horwath & schonherr - 2012
TRANSCRIPT
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Cuprins Index of contents
Introducere
Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa in lume
1. Romnia i restul lumii
2. Situaia sectorului energiei eoliene n Europa
3. Situaia sectorului energiei eoliene n Romnia
Prevederi legale
1. Pregtirea proiectului de investiie i construcia
unei centrale electrice
1.1. Drepturile reale necesare pentru construirea
unei centrale electrice
1.2. Sistemul de carte funciar n Romnia
1.3. Situaii care ar putea mpiedica/ntrzia
proiectul de investiie
1.4. Autorizaia de construire
1.5. Planicare urbanistic i categorii de folosin
1.6. Prevederi cu privire la mediu
1.7. Racordarea la reea
1.8. Autorizaia de ninare
2. Operarea centralei electrice
2.1. Mediu
2.2. Licena de exploatare
2.3. Vnzarea de energie
3. Sistemul de promovare i tranzacionarea
certicatelor verzi
3.1. Reglementri legale
3.2. Cadrul general
3.3. Acreditarea
3.4. Emiterea de certicate verzi
3.5. Tranzacionarea si inregistrarea certicatelor verzi
3.6. Excesul de certicate verzi
3.7. Capaciti energetice cu puteri instalate mari
3.8. Supracompensarea
3.9. Cumulul de ajutoare
4. Legislaia Uniunii Europene privind industria
energiei regenerabile
1.
2.
Introduction
Wind energy in Romania, Europeand Worldwide
1. Romania and the World
2. Wind energy sector situation in Europe
3. Wind energy sector situation in Romania
Legal Regulations
1. Preparation of the investment project and
construction of a renewable energy plant
1.1. Real rights required for developing
a renewable energy plant
1.2. Romanian Land Register system
1.3. Issues that might impede/delay
the investment process
1.4. Building Permit
1.5. Zoning classication and land designation
1.6. Environmental regulations
1.7. Grid connection
1.8. Setting-up authorisation
2. Power plant operation
2.1. Environmental
2.2. Operational licence
2.3. Sale of energy
3. Support scheme and green certifcates trading
3.1. Legal provisions
3.2. General framework
3.3. Accreditation
3.4. Green certicates issuing
3.5. Green certicates trading and registry
3.6. Excess of green certicates
3.7. Large energy facilities
3.8. Overcompensation
3.9. Various investment aids and green certicates
4. European Union legislation as regards the
renewable energy industry
02
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05
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14
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27
28
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3.
4.
5.
Surse de nanare a investiiilor nenergia regenerabil
1. Programe conanate de catre EU
2. Granturi SEE i norvegiene
3. Fonduri naionale
4. Alte instituii care ofer nanri
pentru proiectele de parcuri eoliene
Constrngeri poteniale i perspective
1. Organizare societar
2. Capacitatea reelei i conectarea
3. Modicri ale specicaiilor tehnice
4. Protecia mediului
5. Proteste sociale
6. Limitrile infrastructurii
7. Durata procedurii
8. Impedimente n calea investiiilor
Romnia n contextul UE
9. Dispersia surselor
10. Probleme scale11. Protabilitatea energiei eoliene
Alte surse de energie regenerabil
1. Energia solar
2. Energia geotermal
3. Energia hidro
4. Biomasa
Lista abrevierilor
47
48
51
54
55
61
62
62
64
64
67
68
69
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7579
89
96
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99
Sources of nancing for renewableenergy investment
1. Programmes co-nanced by the EU
2. EEA and Norway Grants
3. National funds
4. Other institutions which offer nancing
for wind farm projects
Business limitations and prospects
1. Corporate
2. Grid capacity and connection
3. Amendments to technical specications
4. Environmental protection
5. Social protests
6. Infrastructural limitations
7. Length of procedure
8. Obstacles to investments
Romania in the context of the EU
9. Dispersion of sources
10. Tax issues11. The protability of wind energy
Other renewable energy sources
1. Solar energy
2. Geothermal energy
3. Hydro energy
4. Biomass
List of Acronyms
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IntroducereIntroduction
n ultimul deceniu, energia eolian a fost tehnologiacu cea mai rapid cretere din lume. Ritmul de cretere
cel mai mare a fost n Europa, Romnia stabilindu-i cu
fermitate poziia sa internaional ca o ar atractiv
pentru investitori. n ceea ce privete capacitile
instalate n cursul anului 2011, Romnia cu cei 520
MW de capacitate eolian suplimentar instalat, s-a
poziionat pe locul al aptelea, dup Germania, care a
instalat aproape 2.100 MW, urmat de Marea Britanie,
Spania, Italia, Frana i Suedia. Romnia, mpreun cu
Polonia, rmn printre primele zece cele mai mari piee
din Uniunea European pentru al doilea an consecutiv,
conform raportrilor Asociaiei Europene a Energiei
Eoliene, AEEE.
