1

Homestead Plant Biodiversity in the South-Western Coastal Zone of Bangladesh: Way Forward to Identification, Utilization and

Conservation

Final Report CF # 13/07

By

M. Mahfuzur Rahman, Principal Investigator M Atikulla, Ph D Student

Department of Botany Jahangirnagar University

and Md Giashuddin Miah, Co-Investigator

Department of Agroforestry and Environment Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural

University

July 2009

This study was carried out with the support of the

National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme

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This study was financed under the Research Grants Scheme (RGS) of the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP). The purpose of the RGS was to assist in improving research and dialogue within civil society so as to inform and enrich the implementation of the National Food Policy. The NFPCSP is being implemented by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) and the Food Planning and Monitoring Unit (FPMU), Ministry of Food and Disaster Management with the financial support of EC and USAID. The designation and presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO nor of the NFPCSP, Government of Bangladesh, EC or USAID and reflects the sole opinions and views of the authors who are fully responsible for the contents, findings and recommendations of this report.

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Acknowledgement First of all I would like to express my gratitude to Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Head Office for the approval of the project as well as for allocation fund. I thank the EC and USAID for their financial support to carry out the study. I also appreciate the efforts of the FPMU, MoFDM for their advice and suggestions on policy issues from time to time. I am highly grateful to Mr. Ad Spikers, FAO Representative in Bangladesh and to Dr. Ciro Fiorillo, Chief Technical Adviser, NFPCSP, FAO, for their sincere help during signing of the agreement. Sincere thanks are due to Dr Lalita Bhattachajee and Prof. S.A. Sabur, Technical Assistance Team Members, NFPCSP for their continuous monitoring and suggestions during the project period. I am highly grateful to Dr Nur A. Khondaker, Research Grant Administrator, NFPCSP for regular communication and assistance during the whole project period. I wish to express my gratitude to the Chairman and other teachers of the Department of Botany, Jahangirnagar University for their help especially in providing facilities for use at the Plant Ecology Laboratory. I am also thankful to the authorities of Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), Bangladesh National Herbarium (BNH), Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB), Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics (BSS) and Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE) for their assistance in procuring some secondary data, plant identification and related information. I am grateful to Upazilla Nirbahi Officers (UNOs) of Upazillas of Patuakhali and Barguna Districts for their continuous help during field works. I am also grateful to all the farmers and villagers of the study areas for their support and sincere cooperation during the field work.

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Executive summary

As homestead and homestead products play vital rules on the socio-economy of rural areas,

a detailed study was conducted on homestead plant biodiversity in the south-western zones of

Bangladesh through the National Food Policy Capacity Strengthening Programme (NFPCSP),

funded by Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). Three villages (namely, Chawlapara of

Aamtali, Barguna; Nayapara of Kalapara and Kalisuri of Bauphal, Patuakhali) were selected for this

study. The main focuses of the project included the documentation and characterization of the

existing homestead plant species, their utilization and impact assessment on the livelihood of local

inhabitants especially, on their food security and alternative or additional income generation

through homestead plant products. The study was conducted on the basis of primary data sources,

extensive field surveys using questionnaire, species recording and enumeration in different seasons,

oral interviews with cross sections of local people, photographs and focus group discussions.

Standard methods were followed for data analysis and interpretations. In addition with the survey

and recording of homestead plant biodiversity resources, the existing socio-economic status and

problems were also identified.

Some of the key findings obtained through the research project include that homestead is the

most important natural resource in Bangladesh comprising a huge number of diversified plant

species. Records and check-lists obtained during project period pointed out to the fact that

homestead plant biodiversity is still rich in south western coastal region of Bangladesh. Livelihood

of rural inhabitants in this region is closely related with homestead plant diversity where the people

are dependent on plant resources for their food, medicine, timber, house making materials, fodder

and other minor products. Some of the homestead species serves as life support species. It is

noteworthy that during last devastating SIDR cyclone (on last 15 November, 2007) and post

cyclone period the affected people survived only by consuming different homestead plants and plant

products.

Homestead plant diversity also playing potential role on the socio-economic development of

rural people in coastal region. It is evident through the present research project that in one side

homestead plant diversity can ensure food security mainly for landless people, on the other hand

homestead products provide alternative or (and) additional income generation which enable rural

people for a better livelihood.

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During the research period, some problems were also identified which play negative impact

on homestead and homestead plant diversity. Results show that homestead plant resources are under

increasing pressure due to human exploitation on one side and regular natural catastrophes as the

other side. A well-planned and organized homestead programme is very important for the utilization

and sustainable management of homestead plant resources which will ensure better life of the rural

people in the coastal region.

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Table of contents

Contents Page no.

Acknowledgement i Executive summary ii Table of contents iv List of tables v List of figures vi List of appendices vi List of photographs vi 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Rationale 2 1.2 Objectives of the study 3 1.3 Risks of the study 3 2 Methodology of the study 3 2.1 Area of the study- approaches and analytical tools 4 2.2 Salinity status in study sites 4 2.3 Site selection 6 2.4 Survey data collection 6 2.5 Questionnaire 6 2.6 Data collection 6 2.7 Sample size and sampling 7 2.8 Duration of the study 7 2.9 Relative prevalence and species diversity index 7 2.10 Focus Group Discussions (FGD) 8 2.11 Economic plants species 8 2.12 Secondary information collection 8 2.13 Data analysis 8 3 Result and discussion 9 3.1 Age categories of the respondents 9 3.2 Education level of the respondents 9 3.3 Family size of the respondents 10 3.4 Land holding of the respondents 10 3. 4.1 Ownership pattern of land of the respondents 11 3.4.2 Land holding and leasing system of this area 12 3.4.3 Factors for increasing and decreasing of land 13 3.5 Status of homestead space utilization 14 3.6 Trees species richness 15 3.6.1 Vegetable species richness 15 3.7 Relative prevalence of tree species in different saline zone 16 3.8 Species diversity index of different categories of species 17 3.9 Sources of planting materials 18 3.10 Saline tolerant and non-tolerant species 19 3.11 Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species 19 3.11.1 Major economic and profitable fruit-yielding species 22 3.11.2. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate

action in these study areas. 23

3.12 Food security 24

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3.12.1 Stored food in the homestead of different farm category 24 3.12.2 Food intake of the household at the study areas 25 3.13. Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying

saline areas 26

3.14 Impact of homestead plant biodiversity in the income generation and livelihood supports

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3.15 Management practices of homestead production 27 3.16 Problems faced in homestead production and management 29 3.17 National and International progress on biodiversity 30 3.17.1 The Earth Summit 30 3.17.2 Policy Document 30 3.17.3 Strategy and Action Plan for conservation of biodiversity 31 3.17.4 National Initiatives for ex-situ and in-situ conservation 32 3.17.4.1 The Forest Department Initiatives: 32 3.17.4.2 Bangladesh National Herbarium 32 3.17.4.3 Baldah Garden 32 3.17.4.4 National Botanical Garden 32 3.17.4.5 Deparment of Agriculture Extension (DAE 32 3.17.4.6 Academic institutions 32 3.17.4.7 Research Institutions 33 3.17.4.8 UN Organization Initiatives 33 3.18 Conservation of homestead biodiversity 33 3.19 Women role in homestead biodiversity conservation 34 3.20 Policy implication and Recommendations 34 3.21 Areas for further research 35 5.22 Conclusions 36

List of tables Table no.

Page no.

1 Upazilla wise soil salinity level of Patuakhali and Barguna Districts

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2 Education level of the respondents 10 3 Average family size of the respondents 10 4 Household land holdings 11 5 Land ownership pattern 12 6 Factors for increasing and decreasing of land at the study areas 13 7 Status of homestead space utilization in varying saline zones of the

study. 14

8 Higher RP value species in different farm categories 16 9 Species diversity index and equitability of different farm

categories 18

10 Sources of planting materials 19 11 Saline tolerant and non-tolerant species 20 12 Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate

action in this study areas 24

13 Food store in homestead of different farm categories 25

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14 Cooked food and intake habit 25 15 Role of farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas 26 16 Impact of homestead plant in the income generation and livelihood

supports 27

17 Management practices of homestead production 28

List of figures

Figure no.

Page no.

1 Map showing study areas and the Bay of Bengal 4 2 Map showing Upazilas and the location of the study sites 6 3 Age categories of the respondents 9 4 Economic and profitable timber-yielding species in less saline to

strongly saline areas of the study 22

5 Economic and profitable fruit species in less saline to strongly saline areas.

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Reference 37

List of appendices

Appendices no.

Page no.

1 Village transact of the study 43 2 Questionnaire 44 3 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Chaulapara 46 4 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Kalisuri 54 5 Enumeration of homestead plant Biodiversity- Nayapara 63 6 Homestead plant biodiversity check-list 72

List of photographs:

Photo no. Page No.

1 Focus Group Discussion with local people 40 2 Discussion with local experts and elderly people 40 3 Joint photograph with the local people 40 4 P.I. in a presentation session 41 5 Khejur tree (Date plant), Pheonix sylvestris 41 6 Tentul tree (Tamarind), Tamarindus indica in homestead 41 7 Bichi kala (Banan), Musa sp in the homestead 42 8 Chal Kumra, White gourd, Benincasa hispida at the roof 42 9 Small country boat used for selling homestead product (Betel

nut) 42

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Introduction

Majority of the rural poor in Bangladesh depend on natural resources for their livelihoods. Land,

water, forests, and livestock are the sources of livelihoods. The rural economy depends on

productivity of the natural resources which is initimately linked with the biodiversity in the

ecosystem. Biodiversity means the variability among living organisms from all sources and the

ecological system of which they are a part which also includes diversity within the species, between

species and ecosystem. Bangladesh is a rich repository of plant genetic pools and has been the

abode of 5,000 species of higher plants. Bangladesh consists of 87363 thousand villages (BSS,

2007) with each village encompassing a few hundreds of homesteads. They constitute the centre

of socioeconomic activities and traditional cultural heritage of villag (Khan, 1977).

Among the plant resources, many species are treated as “Life support species”. This diversity of

species in the homesteads plays a very important role for the livelihoods of millions living in the

rural area of Bangladesh. The homestead in Bangladesh is one of the most important natural

resources containing a huge of number diversified plant species and it is perhaps the most important

production unit in Bangladesh. These homesteads accounted for 21.90 million in the rural areas and

occupied about 0.54 million hectares of land (BBS, 2001) and this land is decreasing at the rate of

5m2/ha/year (Anam, 1999). The size (average) of the rural homestead is very small (0.02 Ha) but

varies widely according to ecological region and socio economic status of the farmers. A good

number of vegetables are grown in the homesteads. A large number of higher plants have also been

recorded in homesteads in rural areas.

Latif et al., (2001) identified 148 species of indigenous in the village forests. Similarly Basak

(2002) identified 105 trees species and 27 herbaceous species (vegetables and spices) in the 4

ecological regions of Bangladesh. This species provide enormous opportunity for food security to

rural people. Homestead production plays an important role in Bangladesh economy and provides

50% cash flow to the rural poor (Ahmed etal., 1999). On the other hand, homestead production

systems contribute about 70% fruits, 40% vegetables, 70% timber and 90% fire wood and bamboo

requirement of Bangladesh (Miah and Ahmed 2003.). In addition the home gardens are recognized

as repositories of non-timber products. The land areas for field crops have declined, while the

average homestead area per farm has increased from 0.08 to 0.09 acres. This indicates increased

opportunities for home-based farm and non-farm production (Mandal, 2003) but at the same time

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homestead plant resources are under increasing pressure due to human exploitation. Side by side,

recurring natural disasters also caused destroy or damage homestead plants resource.

1.1. Rationale

Bangladesh is situated in the north-eastern part of Asia. The coastline of the country bound by the

Bay of Bengal is approximately 480 km in length. Patuakhali and Barguna are two districts of

Southwestern part of Bangladesh. These two districts lie contiguous to the Bay of Bengal which is

bio ecologically ever dynamic and rich in homestead biological resources. Majority of the people of

this region greatly depend on their homesteads. Most of the land of this region is low and suffers

from salinity problems. Climatic change i e. rising sea level, cyclone and drought in the Southern

region is one of the alarming issues which would be seriously affected homestead biodiversity. A

recent study by Miah and Bari, 2002, found that the number and productivity of homestead

plantations, particularly sweet water loving fruit species have been declining in recent years due to

increasing soil salinity in water which will ultimately affect food security of the inhabitants. The

Red Data Book (Khan et al., 2000) on plants listed about 106 plant species as endemic or threatened

in Bangladesh. There is no comprehensive study on the existing homestead plants resource and

knowledge base for management and conservation of homesteads plants especially in the

southwestern region of Bangladesh. Keeping the above facts in mind a study has been proposed to

collect systematic information of planer resource and management practices to sustain or enrich the

homestead ecosystem as a prime source of livelihood.

Biodiversity and food security

Homestead plants give support direct and indirect benefits to human being and to nature. They

supply fruits, fuel, furniture, shelter and all other necessary items and are inextricable with food

security. On the other hand, in the saline system homesteads are the only place on which majority of

the people depend. During natural disasters such as flood and cyclone, homestead is the only one

place where people can get shelter and protect their future. Especially the poor and pro-poor

affected during this period, are fully dependent on available plants and vegetables in homestead.

The current research initiative was taken to address the problems of plant biodiversity in the

southern coastal zone which differs considerably from non-saline areas. A systematic study would

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be facilitated in find out role of homestead plant diversity in the southern coastal region for

addressing food security and their conservation.

1.2. Objectives of the study

The study was conducted with the following objectives.

1. Document and characterize the existing plant species in the homesteads of varying saline coastal

zones of Bangladesh.

2. Find out the relative prevalence, and biodiversity of growing plant species in the homestead.

3. Assess the contribution of homestead in household food security.

4. Identify the management system and the problems faced by the households in the

growing/cultivating plants in homesteads.

5. Identify recommend strategies for a sustainable/economic homestead production system with

diversified plant species.

1.3. Risks the study

Devastating SIDR cyclone held on 15 November, 2007, seriously destructed in the southwestern

districts including Patuakhali and Barguna. About 80% of the homestead destroyed fully and natural

resources affected including plants, poultry, and livestock. The whole areas were over flowed with

saline water which directly affected ecosystem of homestead. During the post sidr it was very

tougher to conduct the study. The researchers faced different problems and overcomes it with very

sympathetically which was helpful enormously to conduct the study. However, the research team

was unable to complete some of the components of the study such as growth of trees. It was

inconvenient to carry on the study work during the post sidr.

2. Methodology of the study

In any scientific research, methodology plays an important role. Appropriate methodology enables

the researcher to collect valid and reliable information. The present study was accomplished by

collecting primary data using survey method. The information was collected and compiled

following the standard procedures and methods.

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2.1. Area of the study, approaches and analytical tools

The purposively selected study areas were Patuakhali and Barguna districts n the south western

districts across the Bay of Bengal (Figure 1). These districts consist of 7 and 5 administrative

upazillas including 882 and 563 villages, and 280980 and 180060 households, respectively (BSS,

2002). The area of these two Patuakhali and Barguna districts were 3221 and 1831 square

kilometres, respectively. Total population was 14,64,800 (male 7,42,200, female 7,26,00) and

8,45,060 (male 4,35,220, female 4,09,840). These two districts cover 3.42 % of the total area of the

mainland.

Figure 1. Map showing study areas and the Bay of Bengal.

