Hoofed AnimalsHoofed Animals

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The deer family is The deer family is cervidaecervidae. If the . If the family is anything other than cervidae, family is anything other than cervidae, it it is notis not in the deer family. in the deer family.

Kingdom: Animalia

Phylum: Chordata

Class: Mammalia

Order: Artiodactyla

Family: Cervidae

Genus: Odocoileus

Species: columbianus Doe and fawnDoe and fawn

YounYoungg

Black-tailed Black-tailed DeerDeer

Buck :Buck : only only males grow antlersmales grow antlers

Sexual Dimorphism: Found in the Pacific Found in the Pacific Northwest, especially in Northwest, especially in Oregon, Washington, and Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia. British Columbia.

Native to North AmericaNative to North America

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: : Forests and edgeForests and edge

FeedingFeeding: Blacktails are browsers: Blacktails are browsers in winter in winter and early spring and then mix in grasses and and early spring and then mix in grasses and a wide variety of herbs, as well as browse, in a wide variety of herbs, as well as browse, in summer and fall.summer and fall.

Distinguishing FeaturesDistinguishing Features:: --Smallest of the three native deer speciesSmallest of the three native deer species (mule, (mule, black-black- tailed, white-tailed).tailed, white-tailed).- - Antlers in forked pairsAntlers in forked pairs, like mule deer., like mule deer.- Almost no rump patch with - Almost no rump patch with wide, black-surfaced wide, black-surfaced tailtail..- Light face and muzzle but forehead not dark.- Light face and muzzle but forehead not dark.- - When startled will run with high, stiff-legged When startled will run with high, stiff-legged bouncebounce..

BreedingBreeding: Blacktails are polygamous.: Blacktails are polygamous. They use They use scent to locate each other during the breeding scent to locate each other during the breeding period.period. Males tend to follow one female at a time Males tend to follow one female at a time until breeding occurs or a larger male comes along until breeding occurs or a larger male comes along and displaces them.and displaces them.

Mule Deer

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: CervidaeFamily: Cervidae Genus: Odocoileus Species: hemionus

Found throughout the entire western Found throughout the entire western United States, including the four United States, including the four deserts of the American Southwest .deserts of the American Southwest .

Native to North AmericaNative to North AmericaBuckBuck

DoeDoe

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: : Brushy vegetationBrushy vegetation

FeedingFeeding: Mule Deer are : Mule Deer are browsersbrowsers and eat a great and eat a great variety of vegetable matter, variety of vegetable matter, including fresh green including fresh green leaves, twigs, lower leaves, twigs, lower branches of trees, and branches of trees, and various grasses. various grasses.

BreedingBreeding: Mule deer are polygamous.: Mule deer are polygamous. They use They use scent to determine when females are ready for scent to determine when females are ready for breeding.breeding. Males may gather groups of females Males may gather groups of females during peek breeding season and fight to defend the during peek breeding season and fight to defend the group.group. Distinguishing Features:Distinguishing Features:

- Large earsLarge ears that move constantly (like a that move constantly (like a mule)mule)- Peculiar and Peculiar and distinctive bounding leapdistinctive bounding leap- Dark foreheadDark forehead marking marking- Antlers in forked pairs on males onlyAntlers in forked pairs on males only

FawFawnn

Sika Deer – often called “Asian Elk”

They are inhabitants of Japan and live naturally They are inhabitants of Japan and live naturally throughout eastern Asiathroughout eastern Asia, , including parts of Korea, Siberia, China, Vietnam, Taiwan.    They have been They have been introduced inintroduced in New Zealand, Europe, Australia, and several US states, including Maryland, Virginia, Texas, several US states, including Maryland, Virginia, Texas, Oklahoma and WisconsinOklahoma and Wisconsin..

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: CervidaeFamily: Cervidae Genus: CervusSpecies: nippon

Cows or Hinds Bull or

Stag

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: : Forests or Marshy Forests or Marshy terrainsterrains

FeedingFeeding: Some sika deer are : Some sika deer are considered grazers while considered grazers while others are browsersothers are browsers. It depends on the geographic location. Sika deer feed on plants, grasses, marsh vegetation and agricultural crops.

BreedingBreeding:: Males are polygamouspolygamous and gather harems of females during the breeding season. They use a They use a “bugling” call and scent to attract females and defend “bugling” call and scent to attract females and defend their territory/haremtheir territory/harem.

Distinguishing FeaturesDistinguishing Features:: - Antlers sweep backwardAntlers sweep backward (males only)(males only)- Maintain spotsMaintain spots into adulthood- Flare a white rump patchwhite rump patch when alarmed- Males have a dark mane during the rut

Calves

Rocky Mountain Elk – also called “Wapiti”

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: CervidaeFamily: Cervidae Genus: CervusSpecies: elaphus

Today, about one million elk live in the western United States, Wisconsin, Michigan, Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Arkansas, Kentucky, Tennessee and North Carolina, and from Ontario west in Canada Elk are native to North Elk are native to North

AmericaAmerica

Bull with 3 CowsBull with 3 Cows

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: Woodlands with large open : Woodlands with large open areasareas

Feeding:Feeding: Elk are grazers. Elk are grazers. Elk prefer grass, but regularly feed on shrub and browse species during winter months.

