;"rsx¿, l;kmfl/; tyf tYofª\sx¿sf ;fy} s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf ljleGgcWoogaf6 lbOPsf ;"rgfx¿, tYofª\sx¿ / hLljsf]kfh{g;+u ;DalGwt 3/w'/L tyf;+:yfut ;j]{If0faf6 cfPsf tYofª\sx¿sf cfwf/df tof/ ul/Psfn] o;nfO{s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;ftj6f pkef]Qmf;ldltx¿nfO{ k|f/lDes nlIft ju{sf ¿kdf lnPsf] 5, hals o; ;+/If0f If]qcGtu{tsf rf/j6} uflj;x¿ -n]n]k, tfk]yf]s, cf]nfªr'ªuf]nf / ofDkm'lbg_ / o;sfafl;Gbfx¿nfO{ o;sf] sfo{If]q dflgPsf] 5 . k|f/Dedf o;sf ;"rgfx¿ kl/of]hgfsf]k|fljlws ;xof]udf / kl/ifb\sf sd{rf/Lx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf pkef]Qmf ;ldltsfkbflwsf/Lx¿n] cfkm}“ k|ToIf ¿kdf ;+nUg eO{ cg'udg, ;ª\sng, ljZn]if0f tyf5nkmn u/L ;'?jft ug]{ xf] . of] sfo{ k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/df ul/G5, h;sf];ª\sngsf nflu cfjZos k|ZgfjnLsf] vfsf / To;nfO{ eg]{ vfsf eg] o; k'l:tsfsf]cGTodf cg';"rLsf ¿kdf lbOPsf] 5 .

o; k'l:tsfsf] k|of]ustf{ sf] xf] <o; cg'udg k'l:tsfnfO{ s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q ;xof]u cfof]hgfn] o; If]qsfnlIft ;d'bfosf] hLljsf]kfh{gdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ pgLx¿åf/f g} cfjlws ¿kdfsfof{Gjog ug{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] p2]Zo /fv]/ tof/ ul/Psf] x'“bf o; kl/ifb\;+u;DalGwt ;a} kbflwsf/L / dftxt ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿ clg kl/of]hgf ;xof]uPsfOsf sd{rf/Lx¿ klg o;sf nlIft k|of]ustf{ x'g\ .

hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udg k|lqmof eg]sf] s] xf] <s'g} klg sfo{qmd jf lqmofsnfk sfof{Gjog ug]{ qmddf k"j{lgwf{l/t sfo{of]hgf cg';f/sfd eO/x]sf] 5÷5}g, cfzf ul/Psf glthf xfl;n eO/x]sf 5g\ jf 5}gg\, ls6fgu/]sf] nlIft ju{;Dd sfo{qmd k'u]sf] 5÷5}g, nlIft ju{nfO{ kmfObf ePsf] 5÷5}g,pgLx¿sf] b}lgs hLljsf]kfh{gsf ultljlwdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5÷5}g, pgLx¿sf];DkGgtfdf kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5÷5}g egL lgoldt ¿kdf pQm :yfgdf g} uP/ jfc¿ g} dfWodaf6 tYofª\s tyf ;"rgfx¿ k|fKt u/L ljZn]if0f u/]/ ;DalGwtkIfx¿nfO{ sfo{ k|ult / pknlAw hfgsf/L u/fpg] k|lqmofnfO{ cg'udg elgG5 .

sfo{qmdaf6 ck]Iff ul/Psf glthf eg]sf] ljz]if u/L nlIft ;d"xdf lbuf] ¿kdf cfpg]cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs kl/jt{g g} xf] . sfo{qmdx¿ t dfWod dfq x'g\ . sfo{qmd;DkGg x+'b}df ck]Iff u/]sf] glthf xfl;n x'g] s'/f ;'lglZrt x'+b}g . sfo{qmd ;DkGg


13

:yflgo :t/df dlxnf g]t[Tj:yflgo :t/df dlxnf g]t[Tj

ePkl5 ;+:yfsf] pknlAw ePsf] dfGg'k5{ . To;sf/0f cg'udg ubf{ nlIft ju{sf]hLjgl:yltdf ;sf/fTds kl/jt{g Nofpg] s'/flt/ sfo{qmd pGd'v 5÷5}g egLlgofn]/ x]g'{k5{ . hLljsf]kfh{g cg'udg ultljlwn] sfof{Gjog ul/Psf k|To]ssfo{qmdn] nlIft ;d'bfosf] hLjgl:yltdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g Pjd\ k|efj k/]sf] 5 egLlgoldt ¿kdf k/LIf0f u/L cfufdL of]hgfsf nflu cfjZos ;"rgfx¿ pknAwu/fp“5 .

hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg ubf{s] s:tf s'/fdf Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{x'G5 <

hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsf]xfn k|of]udf /x]sf lgoldtcg'udgsf cEof;x¿eGbf s] cy{dfa]Un} 5 eg] of] k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf]cGt/fndf :yfgLo kl/ifb\ tyf o;dftxtsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 :jod\;+nUg eO{ ul/g] kl/sNkgf ul/Psf] 5 . o;sf] d'Vo k|of]ustf{ eg]sf] kl/ifb\cGtu{tsf ;a} kbflwsf/Lnufot d'VotM o; dftxtsf ;a} ;ftj6f pkef]Qmf;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 ul/g] / To;sf] lg/LIf0f, k|fljlws ;xof]u kl/ifb\ tyfkl/of]hgf ;xof]u PsfOsf kbflwsf/Lx¿af6 x'g] ck]Iff ul/Psf] 5 .of] ljlwaf6 ;ª\sng ul/g] ;"rgfx¿nfO{ kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnodf NofP/ ljZn]if0ftyf kl/dfh{g ul/g] p2]Zo /flvPsf] 5 . t;y{, ;ª\sng sfo{ k|To]s tf]lsPsf]jif{sf] ;dodf / Pp6} dlxgfdf ul/g] afgL ul/g'k5{ tfls o;af6 k|fKt;"rgfx¿df Ps¿ktf cfcf];\ / o;sf glthfx¿ Jff:tljstfsf] glhs b]lvo"g\clg o;k|lt kl/of]hgf, :yfgLo afl;Gbf / ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿sf] ljZj;gLotfa9f];\ .hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿ ljz]ifu/L ljkGg, ;'ljwfaf6 jl~rtju{n] k|fKt u/]sf kmfObf, pgLx¿sf] ;xeflutf, k|fs[lts ;|f]tsf] cj;/ /pkef]usf] cj:yf, pgLx¿sf] hLjgdf cfPsf] kl/jt{g x]g{ ;lsg] vfnsf] x'g'k5{ . tL kIfx¿nfO{ ;d]6\g] vfnsf ;"rsx¿ pbfx/0fsf nflu o;} k'l:tsfsf]cGTodf cg';"rLdf lbOPsf] 5 . t/, oL ;"rsx¿ ;w}el/ Ps}gf;n] k|of]u ul//fVg]eGg] x'“b}g . ;ldltsf] 5nkmn / lg0f{odf dfkg ul/g] ;"rsx¿ km/s kg{, kl/jt{g


