horticulture update jim shrefler extension horticulturist okla. cooperative extension tulsa county...
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Horticulture Update
Jim ShreflerExtension HorticulturistOkla. Cooperative Extension
Tulsa County Master Gardener Training
February 2013
Plant and Care for Plants Correctly – Variety Selection
Use Resistant Varieties!!!!!– Especially for tomatoes
Use Adapted Varieties– What is working for experienced
growers?– OSU Recommendations
Oklahoman’s Guide to Fruits, Nuts & Vegetables
OSU Fact Sheet HLA 6032 for home gardening varieties
Seed Catalogs – Reputable Co.
Oklahoma Vegetable Trial Reports
What’s New Resourceshttp://www.hortla.okstate.edu/– Select “Industry and
Producers”– Select “Vegetable
Information”
2012 Vegetable Trial Report– Tomato trials for fruit set
in heat– Heirloom Tomato Trial
What’s New Resources
http://www.hortla.okstate.edu/– Select “Industry and Producers”– Select “Vegetable Information”
Extended Season Leafy Greens Report
What’s New Resources
Southeast US Vegetable Guide
http://www.thegrower.com/south-east-vegetable-guide/
What’s New Resources
http://www.hortla.okstate.edu/
Select “Oklahoma Mesonet”
Select “Horticulture”– Pecan– Peach– Several Vegetable Choices– Turfgrass
What’s New Resources
Greenhouse Tomato Short Course
Advance Registration is $150, by Feb 22
http://Msucares.com/crops/ghtsc
Tomatoes- General Needs
Fertile and very well drained soil
Full sunlight morning and through mid afternoon
Protection from wind – Helps prevent blossom end rot
Crop rotation with other plant families: i.e. Corn, beans, squash
Use only shallow cultivation for weeding established crops
Planting & Caring for Plants Correctly – Watering
Tomato as an example
Proper watering is important for:– Vigorous plant growth– Fruit set– Fruit quality– Disease prevention
Tomatoes - IrrigationNeeds 1-2 inches of water per week– Rainfall– Irrigation
Strive to keep soil moisture uniform– This can reduce blossom end rot– Avoid getting too dry– Mulch helps here
Deep, less frequent watering encourages deep rooting
Drip or trickle irrigation is ideal!
Bedding and Mulching
Bed for drainage & increased root zone
Black sheet mulches warm soil
White Sheet Mulches, paper, straw etc. cool soil
Pro’s and Cons of Mulching+ Reduce water loss from soil surface
+ Maintain more uniform soil moisture
+ Reduces weeding needs
+ Keeps soil off plants and produce
+Reduced disease problems
-- Additional production cost
-- Plastic mulch removal
-- Insects & varmints
Keys to Achieving an Early Tomato Harvest
Optimize Plant Environment (air & soil temperatures)
Early Maturing varieties
Transplant size
Avoid Excess Nitrogen
Use Best Management Practices to Minimize Plant Stress
Steve Upson, Noble Foundation, 2012 Oklahoma Statewide Vegetable Meeting, Chickasha
Potential of passive growing technologies for optimizing plant environmentPotential of passive growing technologies for optimizing plant environment
Mulch filmMulch film
Mulch film + row cover Mulch film + row cover
Mulch film + row cover + hoop houseMulch film + row cover + hoop house
HighHigh
LowLow
southern: March 7-13central: March 14-20northern: March 21-27
Suggested transplant dates for hoop house tomatoes in Oklahoma
Order Acari
Egg, larva, nymph, adult
Sucking pest
DS: larva, nymph, adult
OW: eggs, adults
Hosts: many vegetable crops
Spider Mites
Twospotted
spider mite
Warm (hot!) season pests
Monitor with white paper
Dislodge with a stream of water
IRRIGATE !!!!
Spider Mite Management
Spider Mite Management
Non synthetic chemical options– Insecticidal soaps– Summer oils– Naturalyte (spinosad) – Pyrellin (natural pyrethroid)
Toxic to beneficial insects
– M-Pede – OMRI ListedThorough coverage needed
Spider Mite Management
Synthetic chemical options– Acramite– Kanemite
Summer Squash - General Needs
Reasonably fertile and good drainage
Needs warm soil to germinate
Full sunlight
Crop rotation with other plant families: i.e. Corn, beans – Soil born diseases
Keep weeds controlled
Black Plastic For Early PlantingsZucchini squash planted May 1st in southern Oklahoma – plastic can make a difference due to soil warming. Use white plastic or organic mulch with later plantings to cool the soil.
Summer Squash – TransplantsTransplanted– Large rootball is not
needed– Use transplants 2-3
weeks old for early yield
Summer Squash – Plants & Spacing
Plant by seed or transplants
Space rows 5 to 6 feet and plants 3 feet apart in row
Direct seeded – watch for seed eating rodents!
Transplanted– Large rootball is not
needed– Use transplants 3-4
weeks old for early yield
Squash – Insect Pest Concerns
Insects – Cucumber beetles– Squash bug– Aphids– Vine borer
Overwintered adults mate and move to cucurbit plants– Prefer squash, pumpkin– Will go to watermelon,
muskmelon etc.
Colonize crops in spring, build up and spread to preferred cropsFeeding adults and nymphs inject toxic saliva that causes brown, dead vinesAssociated with Yellow Vine Disease
Squash Bug
Look for eggs and remove themPut out plywood boards; bugs will spend night underneath boardWill hide under mulchMaintain crop vigor proper watering & fertilization)Remove and destroy crop debris as soon as possible
Squash Bug Management
Squash Bug Management
Contact insecticides (adults and nymphs)– Natural pyrethroids
Anti-feedant and insect growth regulator (nymphs)– Neem oil and Extract products
Row covers – early season
Summer Squash – Planting systems
Raised Bed
Drip irrigation
Mulch– For weeds, moisture
control, cleanliness– Plastic for early harvest– Organic mulch with later
plantings
Cover with fine netting for insects - until flower
Usefulness of Row Covers for Insect Exclusion in Squash?
Is it practical?
Is it cost effective?
Are there drawbacks?
What are the potential benefits?
What are the specifics on when and how to use this technique?
Treatments
1. Install row cover at transplant and remove at 1st flower
2. Install row cover at transplant and remove 2 weeks after 1st flower
3. Apply insecticides when insects present
4. Untreated
Treatments
1. Install row cover at transplant and remove at 1st flower
2. Install row cover at transplant and remove 2 weeks after 1st flower
3. Apply insecticides when insects present
4. Untreated
Squash Yield by Plant Date- Total Fruits / 6 Plants -
Treatment May June July August
Cover until 1st flower 24 27 1 0
Cover & delay removal 39 17 1 0
Insecticide 92 99 7 0
Untreated 22 14 1 0
- Transplant at the start of each month- Harvest as long as possible (up to 12 wks)- Data is for plots with 6 plants (initially)