2.2. Salinity status of the study areas

Fluctuation and association of plant community in a particular natural habitat depend on different

ecological parameters. Attempts were taken to know the status of salinity in the south-western

coastal zones of Bangladesh for section of study areas. Primarily the salinity status of the study area

was assessed from different primary sources of data including periodicals, reports and review of

literature, and from monitoring records of different organizations. Soil Resources Development

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Institute studied assessed salinity status of Patuakhali and Barguna districts. Under this districts 11

upazillas salinity status including salinity classes (S1, S2, S3 and S4) was assessed. Accordingly, it

was found (Table 1) that the strongly saline affected area was Kalapara (75%) and the less salinity

affected area was Bauphal (17%) of Patuakhali district. On the other hand, moderately saline

affected area was Amtoli (64%) of Barguna district. Strongly-salin area is affected by different

degrees of soil salinity. Soil salinity in the dry season ranges from 12.1 to 16.0 dS/m. or > 16.0

dS/m. Moderately-saline area is the allmost the whole area by different degree of soil salinity. Soil

salinity in the dry season ranges from 8.1 to 12.0 dS/m. Soil salinity in less saline ares in the dry

season ranges from 2.1 to 8.10 dS/m. Therefore, considerig intensity of soil salinity among the

seven upzillas of Patuakhali and Barguna districts three upazillas were selected as strongly saline

(Kalapara), moderately saline (Amtoli) and less saline (Bauphal).

Table 1. Upazilla wise soil salinity level of Patuakhali and Barguna districts.

Upazilla Total

area

(ha)

Total

saline

area (ha)

Perce

nt

Salinity class dS/m

S1

2.0-4.0

S2 4.0-

8.0

S3

8.0-12.0

S4

12 >16

PATUAKHALI

1. Bauphal 48,185 8,080 17 4,890 2,630 530 30

2. Dashmina 30,287 13,230 44 6,670 4,180 1,890 380

3. Galachipa 1,19,130 60,420 51 9,870 17,570 13,480 12,470

4. Kalapara 47,194 35,400 75 4,390 12,130 9,090 7,410

5. Mirjaganj 17,552 5,010 29 3,150 1,630 230 0

6. Sadar 45,527 17,210 38 11,140 5,480 590 0

Total 3,07,875

1,39,350

44

40,110

43,620

25,810

20,290

BARGUNA

8. Amtali 69,478 44,310 64 12,480 11,580 11,010 6,650

9. Bamna 10,105 4,870 48 3,540 1,330 0 0

10. Betagi 16,771 8,200 49 5,940 2,240 20 0

11. Patharghata 32,500 20,520 63 5,730 7,780 4.400 2,330

12. Sadar 38,833 26.330 68 8,530 7,840 6.000 3,060

Total 1,67,687 1,04,230 62 36,210 30,770 21,430 12,040

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2.3. Site selection

Among the three upazillas, one union from each of the upazilla on the basis of salinity was selected

and further one village from each of the union was selected as the study site. The selected unions

were Latachapali (Kalapara), Karaibaria (Amtoli), and Kalisuri (Bauphal) and the villages were

Nayapara, Choulapara and Kalisuri respectively (Figure 2). Village transact of the study is shown

in Appendix 1.

Figure 2. Map showing Upazillas and the location of the study sites.

2.4. Survey data collection

A four step survey process was followed : i) homestead plant and vegetable enumeration, ii)

secondary information, iii) household survey and iv) discussion meeting.

2.5. Questionnaire

A set of pre-tested precise structured questionnaires (Appendix 2) were used for enumeration of

homestead plants and vegetables and data collection from the households.

2.6. Data collection

The enumeration and data collection was completed by the research team member such as Principal

Investigate (PI), Co-investigator (CI) and Research Fellow (RF) along with the other associates

from Department of Agriculture Extension (DAE). The respondents of the study were categorized

into 4 different groups depending on the land size were: i) large household (>2 ha), ii) medium

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household (1.01-2.0 ha), iii) small household (0.51-1.0 ha) and iv), landless household (0.21-0.51

ha).

2.7. Sample size and sampling

The total number of households in the villages was obtained from the district census report

published by BBS, 2001. Total households of Nayapara, Choulapara and kalisuri were 157, 209 and

305 respectively. Considering the big size of sample in the village Kalisuri, it was divided into two

sub-blocks. In total 36% of sample was drowned and the total sample size was 240 (80 from each of

the upazilla).

2.8. Duration of the study

The study conducted for the period of 12 months from October, 2007 to December, 2008 as per the

frame work.

2.9. Relative prevalence and species diversity index

i) Relative prevalence of species

To indicate the importance and species richness of different plant species in study areas. The

relative prevalence (RP) of species was calculated as follows:

RP = Population of the species / homestead X % homesteads with the species.

Relative prevalence of all types of trees was calculated by using the above formula.

ii) Shannon-Wiener Species Diversity Index:

To ensure the abundance and diversity of different plant species, Shannon-Wiener species Diversity

Index (H) as shown below was used:

H = - ∑ (Pi InPi)

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Where, Pie is the proportional abundance of ith species such that Pi = n/ N (n is the number of the

individuals in ith species and N is the total number of the individuals of all species in the

community).

2.10. Focus Group Discussions (FGD)

A total of sixteen focus group discussions were held in survey areas to know key information of

existing economic species, utilization, and contribution to their livelihoods. Local eminent persons

including public representatives, school teachers and old experienced farmers who provided

information on homestead plant biodiversity and management practices.

2.11. Economic plants species

Most useful economic plants on the basis of income and uses were listed and prioritized according

to their choice. Among them ten species were prioritized from different saline areas f the study.

2.12. Secondary information collection

Secondary information and data were collected from different organizations such as i) Department

of Agriculture Extension (DAE), ii) Soil Resource Development Institute (SRDI), iii) National

Herbarium, iv) Botany Department, Jahangirnagar University libraries and v) Non-government

Organizations etc.

2.13. Data Analysis

Microsoft excel program was used to process all collected information and in preparing tables,

charts and graphs. SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Science) software was used to estimate the

descriptive statistics of the data.

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3. Results and Discussion

The results of the study are presented here as per the objectives of the study in the sequence of

demographic and land profile, homestead plant identification, utilization and conservation.

3.1. Age categories of the respondents

The respondents were grouped into three age categories (Figure 3). The results showed that youth

age, middle age and old age categories of the respondents were 24.6%, 50.80% and 24.6%,

respectively. It was found 55% respondents were in the middle age group who is the representative

part of the farmers of the society.

Figure 3. Age categories of the respondents (%) of the study.

3.2. Education level of the respondents

The respondents were grouped into five education levels (Table 2). It was found that above half of

the respondents (52.1%) belonged to primary education followed by secondary education (34.2 %)

and higher secondary education (7.9%), and only 3% was illiterate. The high education level might

be conducive to improve household decision making and livelihood through homestead improve

management and production.

24.60

50.80

24.60 Youth (<40) Middle (40-55) Old (>55)

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Table 2. Education level of the respondents of the study.

Education category Number Percent Mean Std Deviation

Illiterate 6 2.5

5.83 3.99

Primary (1-5) 125 52.1

Secondary (6-10) 82 34.2

Higher secondary (11-12) 19 7.9

Above 8 3.3

Total 240 100.0

3.3. Family size of the respondents

The family size of the respondents is shown in table 3. The average family size was 5.35 which

almost similar to the national average were 4.9 in 2001. The average size of dwelling household of

Barisal division was 5.4 in 1991 and 5 in 2001 (BSS, 2002). This also indicates the decreasing trend

of farm size. This is positively linked up with the mass education program and other activities such

as birth control, raising awareness.

Table 3. Average family size of the respondents of the study.

Farm Category Family size Male Female

Landless 5.15 2.79 2.33

Small 5.27 2.81 2.49

Medium 5.43 3.00 2.43

Large 5.80 2.97 2.83

Total 5.35 2.88 2.49

3.4. Land holding of the respondents

Household average land holding is presented in table 4. Average total farm size of the respondents

was 125.42 ha of which homestead land was 21.33 (17.01%) and farm land 104.09 (82.99%).

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Among the farm categories, it was found that total land holdings of the respondents increased

manifold as the farm size increase. The finding showed that the average land holdings of the

landless group was 8.77 ha, while it increased to 15.93 ha, 27.40 ha, and 47.65 ha to small, medium

and large group respectively. A similar type of variation was found in case of homestead cultivated

land. However, average of homestead size of the coastal region was bigger than the other regions of

Bangladesh. The bigger homestead size of the respondents in coastal region is due to ecological and

social factors. The area remained in high salinity level in most of the years. Therefore, homesteads

build raise bed for housing and other activities. These bigger homestead size is an unique

opportunity for producing more outputs and making the households more economically solvent.

Table 4. Household land holdings of the respondents.

Farm category Farm land (ha) Total land Homestead land Cultivated land

Landless 10.91 (100) 8.77 (80.38) 2.14 (19.62) Small 60.37 (100) 15.93 (26.38) 44.44 (73.62) Medium 170.25 (100) 27.40 (16.09) 142.85 (83.91) Large 440.14 (100) 47.65 (10.83) 392. 49 (89.17) Total 125.42 (100) 21.33 (17.01) 104.09 (82.99)

Figure in the parentheses indicate the percentage of respondents.

3. 4.1. Ownership pattern of land of the respondents

Land is a finite and valuable resource upon which farmers depend for their food, fiber and fuel

which is the basic amenities of rural life. In total five major category of ownership pattern of land

were identified (Table-5). The majority of land (70.83%) owned inherently from the parents

followed by purchase (38.75 %), and rented (14.17%). A 5% of the respondent was the recipient of

government land (khas). It is a process of government land distribution by which some the families

were settled in this region.

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Table 5. Land ownership pattern and source

Ownership pattern Number Percent Priority

Parents 170 70.83 1

Purchase 93 38.75 2

Rented 34 14.17 3

Government (Khas) 12 5.00 4

Other 2 0.83 5

3.4.2. Land holding and leasing system of the study areas

The land holding and leasing system varied with regard to land availability, local demand and

cropping pattern of the areas. The farmers of southwestern zone were critically affected because of

clashes and conflicts that occurred between and among the social class of the society. Land tenuring

and different leasing systems are described below:

Owned Land: The land has been managed or cultivated by the farmers’ own initiative and did not

offer any share to others. The land is inherited by the family members.

Temporary contact (patta or khaikalasi) : This system is commonly used in this region. In this

system land is given on a mortgage (khaikalasi) for 7 years. Upon expiry of 2 years, the land owner

can claim to get free the land. In this case, the land owner shall be refunded money for the

remaining 5 years. After 7 years the land virtually goes back to the land owner without any bargain.

This contract system uses for social-economic purposes such as protecting temporary need, crisis,

tackling any emergency and risk etc.

Land Agreement: This is another long duration mortgage which is treated as a semi-sale system.

There is no time bound expiry until there is further refund of the whole contractual money. The

formal deed is signed on a stamped paper between the two parties (seller and purchaser) and in the

presence of their witnesses. Farmers use this system for gathering big amount of money in cash.

They use the same money for involving with business, manpower migration, job creation, risk

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coverage etc. However, this is a rigid system and is turning farmers into a landless situation. Use of

this system for land mortgage is increasing in southwestern zone of Bangladesh.

3.4.3. Factors for increasing and decreasing of land

In total, seven causes were identified for increasing and decreasing land (Table 6). Farmers’ gained

land or volume of land increased through agricultural production was (16.25%) followed by non-

farm business (15.83%) and gift or paternal donation (15.0%). On the other hand, to some farmers

land were decrease due to deficit and hunger (9.17%) followed by family partition and

fragmentation (6.25%), various risks (2.92%) and natural disasters (2.08%), such as cyclone and

river erosion. Apart from these the land remained as before (5.83%). The above information implied

that apart from agricultural (field crops, livestock, fisheries and poultry birds etc.) non farm

business also important for increasing land. On the other hand farmers had lost their land resource

because of many socieconomic factors and consequences.

Table 6. Factors for increasing and decreasing of land in the study areas.

Factors for land increasing Number of respondent Percent Priority

Agricultural production 39 16.25 1

Non-farm business/ laborious business 38 15.83 2

Donation/gift from Father/Grand father 36 15.00 3

Agricultural business (paddy, livestock,

poultry) 31 12.92 4

Small family/less costs for family 20 8.33 5

Fishing business, sale etc. 08 3.33 6

Government settlement (kash land) 05 2.08 7

Factors for land decreasing

Deficit, excess cost , hunger, land mortgage 22 9.17 1

Land sharing, family partition, fragment 15 6.25 2

Case/risks coverage/certain death 07 2.92 3

Production hampering/disasters/river erosion 05 2.08 4

No change as before 14 5.83

14

3.5. Status of homestead space utilization

Homestead space utilization included plant density, planting arrangement, and diversified utilization

of homestead spaces (Table 7). This table shows that the number of homesteads with space over

utilized was 63 (26.25%), those properly utilized were 40 (16.66%), medium utilized were 113

(47.08%) and under-utilized were 24 (10.0%). The 10.0% under-utilized homestead land was left

fallow or was used in a very haphazard way. Basher, (1999) observed the spatial arrangement of

the homesteads utilization as 15% being overcrowded, 55% was optimumally utilized and 21% was

thin (un-utilized). Collectively, 57.08% of homestead which are medium utilized (47.08%) and

under-utilized (10.0%) have the potential of using maximum land for increasing production. It was

observed that multi-layer tree garden or multi-storied cropping is practiced in and around the

homesteads of Bangladesh in an unsystematic manner. Salam et al. (2000) mentioned that there is

substantial potential for the improvement of homestead through properly managed agroforestry

which can contribute to alleviation of poverty of rural people by increasing overall household

income. A comprehensive plantation and vegetable cultivation is necessary to increase the

homestead productivity which would also promote homestead biodiversity as well as food security

(Saha, 2002).

Table 7. Status of homestead space utilization in varying saline zones of the study.

Salinity Level Homestead space utilization

Over utilized Properly

utilized

Medium utilized

Under

utilized

Less saline 14(22.2) 15 (37.5) 51 (45.1) 0.0

Moderately saline 21(33.3) 11 (27.5) 33 (29.2) 15(62.5)

Strongly saline 28(44.4) 14 (35.0) 29 (25.7) 9(37.5)

Total 63(100) 40 (100) 113(100) 24(100)

Figure in the bracket denote the percentage

15

3.6. Trees species richness

A total of 189 species was identified from 240 homesteads in 3 study sites. A richness of plant

species was found. Species varied from 189 in moderately saline, 152 in highly saline and 147 in

less saline areas. The highest number of species distributed in moderately-saline area as were fruit-

yielding 44, timber and fuel wood 36, medicine and spices 17, ornamental plants 18, naturally

growing plants 14 and woody-non-woody (herbs/shrubs/climbers) 60. Out of 189 plant species

68.25% were tree (timber, fruits, medicinal, ornamental and naturally growing) and 31.75% woody,

non-woody (herbs/shrubs/climbers).

The number of species in southwestern coastal region of three locations of the study areas was

found higher. Millat-e-Mustofa and Haruni (2002) was identified a total of 162 species from 100

hundred homesteads, Alam and Masum (2005) found 142 plant species in the homesteads of saline

areas of Southern Noakhali districts. The large number and wider range of different plants species

were found in the Southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh which shows richness of plants in

terms of genetic, organismal and ecological diversity. Therefore, the study revealed that the cause of

richness in plant species that these areas enjoys ecosystems of floodplain and tidal saline areas. On

the other hand some alien tree species, such as Acacia, Eucalyptus, were found introduce in

southern homesteads during the last few years which is not helpful especially for homestead plant

biodiversity. It is essential to take careful and to stop alien species plantation in the homestead.

These plants are listed (Appendices 3) according to their scientific and family names along with

local name followed by their economic uses. A complete check was prepared (Appendices 7).

5.6.1. Vegetable species richness

A total of 62 (48 cultivated and 14 naturally growing) vegetables species were identified in the

homesteads of saline zone of Bangladesh (Appendices-4). Chilli and Arum/Yam found as low cost

vegetables in homesteads is popular in this region. It is mentionable that wider genetic diversity was

noticed to be present within a specific zone apart from wider range of species diversity within a

single species. Some low cost but suitable and less common vegetables were Seeded Banana (Musa

16

sylvestris), Hot chilli (Capsicum sp.), Bilati dhaina (Eryngium fortidum), Kamranga seem, Showrd

bean (Canavalia gladiata), Buno Kankrol (Momordica cochinchinensis).

Some vegetable naturally grow is important for household food security. These species having

multipurpose uses and medicinal value such as seeds, fruits, leaves, stems, petioles, roots, tubers.