Potrivit unor surse din industria energiei regenerabile,
Romnia ii va dubla, probabil, capacitatea de energie
eolian n decursul acestui an, ntruct investitorii pot
accesa schema de sprijin pentru investiii n domeniul
industriei energiei regenerabile aprobat de ctre
Uniunea European. Se estimeaz creterea capacitii
eoliene instalate de la aproximativ 1.000 MW instalai
anul trecut pn la 2.000 MW la sfritul anului 2012.
Sursele regenerabile de energie devin din ce n ce mai
populare n ntreaga lume i, prin dezvoltarea sectorului
energiei eoliene, Romnia are anse s genereze energie
electric ecologic i cu emisii reduse, o securitate
energetic mai mare, putnd astfel ndeplini cerinele UE
cu privire la producerea de energie din surse regenerabile.
Romnia poate susine o capacitate instalat de
aproximativ 4.000 MW de energie eolian avnd n
vedere infrastructura actual i capacitatea de rezerv.
Acest nivel poate crete doar dac vor fcute
investiii suplimentare i noi uniti de producie vor
deveni operaionale.
Wind has been the fastest growing energy technologyin the world for the past decade. The pace of growth
has been greatest in Europe, and Romania has strongly
established its international position as an attractive
country for investors. In terms of annual installations
during 2011, Romania, with its 520 additional MW of
installed wind capacity, positioned itself as the seventh
best regional leader after Germany, which installed
almost 2,100 MW of new capacity, followed by the
United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, France and Sweden.
Together with Poland, Romania remains among the
ten largest European Union markets for the second
year running, according to the European Wind Energy
Association, EWEA.
According to renewable energy industry sources,
Romania will probably double its wind-power capacity
this year, as investors access European Union-approved
incentives for investment in renewable industry.
Installed wind power capacity will probably increase to
almost 2,000 MW by the end of 2012 in Romania, up
from around 1,000 MW at the end of last year.
Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly
popular worldwide, and through the development
of wind energy, Romania has a chance to achieve
ecological, low-emission electricity generation
and higher energy security, and to meet the EU
requirements with regard to energy generation from
renewable sources.
Romania can support an installed capacity of about
4,000 MW of wind power, based on its current
infrastructure and backup capacity. This may increase
if additional investment is made and new generating
units become operational.
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Chiar dac situaia n Romnia se mbuntete
treptat, starea infrastructurii de transport i a
procedurilor administrative de lung durat constituie
impedimente n punerea n funciune de noi parcuri
eoliene. Pe de alt parte, nevoia de dezvoltare intens i
modernizare a infrastructurii energetice creeaz condiii
pentru noi oportuniti de investiii.
Piaa energiei eoliene ofer locuri de munc, nu numai
n domeniul instalrii parcurilor sau al serviciilor. Din
ce n ce mai multe companii i afaceri au nceput s
desfoare operaiuni de cercetare i dezvoltare asociate
energiei regenerabile.
Producia de energie din surse regenerabile nu
reprezint numai electricitate modern, ecologic, cu
emisii poluante sczute, ci constituie, de asemenea, un
factor care contribuie la creterea independenei fa
de combustibilii fosili, care, indiferent de opinia noastr
despre ei, sunt limitai i n cele din urm vor epuizai.
Aceasta nu este doar o tendin trectoare necesitatea
de a utiliza surse regenerabile de energie a devenit un
imperativ chiar i pentru cele mai mari puteri economice
ale lumii.
Avnd n vedere interesul crescut privind protecia
mediului nconjurtor, reducerea polurii i schema de
sprijin, n ediia anului 2012 am inclus un nou capitol
referitor la alte surse regenerabile de energie (SRE),
cum ar energia solar, geotermal, biomas, hidro.
Ultimul capitol este dedicat acestor SRE.
Although the situation in Romania is improving, the
condition of the transmission infrastructure and the
increasingly lengthy administrative procedures still
obstruct the commissioning of new wind farms. On
the other hand, the need for intense development and
modernisation of the energy infrastructure is creating
grounds for new investment opportunities.
The wind energy market creates jobs, and not only in
areas related to wind farm installation and servicing:
there are an increasing number of companies and
businesses beginning to conduct research and
development operations related to renewable energy.
Energy generation from renewable sources
not only provides fashionable, ecological, low-
emission electricity, it also contributes to a growing
independence from fossil fuels, which, whatever our
opinion of them, are in limited supply and slowly being
depleted. And this is not just a passing trend: the need
for renewable energy sources has become clear even to
the worlds top economic powers.