14

ug{ jf yk36 ug{ ;lsG5 t/ o;f] ubf{ kl/jt{gsf kIfx¿n] lbPsf] dfkb08 jfTo;sf] bfo/f aflx/ hf+bf ;DalGwt cfwf/e"t tYofª\s k|fKt gx'g] ;Defjgf /xG5 .hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgn] hLjgrof{sf] ;ª\VofTds / u'0ffTds kIf b'j}nfO{;d]6\g] lsl;dsf] x'g'k5{ . /, o; k'l:tsfn] klg o;tkm{ Wofg lbPsf] 5 .of] ljlwnfO{ k|of]u ubf{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltdf cfa4 ;a} 3/w'/Lx¿ pkl:yt ePsf]a]nf ;fwf/0f;ef jf ;fj{hlgs ;'g'jfOsf nflu pkl:yt ePsf] a]nf ;ldltsfkbflwsf/Lx¿n] u/]df a9L ;xeflutfd"ns x'gsf ;fy} k|fKt ;"rgf a9L oyfy{k/sx'g k'U5 .kl/of]hgfåf/f lgoldt ¿kdf ul/g] cGo cg'udg, h:tf] M a9L cf}krfl/stYofª\ssf] k|of]u u/L cg';Gwfgd"ns k|ltj]bg tof/ ug]{ eGbf klg ;fdfGotof o;If]qdf cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f @))& sf] t'ngfdf s] s:tf] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 jf ;a};dfj]z ePsf] jf ;dfg ¿kdf nfedfly kx'+r eO/x]sf] 5 jf 5}g eGg] af]w u/fpg]/ cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/L / k4ltsf] ljsf; ug'{ o;sf] df}lns p2]Zo xf] .k|f/Desf nflu o; k'l:tsfsf] cGTodf s]xL ;"rsx¿ ;dfj]z ul/Psf] 5 t/o;nfO{ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;ldltx¿ o;}df ;Lldt x'g' x'+b}g . vf;u/L pgLx¿n]cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f @))& nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;"rsx¿ 5gf]6 ug{'k5{ / tL ;"rsx¿Psbd} Jofjxfl/s tyf ;/n x'g'k5{ . o;df lbPsf ;"rsx¿ To;}nfO{ ldNg] u/LhLljsf]kfh{gsf ljleGg kIf ;d]6\g] u/L tof/ ul/Psf] x'gfn] o;sf ljleGg zLif{scGtu{t ;a}sf] sDtLdf klg b'O{j6f kIf ;d]l6g] u/L 5gf]6 ul/Pdf a9L Jofjxfl/sx'g]5 .o;/L cg'udgaf6 k|fKt ;"rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f / JofVof pkef]Qmf ju{ tyf:yfgLo ;d'bfonfO{ g} pkof]uL x'g] u/L ug'{k5{ .tf]lsPsf] ;dodf lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg ul/g' k5{ . ;f]xL cjlwdf pknlAw /c;/ klg ;+u;+u} cfO/x]sf] x'G5, To;nfO{ klg ;+u} x]b}{ hfg'k5{ / jflif{s of]hgfdf/ kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf lj:t[t 5nkmn ul/g'k5{ .

kl/ifb\ tyf cGo ;DalGWft kbflwsf/Ln] cg'udg yfngL s;/L ug]{ <hLljsf]kfh{g ;'wf/ sfo{qmdx¿sf] lgoldt ¿kdf cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sg ug]{lhDd]jf/L kl/of]hgf Joj:yfks Pjd\ cg'udgstf{x¿sf] klg x'G5 . pgLx¿af6lgoldt tyf cfjZostf cg';f/ sfo{If]qsf] e|d0f u/L jf cGo dfWodaf6 cg'udgug]{ ul/G5 . dfl;s ¿kdf lgwf{/0f ul/Psf] sfo{of]hgf tyf k|ult k|ltj]bg, dfl;sa}7s, cf}krfl/s tyf cgf}krfl/s 5nkmnsf dfWodaf6 cg'udg ug]{ ul/G5 . o;/L


15

cg'udg ubf{ dfl;s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ePsf ultljlwx¿sf] cg'udg ul/G5 eg]rf}dfl;s ¿kdf sfof{Gjog ul/Psf sfo{qmdx¿sf] k|ult ;dLIff ul/G5 . cw{jflif{sPjd\ jflif{s ¿kdf ;dLIff ubf{ eg] s]Gb|Lo :t/af6 ;d]t cg'udg / k|ult ;dLIffug]{ ug'{k5{ . jflif{s ¿kdf cg'udg / ;dLIff ubf{ eg] ;ª\VofTdssf] t'ngfdfu'0ffTds s'/fx¿nfO{ dxŒj lbOg'k5{ . hLljsf]kfh{gsf nflu ul/Psf lqmofsnfkx¿af6nlIft ;d'bfodf b]lvPsf ;'wf/sf] cj:yf d"Nofª\sg ug{ o; k|sf/sf ;dLIff ul/g'pko'Qm x'G5 . o; ;dLIffaf6 sfo{qmdsf] af“sL cjlwdf sfo{qmd lj:tf/ u5{ eg] sdk|efjsf/L sfo{qmdsf 7fp“df pko'Qm ljsNk vf]Hg klg d2t u5{ .

hLljsf]kfh{g cg'udgsf] cjwf/0ffTds ;+/rgf tyf tx s:tf] 5 <;du|df dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] cEof; tyf ljifox¿sf] uxg 5nkmn tyf ljZn]if0fn] s]b]vfp“5 eg] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{gsf] cg'udgnfO{ k|ult ljj/0f tyf cfjlws ;"rgf;ª\sngsf] ultljlwx¿df dfq} ;Lldt gu/L jf:tjdf o; If]qsf :yfgLo afl;Gbf tyf

hLljsf]kfh{gsf pknlAwx¿sf] cg'udgsf] ;+/rgfTds 9f“rf M

cg'udgsf cg'udgsf] cg'udg sfo{df cg'udg sfo{sf]

txx¿ cjlw ;+nUgtf pknlAw

cg'udgsf] k|efjljZn]if0f

pknlAwx¿sf]cg'udg

ultljlwx¿sf]cg'udg

sfof{Gjogsf] % b]lv& ji.f{leq

sfof{Gjogsf] # b]lv% jif{leq

sfof{Gjogsf] ^dlxgf jf ! jif{leq

afx\o k/fdz{bftf,8ANo"=8ANo"= Pkm\=ljz]if1x¿åf/f ul/g]

:yfgLo k/fdz{bftf,s~rghª\3f ;+/If0fIf]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\, 8ANo"= 8ANo"=Pkm\=ljz]if1 tyf ;DalGWftsfo{qmd x]Gf{] sfo{qmdk|aGws tyf jl/i7sfo{qmd clws[t

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0fIf]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\tyf o; dftxtsf;a} ;ldlt, pk;ldlttyf pkef]Qmf;d"xx¿, ;fdflhskl/rfnsx¿

u'0ffTds d"Nofª\sgk|ltj]bg, b:tfj]h,kljq lxdfno e"kl/lwsf tYofª\sx¿

u'0ffTds d"Nofª\sgk|ltj]bg, b:tfj]h,dWofjlw k|ltj]bg,s]; :68L tyf lkmN8lelh6 u'0ffTds l/kf]6{

cw{jflif{s, jflif{sk|ltj]bg, b:tfj]h,pkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf]sfo{of]hgf, of]hgf,k|ltj]bg, lhNnf jgsfof{no tyf Onfsfsfof{nosf] k|ltj]bg,lkmN8 lelh6 k|ltj]bg


16

;ª\3;+:yf clg Joj:yfkg ;ldltsf ljleGg txsf kbflwsf/Lx¿sf] Joj:yfksLoIfdtf, pknAw ;|f]tx¿, hf]lvdx¿ tyf pgLx¿n] nlIft u/]sf] pknlAwx¿df s] slttyf s;/L kl/jt{g cfO/x]sf] 5 eGg]tkm{ ;ª\s]t u5{ . 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\=, g]kfnsf]cfkm\gf] bIftf tyf sfo{If]q h}ljs ljljwtf ;+/If0fsf ;fy;fy} :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf]hLljsf]kfh{gdf bL3{sfnLg ;'wf/ u/L :yfgLo k|s[lthGo ;|f]tx¿dflysf] dfgjLorfknfO{ sd ug'{ /x]sf] ;Gbe{df o; hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg k'l:tsfn] lgDgs'/fx¿nfO{ cfkm\gf] cg'udg sfo{df ;d]6\g'kg]{df dxŒj lbG5 M

hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljleGg ;|f]tx¿df vf; u/L k|s[lthGonufot cGo dfgjLo,ef}lts, cfly{s tyf ;fdflhs cflbdf ePsf] kl/jt{g tyf pknlAw .hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvdx¿ Vff; u/L hª\unL hgfj/x¿af6 dfgjLo ;DklQx¿Hf:t} v]tL, a:t'efp tyf dfgjLo Iflt, pgLx¿dflysf] cfqmd0f tL ;|f]tx¿dfnfUg] /f]uJofwL / hnjfo' kl/jt{gsf sf/0f plAhg] gsf/fTds k|efj h:t} l9nf]kfSg], kfgLsf d"nx¿ ;'Sg] cflbdf x'g] kl/jt{g cflb . To;}u/L dfgjLo rfkaf6k|fs[lts ;|f]tdfly kg{ hfg] gsf/fTds rf]/L l;sf/L, cTolws tyf lbuf] gx'g] u/Llgsflng] tyf ;ª\sng ul/g] jGo;|f]t tyf u}/sfi7 k}bfjf/ / h8La'6Lx¿ cflb .