Bulls in velvet

BreedingBreeding:: Elk are Elk are polygamous. Males use polygamous. Males use “bugling” vocalizations and “bugling” vocalizations and scent to attract a harem of scent to attract a harem of femalesfemales during the breeding season. They will fight to defend their harem.

Distinguishing FeaturesDistinguishing Features::- Much larger than deer or caribou.

Second largest member of the Second largest member of the

deer family.deer family.- Large, cream colored rumpcream colored rump patch- Both sexes have upper canine teeth called have upper canine teeth called “ivories”.“ivories”.- Males antlers sweep gracefully backMales antlers sweep gracefully back over the shoulders

Bull bugling

Calf

Moose

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: CervidaeFamily: Cervidae Genus: AlcesSpecies: alces

In North America, the moose range includes almost all of Canada (excluding the arctic), most of Alaska, northern New England and upstate New York, the Rocky Mountains, northeastern Minnesota, Michigan’s Upper Peninsula, and Isle Royale in Lake Superior. 

Bull

Moose are native to North Moose are native to North AmericaAmerica

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: Boreal forests & : Boreal forests & wetlandswetlands

FeedingFeeding: Moose are browsers.: Moose are browsers. During fall and winter, moose consume large quantities of willow, birch, and aspen twigs. During summer, moose feed on vegetation in shallow ponds and the leaves of birch, willow, and aspen.

BreedingBreeding: Moose are polygamous.: Moose are polygamous. The The bull moose will wallow in his own urine bull moose will wallow in his own urine during the breeding season.during the breeding season. The The scent scent attracts femalesattracts females. The . The bulls and the cows bulls and the cows both make vocalizations to attract each both make vocalizations to attract each otherother during breeding season. during breeding season.

Cow with calf

Distinguishing Features:Distinguishing Features:

-Largest member of the deer family

-Long legs

-HumpHump at the front shoulder bladesat the front shoulder blades

-Flap of skin on the neckFlap of skin on the neck called a dewlap or “bell” (Both sexes)

-Large palmate antlers on the males onlypalmate antlers on the males only

-Long nose with a drooping lipLong nose with a drooping lip

Bull moose

Caribou – also called Reindeer

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: CervidaeFamily: Cervidae Genus: RangiferSpecies: tarandus

Caribou are found in northern regions of North America, Europe, Asia, and Greenland. They are Native to North They are Native to North America.America.

Bulls

Distinguishing FeaturesDistinguishing Features::

- Caribou have large, concave hoofs used as snowshoes, large, concave hoofs used as snowshoes, paddles, and shovels.paddles, and shovels.

- Caribou are the only member of the deer family in which both sexes grow antlersboth sexes grow antlers. Antlers of adult bulls are large and massive; those of adult cows are much shorter and are usually more slender and irregular.

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: Old conifer forests & : Old conifer forests & tundratundra

Bulls grow palmate surfaces and a shovel between the eyes. These features do not appear on the female’s antlers.Bull Cow

BreedingBreeding: Caribou are polygamous: Caribou are polygamous. Bull caribou control a space around themselves, and prevent other bulls from breeding with females within their space. Caribou breeding season lasts for only one week. Scent is important to the Scent is important to the caribou during their breeding season.caribou during their breeding season.

FeedingFeeding: Caribou are grazing herbivores: Caribou are grazing herbivores. In summer, caribou eat the leaves of willows, sedges (grasslike plants), flowering tundra plants, and mushrooms. They switch to lichens, dried sedges and small shrubs for winter.

Found from southern Alberta and Saskatchewan, Canada, through the American plains states south to Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and into Mexico.

Pronghorn Antelope

Pronghorns are Native only to North Pronghorns are Native only to North AmericaAmerica

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: Family: AntilocapridaeAntilocapridae Genus: AntilocapraSpecies: americana

Buck, doe, and fawns

FeedingFeeding: Grazing herbivores: Grazing herbivores that generally feed on grass, sagebrush, and other vegetation.

BreedingBreeding: Pronghorns are : Pronghorns are polygamous.polygamous. Come spring, bucks start defending a territory and amassing a harem of 2-15 does. Scent is used to do this.Scent is used to do this.

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: Open sagebrush : Open sagebrush grasslandsgrasslands

Fawn

The male pronghorn's horns can grow to be 10 inches long with a forward-facing prong, or fork, giving the animal its name: pronghorn. Female pronghorn also have horns, but they are much smaller than the males', growing up to 6 inches long.