In this 2012 edition we have included a new chapter
addressing other renewable energy sources (RES)
such as solar, geothermal, biomass, hydro energies,
provided the great interest of different stakeholders
in environmental protection, reduction of pollution
and the support scheme available. Our nal chapter is
dedicated to these RES.
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Energia eolian n Romnia,Europa i n lume
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Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa i lume/ Wind energy in Romania, Europe and Worldwide
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5Situaia la nivel mondial
Sectorul energiei eoliene nregistreaz o dezvoltare
dinamic la nivel mondial. n ultimii 1020 de ani, energia
eolian a devenit o surs important de electricitate
n anumite ri, care au intit spre o mbuntire a
independenei energetice i o limitare a emisiilor poluante.
La sfritul anului 2011 capacitatea total la nivel
mondial a parcurilor eoliene a ajuns la 237.669 MW. Chiar
n condiiile crizei, anul curent a nregistrat o cretere de20% pe piaa global anual, chiar dac acest nivel de
cretere este mai mic dect media ultimilor zece ani, de
aproximativ 28%.
Piaa eolian a crescut cu aproximativ 6% fa de 2010, i
cei 40,5 GW de energie eolian nou instalai anul trecut
reprezint investiii mai mari de 50 de miliarde de euro.
Fiind una din sursele alternative de energie, energia
eolian reprezint un substitut ecologic pentru
combustibilii fosili facilitnd o independen energetic
mai mare a rilor, limitnd importul de combustibili fosili.Dezastrul nuclear din Japonia i scurgerile de ulei din
Golful Mexic au atras atenia la nivel mondial cu privire la
sigurana utilizrii surselor alternative de energie.
China a devenit cel mai mare productor de energie
eolian la nivel mondial, conrmndu-i astfel implicarea
n utilizarea surselor de energie ecologice. China s-a clasat
pe primul loc n ceea ce privete capacitatea eolian
total instalat, aceasta ajungnd la 62.364 MW. China a
ninat noi parcuri eoliene, adugnd nc 17.631 MW
numai n decursul anului 2011.
n ceea ce privete capacitatea eolian instalat n Europa,
Germania s-a clasat pe locul nti cu 29.060 MW, urmat
de Spania cu 21.674 MW.
Germania a fost cea mai mare pia din UE n 2011
instalnd un plus de 2.086 MW. Marea Britanie a ocupat
locul al doilea cu 1.293 MW, incluznd 752 MW de
capacitate instalat pe mare, urmat de Spania (1.050
MW), Italia (950 MW), Frana (830 MW), Suedia (763 MW)
i Romnia (520 MW).
ntre pieele centrale i est- europene emergente,
Polonia, care a instalat 436 MW n anul 2011, s-a clasatn urma Romniei.
Worldwide
The wind energy sector is developing dynamically
worldwide. Over the past 10-20 years, wind energy
has become an important source of electricity for a
number of countries seeking to improve their energy
independence and limit emissions.
By the end of 2011 the aggregate global wind farm
capacity had reached 237,669 MW. Despite the
economic crisis, the current year has seen an increase of20% in the size of the global annual market, albeit this is
below the average of the last 10 years of around 28%.
The worldwide wind market has grown by some
6% compared with 2010, and the 40.5 GW of new
wind power brought on line last year represents an
investment of more than EUR 50 billion.
As an alternative energy source, wind energy provides
an ecological substitute for fossil fuels and facilitates
higher energy independence for individual countries,
limiting imports of fossil fuels. The nuclear disaster inJapan and the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico have drawn
global attention to the safety offered by the use of
alternative energy sources.
China has become the worlds top global wind energy
producer, thereby conrming its commitment in the
use of ecological energy sources. China was ranked rst
in terms of its total installed wind farm capacity with
62,364 MW. It also developed new wind farms with a
capacity of 17,631 MW during 2011 alone.
In terms of installed capacity of wind power plants in
Europe, Germany was ranked rst with 29,060 MW,
ahead of Spain with 21,674 MW.
Germany was the largest European wind energy market
in 2011, installing 2,086 MW of new capacity. The UK
came second with 1,293 MW, including 752 MW of
offshore capacity, followed by Spain (1,050 MW), Italy
(950 MW), France (830 MW), Sweden (763 MW) and
Romania (520 MW).
Among the emerging markets of Central and Eastern
Europe, Poland came second after Romania with436 MW of new capacity.