u|fkmlrq M hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ljleGg txx¿


17

hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udgsf nflu cfjZos ;|f]tx¿ s] s] x'g\ <o:tf] vfnsf] cg'udgsf nflu ljz]iftM ljleGg txsf ;/f]sf/jfnfx¿ Hf;n] pknAwtYofª\sx¿nfO{ k|dfl0ft ug]{, cfwf/e"t ;j]{If0f ul/Psf ;"rsx¿, ljleGg ;fdflhs,cfly{s, n}ª\lus ¿kdf 5'6\ofOPsf 8f6fx¿, /fli6«o tyf If]qLo / lhNnfx¿sf] 8f6f,dfgjLo ;"rsx¿, ;j]{If0f ;"rgfx¿, lgoldt cg'udgsf tYofª\sx¿, cg'udg/lh:6/, ;|f]tsf] OGe]G6«L, o;sf cnfjf Pp6f Jojl:yt ¿kdf ;ª\slnt u/L /fVg];"rgf k|0ffnL, sDKo'6/, ;fdfGo ljZn]if0f ug{ hfGg]] k|fljlws / ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug{cfjZos kmf/d tyf k|f/lEfs k'“hL cflb k5{g\, o;sf ;fy;fy} cg'udgsf] ;Dk"0f{k|lqmofx¿ emNsfpg] lgb]{lzsf klg o;sf] Pp6f d'Vo cª\u xf], h;sf] cfwf/df;"rgfx¿sf] ljZn]if0f, JofVof tyf Joj:yfkg ul/G5 .

of] k'l:tsf cWoog tyf sfof{Gjog ug'{k"j{ ofb /fVg'kg]{ d'Vo s'/fx¿ s]s] x'g\ <

k|:t't ;"rsx¿ gd'gfsf ¿kdf lbOPsf] x'gfn] oL ;dofg's"n kl/jt{gLo 5g\ t/sDtLdf klg Pp6f r/0fsf] cg'udgdf lnOPkl5 csf]{ r/0fdf ToxL ;"rsnfO{pkof]u ul/Pdf a9L oyfy{sf] glhs x'g ;S5 .k|:t't ;"rsx¿ s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ tyf o; dftxtsfpkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ dWogh/ u/L tof/ ul/Psf] x'gfn] k|f/Dedfsltj6f ;"rsx¿sf] cg'udg ug]{ eGg] pgLx¿s} cfjZostf, Ifdtf tyf OR5fdflge{/ 5 t/ o;/L 5gf]6 ul/“bf sDtLdf klg k|To]s ;d"xaf6 o;sf] uxgtf tyf;dfg'kflts k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L 5gf]6 ul/g' k5{ .of] hLljsf]kfh{g kl/jt{g cg'udg ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\sfkbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{ ;fdfGotof pgLx¿sf] If]qdf hLljsf]kfh{gsf ljljw kIfdf s]s:tf] kl/jt{g eO/x]sf] 5 eGg] hfgsf/L lbg] p2]Zon] tof/ ul/Psfn] ;/n tyf;xh x'g] vfnsf ;"rs 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 . t;y{, s'g} afx\o k/fdz{ bft[ tyfcfof]hgf k|fof]lht cg'udg;+u t'ngf ul/g' tyf hl6n ;"rsx¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ubf{c;xh x'g] dgg ul/Psf] 5 .cg'udg tyf ;ª\sng sfo{ ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lsf] lhDd]jf/Ldfk|To]s b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/df / c;f]hb]lv dª\l;/ dlxgfsf] aLrdf lnOg' k5{, h;n]a];nfOg;+u Ps¿ktf b]vfpg]5 .;ª\slnt ;"rgfnfO{ pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf kbflwsf/Lx¿n] ;fdfGo k|ltzt tyfcf};tdf u0fgf u/L To;nfO{ cl3Nnf]k6s lnOPsf] ;"rs;+u t'ngf u/L ;fdfGo


18

k|ltj]bg n]Vg ;Sg] 5g\ h;sf nflu klxnf]k6s cfof]hgfsf tkm{af6 cfjZoscled'vLs/0f tyf ;Lk / ;fdfGo ljZn]if0f ug]{ tl/sf atfOg]5 / :yfgLo :t/dfs'g tl/sf ;xh x'g]5, Tof] ljlwnfO{ k|fyldstf lbOg]5 .k|:t't ;"rsx¿, k'l:tsfsf] n]vg sfo{ tTsfnsf] cfjZostfaf6 geO{ ljutsfjif{x¿, ljleGg r/0fsf] cGt/lqmof, hLljsf]kfh{g cled'vLs/0f uf]i7L, :ynutcWoog, of]hgfsf b:tfj]h, /0fgLlts of]hgf tyf k|fyldstfx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgLtof/ ul/Psf] xf] .w]/} ;"rsx¿ a];nfOg ;j]{ @))& ;+u d]n vfg]u/L 5gf]6 ul/Psf] 5 eg] o;sfnflu hLljsf]kfh{g /0fgLlt kq @))% tyf ;+/If0f /0fgLlts of]hgf @))^–@)!!nfO{ d'Vo cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 .

of] cg'udg k4ltnfO{ sfof{Gjog tyf ;+:yfut ug]{ r/0fx¿ s] s] x'g\ <of] cg'udg k|To]s b'O{ jif{sf] cGt/df / c;f]hb]lv dª\l;/ dlxgfsf] aLrdful/;Sg'kg]{ x'G5 . o; lx;fan] casf] cg'udg cfufdL @)^& sf] dª\l;/lequg'{kg]{ x'G5 . lsgeg], o;sf] a];nfOg @)^$ sf] c;f]hdf ul/Psf] lyof] .of] sfof{Gjog ug{ nlIft ;d"xsf] klxrfg u/L tL JolQmx¿sf] lhDd]jf/L tf]Sg] .o;sf] lgwf{/0f kl/ifb\n] ug]{ / cfkm\gf ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldltsf cWoIfnfO{lhDd]jf/L lbg] .k|:t't k'l:tsfsf cfwf/df pQm nlIft JolQmx¿ tyf kl/ifb\sf kbflwsf/Lx¿nfO{lj:t[t ¿kdf / :ynut cEof;sf ¿kdf Ifdtf j[l4sf] tflnd lbg] .kl/ifb\ cGtu{tsf ljlEfGg pkef]Qmf ;ldltnfO{ o;sf] d'Vo cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/LlbP/ cfjZos ;|f]t–;fwg qmdzM pknAw u/fpg] h:t} sDKo'6/, o;df /fVg]tl/sf, /lh:6/ cflb .o;sf nflu cfjZos ;ftj6f ;ldltdf ;"rgf ;ª\sng ug]{ /lh:6/ tyfkmfOlnª\ ug]{ d'Vo lhDd]jf/ dfG5] lgwf{/0f ug]{ / To:tf JolQmnfO{ ;"rgfJoj:yfkg;DaGwL yk tflnd tyf ;Lk lbg] .;"rgf ;ª\sngsf nflu cfjZos kmf/d tof/ ug]{ . kmf/d tof/ ubf{ o;dfplNnlvt ;"rsx¿nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL s'g s'gnfO{ 5gf]6 ul/Psf] xf], To;sfcfwf/df kmf/d tof/ ul/g'k5{ . cyf{t\, 7"nf] vfnsf] /lh:6/df sf]7f jf tflnsfagfP/ klg ;"rgfsf] Joj:yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 .kl/ifb\ dftxt tf]lsPsf k|To]s ;ldltn] cfkm\gf] jflif{s a}7ssf] jf cGo s'g} e]nfx'g] cj:yf jf jflif{s e]nf x'g] df}sf 5f]kL o;sf] ;d"xdf ;ª\sng ul/g' a9L


19

pknlAw tyf k|dfl0ft ug{ ;/n k5{ . of] s'g} 3/w'/L ;j]{If0f jf sG;N6]G6n] tof/ug]{ k|ltj]bg geP/ hLljsf]kfh{g tyf ;+/If0fsf] ;fdfGo kIfx¿df kl/jt{gsf]cj:yf s] s:tf] 5 egL x]g{ vf]lhPsf] dfq xf] .o;/L ;ldltx¿df ;ª\sng ul/Psf ;"rgfx¿nfO{ ;ª\slnt u/L Pp6f d'Vo/lh:6/df ptf/L kl/ifb\sf] ;lrjfnodf 5nkmn tyf ;fdfGo ljZn]if0fsf nfluk7fpg] .;lrjfnosf] tf]lsPsf] JolQmn] o;nfO{ ;fdfGo ljZn]if0f u/L h:t} k|ltztlgsfNg], cf};t lgsfNfL To;sf cfwf/df k|ltj]bg lgsfnL kl/ifb\sf] a}7sdf k|:t'tu/L 5nkmn ug]{ .o;/L 5nkmn u/L kl/ifb\sf] clGtd ;xdltsf cfwf/df ;fdfGo a9Ldf b'O{ k]hsf]s] s] s'/fdf kl/jt{g ePsf] 5 / ca s] kfOnf rfNg'kg]{ xf], To;sf]l;kmfl/;;lxt kl/ifb\df / cfof]hgfdf k7fpg] .