During the lean season and natural disasters these species supply food to the farmers is called “life

supporting species” grown in the southwestern homesteads and adjoining wet land (Appendices-

5).

3.7. Relative prevalence of tree species in different saline zone

The relative prevalence (RP) of all species including timber-yielding, fruit-yielding, medicinal plant

and spices, ornamental and naturally growing trees (excluding Banana, Bamboo and other trees

inconvenient to count) are shown in table 8. RP of plant species was calculated as per the formula

presented in the section 2.9. The most prevalent and top ranked timber-yielding species were

Chambol, Mahogany and Rain tree; fruits-yielding species were Mango, Coconut and Khejur,

medicinal and spices species were Deshi neem, Arjun and Akon; and ornamental species were

Mehedi, Krishnachura and Jabaphul and naturally growing species Shewra, Balgach and Dumur.

Some of the species existed in one or more homesteads reduced to few plants which were unable to

show its relative prevalence value in number in the table is a burning question to maintain its

existence in terms of genetic biodiversity. The southwestern homesteads were seemed to be

considered as rich in species but in terms of its prevalence it is understood that lot of local and

indigenous species have been gradually decreasing. Side by side, the top prevalent species were

Chambol, Mahogany and Raintree which have been chosen greatly by the local people for their fast

growing nature and timber value. However, these are not beneficial for other plant existence in

homesteads. Other species, apart from top prevalenced species of different categories ranked very

poor which is an indication of diminishing trend of homestead plant biodiversity. However, it is

essential to promote policy guidelines to maintain a combination of species and motivate farmers to

plant other less common and low cost fruits and other varieties in order to increasing diverse genetic

base in the homesteads.

17

Table 8. Higher relative prevalent species in different categories.

Species Relative Prevalence Total

Landless Small Medium Large Average

trees

% of

Homestead

with the

species

RP all

farm

Timber-yielding

Chambal 17.409 23.243 36.458 44.933 31.56 0.88 27.880

Mahogany 14.910 26.474 31.129 38.670 32.33 0.83 26.672

Rain tree 16.571 22.434 24.525 29.322 24.41 0.93 22.679

Fruit-yielding

Aam 9.121 9.771 11.642 16.100 11.92 0.91 10.878

Khejur 3.278 6.198 8.840 12.960 8.92 0.78 6.985

Medicinal

Arjun 0.007 0.010 0.046 0.004 0.16 0.10 0.015

Deshi Neem 0.635 0.777 1.242 1.489 1.91 0.49 0.938

Akon 0.000 0.002 0.008 0.073 0.10 0.06 0.006

Ornamental

Jabaful/rakta 0.043 0.031 0.062 0.033 0.23 0.18 0.041

Mehedi 0.011 0.014 0.028 0.004 0.12 0.12 0.015

Naturally growing

Harra 0.086 0.165 0.090 0.249 0.61 0.23 0.138

Dumur 0.026 0.037 0.021 0.002 0.23 0.11 0.025

3.8. Species diversity indices of different categories of species

The simplest measure of the character of a community that takes into account both the abundance

pattern Shannon-Wiener diversity index (H) has been presented according to various categories of

the respondents (Table 9). The speciediversity indices of all categories were higher in the southern

zone of Bangladesh. The diversity (H) was highest for large farm (2.36) and gradually decreased as

18

per farm categories and landless was (2.21). On the other hand there is a positive consequence in

between plant diversity and farm categories viz it can be conclude that plant diversity increased as

the farm size increased proportionately. Side by side, population of fruit-yielding species followed a

negative trend among the farm size in which fruit tree diversity increased as the farm size

decreased. The table also showed that the diversity and abundance of timber-yielding species of all

farm categories was higher than that of fruits-yielding, medicinal, ornamental and naturally growing

species.

Table. 9. Species diversity indices of different farm categories.

Class

Pi2 H*

Timber-

yielding

Fruit-

yielding

Medicinal Ornamental Naturally

growing

Landless 0.1112 0.0495 0.001 0.0001 0.0004 2.21

Small 0.1117 0.0517 0.0005 0.0001 0.0003 2.22

Medium 0.1066 0.0433 0.0014 0.0001 0.0003 2.27

Large 0.0983 0.0396 0.0004 0.0001 0.0003 2.36

*H = Shannon-Wiener index, Pi = population of total individuals in the i th

species.

3.9. Source of planting materials

Seed and seedlings are the sources for improvement of plants and planting in homesteads (Table

10). It is found that rural markets were the best source for the collection of planting materials for all

the farm categories. It was notable that the supply of planting materials by GOs and NGOs was not

satisfactory. But self growing materials especially, Narikel, Supari, Jujube, Tal and Bamboo

plantation played important role as source of planting materials. Regarding quality seedling, huge

claims raised against private entrepreneurs especially fruit seedlings which have been sold in rural

markets. They produced large number of seedlings for highly demanding Mahogany, Rain tree and

Chambole in spite of minor fruits and less common species. However, tree plantation has been

gaining momentum in rural areas of Bangladesh but side by side restoration of plant biodiversity in

homestead was ignored. Considering the production and quality of timber-yielding and fruits-

19

yielding species over time a policy guidelines for all the growers need to be develop. Some specific

attention will need to consider farmer’s choice and plant diversity perspective for ensuring quality

planting in the homestead.

Table 10. Sources of planting materials.

Sources Landless Small Medium Large

Self/Own production 7 (14.58) 22 (21.57) 12 (20.00) 6 (20.0)

Rural market 38 (79.17) 88 (86.27) 47 (78.33) 27 (90.0)

NGO Nursery 1 (2.08) 4 (3.92) 4 (6.67) 2 (6.67)

GOs Nursery 2 (4.17) 6 (5.88) 10 (16.67) 0.00

Relatives 7 (14.58) 11 (10.78) 13 (21.67) 4 (13.33)

Figure in the parenthese denote the percentage.

3.10. Saline tolerant and less-tolerant species

A total of total of 21 species have been identified as saline tolerant and 33 species as less saline and

medium saline tolerant (Table 11).

3.11. Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species

The economic and profitable timber-yielding species existed in the study area are presented in

figure 4. A total of 11 timber-yielding species were earmarked as economic and profitable timber

species in less saline to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Samanea saman, ii) Artocarpus

richardiana, iii) Swietenia mahagoni, iv) Albizia lebbeck, v) Bambusa sp., vi) Azadirachta indica,

vii) Pongamia pinnata, viii) Adina cordifolia, ix) Pithecellobium dulce, x) Terminalia catappa, xi)

Cassia fistula,.

20

Table 11 . Saline tolerant and less saline tolerant species.

Local name Scientific name Family Local name

Scientific name Family

Aam¹ Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Kadam² Anthocephalus cadamba

Rubiaceae

Akashmoni¹ Acacia auriculiformis

Leguminosae Kailla lata¹ Derris trifoliate Leguminosae

Amra² Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Kola² Musa sapientum Musaceae Amrul² Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Kamranga¹ Averrhoa

carambola Averrhoaceae

Atafal² Annona reticulate Annonaceae Kathal² Artocarpus heterophyllus

Moraceae

Babla Acacia nilotica Mimosaceae Kaufal³ Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Bahai¹ Zizyphus

mauritiana Rhamnaceae Kewra¹ Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae

Barai³ Zizyphus mauritiana

Rhamnaceae Keya pata¹ Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae

Bash¹ Bambusa vulgaris Gramineae Khejur¹ Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Bel¹ Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Khoia

Babala ¹ Pithecellobium dulce

Leguminiceae

Bilati gab³ Diospyros phillipensis

Ebenaceae Lebu² Artocarpus heterophyllus

Moraceae

Chaila¹ Sonneratia caseoloris

Sonneratiaceae Lichi² Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae

Chambol¹ Artocarpus chaplasha

Leguminosae Mahogany¹ Swietena mahagoni Meliaceae

Chatian² Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Mama kala¹

Choto Jam¹ Syzygium sp. Myrtaceae Narikel¹ Cocos nucifera Palmae Dalim² Punica granatum Punicaceae Nim¹ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Deshi Nim¹ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Nona Jhau¹ Tamarix indica Tamaricaceae Golgach¹ Nypa fruticum Palmae Papaya² Carica papaya Caricaceae Harguji¹ Acanthus

illicifolius Acanthaceae Pechi gab¹ Diospyros

embrayopteris Ebenaceae

Jambura² Citrulus grandis Rutaceae Peyara² Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Safeda² Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Rain tree ¹ Samanea saman Leguminosae Sundari¹ Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Sarbat

lemon² Citrus limettoides Rutaceae

Supari² Areca catechu Palmae Sarifa² Annona squamosa Annonaceae Tal¹ Borasus flabellifer Palmaceae Sisoo¹ Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae

¹ saline tolerant, ² saline non-tolerant and ³ medium tolerant.

21

3.11. Major economic and profitable timber-yielding species

The economic and profitable timber-yielding species existed in the study area are presented in

figure 4. A total of 11 timber-yielding species were earmarked as economic and profitable timber

species in less saline to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Samanea saman, ii) Artocarpus

richardiana, iii) Swietenia mahagoni, iv) Albizia lebbeck, v) Bambusa sp., vi) Azadirachta indica,

vii) Pongamia pinnata, viii) Adina cordifolia, ix) Pithecellobium dulce, x) Terminalia catappa, xi)

Cassia fistula,.

Among the identified species, Raintree, Chambol and Mahogony were common and prioritized as

the top rank economic and profitable timber-yielding tress across the study areas. The same trend

was found in the relative prevalence of species discussed earlier. Considering the economic return,

these species is being treated as the poor man species for “poverty reduction”. These species

provide rapid economic return to the poor. The species which were common in moderately to

strongly saline areas were Indan buch, Jilapi, Telikadam, Kadam, Indian alamond and Indian

laburnum which were adopted and performed well for their quick growth and economic return.

Those were also used as pole, agricultural tools, handicrafts, boat making and fodder. Telikodom

was preferable in the homesteads of moderately to strongly saline areas. It is used as economic

species comply to preserve for more utilization. Jilapi, provides indigenous fruits for the rural

children which is a alternative source of nutrition in the southwestern zone of Bangladesh.

22

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

Prio

rity

and

valu

e

Specis

RaintreeChambalMahogonyKarajBambooCountry neemIndian buchTelikadamJilapiIndian AlmondIndian laburnum

Figure 4. Economic and profitable timber-yielding species in less saline to strongly saline areas of the study.

3.11.1. Major economic and profitable fruit-yielding species

The identified economic and profitable fruit-yielding species are shown in figure 5. A total of 14

fruit-yielding species were identified and prioritized as per their economic value and profitability in

less saline area to strongly saline areas. These were: i) Mangifera indica, ii) Cocos nucifera, iii)

Zizyphus mauritiana, iv) Borasus flabellifer v) Artocarpus heterophyllus, vi) Psidium guajava, vii)

Tamarindus indica, viii) Areca catechu, ix) Musa sp., x) Citrus sp. xi) Sygygium cumini, xi)

Spondias pinnata, xiii) Diospyros phillipensis, xiv) Citrus grandis.

The top most priority species were Mango, Coconut, Banana, Betel Nut, Bilati gab, Hog palm in

less saline area; and Mango, Jujube, Coconut, Palmyra palm, Pummelo, Tamaring, Lemon and

Banana in moderately to strong saline areas. The above-mentioned fruit species play important role

as a source of major fruit for the households. Earlier, it has been discussed that poor and small

households managed fruit-yielding species for getting fruits, and cash income. Sonamiah Sheikh of

Nayapara under Kalapara of Patuakhali (strongly saline area) had earned tk. 25000.00 in the year

2006 by selling Jujube only. The present investigation found that Mango, Coconut, Palmyra palm,

23

Banana, Tamarind and Jujube should be considered economic and profitable species. A marginal

family can ensure their major annual income and livelihood from these fruit-yielding species. The

leaves and fruits of some of these species were reported to use for multipurposes such as molasses,

juice, handicrafts, shade, mat, business. These have created employment for the rural poor.

050

100150200250300350400

Prio

rity

and

valu

e

Specis

MangoCoconutJujubePalmyra palmJackfruitGuavaTamarindBetel nutBananaLemonBlack berryHogplumBilati gab Jambura

Figure 5. Economic and profitable fruit species in less saline to strongly saline areas.

3.11.2. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate action in these study

areas. Species need to be nursed and necessary measures to be taken give back its previous status in the

southwestern region of Bangladesh. The following species need to be conserved immediately in the

study areas as given in table 12.

24

Table 12. Threatened and rare species need to be conserved and immediate action in this study areas.

Local name English name Scientific name Abeti Cane Calamus rotung Atafal Custard apple Annona reticulate Bantula ---- Hibicus moschatus Buno Karol Teasle gourd Momordica cochinchinensis Cawaphal Cowa Garcinia cowa Chatian Devils tree Alstonia scholaris Hijal Indian oak barringtonia acutangula Kamranga sheem Winged bean Psophocarpus tetragonolobus Mewa kathal/Ata Annona muricata Mouseem Sword bean Canavalia gladiata Nagmani ---- Wissadula periploci folia Pechigab ---- Diospyros embryopteris Royna Rohina Aphamixis polystachya Urigab/Bangab ---- Diospyros Montana

3.12. Food security

3.12.1. Stored food in the homestead of different farm category

Food storage is a simple parameter of security in the rural households (Table 13). It was found that

about 50.83% of the respondents were not involved with food storage and 52.1% of the respondents

used to involved with subsistence food storage. Majority of the farmers of large and medium

households were involved with at least one item for subsistence food storage. This food used for the

rainy season and other time of a year. The major food stored items were: rice, paddy and pulse and

minor items were: chilli, sweet potato, cucumber and molasses. This is a good sign for increasing

food security of the people of these areas. But a good number of people living in insecurity of food

is a alarming note for the people of this region.

25

Table 13. Food storage in the homesteads by different farm categories.

Farm Categories Not stored Food stored

Landless 44 (18.33) 03 (1.66)

Small 48 (20.0) 54 (22.5)

Medium 23 (9.6) 37 (15.4)

Large 2 (0.83) 28 (11.66)

Total 115 (50.83) 125 (49.16)

Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.

3.12.2. Food intake by the household

It was observed that cooking and food intake habits have also been changing (Table 14). The table

shows that 89.2% of the respondents have had taken three meal a day and 10.8% two meals a day

which is a good of changing food intake. The common pattern of food intake having water-soaked

rice in the morning and evening is replacing gradually. They generally cook in the morning (8.30

am) and keep it for noon and daily labor class cook their food late at night for supper.

Table 14. Cooked intake by the household.

Farm category Food intake Total Three meals/ day Two meals/ day

Landless 35 (72.9) 13 (27.1) 48 Small 91 (89.2) 11 (10.8) 102 Medium 58 (96.7) 2 (3.3) 60 Large 30 (100) 0.0 30 Total 214 (89.2) 26 (10.8) 240

Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.

26

3.13. Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas

Relative role of on-farm and off-farm occupations in the livelihoods of the farm families are

presented in table 15. Role of on-farm occupation in the study areas were 68.62% and off-farm

occupation 31.80%. It was observed the role of farming agriculture still playing immense role in the

livelihood of rural farmers. On the other hand, off-farm occupation also playing commendable role

in which landless and marginal farmers having new avenue of employment and income generation.

It was also observed that the role of farming agriculture was highest in moderately saline area

(80.62%) followed by strongly saline area (66.12%) and less saline area (58.35%). The role of off-

farm occupation was highest in less-saline area was 41.65% followed by highly saline area

(33.88%) and moderately saline area (19.38 %). The farmers of less-saline and strongy saline areas

were involved variety of off-farm activities which has been supporting them enormously for leading

their livelihood especially in the off-season.

Table 15. Role of on-farm and off-farm occupation in the varying saline areas.