Romania and the World
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500
2010
ANRE NREAP REALITY
2011 2012 2013 20172014 20182015 20192016 2020
2000
3500
1000
2500
4000
Sursa:AREE/Source:RWEA
1500
3000
Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa i lume/ Wind energy in Romania, Europe and Worldwide
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Romnia
Energia eolian a preluat conducerea n rndul surselor
de energie alternativ din Romnia. Potrivit Autoritii
Naionale de Reglementare n domeniul Energiei (ANRE),capacitatea total a parcurilor eoliene n uz se ridica la
1.140 MW n aprilie 2012 fa de 982 MW n decembrie
2011, 469 MW n mai 2011 i 462 MW n decembrie 2010.
Piaa romneasc a energiei eoliene a cunoscut un
ritm rapid de cretere n vederea atingerii obiectivelor
europene, instalndu-se peste 1.000 MW pn la sfritul
celui de-al doilea trimestru al anului 2012, din care 448
MW instalai n 2010 i 520 MW instalai n 2011.
Cu toate acestea, pn la sfritul anului 2011 piaa
energiei eoliene era nc cu puin n urma estimrilor
ANRE i PNAER (Planul Naional de Aciune n DomeniulEnergiei din Surse Regenerabile), dup cum este
reprezentat n diagrama de mai jos:
Romania
Wind energy has taken the lead among alternative
energy sources in Romania. According to the Energy
Regulatory Authority (ANRE), the total capacity of windfarms in use amounted to 1,140 MW in April 2012,
compared with 982 MW in December 2011, 469 MW in
May 2011 and 462 MW in December 2010.
The Romanian wind energy market has made signicant
progress towards reaching European targets, with over
1,000 MW of installed wind capacity at the end of the
second quarter of 2012, of which 448 MW was installed
in 2010 and 520 MW in 2011.
However, by the end of 2011 the wind energy market
was still lagging slightly behind the estimates of
ANRE and the National Renewable Energy Action Plan(NREAP), as depicted in the chart below:
According to renewable energy industry sources,
Romania will probably double its wind power capacity
this year, as investors access European Union-approved
incentives for investment in the renewable industry.
Large international corporations have already invested
in wind farms in Romania, with manufacturers
following in their footsteps. The extremely attractive
production sector in terms of quality and the relatively
low labour costs facilitates the development of new
investment projects.
Romanias potential has been recognised, among other
sources, in the Ernst & Young report on Renewable
energy country attractiveness indices (February 2012).
The report ranked Romania 10th in the world with
regard to wind energy potential, after having previouslybeen ranked 12th.
Potrivit unor surse din domeniul industriei energiei
regenerabile, Romnia i va dubla, probabil, capacitatea
eolian n decursul acestui an, investitorii ncepnd s
aib acces la schemele de sprijin a industriei energiei
regenerabile aprobate de ctre Uniunea European.
Corporaii internaionale importante au investit deja n
parcurile eoliene din Romnia, productorii pind pe
urmele lor. Atractivitatea foarte mare a sectorului de
producie n contextul att al calitii, ct i al costurilor
relativ sczute ale forei de munc, faciliteaz dezvoltarea
de noi proiecte de investiii.
Potenialul Romniei a fost recunoscut, printre altele, n
raportul Ernst & Young despre indicii de atractivitate
a energiei eoliene pe ri (publicat n februarie 2012).
Studiul a clasat Romnia pe locul al zecelea n lume cu
privire la potenialul energiei eoliene, anterior situndu-se pe locul al doisprezecelea.
560
1250
1850
2450
2880
32003400 3400 3400 3400
3900
3400
4000
37503600
519
992
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Sursa:CGEE/Source:GWEC
Sursa:CGEE/Source:GW
EC
50000
2010 20111996 1997 2001 20061998 2002 20071999 2003 20082000 20052004 2009
200000
100000
250000
150000
[ MW ]
Europe North America Asia PacificAfrica & Middle EastLatin America0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
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Situaia sectorului energieieoliene la nivel mondialLa sfritul anului 2011, capacitatea total instalat
la nivel mondial s-a ridicat la mai mult de 237 GW. nciuda crizei, anul curent a cunoscut o cretere de 20%, cu
o cretere a dimensiunii pieei globale anuale de peste
6%. Potrivit CGEE (Consiliul Global al Energiei Eoliene),
aproximativ 75 de ri din ntreaga lume au instalat
capaciti de energie eolian. 21 dintre ele au trecut deja
peste nivelul de 1 GW.
The wind energy sectorsituation worldwide
At the end of 2011, the total installed capacity of
wind energy worldwide amounted to more than 237GW. Despite the economic crisis, the current year has
witnessed an increase of 20% against a change in the
global annual market increase of just over 6%. According
to the GWEC, about 75 countries worldwide have
installed commercial wind power and of these 21 have
already passed the 1 GW threshold.
Chinas total attainable capacity amounts to 62.3 GW,
which constitutes 26.2% of global resources. In second
place after China is the United States with 46.9 GW and
a 19.7% share in global capacity. Germany ranks third
with 29 GW and a 12.2% share.