o; If]qsf] cg'udg dfkgsf nflu a];nfOg ;"rsx¿ s] s] 5g\ <s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qsf] lj:t[t ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))& df ul/Psf] lyof],h;sf cfwf/df d'Vo d'Vo kl/jt{gsf dfkb08x¿nfO{ o;df pNn]v ul/Psf] 5,h;nfO{ o;k|sf/ lbOPsf] 5 M

If]q ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))& sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿ PsfO

cfocfh{g ul/aLsf] /]vfd'lg /x]sf dflg;x¿sf] k|ltzt &@ %

-o"=P;= b'O{ 8n/ k|ltlbg_

Jfflif{s )–@)))) ;Dd -clt ljkGg ju{_ ##=) %@)))!–%)))) -lgDg cfo ;d"x_ #(=) %

%)))!–!!)))) -dWod cfo ;d"x_ !* %

!!)))) eGbf dfly -pRr cfo ;d"x_ !) %

Joj;fo s[lif d'Vo k];f ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿ -*#%, !((^_ $( %

kz'kfng d'Vo k];f ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿ #% %Gfub] t/sf/L pAhfpg] d'Vo k];f ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿ % %

dnvfbsf] k|of]u /;folgs dn k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ @# %ls6gfzs ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ #=* %

kz'kfng aª\u'/, ;'+u'/kfng ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ &) %

afv|fe]8f kfng ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ ^* %

ufO{uf]?, rF“}/L kfng ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ %* %


20

If]q ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))& sf d'Vo ;"rsx¿ PsfO

j}slNks pmhf{sf ] ;f}o{ pmhf{sf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ ^) %

k|of]u d§Lt]n k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ #@ %bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ -jflif{s vkt ef/Ldf_ !%&cfw'lgs r'Nxf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿ @@=&

cfo cfh{gdf k|ToIf ¿kdf cfocfh{gdf ;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿ %^ %

;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿ cn}“rL v]tLdf ;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿ $%=$ %ljleGg ;ldlt, ;d"xdf ;+nUg 3/w'/Lx¿ *! %

;f=jg, ;+/If0f pkef]Qmf ;d"x, ;ldltdf ;+nUg dlxnfx¿ @=$ %

5fgfsf] k|sf/ 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg k|s[lt ;|f]tdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿ &#=@ %lrqf–af“;n] 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg] 3/w'/Lx¿ @$=$ %v/÷5\jfnLn] 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg] 3/w'/Lx¿ !) %

sf7n] 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg] 3/w'/Lx¿ #*=* %l6gsf] h:tfkftfn] 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpg] 3/w'/Lx¿ @^ %

vfBfGg vfBfGg k|r'/tfsf] cf};t dlxgf ^=!!k|r'/tfsf] l:ylt vfBfGg cefj x'g] 3/w'/Lx¿ (!=^ %

b'O{ dlxgf dfq vfBfGg k|r'/tf x'g] * %

lzIff lg/If/tfsf] b/ @^=* %;fIf/tfsf] l:ylt k'?if !(=) %

dlxnf #%=) %

vfg]kfgL ;'wfl/Psf] Vffg]kfgL ;'ljwfdf kx'+r ePsf 3/x¿ -;fd'bflos_ ^(=& %

;'ljwfsf] cj:yf ;'wfl/Psf] Vffg]kfgL ;'ljwfdf kx'+r ePsf 3/x¿ -JolQmut kfOk_ @* %Kff“r ldg]6leq Vffg]kfgL ;'ljwfdf kx'+r ePsf 3/x¿ (@=^ %

;'wfl/Psf] Vffg]kfgL ;'ljwfdf kx'+r ePsf hDdf 3/x¿ (&=& %

Vffg]kfgL cf];fg{df ;+nUg x'g] jo:s dlxnfx¿ *!=( %

:jf:Yo tyf ;'wfl/Psf] rkL{ ;'ljwf ePsf 3/x¿ %%=% %rkL{ ;'ljwfsf] :jf:Yo rf}sL, pkrf}sLdf ;]jf lng hfg] 3/x¿ *&=$ %cj:yf uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo rf}sL, pkrf}sLdf ;]jf lng hfg] 3/x¿ #)=$ %

;'Ts]/L ;]jfsf nflu bIf ;'8]gLsf] ;]jf lng]] 3/x¿ @$=$ %

;|f]t M ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))&, 8ANo"=8ANo"=Pkm\= g]kfn sfof{no

o; If]qsf] hLljsf]kfh{g–kl/jt{g cg'udgsf nflu s] s:tf ;"rsx¿l;kmfl/; ul/Psf] 5 <o; ;+/If0f If]qsf] ljutsf cEof;x¿, cg'udg tyf d"Nofª\sgsf ultljlwx¿, ljleGgcWoog–cg';Gwfgn] l;kmfl/; u/]sf ;"rsx¿, o:t} vfnsf cGo If]qdf ul/Psf;j]{If0fsf glthfx¿ / vf; u/L hLljsf]kfh{g /0fgLlt kqsf l;kmfl/; ul/Psf


21

cg'udgsf nflu a[xt\ ljifoj:t' / ;fdflhs–cfly{s ;j]{If0f @))& sf glthfx¿cflbnfO{ ljz]if cfwf/sf ¿kdf lnOPsf] 5 eg] hLljsf]kfh{gsf] dfq geO{ o;sfhf]lvdx¿, k|s[lthGo hf]lvdx¿ / ;|f]tx¿ cflbnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . tn lbPsf]tflnsfn] ;"rssf gd'gfx¿, To;nfO{ gfKg] tl/sf, ;do / eP;Dd To;sf cfwf/e"ta];nfOg ;d]t lbO{ b]vfOPsf] 5 / ;ldltn] o;}dWo]af6 5nkmn / 5gf]6 u/L cg'udgul/g'kg]{ x'G5 . oL ;"rsx¿ kl/jt{gLo 5g\ / cfjZostf cg';f/ yk36 / 5f“6sf“6ug{ ;lsG5 t/ hLljsf]kfh{g tyf ;+/If0fsf dfGotfx¿sf] dd{ljk/Lt tyf :yfgLo;ldltn] ug{;Sg] sl7g ;"rsx¿ eg] Tolt :jLsfo{ gx'g ;S5 . t;y{, o;df s'g}lstfaL lj1 jf ;Nnfxsf/eGbf klg :yfgLo ;ldltsf] efiffdf ;/n ;"rsx¿pgLx¿af6 g} cfPdf To;nfO{ kl/dfh{g u/L /fVg ;lsG5 .

s| hLljsf]kfh{g PsfO a];nfOg cg'udg ug'{kg]{ jif{x¿;= kl/jt{g cg'udgsf ;"rsx¿ @))& @))( @)!! @)!# @)!% @)!&

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yf kl/ifb\cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg ;ª\3, ;ldlt, ;d"x,pk;d"x, pk;ldlt cflbsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg ;fd'bflos jgpkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿sf] ;ª\Vof

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ljleGGf ;+/If0f ;ldltx¿;+ucfa4 ;b:o 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t jfdftxtdf ag]sf, dd{t tyf ;Def/ ul/Psf ef}lts k"jf{wf/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof-h:t} :s'n, :jf:Yo rf}sL, lzz' :ofxf/s]Gb|, ;"rgfs]Gb|, 6«]n lgdf{0f, rkL{, vfg]kfgLcflbsf] lgdf{0f, emf]n'ª\u], u'Daf, df]gf:6«]cflbx¿sf] ;ª\Vof

l;d]G6]8 lkNn/ 3/ M ;+/If0f If]qleq lgdf{0ful/Psf 6fon, l;d]G6, lkNn/ l;:6daf6lgdf{0f ul/Psf 3/x¿sf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;"rsx¿

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22


kSsL 3/ M ;+/If0f If]qleq df6f]÷9'ª\ufaf6lgdf{0f ul/Psf l6gsf] 5fgf jf 6fonsf]5fgf / df6f]–9'ª\ufsf] 3/df l;d]G6af6Knf:6/ ul/Psf 3/x¿sf] k|ltzt

sRrL M ;+/If0f If]qsf sf7, af+;, lrqfcflbsf] 5fgf ePsf tyf sf7af6 lgdf{0ful/Psf lrqf–lgufnf] v/sf] 5fgf ePsf3/x¿ k|ltzt

