hormones that affect blood sugar. 2 parts of the endocrine system affect blood sugar levels –...
TRANSCRIPT
Into to Blood Sugar Levels
2 parts of the endocrine system affect blood sugar levels – cells in the pancreas and the adrenal glands
The pancreas contains 2 types of cells
1) Cells that produce digestive enzymes
2) Cells that produce hormones
The cells that produce hormones are located in structures called the islets of Langerhans – there are more than 200 000 islets with thousands of cells in each
The islet contains beta and alpha cells that make insulin and glucagon
Glucagon
In the liver, glucose is converted into glycogen which is the storage molecule of glucose – this allows blood sugar levels to return to normal
It is made by the alpha cells in the islet of Langerhans and is released when blood sugar levels are low
Insulin
Insulin is made in the beta cells and is released when blood sugar levels rise (when you eat)
The presence of insulin causes cells of the muscles, live and other organs to become more permeable to glucose
Glucagon and Insulin
Glucagon and insulin work together to maintain homeostasis
Insulin causes a decrease in blood sugar
Glucagon causes an increase in blood sugar levels
Diabetes
Diabetes is a disease where the body cannot produce insulin or not enough insulin or cannot use it properly
The blood sugar levels of these individuals rises and doesn’t decrease because of the lack of insulin – they need to take insulin injections to help their cells take in the glucose
What symptoms would you expect from an individual discovering they have diabetes?
Types of Diabetes
Type 1 – Diabetes Mellitus – when the pancreas cannot produce insulin because of degeneration of the beta cells – about 10%
Type 2 – adult on-set diabetes – when decreased insulin production or ineffective use of insulin produced – about 90%
Type 3 – gestational diabetes –temporary condition of some mothers during pregnancies – occurs in about 2% of pregnancies
Islet Cell Transplants
Let’s read page 480 together Write down a few notes about islet
cell transplants
Adrenal Glands
The adrenal glands are located above the kidneys
They are made of 2 glands in one shell
1) adrenal medulla – the inside gland – regulated by the nervous system
2) adrenal cortex – outer casing – regulated by hormones
Adrenal Medulla
Produces epinephrine (aka adrenaline) and norepinephrine (aka noradrenaline)
NOTE: epinephrine is produced by the nervous system and the adrenal medulla
Do you remember what the release of epinephrine is for?
It gets the body ready for stress
Adrenal Cortex
Produces 3 types of steroid hormones:1) Glucocorticoids - more info following2) Mineralocorticoids - help regulate
electrolyte and water balance3) Sex hormones – save for next unit
Glucocorticoids
-The glucocorticoids are associated with blood glucose levels and cortisol (a part of glucocorticoids) increases the level of amino acids in the blood to help recover from stress
The amino acids can be used as an energy source or used for protein synthesis including helping repair damaged cells
Glucocorticoids continued
Fat is also broken down into fatty acids which provides a second source of energy and conserves glucose
Cortisol causes glucose to not to be taken in by many cells (ex. Muscle cells) but not the brain – this helps during times of fasting
Stress Response – Long term
1) Brain identifies stressful situation2) The hypothalamus sends a
releasing hormone to the anterior lobe of the pituitary stimulating creation of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) (ACTH is a tropic hormone which targets another endocrine gland)
3) ACTH is carried in the blood to the target cells in the adrenal cortex
4) The adrenal cortex secretes mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids (including cortisol) which are carried to target cells in the liver and muscles
5) Cortisol levels rise within the hypothalamus and the pituitary decreases the production of regulatory hormones
Note: aldosterone is a mineralocorticoid – causes increased sodium retention and water reabsorption by the kidneys
Stress Response – Short Term
1) Brain identifies stressful situation2) Cells in hypothalamus send signals
to nerve cells in spinal cord3) Spinal cord cells stimulate adrenal
medulla to secrete hormones
4) Adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine5) Target organs physically respond to stress (ex. Breathing rate and blood flow)