Capacitatea total a Chinei s-a ridicat la 62,3 GW, ceea
ce nseamn 26,2% din resursele globale. Pe poziia a
doua a clasamentului, dup China, se a Statele Unite,
cu 46,9 GW i o cot de 19,7% din capacitatea pieei la
nivel mondial. Germania se a pe locul al treilea cu
29 GW i o cot de 12,2%.
Capacitatea eolian global cumulat 1996-2011
Capacitatea anual instalat pe regiuni 1996-2011
Global Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity 1996-2011
Annual Installed Capacity by Region 1996-2011
197,637
237,669
6,100 7,60023,900
74,052
10,200
31,100
93,820
13,600
39,431
120,291
17,400
59,09147,620
158,864
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Sursa:CGEE/Source:GWEC
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Capacitatea total a parcurilor eoliene la nivel mondial lasfritul anului 2011Global wind farm capacity at the end of 2011
According to the GWEC, in 2011 China recorded
substantial growth, adding a further 17,630.09 MW of
new wind capacity and imposing itself as the worlds
leading wind market with a total of 62,364.2 MW of
installed capacity by the end of the year.
Potrivit CGEE, n 2011 China a nregistrat o cretere
remarcabil adugnd 17.630,09 MW de capacitate
eolian, impunndu-se astfel ca lider pe aceast pia
cu un total de 62.364,2 MW instalai pn la sfritul
anului 2011.
araCapacitate eolian
n 2011 (MW)Procent 2011
Capacitate eolian
n 2010 (MW)Procent 2010
CountryWind capacity in
2011 (MW)Share 2011
Wind capacity in
2010 (MW)Share 2010
China China 62364 26.24% 44733 22.63%
SUA USA 46919 19.74% 40298 20.39%
Germania Germany 29060 12.23% 27191 13.76%
Spania Spain 21674 9.12% 20623 10.43%
India India 16084 6.77% 13065 6.61%
Frana France 6800 2.86% 5970 3.02%
Italia Italy 6737 2.83% 5797 2.93%
Marea Britanie United Kingdom 6540 2.75% 5248 2.66%
Canada Canada 5265 2.22% 4008 2.03%
Portugalia Portugal 4083 1.72% 3706 1.88%
Alte ri Other countries 32143 13.52% 26998 13.66%
TOTAL GLOBAL TOTAL WORLDWIDE 237669 100.00% 197637 100.00%
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30000
20000
45000
10000
35000
25000
15000
40000
Sursa:CGEE/Source:GWEC
Sursa:CGEE/Source:GWEC
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Capacitatea eolian instalat i dat spre folosin n anul 2011
Capacitatea eolian global instalat anual 1996-2011
New wind farm capacity released for use in 2011
Global Annual Installed Wind Capacity 1996-2011
The global annual installed wind capacity
increased by 4.47% in 2011 compared
with 2010, an improvement on the only
0.56% increase in 2010 compared with
2009. However, the global installation of
new wind capacity has slowed over the
last three years, following its largest ever
increase, in 2009, from 26.5 GW to 38.6GW, representing a rate of growth of just
over 45%.
The gures in the tables above are
affected by project decommissioning of
approximately 532 MW.
Capacitatea eolian instalat pe plan
mondial a nregistrat o cretere de 4,47%
n anul 2011 fa de 2010, comparativ cu
o cretere de doar 0,56% n 2010 fa de
2009. Cu toate acestea, ritmul punerii n
funciune a capacitilor de energie eolian
s-a redus n ultimii trei ani n comparaie cu
creterea cea mai semnicativ nregistrat
n 2009 fa de anul precedent, care a fost
puin peste 45%, de la 26,5 GW la 38,6 GW.
Cifrele din tabelele anterioare sunt
inuenate de un numr de proiecte
desinate nsumnd aproximativ 532 MW.
araCapacitate eolian
n 2011 (MW)Procent 2011
CountryWind capacity in
2011 (MW)Share 2011
China China 17631 43.5%
SUA USA 6810 16.8%
India India 3019 7.4%
Germania Germany 2086 5.1%
Marea Britanie UK 1293 3.2%
Canada Canada 1267 3.1%
Spania Spain 1050 2.6%
Italia Italy 950 2.3%
Frana France 830 2.0%
Suedia Sweden 763 1.9%
Alte ri Other countries 4865 12.0%
TOTAL GLOBAL TOTAL WORLDWIDE 40564 100.00%
38,828 40,564
1,280 1,530
6,500
15,245
2,520
7,270
19,866
3,440
8,133
26,560
3,760
11,5318,207
38,610
2010 20111996 1997 2001 20061998 2002 20071999 2003 20082000 20052004 2009
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Energia eolian n contextul crizei economice
Wind energy in the context of economic crisis
The global nancial crisis has contributed to the decline
in economic potential, and consequently investment by
international companies has been severely limited or
even postponed.