Salinity level On-farm occupation Off-farm occupation

Contribution % Std Deviation Contribution % Std Deviation

Less saline 58.35 30.53 41.65 30.53

Moderately saline 80.62 26.96 19.38 26.96

Strongly saline 66.12 33.48 33.88 34.09

Total 68.62 31.68 31.80 31.92

3.14. Impact of homestead plant biodiversity in the income generation and livelihood supports

Homestead plants as a major natural resource is playing immerse role in providing differents items

to the farmers shown in table 16. These are : i) foods are lants vegetables, local fruits,

juice/molasses), ii) cash money (family education, family maintenance, repayment of loan, pond

excavation), iii) safety Net (risk coverage, medicine, have no option of lend, capital for business,

crisis), iv) timber, (house preparations, boat preparation, shade making, shop, agriculture tools), v)

social issues, (marriage, dowry, gift, road, bridge and pole), vi) furniture, (household utensils,

27

reading materials, bed stead, house making), viii) environment quality ( wind protection, flood

protection, beautification , organic matter deposition, soil erosion), ix) fuel wood, (bark , leaf,

bamboo, stem, root).

Table 16. Impact of homestead plant in the income generation and livelihood supports.

3.15. Management practices of homestead production

Proper management practices in the homesteads can augment production and productivity as well as

maintaining vegetation properly. Six common management techniques were found to use in this

region shown in table 17. The finding shows that above 136 (56.66%) of the farmers of all farm

categories used organic manure such as cow dung and compost etc. for vegetable and fruit

production. Whereas, use of chemical fertilizers was less in comparison to organic manure which

was 47 (19.5%) of all farm families. It was found that farmers’ tendency towards using chemical

fertilizers for increasing homestead production was less predominant except large farmers. Usually,

Homestead plant biodiversity

Cash Money Family education Family maintenance Repayment of loan Case/pond excavation

Foods Different vegetables Local fruits Juice/Molasses

Environment quality Wind protection Flood protection Beautification Organic matter deposition Soil erosion

Social Festival Marriage Dowry Gift Road, bridge, & pole

Furniture Household utensils Reading materials Bed stead House making

Timber House preparations Boat preparation Shade making Shop/Ag. tools

Fuel Wood Bark Leaf Bamboo Stem, Root

Safety Net Risk coverage Have no option of lend Capital for business Crisis period

28

the large farmers buy chemical fertilizers for their field crops, but some of them are also interested

to use for homestead vegetable production. Another aspect of production management like earthing-

up was practiced by 119 (49.58%) farmers of all categories. This earthen-up was important for

production used for some common plants during dry season are coconut, lemon, guava, jujube and

mango and mahogany etc. Thinning and pruning is important for tree management commonly

practiced for increasing homestead production was 21 (8.75%) and 107 (44.58%). These pruning

and thinning practices have been commonly used in the Southern zone also to collect fuel wood

(Raintree, Chambol, Mahogany, Narikel, Khejur and Tal) and sustainable production of Mango,

Jujube, Jackfruit, during the dry season. The present study revealed that they followed indigenous

practice which they have learnt traditionally. In general, Coconut and Palm trees managed by

cleaning head and cutting leaves were common practice in this zone. Salt is used for protecting

insects, especially ants to increase production in Coconut. Table 17 showed that 20% of farmers

used fencing for economic vegetable or fruits production whch implied that less effort provided to

protect vegetation of homesteads. Apart from these practices, spraying/venting irrigation, especially

in the dry season was absent (with a few exceptions). Therefore, scientific management practices

along with using surface water are useful to motivate the farmers for commercial agro-

sylviculture in this region.

Table 17. Management practices of homestead production.

Management techniques and practices Landless Small Medium Large

Organic manure

27

(56.25)

61

(59.80)

34

(56.67)

14

(46.67)

Chemical fertilizer

6

(12.50)

18

(17.65)

12

(20.0)

11

(36.67)

Earthing-up

23

(47.92)

51

(50.00)

29

(48.33)

16

(53.33)

Thinning

5

(10.42)

5

(4.90)

6

(10.0)

5

(16.67)

Pruning

18

(37.50)

46

(45.10)

31

(51.67)

12

(40.0)

Fencing

5

(10.42)

13

(12.75)

12

(20.0)

4

(13.33)

Figure in the parentheses denote the percentage.

29

3.16. Problems faced in homestead production and management

A total of 6 major problems were identified in the management and production as well as

homesteads plant biodiversity.

i. Pest and diseases: Damage of fruits and vegetable by pest and diseases was identified as the top

most problem especially for coconut, nut, other fruits and vegetables. Ten pest and disease were

identified in this region, like- Red pumpkin beetle, Fruit fly, Vein clearing disease (virus disease) of

country beans, Cut warm insects of vegetables, Panama wilt of Banana, Stem weevil of Banana,

Shoot and fruit borer for Brinjal, Vein clearing disease of Ookra, and Fruits dropping of Cucurbits

vegetable; and Leaf eaten and mold of fruit and vegetables.

ii. Homestead space planning: Haphazard and irregular locations of homestead have been

reducing homestead production. In old homestead areas the canopy of old and large trees covered

huge homestead spaces in the ground resulting long time shade and wet habitats ultimately

hampering homestead production in these regions. It is noteworthy that villagers are not aware

about the time rotation of felling trees in homestead and due to this big trees are reducing overall

homestead productivity.

iii. Saline water: Saline water and prolonged drought in the coastal zone was one of the emerging

and acute problems hampering the all the components of homestead production system such as

plants, vegetables, poultry and livestock.

iv. High labor cost: Shortage of agricultural labor and high wage also a big problem in these areas.

According to the local farmers many of the daily labors migrated to city areas for better job and

earning due to which costs of labour was high there.

v. Land scarcity: Scarcity of land was a common problem for expansion of homestead. Moreover,

homestead areas have been reducing due to conversion of homestead areas into houses.

vi. High cost of inputs and seedlings: High price of seeds and seedling along with trend of

increased amount of fertilizer and pesticide uses have created very negative impact in growing

vegetables and other homestead plants.

30

3.17. National and International progress on biodiversity

The Stockholm Conference held in 1972 is considered as a milestone in the emergence of global

environmental movement. The Stockholm Conference promoted creation of environmental agencies

and develop policies and action plan.

3.17.1. The Earth Summit

In observance of the 20th anniversary of the Stockholm Conference, UN organized UNCED in Rio

de Janeiro, in June 1992, which is acknowledged as “Earth Summit”. The summit came to a

consensus on the Rio Declaration of 27 principles of which Agenda 21 is important for the

environment sector. The immediate output of the summit was to organize Convention of

Biodiversity. Through the convension world community bring under a same umbrella for

conservaton and regeneration of biodiversity in a reguar manner. Bangladesh signed the Convention

on Biological Diversity CBD at Rio in 2992. The Government initiatives to address policy

formulation and implication in a multisectoral approaches such as :

3.17.2. Policy Documents

The following national policy and guidelines will directly and indirectly helpful for biodiversity

regeneration and conservation in Bangladesh.

Environment Policy, 1992

National Agriculture Policy, 1999

National Water Policy, 1999

National Forest Policy, 1994

National Fisheries Policy, 1992

Livestock Development Policy, 1992

National Seed Policy, 1998

National Industrial Policy, 1991, 1999

National Health Policy, 2000

National Food Policy, 1988

31

National Tourism Policy, 1992

National Science and Technology Policy, 1986

National Rural Development Policy, 2001

National Education Policy, 2000

National Land Use Policy, 2002

Renewable Energy Policy (Draft), October, 2002

Coastal Zone Policy 2004

Wetland Policy (Draft), 1998

Wildlife Preservation Act

Environment Court Act, 2000.

National Energy Policy, 1995

National Policy for Safe Water Supply and Sanitation, 1998

3.17.3. Strategy and action plan for conservation of biodiversity

1.National Conservation Strategy

2.National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan

3.National Environment Management Action Plan

4.Freshwater Fisheries Strategy

Coastal Zone Development Strategy (Draft)

Forestry Master Plan 1995

National Water Management Plan

Barind Environmental Action Plan 2003

National Adaptation Program of Action (NAPA)

National Action Plan (NAP)

National Strategy for Accelerated Poverty Reduction (PRSP)(Draft)

Inland Capture Fisheries Strategy 2005

The National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (NBSAP) of Bangladesh-2006 have been

prepared to fulfill the country’s committeement to the CBD. This is one of the successes of the

Government. However, a separate national committee and policy on biodiversity need to be

finalized would be a national obligation to the convention of biodiversity.

32

3.17.4. National Initiatives for ex-situ and in-situ conservation

3.17.4.1. The Forest Department Initiatives: The following programs initiated by the Forest

Departmnet have been helpful for biodiversity conservation.

Social Forestry and Forestry Sectoe Project

Hill forestation

Nishorga Support Project (NSP)

Arranayak Foundation

3.17.4.2.Bangladesh National Herbarium : About 1500 plant species specimens collected

adentified their taxonomic sudies and publication was done as “Flora of Bangladesh”, publication

of flora of the Sunderbans. Another milestone in the identification and conservation of biodiversity

that “Encyclopedia of Flora and Fauna of Bangladesh” sponsored and implemented by MOEF and

Bangladesh Asiatic Society.

3.17.4.3.Baldah Garden : Baldah Garden, Wari, Dhaka and National Botanical Garden, Mirpur are

the two best ex-situ conservation areas of Bangladesh. The collection of the Baldah garden is

classified into seven categories. The garden has about 15,000 plants representing 672 species. Many

of these are exotic and rare plants, perhaps the richest collection of ex-situ conservation of gene

pools (Ahmed, 2003).

3.17.4.4. National Botanical Garden: National Botanical Garden established in 1961 is the store

house of nearly 50,000 species of plants, herbs and shrubs including large collection of aquatic

plants. Rare plant species found in the garden are white ‘Rangan’ (Ixora superba), little Mussaenda

(Mussaenda luteola), white ‘Chandan’ (Santalum album) etc (Ahmed, 2003).

3.17.4.5. Deparment of Agriculture Extension (DAE): DAE has been implemented different

types of projects aiming to improve food security and conservation such as Integrated Horticultural

Development Project implemented with the assistance of FAO, Biodiversity Conservation unit also

working for agrobiodiversity improvement of the country.

3.17.4.6. Academic institutions: There are some Botanical Gardens in the campus of Dhaka

University, Dhaka, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Bangladesh Agricultural University,

Mymensingh. These gardens also working as en-situ conservation of several rare and uncommon

33

plants species adapted to different ecological zones. Bangladesh Agricultural University,

Horticulture Department has been established and preserving gene polls playing role as ex-situ

conservatory.

3.17.4.7. Research Institutions : Good number of research institutions are also working in the

conservation of Biodiversity in Bangladesh : Bangladesh Rice Research Institute (BRRI),

Bangladesh Agriculture Research Institute (BARI), Bangladesh Jute Research Institute (BJRI),

Bangladesh Tea Research Institute (BTRI), Bangladesh Forest Research Institute (BFRI), BFRI has

collected and planted some of the threatened species in ex-situ conservation plots.

3.17.4.8. UN Organization Initiatives

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) is working for ensuring food security and natural

resource management of the country. Mainstreaming gender and establishing womens right as well

traditional contribution of women in the conservation and selection of available genetic diversity in

homegarden. FAO recognizes and enableing “the vital role that women play in the conservation and

sustainable use of biological diversity” and affirm “the need for the full participation of women in

all levels of policy making and implementation for biological diversity conservation“. United

Nations Development Program (UNDP) under the country framework is achieving key roles in the

institulization, goverence, policy and program support for sustainable environment management.

National capacities enhanced through improve management of environt and energy and increasing

awerness of environment protection of the country.

3.18. Conservation of homestead biodiversity

Bangladesh has signed and ratified the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) in 1992 and 1994

respectively. Major threats to biodiversity arise from loss of habitat, deforestation, inappropriate

water and agricultural management and natural disaster. Homesteads obviously can promote in-situ

conservation and gene bank of local and indigenous fruit and vegetable species of Bangladesh.

Three main conservation activities: (1) awareness building; (2) protection of existing individuals of

rare species; and (3) propagation. Overlaying all of these activities is the inclusion of local

communities in the process, who were the ones to retain these species in homegardens in the first

34

place, and the stakeholders who will determine whether homegardens indeed act as long-term

repositories to biodiversity conservation.

3.19. Women role in homestead biodiversity conservation

Women role in the overall management including plantation, nursing, protection, felling, decision

making and use of homestead resources is very praiseworthy. Women are predominating in plant

biodiversity management in their roles as housewives, plant gatherers, home gardeners, herbalists,

seed custodians, and informal plant breeders. Because most plant use, management and

conservation occurs within the domestic realm, they are largely “invisible to outsiders” and are

easily undervalued. Achieving the goals of biological diversity conservation particularly those

related to sustainable production, use and benefit sharing of natural resources. A comprehensive

attention need to respect and consider women's knowledge, management and rights, and to the

domestic sphere. Prioritizing the conservation of plants that are important to women curators and

reversing dynamics that lead to their erosion; recognizing, valuing and promoting the inter-

generational transmission of women's traditional knowledge and practices; recognizing indigenous

rights systems and, within these, women's rights to plants and land resources that sustain these

plants; ensuring women's full participation in decisions and policies that affect their plant rights and

the status and welfare that they derive from plant resources; and promoting and disseminating

research that enhances our knowledge of the above.

3.20. Policy implication and recommendations

i. Well planned and organized homestead survey and recording should be done covering almost all

rural areas of Bangladesh. Contribution of farmers and their choice for plant diversity conservation

shall have to be incorporated.

ii. Assistance from government and non-government organizations side should be covered in proper

development of homestead space planning and proper utilization of land.

iii. Modern low cost, environmentally friendly culticvation methods and increased production

system should be introduced. Availability and supply quality seeds, seedlings and other propagating

materials should be ascertained.

35

iv. Proper adequate management should be taken to minimize salinity intrusion in coastal area to

combat salinity which is a high threat to homestead biodiversity in coastal region. For example

construction engeneering structures including sluice gates, inlets, also canel reexcavation.

v. Adaption of suitable management practices for homestead tree, vegetable and other life

supporting crops should be introduced.

vi. Availability of cash flow (loan, microcredit, financial assistance) must be ensured. Adequate and

proper agricultural inputs (fertilizer, pesticide, power tiller, sprayer etc, should be available to local

people.

vii. Safe drinking water from tube wells especially for the poor community of the society will

facilitate the development of better livelihood and mini-irrigation to homestead plants and

vegetables.

viii. Disaster preparedness, management and relief, buffer stock should be ensured specially for

poor people live in coastal areas who have been directly or indirectly dependent on homestead

biodiversity.

3.21. Areas for further research

Similar type of studies on different aspects of homestead plant biodiversity should be extended

allover Bangladesh where rural inhabitants are directly or indirectly dependent on homestead

products for their livelihood.

Researches on the rural home gardens mainly, suitable vegetable cultivation in saline areas

should be intensified.

Floristic and silvicultural characterization of major salinity tolerant and non-tolerant species of

these areas should be done.

Research in the field of genetic diversity of the threatened plant species of homestead especially

naturally growing gene pools such as Atikala, Mamakola etc. should be included.

36

Selection of suitable varieties especially, for fruits, paddy and other vegetables and crops for

salinity tolerant zones in coastal areas should be done.

Appropriate study of land zoning for land utilization in coastal zones should be implemented.

Development of high yielding tolerant varieties for tidal submerged tolerant season.

Development of appropriate homestead biodiversity manual and policy guide for sustainable

management of homestead resources.

3.22. Conclusions

Through this rsarch project works on the homestead plant biodiversity in the south-western coastal

regions of Bangladesh it is clearly understood that homestead plant biodiversity and homestead

products are the most important and needful resources for rural people of Bangladesh. The socio-

economy of rural people is directly or indirectly linked with homestead production. Emphasizing

the importance of homestead plant biodiversity in coastal areas it is thus concluded that-

Through extensive survey, recording and species check-list, it is noteworthy that homestead

plant biodiversity is still very rich in coastal regions of Bangladesh.

Rural people are directly and indirectly dependent on homestead plants for their food,

fodder, medicine, timber, hedge and many other minor purposes.