Distinguishing FeaturesDistinguishing Features::- wide, white stripes on their throatswhite stripes on their throats. - white rump patchwhite rump patch- have forked horns forked horns that shed each yearthat shed each year! - can sprint as fastfast as 60 mph and can sustain a speed of

30 mph for miles!- Eyes Eyes are unusuallyare unusually large, large, about 2 inches in diameterabout 2 inches in diameter- Both genders have hornsBoth genders have horns although the male's are much bigger than the female's. 

Doe Buck

Bison Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: BovidaeFamily: BovidaeGenus: BisonSpecies: bison

Prairies and woodlands in isolated pockets through midwestern Canada and the United States.

Bison are native to North Bison are native to North AmericaAmerica

BreedingBreeding:: During the breeding seasons males will bellowmales will bellow - a sound which may carry up to 3 miles. They are polygamousThey are polygamous and dominant bulls attempt to keep a small group of females for mating. Scent is also Scent is also importantimportant for communicating during breeding season.

FeedingFeeding: Bison are : Bison are year round year round grazersgrazers. They feed primarly on grasses, but when food is scarce, they will eat vegetation such as sagebrush.

Cow and calf

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: : Open grasslandsOpen grasslands

Distinguishing FeaturesDistinguishing Features: : 

- The shoulders are massive and humpedshoulders are massive and humped

- Have a huge head with a woolly foreheadwoolly forehead giving the head a mop-like appearance between the horns.  

- There is a beard beneath the chinbeard beneath the chin.  

- The short horns are present in both sexesshort horns are present in both sexes and arch backwards, outwards, and then upwards, curving slightly in at the blunt tips.

- The hair is longer in the front than in the rearhair is longer in the front than in the rear. The distinction between hair length is most noticeable in males.

Bull

Bighorn Sheep

Ranges from Nevada and California to west Texas and south into Mexico.

Bighorn sheep are Bighorn sheep are native to North Americanative to North America

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: BovidaeFamily: BovidaeGenus: OvisSpecies: canadensis

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: Grassy mountain slopes: Grassy mountain slopes

FeedingFeeding: Bighorn are : Bighorn are primarily grazersprimarily grazers, consuming grasses, sedges, and forbs, but will eat young twigs, leaves, and shoots when preferred food is scarce.

BreedingBreeding: Bighorn sheep are : Bighorn sheep are polygamous.polygamous. Males fight in head to head combat to establish breeding rights. Scent is usedScent is used to signal estrus.

Ram

Ewe with Lamb

Distinguishing FeaturesDistinguishing Features::- Split hooves are sharp-edged with soft middleshooves are sharp-edged with soft middles.

- HaveHave white rumps and muzzles white rumps and muzzles.

- Both sexes grow hornsBoth sexes grow horns.

A Rocky Mountain bighorn ram's horns can weigh 30 pounds (more than all the bones in his body combined). Females also have horns, but they are of smaller size.

Ram Ewe

Lamb

Mountain Goat

Kingdom: AnimaliaPhylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Artiodactyla Family: BovidaeFamily: BovidaeGenus: OreamnosSpecies: americanus

Mountainous regions in western Canada and the northwestern United States.

Native to North Native to North AmericaAmerica

Preferred HabitatPreferred Habitat: Steep, rocky cliffs: Steep, rocky cliffs

FeedingFeeding: Mountain goats graze: Mountain goats graze on grasses and forbs in summer. They also browseThey also browse on shrubs and conifers. Their diet is variable in the winter when they feed on mosses, lichens, grasses, shrubs, and conifers. BreedingBreeding:: Billies (male

goats) may travel considerable distances in search of receptive females (nannies). Mountain goats have a Mountain goats have a polygamous mating polygamous mating systemsystem. Both sexes have scent glands that are scent glands that are activeactive during breeding season.

Nanny with kid - Winter coat

Summer coat

Did You Know?From around the age of 22 months, it is possible to tell the age of a mountain goat by counting the number of rings on its horns!

Distinguishing FeaturesDistinguishing Features::- A small ridge of long, soft hair on the neck forms a humpa hump.  - A beardA beard is present on the chin in both sexes.  - The black eyes and noseblack eyes and nose contrast greatly with the otherwise white white head and bodyhead and body.  - Split hooves have sharp edges but hooves have sharp edges but soft soft middlesmiddles for gripping.- Can jump nearly 12 feetjump nearly 12 feet in a single bound. - The black, slightly curved horns black, slightly curved horns are are found in both sexesfound in both sexes

Billy in winter coat

In females the horns reach 9 inches in males about 12 inches. The horns of an adult female are more slender and bend back more sharply towards the tip. Sexes are extremely difficult to differentiate in the field unless the female is accompanied by a kid.

Nanny with kids (summer)

Kids

Billy (winter)

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