However, despite a drop in the gross national products
of most countries, investment in the renewable energy
sector has not fallen. It remained at the same level as
in the previous year, and in 2011 a substantial increase
was observed. Indeed, 2011 has been an advantageous
year for the global wind power market thanks to theefforts of certain national markets.
According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF),
global investment in clean energy reached a new high
of USD 260 billion in 2011 (from USD 247 billion in
2010), almost ve times the USD 53.6 billion amount
seen in 2004. The share of this investment moving to
emerging economies and developing countries has
risen dramatically in this period, from 19% in 2004
to 46% in 2011. The main factors that contributed to
this growth in investment are the new wind farms in
China and the installation of household solar panelsthroughout Europe. Among the developing countries, by
far the largest share of investment in renewable energy
has occurred in the three large emerging economies
of Brazil, China and India, which together account for
almost US$ 60 billion.
Investment attractiveness is also boosted by the
declining cost of wind farm construction. The average
price of a wind turbine has dropped by 18% per 1 MW
during the last two years and nearly one third since
2008, reecting the growing competition among
manufacturers.
Criza nanciar global a contribuit la declinul
potenialului economic i investiiile companiilor
internaionale au fost n mod semnicativ reduse sau
chiar amnate.
Cu toate c produsul intern brut s-a redus n
majoritatea rilor, investiiile n sectorul energiei
regenerabile nu au nregistrat scderi. Au rmas la
acelai nivel ca i n anul anterior. n schimb, n anul
2011 s-a remarcat o cretere substanial n acest tip
de investiii. 2011 a fost un an avantajos pentru piaamondial a energiei eoliene ca urmare a eforturilor
unora dintre pieele naionale.
Potrivit Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF),
investiiile globale n energie regenerabil au atins n
2011 un nou record de 260 miliarde USD (de la 247
miliarde USD n 2010), aproape de cinci ori mai mult
dect n 2004 (ca. 53,6 miliarde USD). Procentul din
aceast investiie n cazul economiilor emergente i
rilor n curs de dezvoltare a crescut semnicativ n
aceast perioad, de la 19% n 2004 la 46% n 2011.
Factorii cheie care au contribuit la creterea investiiilor
au fost parcurile eoliene din China i panourile solarede uz caznic instalate n ntreaga Europ. Printre rile
n curs de dezvoltare, de departe cea mai mare parte a
investiiilor n domeniul energiei regenerabile au fost
nregistrate n cele mai mari trei economii emergente
din Brazilia, China i India care nsumeaz aproape 60
miliarde USD.
Atractivitatea investiional este de asemenea
favorizat i de costurile n scdere privind construcia
de parcuri eoliene. Preul mediu al unei turbine a sczut
cu 18% pentru un MW n ultimii doi ani i aproape
cu o treime fa de 2008, reectnd intensicarea
concurenei n rndul productorilor de echipamente.
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The wind energy sector situationin Europe
During 2011, 10,281 MW of wind power was installed
across Europe, with European Union states accounting
for 9,618 MW of the total, very similar to the 9,648 MW
installed in 2010. Investment in EU wind farms in 2011
amounted to EUR 12.6 billion.
The total wind power capacity to be installed in the EU
by the end of 2011 will, in a normal wind year, produce
204 TWh of electricity, enough to meet 6.3% of overall
EU electricity consumption (up from 5.3% in 2010).
2011 was a record year for new power generation
installations in the EU, with 44.9 GW of new capacity
being added to the grid, a 3.9% increase compared
with 2010. Wind power accounted for 21.4% of the
new power installations, the third largest share after
solar PV panels (46.7%) and gas (21.6%). New coal
installations represented only 4.8% of newly installed
capacity, followed by fuel oil at 1.6%, large hydro, 1.3%,
and CSP, 1.1%. Nuclear, biomass, waste, geothermal andocean technologies each accounted for less than 1%
of new installations. 2011 also saw 6.3 GW of nuclear
capacity being decommissioned and over 1 GW of fuel
oil capacity taken ofine.
At the same time, more renewable generating capacity
was installed in the EU than ever before, with 32.1
GW of new generating capacity, with renewables
representing 71.3% of all new installations. This is the
fourth year running that renewables have represented
more than 50% of all new installed capacity.