In the coastal regions, during natural catastrophes, some times homestead plant are used as

‘Life support species’. It is to be mentioned here that during last devastating Sidr cyclone

and post cyclone period there was no relief support for couple of days in Sidr affected areas

(including Borguna and Patuakhali). At that time the affected people survived only by

consuming different homestead plants. So, proper attention should be given for expansion

and sustainable management of homestead plants in the whole costal regions.

37

It is evident through the present research findings that homestead plant biodiversity have

been helping in ensuring food security (mainly for landless people).

Homestead products have been providing alternative or additional income generation to

rural people which are enabling them for better livelihood.

Socio-economic development especially the betterment of livelihood in coastal areas has

also been achieved by proper utilizing homestead plants.

A manual on the planting cultivation and marketing of the homestead plants and homestead

production should be prepared and distributed to rural poor.

During the research period, some problems were also identified which have been hampering

the proper growth and development of homestead plant biodiversity. Regular natural

catastrophes, salinity intrusion, erosion, plant diseases and loss of fertility are the major

hindering for homestead plant diversity in the coastal regions. It is to be mentioned here that

due to last serious Sidr cyclone on 15th November, 2007, a huge number of homestead plant

diversity destroyed along with the massive habitat loss.

It is very important to develop a national homestead biodiversity utilization and

management strategy which should be implemented through Agricultural Extension

Department for the sustainable development of homestead biodiversity in Bangladesh.

38

References

Alam, M. S., and K. M. Masum. 2005. Status of Homestead biodiversity in the offshore island of Bangladesh, Research Journal of Agriculture and Biological Sciences 1(3):PP. 246-253.

Ahmed, M.F.U., 1999. Homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh: A case study of Gazipur District. A Master of Science dissertation in Agroforestry and Environment. Dept. of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman Agricultural University. Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh. PP.59-50.

Anam, K., 1999. Homesteas agroforesty in the level Barind tract: A diagonistic study, M S thesis,

Department of Agroforestry and Environment, Bangabandhu Sheikh Muzibur Rahman Agricutural University (BSMRAU), Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

Basak, N. R., 2002. Study of composition of trees in homesteads at different ecological zones in Bangladesh. MS thesis,Dept. of Agroforestry and Environment, BSMRAU, Salna, Gazipur, Bangladesh.

Basher, A., 1999. Homegarden agroforestry: impact on biodiversity conservation and household food security, a case study of Gazipur district. MS thesis, Centre for International Environment and Development Studies, Noragic, Agricultural University of Norway.

BBS, 2001, Population Census, National Report, Planning Division, Ministry of Planning, Gov. of

Bangladesh. BBS, 2001. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of

Planning. Govt. of Bangladesh.

BBS, 2002. Statistical Year Book of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of Planning. Govt. of Bangladesh.

BBS, 2007. Statistical Pocket Book of Bangladesh, Bangladesh Bureau of Statistics, Ministry of

Planning, Govt. of Bangladesh. FAO corporate document repository, 2009. Gender dimension in biodiversity management and food

security. http://www.fao.org/docrep/005/ac795E06.htm. Khan, M. S. (ed.), 1977. Flora of Bangladesh No.4. Commelinaceae. Bangladesh National

Herbarium, Bangladesh Agricultural Research Council (BARC), Farm gate, Dhaka. P.2. Khan, M. S., M. Matiur Rahman and M. A. Arshed , 2000. Red Data Book of Vascular Plants of

Bangladesh. Bangladesh National Herbarium, Chiriakhana Road, Mirpur, Dhaka, Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0128-0, PP.1-30.

Latif, M. A., M. K. Alam and Millat-e-Mustafa, 2001. Floristic diversity, growth statistics and

indigenous management technique of traditional home gardens in Bangladesh. Final report of a contract research project of BRAC, BFRI and IFESCU, Bangladesh.

Mandal, A. S., 2003. Trend in rural economy in Bangladesh: Issue and strategy for development. In:

Natural resource management: Towards better integration. A. R. Rahman, N. Haque, and

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D. Mallick (eds), Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) and Department of International Development (DFID), Bangladesh.

Miah, G. M. and M. M. Ahmed, 2003. Traditional Agroforestry in Bangladesh: Livelihood

activities of the rural households. A poster presented at the XII world forestry congress, held in September, Canada, 2003.

Miah, G. M. and Nasimul, Bari., 2002. Traditional Agroforestry in Bangladesh: Livelihood

activities of the rural households. A poster presented at the XII world forestry congress, held in September, Canada, 2003. Ministry of Agriculture, Government of the People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Dhaka. p 1 Patuakhali, Program Development Office, Integrated Coastal Zone Planning Program (PDO-ICZM), ISBN: 984-8540-19-9.p

Millat-e-Mustafa, M. and A.K. Osman Haruni, 2002. Vegetation Characteristics of Bangladesh Homegardens. Forestry project, Intercooperation, Rajshahi, Bangladesh and Institute of Forestry & Environmental Sciences, Swiss Forestry Journal. University of Chittagong, Bangladesh. volume: 153 (12),ISSN 0036-7818.PP.445-461.

UNDP, 2005. Uiited Nations Development Program Country Program for Bangladesh 2006-2010.

Salam, M. A. Noguchi, T. and Koike, M., 2000. Understanding why farmers plant trees in the homestead agroforestry in Bangladesh. Department of Statistics, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, Agroforestry Systems. 2000.509(1). PP. 77-93.

Saha, S. 2002. Homestead space planning: a field guide. Strengthening Household Access to Bari

Gardening (SHABGE), CARE-Bangladesh, Dnajpur, Bangladesh SRDI-(Soil Resource Development Institute), 2000.Soil Salinity in Bangladesh, WARPO (Water

Resource Planning Organization), Dhaka, Bangladesh.

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Photographs

Photograph 1: Focus Group Discussion with local people.

Photograph 2: Discussion with local experts and elderly people.

Photograph 3: Joint photograph with the local people.

41

Photograph 4: P.I. in a presentation sessoion

Photograph 5: Khejur tree (Date plant), Pheonix sylvestris.

Photograph 6: Tentul tree (Tamarind), Tamarindus indica in homestead .

42

Photograph 7 : Bichi kala (Banan), Musa sp in the homestead.

Photograph 8: Chal Kumra, White gourd, Benincasa hispida at the roof

Photograph 9: Small country boat used for selling homestead product (Betel nut)

43

Appendices 1. Village transact of the study (Nayapara, Choulapara and Kalisuri)

Criteria Nayapara Choulapara Kalisuri Soil Sandy, clay Sandy-near river, clay Sandy, clay land : High Medium High Low

30% 40% 30%

30% 50% 30%

40% 35% 25%

Drinking water Tube wells 100 % Pond after SIDR, - 5 tube wells 3 before& 2 after SIDR

Tube wells 100 % Pond after SIDR, - 8 tube wells 3 before& 5 after SIDR

Tube wells 100 % 9 tube wells 8 before& 1 after SIDR

Salt water Very high in dry season High in dry season No saline water Homestead and house

High base (uchu bhiti) , tin-shade, kacha, one or two storied (ek-tala or do-tala)

High base (uchu bhiti) , tin-shade, kacha, one or two storied (ek-tala or do-tala)

High base (uchu bhiti) , tin-shade, kacha, one or two storied (ek-tala or do-tala)

Homestead High, Medium high & low

10%, 40 %, 50%

5%, 75 %, 20%

30%, 50 %, 20%

Coat-yard High and plain Big and plain Big and random Village dimension East-West North – South North-South Village periphery/ boundary

North – Alipur South-Kachapkhali East- Thanjupara West- Khajura canel

Like a island- Kachupatra, andharmanik & bagirkhal North – Chakamoiya South-Angarpara East- Jharakhali West- Chakamoiya

Village east bank is Aloki river which is connected with Tetulia river North- Bhatsala South-Kabitkati East- Aloki river West- Ponahura

Pond Mini pond in each homestead, each pond over flow in saline water due to SIDR

Small, medium pond in each homestead, each pond over flow in saline water due to SIDR

Small, medium, big in each homestead.

Communication Tricycle, Honda, bus and walking

Boat, engine boat, walking

Boat, engine boat, bus,honda, walking

Literacy Signed 80% 60% 85% Primary School 1 registered 1 Government 2 Government High school -- -- 1 Village market -- -- 1 Village tea stall shade

Tulatoli road side BWDB embankment --

Village hospital 1 newly establishing -- 1 rural dispensary Field water Rainy season Baki Samaya

Misti pani ( Ashar-Kartik) in rainy season and apart from the season Highly saline ( kachu gach –o- mara jai)

Misti pani ( Ashar-Kartik) in rainy season and apart from the season Highly saline

Misti pani ( Ashar-Kartik) in rainy and, no saline water

44

Vegetables Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Barbate, Karala

Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Barbate, Karala

Lalsak, Lau, Sim, Barbate, Karala

Fruits Amm, Barai, Tetul, Kala , Papaya, Tal, Khejur

Amm, Barai, Tetul, Kala , Papaya, Tal, Khejur

Amm, Tetul, Kala , Papaya, Gab, Tal, Khejur

Trees Raintree, Mahogany, Chambol, Babla

Raintree, Mahogany, Chambol, Babla

Raintree, Mahogany, Chambol

Appendices 2: Homestead plant biodiversity in the southwestern coastal zone of

Bangladesh: way forward to identification, utilization and conservation

Questionnaire- 2007

Sample Code Number:

Respondent Category (√ ):

1. Identification of the Household Head

Name : Father’s Name :

Village : Upazilla:

Age : Education :

Tribe(Bangsa) : Occupation :

Family(√ ) : Single/ Combined

2. Estimated total farm size of the household

i. Homestead land ………….…, ii. Cultivated land …………....,

2.1. Causes for land increasing and decreasing

1.

2.

45

3. Homestead cultivated and non-cultivated trees (herbs, shrubs, climbing and other plants)

Name of Trees trees distribution Tot

al

Uses

1-5 6-10 11-15 16-20 >20

3.1.Timber Species

Name

3.2.Fruit Species

Name

3.3.Medicinal & spices

Name

3.4.Ornamental species

Name

3.5.Naturallygrowing

species

Name

3.6.Other(non-woody,

shrubs, herbs etc)

3.2. Cultivated (summer and winter and naturally growing vegetables)

Name of vegetables Comments/Use

Summer

Winter

Naturally growing

3.3. Source of planting materials (seedlings)

Source Name planting materials Remarks

GOs Nursery

Private nursery

NGOs nursery

Own production

46

Local market

Relatives

4. Role in Income Generation Farm ……….. and off farm …………………………

5. Food security

5.1. How many meals do you have per day normally (√ )

1-2 meal/day 3meal/day Comments

5.2. Do you store foods Yes/not (√ )

Food items Amount Comments

6.Constraints/ limitations to household productivity

Constraints /Limitations Way to over come

Signature

Date

47

Appendices 3:

ENUMERATION OF HOMESTEAD PLANT BIODIVERSITY AND THEIR UTILIZATION

Study area- Dist.- Barguna, Thana- Aamtali, Union- Koroibaria and Vill.-Chawlapara

1. Fruits Species

Planted fruit plants

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae

Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture

2.Jamrul Syzygium samarangense Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiacea

e Fruits, fuel

4.Amloki Phyllanthus embelica Euphorbiaceae

Fruits, timber, dye, medicine

6.Ataphal Annona reticulata Annonaceae Fruits, timber 7.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools, fuel 8.Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 9.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Fruits 11,Jalpai Elaeocarpus robustus Elaeocarpace

ae Fruits, oil

13.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 14.Deuwa Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 15.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 16.Loqut Eriobotrya japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel 17.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 18.Kathal Artocarpus heterophyllus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, fodder 19.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket 20.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 21.Kamla Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits 22.Kamranga Averrhoa carambola Averrhoacea

e Fruits, herbal medicine

23.Kadbel Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 24.Lichu Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel 26.Lebu Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 27.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence,

handicrafts 28.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 29.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, pole, window rod 30.Sarifa Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits 32.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber, fuel 33.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice, timber, hand

fan

48

1.2. Naturally growing fruit plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

34.Bilati gab Diospyros phillipensis Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, peg 35.Buno amra Fruits for wild animal 36.Choila Child fruits, fuel, birds

animals fruits 37.Deshi gab Diospyros

embrayopteris Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing net

dying 38.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 33.Bahal Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits 40.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket, fencing 41.Ban-kathal Artocarpus chaplasha Moraceae Fruits for wild animal 42.Khurma khejur

Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Fruits for wild animal, pole

43. Kharkhara jam

Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof materials

44.Urmail Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio-pesticide, repellant Timber Species Planted timber plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni Meliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole 4.Sada Karoi Albizia procesera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood 6.Akashmoni Acacia auriculiformis Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 7.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus citriodora Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole,

timber 8.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 9.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Gramineae Pole, fuel 10.Talla Bash Bambusa

longispiculata Gramineae Basket, fence, fuel, fishing

11.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Fuel, Fruits, timber, industry 14.Kalo karoi/sirish

Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel

18. Ipil-ipil Leucaena leucochephala

Leguminosae Timber, fuel, pole, industry

19.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Cart, plough, boat, furniture, medicine, handicrafts, fuel

17.Kafula/Jhiga Lannea coromandelica

Anacardiaceae Fence, pole, fodder, medicine

21.Sonail/Sonalu Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 23.Pahari-tula Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Quilt

49

24.Kat-tula/simul Bombax ceiba Bombacaeae Industry, oil, pillow, herbal 27.Tula ( Karpash)

Gossypium harbacium Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made materials

28.Tula (Kat) Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Pillow, mat 29.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Fuel, Furniture

Naturally growing timber plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

29.Bal-gach Hydnocarpus Kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 30.Khoia-babala/ Jilapi phal

Pithecellobium dulce Leguminosae

31.Madar Erythrina indica Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder 33.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Timber, fuel 35.Pakur Ficus infectoria Moraceae Shade, puja, fuel 36.Pitali Trewa polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Fuel 38.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture products 40.Sundari Heritiera fomes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture, pole 41.Bat Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Basket, furniture, handicraft 42.Bet Calamus rotung Palmae Shade, aesthetic, puja, fuel 43. Kewra/Karrak Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel 45. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish trap 46.Balai-gach/ Bhola

Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae

2. Medicinal plant Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1. Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat

2. Deshi Neem Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine,furniture,cosmetics

3. Pahari neem Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine, timber 4. Daruchini Chinnamomum

zeylanicum Lauraceae Spice, Herbal medicine

4. Ornamental Plants 4.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Bagan-bilash Bougainvillea spectabilis Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower 2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Jaba ful Hibiscus rosa-sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja 4. Seuli ful Nictanthes arbortristis Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour flower 5. Gandha raj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower,

50

7. Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puza 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caesalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ikjora/Rangon

Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower

12. Rangan Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower, 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,

4.2. Shrubs Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

14. Nayantara Catharanthus roseus Apocynaceae Two color flower 15. Ganda Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puja 16. Jhankaful Daily prayer & Puja 17. Patabahar Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness 18. Kalabati Canna indica Cannaceae Beautifulness 19. Morog ful Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Flower 20. Rajanigandha