;fdfGo em'k8L M ;+/If0f If]qsf 6f6L,jgdf/f, km'; cflbdf df6f] n]kg u/L jfgu/L kftLn] af/]sf], Knfl:6sn] 5fPsf] jfcfkm\gf] 3/ gePsf ;d]t jf ;fdfGo em'k8L3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof k|ltzt

kSsL rkL{ M ;+/If0f If]qsf kSsL rkL{pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

sRrL rkL{ M ;+/If0f If]qsf sRrL rkL{pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

;fdfGo vfN6] rkL{ M ;+/If0f If]qsf vfN6]rkL{ pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

;+/If0f If]qdf ;'wfl/Psf] tyf ;'/lIftvfg]kfgLdfly kx“'r ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf]k|ltzt -;fd'bflos_

;+/If0f If]qdf ;'wfl/Psf] tyf ;'/lIftvfg]kfgLdfly kx'r ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf]k|ltzt -JolQmut wf/f_

;+/If0f If]qdf u}/sfi7 tyf h8La'6L;ª\sng, k|zf]wg tyf Joj;fo ;|f]taf6d'Vo cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

;+/If0f If]qdf k/Dk/fut s[lifdf lge{//x]sf tyf To;af6 cfocfh{g ug{ ]3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt -!((^ df *#%_

gub] t/sf/L, gub]afnL, cn}+rLjf6 d'Vocfocfh{g ug{ lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

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23


;+/If0f If]qdf kz'k“IfLkfng tyf b'UwJoj;foaf6 d 'Vo cfocfh {g ug { ]3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

;+/If0f If]qdf ko{6g, k;n tyf cGo;Lko'Qm Joj;foaf6 d'Vo cfocfh{g ug{]3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

;+/If0f If]qdf gf]s/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/,ljk|]if0f cflb Joj;foaf6 d'Vo cfocfh{gug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

;+/If0f If]qdf !% jif{eGbf dflysf ;fIf/dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt -k'?if *!%, b'j}&#=@%_

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\åf/f ;~rflnt 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmdaf6sDtLdf Psk6s ;'ljwf lng] 5fqfx¿sf];ª\Vof

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;+u cfa4;ldlt, pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿df :yfgLo3/w'/Lsf k|ltlglwsf] ;+nUgtf tyf;b:otfsf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;+u cfa4;ldlt, pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿sf] d'Voe"ldsfdf :yfgLo dlxnf k|ltlglwsf] ;+nUgtftyf k|ltlglwTj k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;+u cfa4;ldlt, pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿ s'g}af6;'ne C0f lnO/x]sf jf lnO;s]sf3/w'/Lsf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{t :jR5tyf j}slNks pmHff{sf ;fwg M cfw'lgsr'Nxf] pkof]u ul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

;f]nf/ k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

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k/Dk/fut tyf :jR5 pmhf{ pkef]u tyf k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] cj:yfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g


24


n3'hnljB't\ k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

Aofsaf]On/ k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

jif{el/df ======= ef/L bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ; +/If0f If ]q cGtu {tJofj;flos, Jofkf/ k|zf]wg, pBd cflbk|of]hgsf nflu klg :jR5 tyf j}slNkspmHff {sf ;fwgx¿ pkof]u ul//x]sf3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

3/–uf]7sf] 5fgf sf7n] 5fPsf jf 5fpglge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

3/–uf]7sf] 5fgf lrqf af+;, lgufnf], v/n]5fPsf jf 5fpg lge{/ 3/w'/Lsf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If ]q cGtu{tsf;fd'bflos jg tyf ;+/If0f If]qdf bfp/f,lgufnf] cflbsf nflu w]/}h;f] lge{/ tyftL ;|f]tx¿sf] lgoldt ¿kdf pkef]uul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt .

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If ]q cGtu{tsf;fd'bflos jg, r/0f If]q, 3fF;] d}bfg cflb;|f]tdf 3f“; tyf :ofpnfsf nflu d'Vo¿kdf lge{/ jf pkef ]u ul//x ]sf3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt .

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If ]q cGtu{tsf;fd'bflos jg, r/0f If]q, 3f“;] d}bfg cflb;|f]tdf j:t'efp r/fpgsf nflu d'Vo ¿kdflge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

3/sf] 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu jg ;|f]tdf lge{/3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

sf7sf nflu lge{/ M gof“ 3/ lgdf{0f tyf3/ dd{t ug{ cfjZos sf7sf nflu ;+/If0f If]qsf jgdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lsf] k|ltzt .

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k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] pkef]u cyf{t\ lge{/tfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g


25

hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvd tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g M


cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ cflbaf6 b'O{ dlxgf;Dddfq vfgk'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|f]taf6 5 dlxgf;Dd vfgk'Ug] 3/x¿sf] k|ltzt

cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|f]tcflbaf6 sDtLdf klg Ps jif{;Dd vfgk'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

Vff]l/of v]tL ul//x]sf jf cfkm\gf] hUuf vf]l/of v]tL ug{ lbg] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf k|ltzt .

uef {j:yfdf sDtLdf klg rf/k6s:jf:YosdL{, k|fljlws, :jf:Yo rf}sLdfcfkm\gf] ue{sf] hfFr u/fpg] jf hfFr ug{k7fpg] 3/x¿sf] k|ltzt

kf“r /f]kgLeGbf sd cfkm\g} lghL d'Vo afnLpTkfbgof]Uo hldg x'g]x¿sf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf s'g} klg hª\unLhgfj/af6 3/kfn'jf j:t'efp -vf;u/LufO{, e}+;L, e]+8f, afv|f, rF+}/L, aª\u'/, ;'+u'/,ofs, 3f]8f, vRr8 cflb_ sf] gf]S;fgL ePsf3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf hª\unL a+b]naf6jif{el/df d'Vo v]tLafnL jf gub]afnLgf]S;fgL ePsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If ]qdf hª\unLefn'nufot cGo hgfj/af6 jif{el/df d'Vov]tLafnL jf gub]afnL gf]S;fgL ePsf3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljut jif{df?3fvf]sL, lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf cflbsf]sf/0 faf6 d [ To ' ePsf ] elgPsfafnaflnsfx¿ -kf“r jif{d'lgsf_ sf] hDdf;ª\Vof

cfkm\gf] v]tL afnLdf /f;folgs dnvfbcflb k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

cfkm\gf] v]tL afnLdf /f;folgs ls6gfzscf}iflw cflb k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt

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26

s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q;DaGwL ;fdfGo ;"rsx¿!= s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg ;ª\3, ;ldlt,;d"x, pk;d"x cflbx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof M o; cGtu{t o; kl/ifb\;“u cfa4 ;a} ;d"x,;ldlt, pk;ldltx¿ cflbnfO{ ;d]6]/ hDdf cfPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pNn]v ug]{ . o;dflxdlrt'jf ;+/If0f ;ldltx¿, ;+/If0f If]q pkef]Qmf ;ldlt, ;d"x, kz' ladf of]hgfpk;ldlt, cfdf ;d"x, ;xsf/L cflbnfO{ ;lDemg' k5{ .

@= s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg ;fd'bflos jgpkef]Qmf ;d"x M o; cGtu{t o; ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{t cfa4 ;a} ;fd'bflos jgpkef]Qmf ;d"xx¿nfO{ ;lDemg'k5{ . tL ;d"xx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ o;df hf]l8g' k5{ .o;df hfGg'kg]{ s] 5 eg] ;fd'bflos jgsf] k|lsof cg';f/ ljwfg tyf sfo{of]hgfagfpg] ;d"xx¿ o;df lng ;lsG5 .

#= s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t ;+/If0f If]q pkef]Qmf;ldlt(CAUC);“u cfa4, 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt M o; cGtu{t ;+/If0f If]q pkef]Qmf;ldlt (CAUC) cGtu{tsf hDdf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ / o;/LcfPsf] ;ª\VofnfO{ To; If]qsf] hDdf 3/w'/L ;ª\Vof;+u t'ngf u/L k|ltztdf n]Vg] .

$= ;+/If0f If]qsf :yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;xeflutfdf -Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\ cGtu{t jfdftxt u};;, ;/sf/L ;+:yf, cGo bft[;+:yf_ ag]sf, dd{t tyf ;Def/ ul/Psf ef}ltsk"jf{wf/ of]hgfx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof M o; cGtu{t pQm cjlwdf pQm pkef]Qmf ;ldltcGtu{t lgdf{0f, ;Def/ ul/Psf :s'n, :jf:Yo rf}sL, lzz' :ofxf/ s]Gb|, ;"rgfs]Gb|,6«]n lgdf{0f, rkL{, vfg]kfgL cflbsf] lgdf{0f, emf]n'ª\u] u'Daf, d7 dlGb/, rr{ cflbx¿sf];ª\Vofsf] s'n ;ª\Vof n]Vg] tyf cl3Nnf] jif{sf] cf“s+8f eP To;;+u t'ngf ug]{ /kl/0ffd n]Vg] .