Given the change of direction in German energy policy
i.e. the announced withdrawal from the nuclear energy
industry a further signicant increase in Germanys
involvement in the renewable energy sector is expected
with a particular focus on wind energy.
n cursul anului 2011, 10.281 MW de energie eolian
au fost instalai n ntreaga Europ, statele Uniunii
Europene realiznd 9.618 MW din totalul nregistrat,
nivel foarte apropiat de cei 9.648 MW instalai n 2010.
Investiiile din UE pe parcursul anului 2011 n industria
parcurilor eoliene s-au ridicat la 12,6 miliarde de euro.
Capacitatea total de energie eolian instalat n UE la
sfritul anului 2011 va produce pe parcursul unui an
obinuit 204 TWh de electricitate, sucient pentru a
satisface 6,3% din consumul total de energie electric din
UE (de la 5,3% n 2010). 2011 a fost un an record pentru
noile instalaii de producere a energiei electrice din UE,
cu 44,9 GW de capacitate energetic nou adugat la
reea, o cretere de 3,9% comparativ cu 2010. Energia
eolian a reprezentat 21,4% din instalaiile noi, a treia
mare pondere dup instalaiile solare fotovoltaice
(46,7%) i de gaze (21,6%). Instalaiile noi pe baz de
crbune au reprezentat doar 4,8% din capacitatea
adugat, combustibilul pe baz de ulei: 1,6%,hidrocentrale: 1,3% i energie solar concentrat: 1,1%.
Tehnologiile nucleare, biomas, deeuri, tehnologiile
geotermale i oceanice au reprezentat, ecare n parte,
mai puin de 1% din totalul noilor instalaii. n decursul
anului 2011, 6,3 GW de capacitate nuclear a fost scoas
din funciune i peste 1 GW de capacitate de combustibil
lichid a fost deconectat.
Concomitent, mai mult dect oricnd, capacitatea
de energie regenerabil instalat n UE a nregistrat
o cretere de 32,1 GW, regenerabilele reprezentnd
71,3% din totalul noilor instalaii. Este al patrulea an
consecutiv cnd energia regenerabil a reprezentat mai
mult de 50% din ntreaga capacitate nou instalat.
n contextul modicrilor direciilor generale ale
politicii energetice germane mai precis privind
anunul de retragere din industria energiei nucleare,
este de ateptat o cretere semnicativ a interesului
Germaniei pentru domeniul energiei regenerabile, cu
accent deosebit pe energia eolian.
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Puterea eolian instalat n Europa la sfritul lui 2011
Irlanda
Ireland1,631
Marea BritanieUK
1,631
SpaniaSpain
21,674
FranaFrance6,800
Belgia
Belgium1,078
OlandaNetherlands
2,328 GermaniaGermany29,060
Polonia
Poland1,616
RomniaRomania
982
TurciaTurkey1,799
UcrainaUkraine
151
LituaniaLithuania
179
LetoniaLatvia
31
NorvegiaNorway
520
SuediaSweden2,907
FinlandaFinland
197
RusiaRussia
n/a
Estonia184
Bulgaria612
CehiaCzech Republic
217
Austria1,084
CroaiaCroatia
131
GreciaGreece1,629
SlovaciaSlovakia
3
Ungaria
Hungary329
DanemarcaDenmark
3,871
ElveiaSwitzerland
46
ItaliaItaly
6,747PortugaliaPortugal
4,083
Wind power installed in Europe by the end of 2011
Sursa:AEEE/Sou
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5ara Creterea
capacitii (MW)
n 2011
Poziia privind
capacitatea
instalat
Capacitatea
cumulat la nal
de 2011 (MW)
Procent de
cretere (2010-
2011)
Procent n
capacitatea
UE27
Country Capacity
increase (MW) in
2011
Capacity
increase ranking
position
Aggregate
capacity at the
end of 2011 (MW)
Capacity change
(2010-2011)
Share in capacity
in EU27
Germania Germany 2086 1 29060 7.7% 30.9%
Marea Britanie United Kingdom 1293 2 6540 24.6% 7.0%
Spania Spain 1050 3 21674 5.1% 23.1%
Italia Italy 950 4 6737 16.4% 7.2%
Frana France 830 5 6800 13.9% 7.2%
Suedia Sweden 763 6 2907 35.6% 3.1%
Romnia Romania 520 7 982 112.6% 1.0%
Polonia Poland 436 8 1616 36.9% 1.7%
Portugalia Portugal 377 9 4083 10.2% 4.3%
Grecia Greece 311 10 1629 23.6% 1.7%
Irlanda Ireland 239 11 1631 17.2% 1.7%
Belgia Belgium 192 12 1078 21.7% 1.1%
Danemarca Denmark 178 13 3871 4.8% 4.1%
Bulgaria Bulgaria 112 14 612 22.4% 0.7%
Austria Austria 73 15 1084 7.2% 1.2%
Olanda Netherlands 68 16 2328 3.0% 2.5%
Cipru Cyprus 52 17 134 63.4% 0.1%
Estonia Estonia 35 18 184 23.5% 0.2%
Ungaria Hungary 34 19 329 11.5% 0.4%
Lituania Lithuania 16 20 179 9.8% 0.2%
Republica Ceh Czech Republic 2 21 217 0.9% 0.2%
Letonia Latvia 1 22 31 3.3% 0.0%
Finlanda Finland 0 23 197 0.0% 0.2%
Luxemburg Luxemburg 0 24 44 0.0% 0.0%
Slovacia Slovakia 0 25 3 0.0% 0.0%
Malta Malta 0 26 0 - 0.0%
Slovenia Slovenia 0 27 0 - 0.0%
UE 27 EU 27 9618 - 93950 11.4% 100.0%
Parcurile eoliene din Europa informaii statistice
European wind farm sector statistics
Sursa
:AEEE/Source:EWEA
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CEZ, the Czech Republics largest power producer, is
one of the largest investors in wind energy in Romania
thanks to its EUR 1.1 billion Fntnele-Cogealac wind
farm in the Constana region, near the Black Sea.