Polianthus tuberose Amaryllidaceae Flower

21. Dibanishi Flower 22. Timeful Portulacha sp. Portulacaceae Flower 23. Titbegun Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Vegetables, herbal

medicine 24. Nakful

5. Non-Woody Plants 5.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2. Arhar dal Cajanus cajan Leguminosae Pulse 3. Kathali kala Musa sapientum Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 6. Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 7. Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 8. Anaji/Kacha kala Musa paradisiaca Curry, soup, smash 9. Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiacea

e Oil, lubricants

10. Ankh Saccharum officinarum

Juice, herbal medicine

11. Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine, tooth brush 12. Katabor Fruits 13. Ithali/Athali Glycosmis

pentaphylla Rutaceae Fuel, tooth brush

5.2. Shrubs: Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance

51

16.Koiakacha Fuel 17.Nisinda Vitex negundo Verbinaceae Medicine, herbal use 18.Paddaguruj Tinospora cordifolia Menispermiac

eae Herbal use, sarbat

19.Bhaitgach/Bhatiali

Clerodendrum viscosum

Verbinaceae Herbal medicine

21.Hargoza Acanthus illicifolius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence 22.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 23.Murta/ Sitalpati Clinogyne

dichotoma Marantaceae Luxury mat

24.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus reticulatus

Euphorbiaceae

Herbal use, fuel

25.Basak Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal use 26.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulace

ae Fuel, fence

27. Bonpat Corchorus aestuans Tiliaceae Fence, rope 5.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

21.Durba Cynadon dactylon Gramineae Medicine 22.Banmula Herbal medicine 23.Ouidda choppa Vegetable soup, fence, fuel 24.Biskatali Ploygonum

hydropiper Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel

25.Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Medicine, smash , vegetable 26.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 27.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel 28.Botolgash Fence, fodder 29.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine 30.Dalgash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 31.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence 32.Heugegach Fence, herbal medicine 33.Chirata Swertia chirata Gentianaceae 34.Shati Curcuma zedoarea Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine , baby food 35.Dhekisak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetable 36.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 37.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetna

nask 38.Buno chaia Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 39.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal medicine 40.Chini Kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 41.Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash 42.Mithakachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash 43.Bontulsi Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 44.Bathua sak Chenopodium Chenopodiaceae Vegetable

52

album 46.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Papilionaceae Vegetable 47.Maska lata Herbal medicine 48.Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Papilionaceae herbal medicine

6. Vine plants Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Herbal medicine 2. Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreacea

e Vegetable, smash

3. Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae medicine, fodder, rope 5. Banna lata Mikania cordata Compositae medicine, fodder 6. Murmuira lata 8. Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Medicinal use 9. Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae medicinal use

7. Pond-wetlands plants Bengali/ Local name Scientific name Family Uses/importance 1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio-

fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 3. Bottle gash fodder, 4. Pani kachu Colocasia

nymphifolia Araceae vegetable

5. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae fodder, fuel 6. Heus/chus Alternanthera

philoxeroides Amaranthaceae fuel

7. Kachuripana Eichhornia crassipes Pontederiaceae fuel/fodder 8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Tilak/Guripana Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae fish meal 10. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 11. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 12. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae vegetable, fish meal fuel 13. Bonkachu Colocasia sp. Araceae vegetable 14. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae fuel 15. Lajjya bati Mimosa pudica Leguminosae 16. Bis/Kanta kachu Lasia spinosa Araceae herbal medicine 17. Binnachopa Vetiveria zizanioides Gramineae fence, thatching, fhan 18. Ban kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae herbal medicine 19. Chau Imperata cyllindrica Gramineae Fuel, Making house-roof 20.Ban barali Vegetables, herbal

medicine 21. Sakhorkhora spices, smell 22. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae medicinal plant, sarbat 23. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae fence, fodder, medicine 24. Helipata Fence,

53

25. Gool pata Nypa fruticans Palmae Fence, roof 8. Vegetables 8. 1. Cultivated vegetables Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

Round the year 1. Bombai marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, Salad, jhal 2. Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 3. Begun Solanum

melongena Solanaceae Vegetables, curry

4. Chuna/Chal kumra

Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables

5. Dharosh Abelmoschus esculentus

Malvaceae Year round vegetables

6. Tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum

Solanaceae Year round vegetables

Planted in summer period 7. Puisak Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables,

medicine 8. Sashsa Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine,

morobba 9. Rekha Fruits 10. Data Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem

vegetables 11. Bilati dhane Spices, curry masla,

smash 12. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as

vegetable, curry, 13. Kara marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal 14. Khuitta marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal Planted in winter period 15. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 16. Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry,

smash 17. Khiroi Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Fruits 18. Pat sak Corchorus

granatum Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables

19. Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 20. Dhane pata Coriandrum

sativum Umbelliferae Spice

21. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables

22. Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables

54

23. Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24. Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 25. Begun Solanum

melongena Solanaceae Fruit vegetables

26. Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables

27. Lalsak Amaranthus tricolor

Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetable

28. Tamato Lycopersicon lycopercum

Solanaceae Fruit vegetables

29. Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables 8. 2. Naturally grown vegetables Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 3. Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Leafy vegetables, smash 4. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 5. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Used as vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera

sessilis Amaranthaceae vegetable

7. Tit begun Solanum filicifolium

Solanaceae Vegetable used by the MOG

8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables, curry

9. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 10. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leafy vegetables 11. Bathua Chenopodium

album Chenopodiaceae vegetables

12. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 13.Gima sak Glinus

oppositifolius Muluginaceae Vegetables

14. Dheki sak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetables 15. Kalai sak Lathyrus sativus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables

55

Appendices 4:

ENUMERATION OF HOMESTEAD PLANT BIODIVERSITY AND THEIR UTILIZATION

Study area- District- Patuakhali, Thana- Bauphal, Union- Kalisuri and Village- Kalisuri

3. Fruits Species Planted fruit plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture

2.Jamrul Syzygium samarangense

Myrtaceae Fruits, timber

3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel 4.Ataphal Annona reticulata Annonaceae Fruits, timber 5.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus

mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools,

fuel 6.Bel Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 7.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae Fruits 8.Chalta Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Fruits, Herbal medicine,

boat, fuel Jam-jelly 9. Golap jam Syzygium jambos Myrtaceae Fruits, Fuel 10.Jalpai Elaeocarpus

robustus Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil

11.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 12.Deuwa Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 13.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 14.Loqut Eriobotrya

japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel

15.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 16.Kathal Artocarpus

heterophyllus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel,

fodder 17.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence,

Basket 18.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables,

medicine 19.Kamla Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits 20.Kamranga Averrhoa

carambola Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal medicine

21.Kadbel Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 22.Ltkon Baccaurea

ramiflora Euphorbiaceae Fruits

23.Lichu Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel 24.Lebu Citrus aruntifolia Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 25.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence,

handicrafts

56

26.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 27.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, pole, window

rod 28.Sharifa Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits 29.Sharbati lebu Citrus limettoides Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine,

drinks 30.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber,

fuel 31.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice, timber,

hand fan 1.2. Naturally growing fruits plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

32.Bilati gab Diospyros phillipensis

Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, peg

33.Deshi gab Diospyros embrayoopeteris

Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing net dying

34.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 35.Bahal Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits 36.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket,

fencing 37.Kharkhara jam Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof

materials 4. Timber plants 2.1. Planted timber plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Mahogany Swietena mahagoni Meliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus

chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole

4.Sada Korai Albizia procesera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood

6.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus citriodora

Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole, timber

7.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 8.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Graminae Pole, fuel 9.Talla Bash Bambusa

longispiculata Graminae Basket, fence, fuel,

fishing 10.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combretaceae Fuel, Fruits, timber,

industry 11.Kadam Anthocephalus

cadamba Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, industry,

medicine 12.Kali koroi Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house,

57

tools 13.Sada korai Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 14.Akashmoni Acacia

auriculiformis Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, fuel

29.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Fuel, Furniture 16.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough,

boat, fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts

17.Kafula/Jhiga Lannea coromandelica

Anacardiaceae Fence, pole, fodder, medicine

18.Sonail/Sonalu Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 19.Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind

breaker 20.Pahari-tula Bombax sp. Bombacaeae Quilt 21.Kattula/simul Bombax ceiba Bombacaeae Thread, oil, pillow,

herbal 22.Chatian/Chatim Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Box, bark for disease 23.Rubber gach Ficus elastica Moraceae Beauty, fuel 27.Tula ( Karpash) Gossypium

harbacium Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made

materials 2.1. Naturally growing timber plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

26.Bal-gach Hydnocarpu kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 27.Madar Erythrina indica Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence,

fodder 28.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Palmae Timber, fuel 29.Nauasonail/Sona Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Timber, fuel, Medicinal 30.Pakur Ficus infectoria Shade, puja, fuel 31.Chatian Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Fuel. timber 32.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture

products 33.Sundari Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture,

pole 34.Bat Ficus benghalensis Basket, furniture, handy

craft 35.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Shade, aesthetic, puja,

fuel 36. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish

trap 37.Hijal Beringtonia

acutangula Myrtaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish

trap 38. Royna Aphanomixis

polystachya Meliaceae Fuel, timber, handle,

boat, Medicinal

58

5. Medicinal plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat

2.Deshi Nim Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine 3.Pahari nim Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine 4.Lot-pipal Litsea monopetala Lauraceae Herbal medicine 5.Olot-Kambal Abroma agusta Sterculiaceae Herbal medicine 6.Hartaki Terminala chebula Combrataceae Furniture, medicine, tools 7.Urmail Excoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Botanical pesticide,

repellant 8.Tejpata Cinnamomum

tamala Louraceae Cocking, cent, spice

9. Elachi Eletaria cardamomum

Zingiberaceae Fuel

4. Ornamental plants 4.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Baganbilash Bougainvillea spectabilis

Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower

2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Rakta Jabaful Hibiscus rosa-

sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja

4. Seliful Nictanthes arbortristis

Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour flower

5. Gandharaj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower, 5.Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puja 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caesalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Lythraceae Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ikjora/Rangon Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,

4.2. Shrubs: Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

11.Ganda Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puza 12.Patabahar Codiaeum

variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness

13.Kalabati Canna indica Cannaceae Beautifulness

4.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local Scientific name Family Uses/importance

59

name 14.Morogful Celosia argentea Amaranthaceae Flower 15.Timeful Portulaca oleracea Portulacaceae Flower

5. Non-woody plants 5.1. Trees Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2.Kathali kala Musa sapientum? Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 3.Hetal/Hintal Phoenix paludosa Palmae Fuel, shade for animal 4.Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 6.Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 7.Anaji/Kacha kala

Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash

8.Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Oil, lubricants 9.Akh Saccharum

officinarum Gramineae Juice, herbal medicine

10.Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine , tooth brush

11.Katabor Fruits 12.Ithali/Athali fuel, tooth brush

5.2. Shrubs Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

28.Choukudani Medicine, fuel 29.Elachi Cinnamomum sp. 30.Koia-kacha Fuel 31.Bhait/Bhatiali Clerodendrum

viscosum Herbal medicine

32.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 33.Murta/ Sitalpati

Clinogyne dichotoma

Luxury mat

34.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus reticulatus

Herbal use, fuel

35.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence 5.3. Herbs Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

36.Durba Cynodon dactylon Gramineae Medicine 37.Banmula Herbal medicine 38.Biskatali Ploygonum

hydropiper Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel

39.Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Medicine, smash, vegetable

60

40.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 41.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel 42.Botolgash Fence, fodder 43.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scropholariaceae Herbal medicine 44.Heuge-gach Fence, herbal medicine 45.Shati Curcuma zedoaria Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine, baby food 46.Dheki shak Dryopteris sp. Vegetable 47.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 48.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetana

nasak 49.Buno chai 50.Gol/Bon roson Herbal medicine, fodder 51.Amrulsak Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herbal medicine, smash 52.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Herbal medicine 53.Chini Kachu Vegetable 54.Goch alu Vegetable, smash 55.Mitha-kachu Vegetable, smash 56.Bontulsi/Tulsi Ocimum basilicum Herbal medicine 57.Bathua sak Chenopodium

album Chenopodiaceae Vegetable

6. Vine plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Leguminosae Vegetable 2.Maska lata Herbal medicine 3.Biralkata Mucuna pruriens Leguminosae Herbal medicine 4.Kanai Commelina sp. Commelinaceae Fuel 5.Bispan Herbal medicine 6.Kumarilata Smilax zeylanica Lilliaceae Herbal medicine, 7.Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae Medicine, fodder, rope 8.Bhui Kumara Ipomoea

mauritiana Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine

9.Banna lata Mikania cordata Compositae 10.Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use 11.Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae Medicinal use

7. Pond-wetland plants Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio-fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 3. Bottle gash fodder, 4. Pani kachu Colocasia

nymphifolia Araceae vegetable

6. Heus/chus Alternanthera philoxeroides

Amaranthaceae fuel

61

7. Kachuripana Eichhornia crassipes

Pontederiaceae fuel/fodder

8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 10. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 11. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae vegetable, fish meal fuel 12. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae fuel 13. Binnachopa Vetiveria

zizanioides Gramineae fence, thatching, fhan

14. Sakhorkhora spices, smell 15. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae fodder, fuel 16. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae medicinal plant, sarbat 17. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae fence, fodder, medicine

8. Vegetables 8. 1. Cultivated vegetables Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

8.1.1. Round the year 1.Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 2.Begun Solanum

melongena Solanaceae Vegetables, curry

3.Chuna/Chal kumra

Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables

4.Bombai marich Cucurbita spp. Cucurbitaceae spices, achar, jhal 5.Dheros Abelmoschus

esculentus Malvaceae year round vegetables

6.Misti alu Solanum tuberosum 8.1.2. During summer period 7.Puisak Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables, medicine 8.Sasha Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine,

morobba 9.Rekha Fruits 10.Data Amaranthus viridis Leafy and stem vegetables 11.Bilati dhane Spices, curry masla, smash 12.Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as vegetable,

curry, fruit 13.Khara marich Capsicum

frutiscens Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal

14.Khuitta marich Capsicum frutiscens

Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal

8.1.3. During winter period 15.Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 16.Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae vegetables, curry, smash 17.Khiroi Cucurbita

moschata Cucurbitaceae Fruits

62

18.Pat sak Corchopus granatum

Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables

19.Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 20.Dhane pata Coriandrum

sativum Umbelliferae Spice

21.Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables 22.Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 23.Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24.Begun Solanum

melongena Solanaceae Fruit vegetables

25.Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables 26.Lalsak Amaranthus spp. Crusiferae Leafy vegetable 27.Tamato Lycopersicon

lycopercum Solanaceae Fruit vegetables

28.Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables

1. 2. Naturally growing vegetables Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae leafy vegetables 2. Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Leafy vegetables, smash 3. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 4. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Used as vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera

sessilis Amaranthaceae vegetable

7. Titbegun Solanum filicifolium

Solanaceae Vegetable used by the MOG

8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables, curry

10. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 11. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leafy vegetables 12. Bathua Chenopodium

album Chenopodiaceae vegetables

13. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 15.Gima sak Glinus

oppositifolius Muluginaceae Vegetables

16. Dheki sak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetables 17. Kalai sak Lathyrus sativus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables

63

Appendices-5: Enumeration of homestead plant biodiversity and their utilization

Study area- Dist.- Patuakhali, Thana- Kalapara, Union- Latachapali and Village Nayapara

Fruits Species

Planted fruits plants

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Aam Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber, fuel, furniture 2.Jamrul Syzygium

samarangense Myrtaceae Fruits, timber

3.Amra Spondias pinnata Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel 4.Amloki Phyllanthus

embelica Euphorbiaceae Fruits, timber, dye, medicine

5.Angur Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruits 7.Baroi/Kul Zizyphus

mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture tools, fuel

9.Safeda Manilkara sapota Sapotaceae fruits 11.Jalpai Elaeocarpus

robustus Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil

13.Deshi Jam Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber 14.Deaw Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel 15.Dalim Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use 16. Loqut Eryobotrya

japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel

17.Jambura Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine 18.Kathal Artocarpus

heterophyllus Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, fodder

19.Khejur Phoenix sylvestris Palmae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket

20.Sajna Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 22.Kamranga Averrhoa

carambola Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal medicine

24.Lichu Litchi chinensis Sapindaceae fruits, fuel 26.Lebu Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits, medicine 27.Narikel Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel,

handicrafts 28.Peyara Psidium guajava Myrtaceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools 29.Supari Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, fence, pole,

window rod 32.Tetul Tamarindus indica Leguminosae Fruits, medicine, timber, fuel 33.Tal Borassus flabellifer Palmae fruits, fuel, juice, timber,

hand fan

64

1.2. Naturally growing fruit plants

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

34.Bilati gab Diospyros phillipensis

Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof timber, peg

35.Buno amra Fruits for wild animal 36.Choila Child fruits, fuel 37.Pechi gab Diospyros

embrayopteris Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing

net dying 38.Cowa phal Garcinia cowa Guttiferae Fruits 40.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Handicrafts, basket, fencing 41.Ban-kathal Artocarpus

chaplasha Moraceae Fruits for wild animal

42.Ban khejur Phoenix aqualis Palmae Fruits for wild animal, pole 43. Kharkharajam Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof

materials 44.Urmail Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio-pesticide, repellant 45.Khurma-kejur Phoenix dactylifera Palmae Fuel, timber, fence handle,

boat

6. Timber plants

2.1. Planted timber plants

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Mahogany Swietenia mahagoni Miliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood 2.Raintree Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 3.Chambal Artocarpus

chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole

4.Sada Korai Albizia procera Furniture, fuel, pole, wood 6.Akashmoni Acacia moniliformis Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 7.Eukalyptus Eucalyptus

citriodora Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole,

timber 8.Minjiri Casia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 9.Basni Bash Bambusa valgaris Graminae Pole, fuel 10.Talla Bash Bambusa

longispiculata Graminae Basket, fence, fuel, fishing

11.Katbadam Terminalia catappa Combrataceae Fuel, Fruits, timber, industry 13.Segun Furniture, fuel 14.Kalo korai/sirish

Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house

15.Sada karoi/sirish

Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole

16.Akashmoni Acacia auriculiformis

Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, fuel

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17.Jhau Casuarina littoria Casuarinaceae Fuel, wind breaker 18.Telikadam Adina cordifolia Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, pole, industry 19.Babla Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough, boat,

fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts

21.Sonail Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole 22.Sissoo Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind breaker 23.Pahari-tula Bombax Bombacaeae Quilt 24.Kat-tula/simul Bombax sea Bombacaeae Industry, oil, pillow, herbal 27.Tula ( Karpash)

Hibiscus spp. Quilt, cotton made materials

28.Tula (Kat) Hibiscus spp. Pillow, mat

2.2. Naturally growing timber plants

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

29.Bal-gach Hydnocarpu kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood 30.Khoia-babla/Jilapi

Pithecellobium dulce

Leguminiceae

31.Madar Erythrina indica Fruits

Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder

32.Bain Avicennia officinalis

Verbanaceae Timber, fuel, honey

33.Goma/Gaua Areca catechu Palmae Timber, fuel 35.Pakur Ficus infectoria Shade, puja, fuel 36.Pitari Trewa polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Fuel 38.Palti-madar Erythrina ovalifolia Leguminosae Timber, agriculture products 39.Uri-am Mangifera sylvatica Anacardiaceae 40.Sundari Heritiera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel, furniture, pole 41.Bat Ficus benghalensis Basket , furniture, handicraft 42.Bet Calamus rotung Araceae Shade, aesthetic, puja, fuel 43. kewra/Karra Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel 45. Harra Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle, fish

trap 46.Balai-gach/Bhola

Hibiscus tiliaceus Malvaceae Fuel

7. Medicinal plants

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Arjun Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine, timber, boat

2.Deshi Nim Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine 3.Pahari nim Melia azadirach Meliaceae Herbal medicine

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4.Lot-pipal/Kharajora

Litsea monopetala Lauraceae Herbal medicine

6.Hartaki Terminala chebula Combretaceae Furniture, medicine, tools 1.Daruchini Chinnamomum

zeylanicum Lauraceae Medicine, Spice

2.Tejpata Cinnamomum tamala

Lauraceae Medicine, cocking, scent, spice

8. Ornamental plants 4.1. Trees

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

2.Bakulful Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber 3. Jabaful Hibiscus rosa-

sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer & Puja

4. Seliful Nictanthes arbortristis

Oleacea Smell, Puja, colour flower

5. Gandharaj Gardenia coronaria Rubiaceae Flower, 5.Karabi Nerium indicum Apocynaceae Daily prayer & Puja 8. Krisnachura Delonix regia Caisalpineae Ornamental 10. Mendi Lawsenia inermis Lythriceae Color, herbal, luxury 11. Ikjora/Rangon Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower 13. Beli Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower,

4.2. Shrubs

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

11.Nayantara Catharanthus roseus

Apocynaceae Two coloured flower

12.Gada Tagetes patula Compositae Daily prayer & Puza 13.Jhankaful Daily prayer & Puza 14.Patabahar Codiaeum

variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautifulness

4.3. Herbs

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

15.Timeful Portulaca grandiflora

Flower

16.Titbegun Solanum nigrum Solanaceae vegetables, herbal medicine 17.Piajful Zephyranthes sp. Flower

5. Non-woody plants

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5.1. Trees

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1.Bichi/Daya kala Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 2.Kathali kala Musa sapientum? Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder 3.Hetal/Hintal Phoenix paludosa Palmae Fuel, shade for animal 4.Anaras Ananas sativus Bromeliaceae Fruits, medicine, herbal 6.Amjam Aphania danura Sapindaceae 7.Anaji/Kacha kala

Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash

8.Bharon/Bhenna Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Oil, lubricants 9.Akh Saccharum

officinarum Gramineae Juice, herbal medicine

10.Joytun/Akon Herbal medicine , tooth brush

12.Ithali/Athali Fuel, tooth brush

5.2. Shrubs

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

13.Bhaitgach/Bhatiali

Clerodendrum viscosum

Verbinaceae Herbal medicine

14.Banjui Clerodendrum inerme

Verbinaceae Fuel, fence, herbal medicine

15.Hargoza Acanthus illicifolius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence 16.Keyapata Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan, handicrafts 17.Murta/ Sitalpati

Clinogyne dichotoma

Luxury mat

18.Siptipin/Chitki Phyllanthus reticulatus

Herbal use, fuel

19.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence 20. Bonpat Corchorus

fascicularis Tiliaceae Fence , rope

5.3. Herbs

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

21.Durba Cynadon dactylon Gramineae medicine 22.Banmula herbal medicine 23.Ouidda choppa vegetable soup, fence, fuel 24.Biskatali Ploygonum

hydropiper Polygonaceae Herbal use, fuel

25.Thankuni Centella asiatica Umbelliferae medicine, smash , vegetable 26.Apang Achyranthes aspera Amaranthaceae herbal medicine

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27.Bansarisha Rorippa indica Brassicaceae herbal medicine, fuel 28.Botolgash Fence, fodder 29.Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine 30.Dalgash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 31.Dholkalmi Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae fuel, fence 32.Heugegach fence, herbal medicine 33.Chirata Swertia chirata Gentianaceae 34.Shati Curcuma zeodarea Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine , baby food 35.Dhekisak Dryopteris sp. Pteridaceae Vegetable 36.Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 37.Dhutra Datura stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine, chetna nask 38.Buno chaia Aerva lanata Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine 39.Basak pata Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal medicine 40.Chini Kachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 41.Goch alu Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash 42.Mithakachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash 43.Bontulsi Ocimum basilicum Lamiaceae Herbal medicine 44.Bathua sak Chenopodium

album Chenopodiaceae Vegetable

45.Bailla lata 46.Mousim Canavalia gladiata Papilionaceae Vegetable 47.Maska lata Herbal medicine 48.Biral kata Mucuna pruriens Papilionaceae Herbal medicine

6. Vine plants

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

Kailla lata Derris trifoliate Leguminosae Medicine, fodder, rope Bhui Kumra Ipomoea

mauritiana Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine

Banna lata Mikania scandens Compositae Herbal medicine, fodder Abeti Flagellaria indica Flagellariaceae Basket, handicraft Telakucha Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use Dadhi pata Cassia allata Leguminosae Medicinal use

7. Pond-wetland plants

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

1. Tepa pana Pistia strateotes Araceae Fodder, fuel, bio-fertilizer 2. Khudi pana Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fuel 4. Pani kachu Colocasia

nymphifolia Araceae Vegetable

5. Dalgash Fodder, fuel 6. Heus/chus Alternanthera Amaranthaceae Fuel

69

philoxeroides 7. Kachuripana Eichhornia

crassipes Pontederiaceae Fuel/fodder

8. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Vegetable 9. Tilak/Guripana Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae Fish meal 10. Hoglapata Typha elephantine Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food, rope 11. Shapla Nymphoea nouchali Nymphoeaceae Vegetables, fruits 12. Kalmi lata Ipomoea sp. Convolvulaceae Vegetable, fish meal fuel 13. Bonkachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable 14. Chachkata Scirpus articulatus Cyperaceae Fuel 15. Bis/Kanta kachu

Lasia spinosa Araceae Herbal medicine

16. Binnachopa Vetiveria zizanioides

Gramineae Fence, thatching, fhan

18. Mankachu Colocasia sp. Araceae Herbal medicine 19. Sakhorkhora Spices, smell 20. Dal gash Hydrilla verticillata Hydrocaritaceae Fodder, fuel 21. Shoti Curcuma zeodaria Zingiberaceae Baby food, medicine 22. Felun Vigna sp. Leguminosae Pulse, fuel 23. Barly Hordeum vulgare Gramineae Baby food, medicine 24. Pathar kuchi Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Medicinal plant, sarbat 25. Nalghagra Phragmites karka Gramineae Fence, fodder, medicine 26. Helipata Fence, 27. Golpata Nypa fruticans Palmae Fence, roof

8. Vegetables

8. 1. Planted vegetables

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

8.1.1 Round the year 1. Bombai marich Capsicum spp. Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal 2. Papaya Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash 3. Begun Solanum

melongena Solanaceae Vegetables, curry

4. Chuna/Chal kumra

Benincasa hispida Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables

5. Dheros Abelmoschus esculentus

Malvaceae Year round vegetables

6. Tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum

Solanaceae Year round vegetables

7.Sajna Moringa oleifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine 8.1.2. During summer period 7. Pui shak Basela alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables, medicine 8. Sashsa Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, medicine,

morobba

70

9. Data Amaranthus viridis Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem vegetables 10. Bilati

dhane Spices, curry masla, smash

11. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as vegetable, curry,

12. Khara marich

Capsicum frutiscens

Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal

13. Khuitta marich

Capsicum frutiscens

Solanaceae Spices, achar, jhal

8.1.3. During winter period 14. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry 15. Khet

kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry, smash

16. Khiroi Cucumis sativus Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 17. Pat shak Corchorus

capsularis Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables

18. Dhundul Luffa cylindrica Cucurbitaceae Vegetables 19. Dhane

pata Coriandrum sativum

Umbelliferae Spice

20. Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables 21. Golalu Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Modified root vegetables 22. Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 23. Lau Lagenaria vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Fruit vegetables 24. Begun Solanum

melongena Solanaceae Fruit vegetables

25. Mula Raphanus sativus Crusiferae Modified stem vegetables 26. Lalsak Amaranthus tricolor Amaranthaceae Leafy vegetables 27. Tamato Lycopersicon

lycopercum Solanaceae Fruit vegetables

28. Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Fruit vegetables

8. 2. Naturally growing vegetables

Bengali/ Local name

Scientific name Family Uses/importance

8.2.1. Round the year 1. Kalmi Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Leafy vegetables 2. Misti alu sak Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Modified root vegetables 3. Thankuni Centella asiatica Hydrocotylaceae Leafy vegetables, smash 3. Kachu Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables 4. Kachur lati/boi Colocasia esculenta Araceae Vegetables 6. Haicha Alternanthera

sessilis Amaranthaceae Vegetable

7. Tit begun Solanum filicifolium

Solanaceae Vegetable

8. Man kachu Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables,

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curry 8.2.2. During summer period 10. Shapla Nymphaea nouchali Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry, fruits 11. Helencha Enhydra flactuans Compositae Leaf vegetable 8.2.3. During winter period 12. Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables 13. Ghagra Xanthium indicum Compositae Vegetables, soup, curry 15.Gima shak Hydrocotyle

potundifolia Umbeliferae Vegetables

16. Dheki shak Vegetables 17. Kalai shak Lathyrus sativus Leaf vegetables

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Appendics 6. Homestead Plant Biodiversity check-list.

Name K-S1

C-S2

N-S3

Scientific Name Family Uses

FRUITS Aam √ √ √ Mangifera indica Anacardiaceae Fruits, timber,

furniture Amrul/Ruail √ √ √ Phyllanthus acidus Euphorbiaceae Fruits, timber Amra √ √ √ Spondias

mangifera Anacardiaceae Fruits, fuel

Amluki √ √ Embelica officinalis

Euforbiaceae Fruits, timber, dye, medicine

Angur - - √ Vitis vinifera Vitaceae Fruits Atafol √ √ Anona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits, timber Baroi/Kul √ √ √ Zizyphus

mauritiana Rhamnaceae Fruit, agriculture

tools, fuel Bel √ √ Aegle marmelos Rutaceae Fruits, herbal

medicine Chapeda √ √ √ Achras sapota Sapotaceae fruits Chalta √ - - Dillenia indica Dilleniaceae Fruits, herbal

medicine, beautification, fuel

Jalpai √ √ √ Elaeocarpas robustus

Elaeocarpaceae Fruits, oil

Golapjam √ - - Syzygium zambos Myrtaceae Fruits, fuel-wood Deshi Jam √ Syzygium cumini Myrtaceae Fruits, timber Dewa √ √ √ Artocarpus lacucha Moraceae Fruits, fuel Dalim √ √ √ Punica granatum Punicaceae Fruits, medicinal use Amrul/lokat √ √ √ Eriobotrya

japonica Rosaceae Fruits, fuel

Jambura √ √ √ Citrus grandis Rutaceae Fruits, herbal medicine

Kathal √ √ √ Artocarpus hetrophyllus

Moraceae Fruits, furniture, fuel, fodder

Khejur √ √ √ Phoenix sylvestris Pamaceae Juice, fruits, fuel, fence, Basket

Sajna - √ - Moringa olifera Moringaceae Fruits, vegetables, medicine

Kamla √ √ Citrus reticulata Rutaceae Fruits Kamranga √ √ √ Averrhoa

carambola Averrhoaceae Fruits, herbal

medicine Kadbel √ √ Feronia limonia Rutaceae Fruits, herbal

medicine Lichu √ √ Litchi chinenss Sapindaceae Fruits, fuel Latkon √ - - Citrus fruits Lebu √ √ √ Citrus spp. Rutaceae Citrus fruits,

medicine

73

Narikel √ √ √ Cocos nucifera Palmae Fruits, drinks, fuel, fence, handicrafts

Peyara √ √ √ Psidium guava Myrteceae Fruits, jelly, fuel, tools

Supari √ √ √ Areca catechu Palmae Fruits, fuel, fence, pole, window rod

Sarifa √ √ - Annona squamosa Annonaceae Fruits Sarbati lebu √ - - Citrus limetoides Rutaceae Fruits, drinks Tetul √ √ √ Tamarindus

indicus Leguminosae Fruits, medicine,

timber, fuel Tal √ √ √ Borassus flebellifer Palmae Fruits, fuel, juice,

timber, hand fan Fruits N/G Bilati gab √ √ √ Diospyros

phillipensis Ebenaceae Fruits, fuel, roof

timber Buno amra - √ √ fruits for wild animal Choila - √ √ Child fruits, fuel,

fruits eaten by birds, animals

Pechi gab √ √ √ Diospyros embrayoopeteris

Evenacieae Fruits, fuel, timber, fishing net dying

Kaufal √ √ √ Garcinia cowa Guttuferae fruits Bahai/Bahal √ √ - Cordia dichotoma Boraginaceae Wild animal fruits Bet √ √ √ Calamus rotung Arecaceae Handicrafts, basket,

fencing Khurma khejur

√ - Phoenix dactylifera Palmae fruits for wild animal, pole

Lohakara jam/kharkharya jam

√ √ √ Syzygium wallichii Myrtaceae Fruits, timber, fence/roof materials

Urmail √ √ - Exoecaria indica Euphorbiaceae Bio- pesticide, repellant

Khurma-keja √ √ √ Fuel, timber, fence handle, boat

TIMBER Mahogany √ √ √ Swietena mahagoni Miliaceae Furniture, fuel, wood Raintree √ √ √ Samanea saman Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole,

wind breaker Chambal √ √ √ Artocarpus

chaplasha Moraceae Furniture, fuel, pole

Sada Korai √ √ √ Albizia procera Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wood