:yfgLo pkef]Qmfx¿sf] ;DkGgtfdf (Wel-being) ePsf] kl/jt{g%= l;d]G6]8÷lkNn/ 3/ M ;+/If0f If]qleq lgdf{0f ul/Psf 6fon, lem“u6L, l;d]G6,lkNn/ l;:6daf6 lgld{t 3/x¿sf] hDdf k|ltzt . o;df pQm ;d"x cGtu{t kg]{ ;a}3/w'/Lsf] 3/sf] agf]6, k|sf/sf cfwf/df hDdf ;ª\Vof hf]8]/ cfPsf] glthfnfO{k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{, 3/sf] k|sf/ 5'6\ofpg] cfwf/x¿ h:t} 3/ l;d]G6 9nfO{, lkNn/l;:6d jf O“§f, l;d]G6af6 agfPsf] t/ 5fgf h:tfn] 5fPsf] eP o; cGtu{tpNn]v ug]{ .


27

^= kSsL 3/ M ;+/If0f If]qleq df6f]–9'ª\ufaf6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf h:tf jf 6fonsf] 5fgf/ df6f]÷9'ª\ufsf] 3/df l;d]G6af6 aflx/L Kn:6/ ul/Psf 3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof lx;fau/L k|ltztdf lgsfnL pNn]v ug]{ .

&= sRrL 3/ M o; cGtu{t ;fdfGo sf7, af“;, lrqf cflbsf] 5fgf ePsf tyf k"0f{tMsf7af6 lgdf{0f ul/Psf, df6f]–9'ª\ufn] agfO{ v/, 5\jfnL, lrqf÷lgufnf]sf] 5fgf ePsf3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltztdf n]Vg] .

*= ;fdfGo em'k8L M o; cGtu{t 3/x¿ 6f6L, jgdf/f, km'; cflbdf df6f] n]kg u/Ljf gu/L kftLn] af/]sf], Knfl:6sn] 5fPsf] jf 9'ª\uf–df6f] jf sf7sf] km\Nofssf]km]lG;ª\lagf g} sRrL ¿kdf tof/ ul/Psf ;fdfGo em'k8L 3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vofk|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ .

(= kSsL rkL{ M ;+/If0f If]qsf kSsL rkL{ pkof]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . oxf“kSsL rkL{ eGgfn] l;d]G6 Kofg, ;]km\6L 6\ofª\sL;lxtsf] lgdf{0f ul/PsfnfO{ hgfp“5To:tf kSsL rkL{x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ .

!)= sRrL tyf vfN6] rkL{ M o; cGtu{t ;'/lIft ¿kdf vfN6f] vgL :yfgLo jfcGoqaf6 lgld{t :nfa /fvL v/, 6fonn] 5fP/ 6f6L cflbn] af/]sf] / lgoldt k|of]uul//x]sf] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ o; cGtu{t pNn]v ug]{ . o;df rkL{sf] ;+/rgfsf]aflx/L cfj/0feGbf klg rkL{af6 ;ª\qmd0f x'g;Sg] ;Defjgf eP÷gePsf] tYonfO{cfwf/ dfGg vf]lhPsf] 5 .

!!= c:yfoL rkL{ M To;}u/L ;fdfGo vfN6f] vgL 6f6L, k/fn, af]/f, Knfl:6s cflbn]af/]/ pkof]u ul//x]sf] eP To:tf 3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ .

!@= vfg]kfgLdfly kx'+r -;fd'bflos wf/f_ M o; cGtu{t hLcfO{ kmnfd tyfkf]lnlygsf] kfOkaf6 ;|f]t ;+/If0f u/L NofP/ ljt/0f ul/Psf ;fd'bflos wf/faf6vfg]kfgL pkof]u ul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt pNn]v ug]{ . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ s'/fs] xf] eg] pQm wf/f Ps 3/eGbf a9L 3/x¿n] pkef]u ul//x]sf] eP ;fd'bfloscGtu{t pNn]v ug]{ .


28

!#= vfg]kfgLdfly kx'+r -JolQmut wf/f_ M o; cGtu{t hLcfO{ kmnfd tyf kf]lnlygsf]kfOkaf6 ;|f]t ;+/If0f u/L ljt/0f ul/Psf wf/fnfO{ lghL ¿kdf Psf3/n] dfq k|of]uul//x]sf] jf JolQmut ;|f]taf6 dfly elgPh:t} ;'/lIft ;+/If0f u/L NofOPsf / pkef]uul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ s'/f s] xf]eg] pQm wf/f Psf3/n] dfq k|of]u ul//x]sf] tYonfO{ cfwf/ dfGg] xf] .

!$= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|f]t -jghGo tyf u}/sfi7 kbfy{_ M ;+/If0f If]qdf u}/sfi7tyf h8La'6L ;ª\sng, k|;f]wg tyf To;sf] Joj;fo cflbaf6 3/sf] gub cfosf]d'Vo ;|f]t agfPsf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofnug{'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] tL 3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f]efu cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9L efu dfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf3/x¿nfO{ lnOg'k5{ .

!%= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|f]t -k/Dk/fut s[lif afnL_ M o; If]qdf k/Dk/fut s[lifafnLaf6 d'Vo gub cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vos'/f s] 5 eg] pQm 3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\cfwfeGbf a9L efu k/Dk/fut v]tL afnLaf6 ePsf] eGg] tYodf cfwfl/t x'g'k5{ .

!^= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|f]t -gub] s[lif afnL_ M gub] afnLaf6 d'Vo gubcfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] tL3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9L efudfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf 3/x¿nfO{ lnOg'k5{ .

!&= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|f]t -kz'kfng_ M ;+/If0f If]qdf kz'kIfL kfng tyf b'UwJoj;foaf6 d'Vo gub cfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vos'/f s] 5 eg] tL 3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\cfwfeGbf a9L efu dfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf 3/x¿nfO{lnOg'k5{ .

!*= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|f]t -ko{6ghGo Joj;fo, Jofkf/_ M ;+/If0f If]qdf ko{6gjf ko{6ghGo jf cGo ;fdfGo k;n tyf cGo ;Lko'Qm pBd, Joj;foaf6 d'Vocfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] tL


29

3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9L efudfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf 3/x¿nfO{ lnOg'k5{

!(= gub cfocfh{gsf] d'Vo ;|f]t -gf]s/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/, /]ld6\ofG;_ M ;+/If0fIf]qdf gf]s/L, j}b]lzs /f]huf/, /]ld6\ofG;, Hofnf dhb'/L cflb ;|f]taf6 d'Vocfocfh{g ug{] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt . o;df Vofn ug{'kg]{ d'Vo s'/f s] 5 eg] tL3/x¿sf] gub cfosf] ljleGg ;|f]tx¿dWo]sf] w]/}h;f] efu cyf{t\ cfwfeGbf a9L efudfly plNnlvt ;|f]t tyf ultljlwaf6 u/]sf 3/x¿nfO{ lnOg'k5{

@)= dlxnf ;fIf/tf M ;+/If0f If]qdf !% jif{eGbf dflysf ;fIf/ dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltzt .3/sf !% jif{ jf ;f] eGbf dflysf ;a} dlxnfx¿sf] ;fIf/tfsf] cj:yf x]/L To;sf]hDdf ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ . olb s'g} 3/df Ps hgf ;fIf/ / Ps hgf lg/If/ dlxnf5g\ eg] To:tf lg/If/ dlxnfx¿sf] cnUu} nut /fVg'k5{ . o;df lgDg tl/sfn] lx;falgsflng' k5{ . hDdf 3/w'/Lsf] ;ª\VofdWo] slt 3/w'/Ldf xfn slt hgf !% jif{k'lu;s]sf dlxnf 5g\, To;sf] hf]8kmn Pp6f sf]nddf n]Vg], To;}u/L To;dWo] slthgf ;fIf/ 5g\, To;sf] pNn]v ug]{ / slt hgf lg/If/ 5g\, Tof] klg pNn]v ug]{ . t/,oxf+ Vofn ug{'kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] !% jif{ k'lu;s]sf] / :s'n, SofDk; cflbdf cWoogul//x]sf jf ul/;s]sf :jtM g} o;df kg]{ x'gfn] To:tf dlxnfx¿nfO{ ;fIf/leq ;dfj]zu/L pNn]v ug]{ . o;f] ug'{sf] cf}lrTo s] xf] eg] o; If]qdf k9\g–n]Vg hfGg] jo:sdlxnfx¿ slt k|ltzt 5g\ / k"0f{tM lg/If/ slt k|ltzt 5g\, yfxf kfpg' xf] . o;df;fIf/ eGgfn] ;fdfGo k9\g / n]Vg ;Sg]nfO{ ;lDemg'k5{ .