Kali/ patrhure kori

√ √ √ Albizia lebbeck Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wind anima

Akashmoni - √ √ Acacia auricoliformis

Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole, wind anima

74

Eukalyptus √ √ √ Eucalyptus citriodora

Myrtaceae Furniture, electric pole, timber

Minjiri √ √ √ Cassia siamea Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole Basni Bash √ √ √ Bambusa vulgaris Graminae Pole, fuel Talla Bash √ √ √ Bambusa

longispiculata Bamboca-ceae Basket, fence, fuel,

fishing Katbadam √ √ √ Terminalia catappa Combrataceae Fuel, Fruits, timber,

industry Kadam √ - - Anthocephalus

chinensis Rubiaceae Timber, fuel, industry,

fuel, medicine Segun - - √ Tectona grandis Verbinaceae Furniture, fuel, find

breaker Kali korai/sirish

√ √ √ Albizia odoratissimus

Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, house, tools wind breaker

Jhau - - √ Casuarina littoria Casuarinaceae Fuel, wind breaker Telikadam √ √ √ Leucaena

leucocephala Leguminosae timber, fuel, pole,

industry Babla √ √ √ Acacia nilotica Leguminosae Bullock cart, plough,

boat, fuel, furniture, medicine, handicrafts

Kafula √ √ - Odina wodier Anacardiaceae Life fence, pole, fodder, medicine

Sonail √ √ √ Cassia fistula Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, pole Sissoo √ - √ Dalbergia sissoo Leguminosae Furniture, fuel, wind

breaker Pahari-tula √ √ √ Bombax sp. Bobacaeae quilt Kat-tula/simul √ √ √ Bombax ceiba Bobacaeae Industry, oil, pillow,

herbal Chatian/Chatim

√ - - Alstonia scholaris Apocynaceae Box, bark for disease

Rubber gach √ - - Hevea brasiliensis Euphorbiaceae Beautification, fuel Tula ( Karpash)

- √ √ Gossypium harbaceum

Malvaceae Quilt, cotton made materials

TIMBER –N/W

Bal-gach √ √ √ Hydnocarpus kurzii Flacourtiaceae Fuel, timber, wood Khoia-babala/Jilapi

- √ √ Pithecellobium dulce

Leguminoceae

adar √ √ √ Erythrina indica Fruits

Leguminosae Timber, fuel, fence, fodder

Bain - - √ Avicennia officinalis

Verbaceae Timber, fuel, honey

Goma/Gaua - √ √ Exoecaria agallocha

Euphorbiaceae Timber, fuel

Nauasonail √ - - Oroxylum indicum Bignoniaceae Timber, fuel Pakur √ Ficus infectoria Moraceae Shade, Puzza, fuel

75

Pitali - √ √ Trewia polycarpa Euphorbiaceae Palti-mandar - √ √ Erythrina

ovalifolia Leguminoceae Timber, agriculture

products Uri-am √ - - Mangifera longipes Anacardiaceae Sundari √ √ Heriliera foemes Meliaceae Timber, fuel,

furniture, pole Bat √ √ √ Ficus benghalensis Moraceae Basket , furniture,

handi -craft Bet √ √ √ Calamus sp. Arecaceae Shade, aesthetic,

Puzza, fuel kewra/Karra - √ √ Sonneratia apetala Sonneratiaceae Timber, board, fuel Harra √ √ √ Terminalia citrine Combretaceae Fuel, timber, handle,

fish trap Balai-gach - √ √ Hibiscus tiliacius Malvaceae Fuel Hijal √ - √ Beringtonia

acutangula Myrtaceae Fuel, timber, handle,

fish trap Royna √ - - Aphanamoxis

polystachya Meliaceae Fuel, timber, handle,

boat MEDICINAL Arjun √ √ √ Terminilia arjuna Combretaceae Herbal medicine,

timber, boat Deshi Nim √ √ √ Azadirachta indica Meliaceae Herbal medicine Pahari nim/Gora nim

√ √ √ Melia sempervirens Meliaceae Herbal medicine

Lot-pipal √ Piper longum Piperaceae Herbal medicine Olot-Kambal √ Abroma augusta Sterculiaceae Herbal medicine Hartaki √ - √ Terminala chebula Combretaceae Furniture, medicine,

tools SPICES Daruchini - √ √ Chinnamomum

verum Lauraceae Spice

Tejpata √ - √ Cinnamomum tamala

Louraceae Cocking, scent, spice

Elachi √ Elettaria cardamomum

Zingiberaceae Spice, medicine

ORNAMEN-TAL

TREES Bagan-bilash √ Boungallia sp. Nyctaginaceae Garden, flower Bakulful √ Mimusops elengi Sapotaceae Flower, timber Jabaful √ Hibiscus rosa-

sinensis Malvaceae Daily prayer &

Puza Seuliful √ Nictanthes

arbortristis Oleacea Smell, Puza, color

Gandharaj √ √ √ Gardenia jasminoides

Rubiaceae Flower,

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Krisnachura √ Delonix regia Caesalpineae ornamental Karabi - - √ Nerium oliender Apocynaceae Daily prayer &

Puza Mendi √ Lawsonia inermis Lythraceae Color, herbal ,

luxury Ikjora/ Rangan

√ Ixora sp. Rubiaceae Flower

Beli √ √ √ Jasminum sambac Oleaceae Flower, SHRUBS Nayan tara √ Catheranthus

roseas Apocynaceae Medicinal,

Ornamental Gada √ Tagetes erecta Compositae Daily prayer &

Puza Jhumkaful √ Hibiscus

scizopetalus Malvaceae Daily prayer &

Puza Patabahar √ √ √ Codiaeum

variegatum Euphorbiaceae Beautification

Kalabati √ √ - Canna indica Cannaceae Beautification HERB Morogful √ √ - Celosia sp. Amaranthaceae Flower Rajanigandha - √ - Polyanthus

tuberose Amaryllidaceae Flower

Dibanishi - √ Flower Timeful √ √ √ Portulaca

grandiflora Portulacaceae Flower

Titbegun - - √ Solanum nigrum Solanaceae Vegetables, herbal medicine

Nakful √ Piajful - - √ Zephyranthes sp. Amaryllidaceae Flower NON-WOODY

Trees Bichi/Daya kala

√ Musa acuminata Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder

Arhar dal √ √ - Cajanus cajan Legminosae Pulse Kathali kala √ Musa sapientum Musaceae Fruits, soup, fodder Dhaincha √ - - Sesbania canabina Leguminosae Fodder, organic

manure Hetal √ Phoenix pallucida Palmae Fuel, shade for

animal Anaras √ √ √ Anona squamosa Amaryllidaceae Fruits, medicine,

herbal Amjam/Hamjam

√ √ √ Polyalthya suberosa

Annonaceae Fuel, timber

Anaji/ Kancha kala

√ √ √ Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Curry, soup, smash

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Bharon/ Bhenna

√ √ √ Ricinus communis Euphorbia-ceae Oil, lubricants

Akh Saccharum officinarum

Gramineae Juice, herbal medicine

Zaitan/Akon √ √ √ Gyrocarpus ameracana

Gyrocarpaceae Herbal medicine , tooth brush

Katabor √ √ √ Fruits Ithali/Athali √ √ √ Fuel, tooth brush SHRUBS Choukudani √ - - Medicine, fuel Koiakacha √ √ - Fuel Nisinda √ Vitex negundo Verbenaceae Medicine, herbal

use Paddaguruj √ Tinospora

tomentosa Menispermiaceae Herbal use, sarbat

Bhaitgach/ Bhatiali gach

√ √ √ Clerodendrum viscosum

Verbenaceae Herbal medicine

Banjul - - √ Fuel, fence, herbal medicine

Hargoza √ Acanthus illicifoius Acanthaceae Herbal, fuel, fence Keyapata √ Pandanus foetidus Pandanaceae Mat, hand fan,

handicrafts Murta/ Sitalpati

√ Clinogyne dichotoma

Marantaceae Luxury mat

Siptipin/Chitki

√ Phyllanthus reticulatus

Euphorbiaceae Herbal use, fuel

Basak √ Adhatoda vasica Acanthaceae Herbal use Dholkalmi √ √ √ Ipomoea fistulosa Convolvulaceae Fuel, fence Bonpat/Jangli pat

√ Corchorus aestuans

Tiliaceae Fence , rope

HERBS Durba √ Cynadon dactylon Gramineae Medicine Banmula √ Herbal medicine Ouidda choppa

- √ √ Vegetable soup, fence, fuel

Biskatali Ploygonum hydropiper

Herbal use, fuel

Thankuni √ Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Medicine, smash , vegetable

Apang √ Achyranthes aspera

Amaranthaceae Herbal medicine

Bansarisha √ Rorippa indica Brassicaceae Herbal medicine, fuel

Botolgash √ Fence, fodder Ban-dhane Scoparia dulcis Scrophulariaceae Herbal medicine Dalgash √ Hydrilla Hydrocharitaceae Fodder, fuel

78

verticillata Heugegach √ Justicia gnnderosa Acanthaceae Fence, herbal

medicine Halud √ Curcuma

domestica Zingiberaceae Spices, medicine,

used in fesital Chirata √ Swertia chirata Acanthaceae Shati √ Curcuma zeodaria Zingiberaceae Herbal medicine ,

baby food Dhekirsak √ Dryopteris sp. Dryopteridaceae Vegetable Tulsi Ocimum sanctum Labiatae herbal medicine Dhutra √ - - Datura

stramonium Solanaceae Herbal medicine,

Poisonous Buno chai √ Gorashun/Bon roson

√ Crinum latifolium Amaryllidaceae Herbal medicine, fodder

Amrulsak √ Oxalis corniculata Oxalidaceae Herbal medicine, smash

Chini Kachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable Goch alu √ √ Dioscorea sp. Dioscoreaceae Vegetable, smash Mithakachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable, smash Bontulsi/ Babutulsi

Ocimum basilicum Labiatae Herbal medicine

Bathua sak √ Chenopodium album

Chenopodiaceae Vegetable

Bailla lata √ Mouchim √ √ Canavalia gladiata Leguminosae Vegetable Maska lata √ Herbal medicine Biral kata √ Callicarpa arborea Verbenaceae Herbal medicine Kanailala √ Fuel Climber Bispan √ Herbal medicine Kumarilata √ √ Smilax zeylanica Liliaceae Herbal medicine, Kailla lata √ Derris trifoliata Leguminosae Medicinal, fodder,

rope Bhui Kumar √ Ipomoea

mauritiana Convolvulaceae Herbal medicine

Banna lata Mikania scandens Compositae Cattle food, fuel Murmuira lata √ Abeti √ Flagellaria indica Flagillariaceae Basket, handicraft Telakucha √ Coccinia cordifolia Cucurbitaceae Medicinal use Dadhi pata/Dadmardan

√ Cassia alata Leguminosae Medicinal use

Pond-Wet land

Topapana √ Pistia stratiotes Araceae Cattle food, fuel,

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organic fertilizer Khudipana √ Lemna perpusilla Lemnaceae Fish food Bottle gash √ Fodder, Panikachu √ Colocasia sp. Araceae Vegetable Heus/chus √ Alternanthera

philoxiroides Amaranthaceae Fuel

Kachuripana √ Eicchornia crassipes

Ponterderiaceae Fuel/fodder

Tagarpana √ Fuel/fodder Kalmi √ Ipomoea aquatica Convolvulaceae Tilakpana √ Wolffia arrhiza Lemnaceae Fish meal Hoglapata √ Typha angustata Typhaceae Mat, hand fan. food,

rope Sapla √ Nymphaea

nouchali Nympheaceae Vegetables, fruits

Bonkachu √ Colocasia nymphaefolia

Araceae Vegetable

Chachkata √ Trapa bispinosa Trapaceae Fuel Biskachu √ √ Medicinal Binnachopa Vetiveria

zizanioides Gramineae Fence, thatching

Banbarali √ √ Vegetables, herbal medicine

Felun √ Pulse, fuel Lajja bati √ Mimosa pudica Leguminosae Barly √ Hordeum vulgare Gramineae Pathar kuchi √ Kalanchoe pinnata Crassulaceae Medicinal plant,

sarbat Nalkhagra Phragmites karka Gramineae Fence, fodder,

medicine Helipata √ √ Fence, Golpata √ √ √ Nypa fruticans Palmae

CULTIVATED VEGETABLES

Name K Ch Na Scientific Name Family YEAR ROUND

Bombai marich

√ √ √ Capsicum sp. Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot

Papaya √ √ √ Carica papaya Caricaceae Vegetables, smash Begun √ √ √ Solanum Solanaceae Vegetables, curry

80

melongena Chuna/ Chal kumra

√ √ √ Bennincasa hispida

Cucurbitaceae Curry, vegetables

Dharosh Hibiscus esculentus

Malvaceae Year round vegetables

Tomato Lycopersicon lycopersicum

Soloanaceae Year round vegetables

SUMMER Puisak(sada) Basella alba Basellaceae Leafy vegetables,

medicine Sashsa Cucumis sativus cucurbitaceae Vegetables,

medicine, morobba Rekha Fruits Data Amaranthus

viridis Amaranthaceae Leafy and stem

vegetables Bilati dhane √ Eryngium

foetidum Umbelliferae Spices, curry

masala, smash Misti alu Ipomoea batatus Convolvulaceae Tuber used as

vegetable, curry, fruit

Khara marich Capsicum frutescens

Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot

Khuitta marich

Capsicum frutescens

Solanaceae Spices, Salad, Hot

WINTER Bhutta Zea mays Gramineae Vegetables, fry,

flour Khet kumra Cucurbita pepo Cucurbitaceae Vegetables, curry,

smash Khiroi Cucurbita

moschata Cucurbitaceae Fruits

Pat sak Corchorus oletorius

Tiliaceae Leafy vegetables

Dhundul Luffa cylindrical Cucurbitaceae Vegetables Winter Dhane pata Coriandrum

sativum Umbelliferae Spice

Gol alu Solanum tuberosum

Solanaceae Vegetables

Jhinga Luffa acutangula Cucurbitaceae Vegetables Lau Lagenaria

vulgaris Cucurbitaceae Vegetables

Mula Raphanus sativus Brassicaceae Vegetables Lalsak Amaranthus

tricolor Amaranthaceae Vegetables

Barbati Vigna sinensis Leguminosae Vegetables

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VEGETABLES NON-CULTIVATED

Name K Ch Na Family Use YEAR ROUND

Kalmi - √ √ Ipomoea alba Convolvulaceae Leafy vegetables Thankuni √ √ √ Centella asiatica Umbelliferae Leafy vegetables,

smash Kachu √ √ √ Colocasia esculenta Araceae Stem as vegetables Kachur lati/boi

√ Colocasia sp. Araceae Used as vegetables

Haicha √ √ Alternanthera sissilis

Amaranthaceae Vegetable

Mankachu √ √ √ Alocasia indica Araceae Stem used as vegetables

Surmadani sak

Leafy vegetables

SUMMER Sapla √ √ Nyphaea nouchalli Nymphaeaceae Vegetables, curry,

fruits Helencha √ √ Enhydra fluctuans Compositae Leafy vegetables WINTER Bathua √ √ Chenopodium

album Chenopodiaceae Vegetables

Ghagra √ √ √ Xanthium indicum Boraginaceae Vegetables, soup, curry

Nonta/ nunuia sak

√ √ Portulaca oleracea Portulacaeae Vegetables

Gima sak √ √ √ Glinus oppositifolius

Molluginaceae Vegetables

Dheki sak √ - - Dryopteris sp. Dryopteridaceae Vegetables Kalai sak √ √ Lathyrus odoratus Leguminosae Leafy vegetables Chata sak √ √ Leafy vegetables

h- Deshi Banana (Atiaa Kola) S.N.- Musa

h- Tentul tree S.N.-Tamarindus indica

plant biodiversity Money Family

educati

Different vegetables

Local

ent quality Wind

protection

Festival Marriage Dowry Gift

Household utensils

House preparations

Boat

Bark Leaf Bamboo Stem,

Risk coverage