@!= 5fqfj[lQ ;'ljwf lng] aflnsfx¿ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\åf/f;~rflnt 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd tyf cGo 5fqj[lQ sfo{qmd, JolQmut ;xof]uaf6 ;'ljwflng] 5fqfx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ . o;df Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] xfnlnO/x]sf] jf klxn] lnO;s]sf ;a} aflnsfx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{ pNn]v ug]{ .

@@= ;b:o 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q Joj:yfkg kl/ifb\dftxtsf ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt cGtu{t cfa4 ;fwf/0f ;b:otf ePsf3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\Vof k|ltzt . o;df Pp6} 3/n] ljleGg cGo ;ldlt, pk;ldltdf klg;b:otf lnPsf] x'g;Sg] ePsfn] Ps¿ktfsf nflu / gbf]xf]l/of];\ eGgsf nflu kl/ifb\cGtu{t cfa4 ljleGg pkef]Qmf ;ldlt (KCAUC) x¿nfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . t;y{,


30

u0fgf ubf{ 3/x¿ gbf]xf]l/o"g\ eGg]tkm{ ;hu x'g'kg]{ x'G5 . To;}u/L ;b:otf glnPsf jfcfa4 g/x]sf 3/x¿sf] leGb} nut /fVg'kg]{ x'G5, h;sf] cfwf/df pgLx¿ ;b:ogx'g'sf sf/0fx¿ klxNofpg klg ;lhnf] k5{ .

@#= dlxnfx¿sf] k|ltlglwTj M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;“u cfa4 ;ldlt,pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿sf] d'Vo e"ldsfdf :yfgLo dlxnf k|ltlglwsf] ;+nUgtf tyfk|ltlglwTj k|ltzt . o; cGtu{t tLgj6f a]Un} tYofª\sx¿ /fVg'kg]{ x'G5, h;dfklxnf] o; cGtu{tsf ljleGg ;ldlt, ;d"xx¿sf] sfo{;ldltdf dlxnfx¿sf] ;+nUgtfslt k|ltzt 5 / tLdWo] klg d'Vo e"ldsf -cWoIf, ;lrj / sf]iffWoIf_ df pgLx¿sf]k|ltlglwTj slt k|ltzt 5, 5'6\ofP/ pNn]v ug'{kg]{ x'G5 .

@$= ;'ne C0f lng] 3/x¿ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q tyf To;;+u cfa4 ;ldlt,pk;ldlt tyf ;d"xx¿ jf cGo ljQLo ;+:yfx¿ s'g}af6 ;'ne C0f lnO/x]sf jf klxn]lnO;s]sf 3/w'/Lsf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltztnfO{ pNn]v ug]{ .

j}slNks tyf :jR5 pmhf{ / bfp/f cflbsf] pkef]udf ePsf] kl/jt{g@%= cfw'lgs r'Nxf ] M ] M ] M ] M ] M o; cGtu{t cfw'lgs r'Nxf] k|of]u ul//x]sf] 3/w'/Lsf] ;ª\VofpNn]v ug]{ . oxf+ Pp6f Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] cfw'lgs r'Nxf] h8fg u/]sf] t/k|of]u gug]{ jf lau|]/ v]/ uPsf] eP To:tf 3/x¿nfO{ ;dfj]z ul/g' x'b}g lsgeg] o:tf]cf“s8fn] ;xL cj:yf jf kl/jt{g b]vfp“b}g . o; cGtu{t pmhf{sf] k|sf/, p2]Zo tyfpkef]usf] cj:yfdf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ x]g{ vf]lhPsf] 5 . Pp6} 3/n] PseGbf a9Lj}slNks pmhf{sf ;fwgx¿ k|of]u ul//x]sf] eP klg tL 3/x¿nfO{ ;DalGwt k|sf/sfsf]nddf u0fgf ug'{kg]{ x'G5 . o;df Pp6} 3/n] ;f]nf/ / n3'hnljB't\ k|of]u ul//x]sf]eP To:tf]nfO{ { { { { a]Unfa]Un} lx;fan] pNn]v ul/g'k5{ . o;/L Pp6} 3/sf] b'O{k6s u0fgfx'G5 t/ o;f] eP klg s'grflx“ ;fwg jf pmhf{ slt 3/n] pkef]u u/]sf 5g\ eGg] :ki6yfxf x'G5 .

@^= ;f]nf/af6 aQL afNg] 3/x¿sf] ;ª\Vof M o;df ;f]nf/af6 aQL pkof]u ug]{3/w'/Lx¿sf] s'n ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ / To;nfO{ k|ltztdf lgsfnL pNn]v ug]{ .

@&= n3' hnljB't\ M o; cGtu{t n3'hnljB't\ pkef]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofpNn]v ug]{ tyf To;nfO{ k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ .


31

@*= Jofsaf]On/ M JofsAof]On/ k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] ;ª\VofnfO{ pNn]v ug]{ . o;dfklg h8fg dfq u/]sf] eGbf klg xfn k|of]u ul//x]sf 3/x¿nfO{ dfq} cfwf/ dfg]/;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ .

@(= bfp/fsf] k|of]u ug]{ 3/x¿ M o; cGtu{t pQm 3/x¿n] jif{el/df ;/b/ slt ef/Lbfp/f vkt u5{g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lng vf]lhPsf] xf], t;y{ jif{el/df jf:tljs sltbfp/f vkt x'G5 eGg] o;af6 yfxf x'G5 . o;df ;"rgf ln“bf klxnf ;lhnf]sf nfluPs ;ftfdf slt ef/L nfU5, To;nfO{ $* xKtfn] u'0ff u/]kl5 jif{el/sf] lx;facfp+5 . ufp“3/df ;fdfGotM Ps ef/L eGbf h] a'lemG5, To;nfO{ cfwf/ dfgL ;"rgflnO{ To;nfO{ jif{el/df hDdf olt ef/L eGg] lx;fa cfp+5 eg] csf]{tkm{ slt k|ltzt3/x¿n] jf:tljs ¿kdf bfp/f k|of]u ug]{ u5{g\ eGg] yfxf kfOG5 .

#)= j}slNks pmhf{sf] Jofj;flos k|of]udf kl/jt{g M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{tJofj;flos, Jofkf/ k|;f]wg, pBd cflb k|of]hgsf nflu klg :jR5 tyf j}slNkspmHff{sf ;fwgx¿ pkof]u ul//x]sf] eP To:tf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\VofnfO{k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ . o;df vf;u/L slt k|ltzt 3/x¿n] j}slNks pmhf{sf]Jofj;flos pkof]u ul//x]sf 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L x'G5 . t;y{, olb ko{6g xf]6n, kfgLttfpg], k|;f]wg tyf cfuf]df ;]sfpg cflb pkof]unfO{ o;df lnOg'k5{ .

k|fs[lts ;|f]tx¿sf] pkef]u tyf lge{/tfdf ePsf] kl/jt{g#!= 3/–uf]7sf] 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu sf7df lge{/ M sf7n] 3/ jf uf]7 b'j}sf] 5fgf5fpgsf nflu jgdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf k|ltzt -dfly plNnlvteGbf s] cy{dfcnu 5 eg] 3/sf] uf/f] h]h:tf]af6 ag]sf] eP klg 5fgfsf nflu sf7df lge{/ 5g\jf 5}gg\ eGg] s'/fnfO{ cfwf/ dflgPsf] 5 . o;af6 sf7sf] pkef]u 3/–uf]7 5fpgslt k|of]u ul/Psf] 5 eGg] hfGg ;lhnf] x'G5 .

#@= 3/, uf]7 jf b'j}sf] 5fgfsf nflu lrqf af+;, lgufnf] cflbdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf]k|ltzt M oL ;|f]tdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vofsf] k|ltztdf pNn]v ug]{ . o;dfklg dflyh:t} uf/f] h'g;'s} rLhaf6 ag]sf] eP klg 5fgf 5fpg cfjZos s'/fnfO{cfwf/ dfg]/ pNn]v ug]{ .


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##= bfp/fsf nflu jgdf lge{/ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{tsf ;fd'bflos jgtyf ;+/If0f If]qdf bfp/f, lgufnf] cflbsf nflu w]/}h;f] lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf;ª\Vof / To;sf] k|ltzt .

#$= 3f+;–:ofpnfsf nflu lge{/ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{tsf ;fd'bflosjg, ;+/If0f tyf r/0f If]q, 3f“;]d}bfg cflb ;|f]tdf 3f“; tyf :ofpnfsf nflu d'Vo¿kdf lge{/ tyf pkef]u ul//x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt .

#%= rl/r/0fsf nflu lge{/ M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{tsf ;fd'bflos jg,r/0f If]q, 3f“;] d}bfg cflb ;|f]tdf j:t'efp r/fpgsf nflu d'Vo ¿kdf lge{/3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt .

#^= 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu lge{/ M 3/sf] 5fgf 5fpgsf nflu jg;|f]t -sf7, lgufnf],v/, lrqf_ OToflbsf nflu ;+/If0f If]qsf jgdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyfk|ltzt .

#&= sf7sf nflu lge{/ M gof“ 3/ lgdf{0f tyf 3/ dd{t ug{ cfjZos sf7sf nflu;+/If0f If]qsf jgdf lge{/ 3/w'/Lsf] k|ltzt .

hLljsf]kfh{gsf hf]lvd tyf ;fdflhs ;'/Iffsf] cj:yfdf kl/jt{g M#*= vfBfGg ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf M cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|f]t cflbaf6sDtLdf klg b'O{ dlxgf;Dd vfg k'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltzt .

#(= vfBfGg ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf M cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|f]t cflbaf6sDtLdf klg 5 dlxgf;Dd vfg k'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltzt .

$)= vfBfGg ;'/Iffsf] cj:yf M cfkm\g} hldg, ;DklQ tyf lgoldt cfo;|f]t cflbaf6sDtLdf klg !@ dlxgf -Ps jif{_;Dd vfg k'Ug] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyfk|ltzt .


33

$!= vf]l/of v]tL k|0ffnL M Vff]l/of v]tL ul//x]sf jf cfkm\gf] hUuf vf]l/of v]tL ug{lbg] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt . o;df cfkm“}n] u/]/ jf c¿nfO{ug{ lbP/ vf]l/of v]tLnfO{ ckgfO/x]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{ .

$@= uef{j:yf hf“r M uef{j:yfdf sDtLdf klg rf/k6s :jf:YosdL{, k|fljlws, :jf:Yorf}sLdf ue{sf] hf“r u/fpg] jf ug{ k7fpg] 3/x¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf]k|ltzt . uef{j:yfdf :jf:Yo ;+:yf jf lSnlgsdf sDtLdf klg rf/k6s hrf“pg hfg]jf k7fpg] 3/w'/Lsf] ;ª\Vof pNn]v ug]{, o;df Vofn ug'{kg]{ s'/f s] 5 eg] ue{jtLcj:yfdf ue{jtLn] sDtLdf klg rf/k6s cfkm\gf] uef{j:yfsf] lgoldt hf“r u/fpg'cfjZos 5 . t;y{, oxf“ sDtLdf klg rf/k6s hrf+pg]nfO{ cfwf/ lnPsf] 5, h;n]:jf:Yo;DaGwL hf]lvddf ePsf] kl/jt{gnfO{ pNn]v ug{ vf]lhPsf] xf] . t/, olb s'g}3/n] Psk6s dfq} k7fPsf] eGg] ePdf To:tf 3/nfO{ pNn]v gug]{ vf;u/L ue{jtLcj:yfsf] cjlwdf ul/g] hf“rnfO{ cfwf/ dfg]/ pNn]v ug]{ .

$#= ;fgf ls;fgx¿sf] ;ª\Vof M o; ;+/If0f If]q cGtu{t kf“r /f]kgLeGbf yf]/}v]tLof]Uo hldg x'g] 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt . o;df cfkm\g}:jfldTjdf /x]sf] v]tLof]Uo hldgnfO{ lng'k5{ .

$$= kz'wg Ifltsf] cj:yf M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljutsf] Ps jif{el/df s'g}klg hª\unL hgfj/af6 3/kfn'jf j:t'efp -vf;u/L ufO{, e};L, e]8f, afv|f, rf}+/L,aª\u'/, ;'+u'/, ofs, 3f]8f, vRr8 cflb_ sf] gf]S;fgL a]xf]/]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] k|ltzt .o;df sltj6f jf sltk6seGbf klg sltj6f 3/x¿ hª\unL hgfj/af6 gf]S;fgLa]xf]/]sf 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lng vf]lhPsfn] jf:tljs ¿kdf g} hª\unL hgfj/n]gf]S;fg u/]sf] xf] eGg] tYosf cfwf/df hDdf 3/ ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt pNn]vug{] .

$%= a+b]naf6 cGg afnL Ifltsf] cj:yf M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljutsf] Psjif{el/df hª\unL a+b]naf6 d'Vo cGgafnL gub]afnLsf] gf]S;fgL a]xf]/]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf]hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltzt . o;df sltk6s eGbf klg sltj6f 3/x¿ o:tf] vfnsf]c;/af6 k|efljt 5g\ eGg] hfgsf/L lng vf]lhPsfn] jf:tljs ¿kdf g} hª\unLa+b]nn] gf]S;fg u/]sf] xf] eGg] olsg tYosf cfwf/df hDdf 3/ ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf]k|ltzt pNn]v ug{] .


34

$^= efn', gfp/ yf/, /t'jfnufot cGo hgfj/af6 cGgafnL Ifltsf] cj:yf Ms~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljutsf] Ps jif{el/df d'Vo cGgafnL gub]afnLsf] gf]S;fgLa]xf]/]sf 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf k|ltzt .

$&= afn d[To'b/sf] cj:yf M s~rghª\3f ;+/If0f If]qdf ljut jif{el/df ?3fvf]sL,lgdf]lgof, emf8fkvfnf cflbsf] d'Vo sf/0faf6 d[To' ePsf] elgPsf afnaflnsfx¿-kf“r jif{d'lgsf_sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof . o;df dfly plNnlvt sf/0f d'Vo ¿kdf / pQmaRrf kf“r jif{leqsf] x'g cfjZos 5 .

$*= /f;folgs dnsf] k|of]u M cfkm\gf] v]tL afnLdf /f;folgs dnvfb cflb k|of]u ug]{3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf] k|ltzt pNn]v ug]{ .

$(= /f;folgs tyf ls6gfzs cf}iflw k|of]u ug]{x¿sf] cj:yf M cfkm\gf] v]tL afnLdf/f;folgs ls6gfzs cf}iflw cflb k|of]u ug]{ 3/w'/Lx¿sf] hDdf ;ª\Vof tyf To;sf]k|ltzt .


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1. Butcher C and Nicholas Winner (2004); Evaluation of the PartnershipProgram Agreement (PPA) between DFID and WWF UK, a RinalReport, September 2004, WWF Nepal, Kathmndu.

2. Gurung G.S. (2006); Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation Prioritieswith Liveihoods Needs in Kanchanjungha Conservation Area, Nepal"Human Geopgraphy Series, Vol 23, ISBN 3-906302-06-7

3. Kath Pasteur (2001); IDS, Tools for Sustainable Livelihoods, Liveli-hoods Monitoring and Evaluation, Draft report for Comments

4. Kath Pasteur (2002); IDS, Gender Analysis for Sustainable Liveli-hoods, Frameworks Tools and Links to Other Sources, IDS UK

5. WWF Nepal (2007); Socio-economic Baseline Survery Report ofKanchanjungha Conservation Area, WWF Nepal, Kathmandu

6. WWF Nepal (2007); Socio-economic Evaluation Report ofKanchanjungha Conservation Area, WWF Nepal, Kathmandu

7. Workshop Report (2006); Millennium Development Goals Costsharing and Role of Civil Society Workshop Lesson Learned, Consul-tation Report-2006 Organized by SANDEE

8. WWF Nepal (2005); Sustainable Livleihoods; a SustainableLiveihoods Mainstreaming Stretegy ISBN 99946-837-0-5, WWF Nepal,Kathmandu

9. WWF Nepal (2006); Understanding the Changes in Livelihoods Assetswith Locals: a Case Study from Kanchanjungha Conservation AreaNepal, WWF Nepal Kathamndu

10. WWF Nepal (2006); WWF Nepal Strategic Plan (2006-2011),Kathmandu Nepal

11. WWF Nepal Workshop Report (2006); Adaptive Management Work-shop Report organized by WWF Nepal

12. Website visited WWW.Livelihoods.org ; Livelihoods Monitoring andEvaluation Guidelines -C. Turton, 2001

References:

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