The wind farm currently has 388 MW of operationalcapacity, and CEZ plans to nish construction of the
entire 600 MW wind farm by the end of this year.
In May 2012, Monsson Group, a Romanian private wind
energy developer with a 2,400 MW portfolio of projects,
announced the sale of its 108 MW Crucea North Wind
Farm Project in Constana County to STEAG GmbH,
one of Germanys largest electricity producers. STEAG
will invest around EUR 200 million in this wind farm,
which will have 36 of 3MW wind turbines supplied byVestas. Crucea North will evacuate the electricity to
a new transformer station in nearby Stupina, which
will be connected to the 400kV Transelectrica high
voltage national grid. The new transformer station will
make it easier for further wind farms in the area to be
connected to the national grid. The project is planned
to be operational by the end of 2013, indirectly creating
around 100 new jobs.
In the second quarter of 2012, a Romanian consortium
signed agreements with the Chinese rm Sinovel WindGroup for the supply and servicing of equipment. The
consortium members C-Tech SRL and Rokura SRL are
planning to develop wind farms with a total capacity of
1,200 MW and their agreement with Sinovel runs until
2016, according to the Romanian Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Business Environment, whose representatives
went on an ofcial visit to China in May 2012.
At the beginning of 2011, Austrias largest energy
provider, Verbund, began construction of the rst
phase of a 200 MW wind farm in Casimcea, in the
Dobrogea area, a project estimated at EUR 300 million.
In 2012, there is a plan for the gradual commissioning
of the wind farm, which will ensure the production of
600 GWh of electricity, providing energy for 400,000
households. The investor also plans to install extended
capacities of 700 MW in the Topolog-Casimcea-Daeni-
Dorobanu region, on the border between Tulcea and
Constana counties. This project will be the largest
onshore wind farm in Europe, exceeding the capacity of
the planned CEZ investment in Fntnele-Cogealac.
CEZ, cel mai mare productor de energie din Republica
Ceh, este unul dintre cei mai mari investitori n
domeniul energiei eoliene din Romnia, investind
1,1 miliarde de euro n parcul eolian din regiunea
Constana, n apropierea Mrii Negre. n cadrulproiectului dezvoltat de CEZ la Fntnele Cogealac,
capacitatea operaional curent este de 388 MW.
Investitorul intenioneaz s nalizeze construcia
parcului eolian cu capacitate total de 600 MW pn la
nele anului n curs.
n mai 2012, grupul Monsson, un dezvoltator privat
romn de energie eolian, cu un portofoliu de proiecte
de capacitate total de 2.400 MW, a anunat vnzarea
proiectului parcului eolian Crucea Nord de 108 MW din
judeul Constana ctre STEAG GmbH, unul dintre cei
mai mari productori de electricitate din Germania.
STEAG va investi n jur de 200 milioane de euro n acestparc eolian, care va avea 36 de turbine a cte 3 MW
ecare, furnizate de Vestas. Crucea Nord va livra energia
electric la o staie de transformare nou n apropiere
de Stupina, care se va conecta la reeaua naional de
nalt tensiune de 400 kV a Transelectrica. Noua staie
de transformare va facilita altor parcuri eoliene din
zon conectarea la reeaua naional. Se preconizeaz
c proiectul va operaional pn la sfaritul anului
2013 i c va crea, n mod indirect, n jur de 100 de noi
locuri de munc.
n al doilea trimestru al anului 2012, un consoriu
romn a semnat acorduri cu grupul chinez Sinovel WindGroup pentru furnizarea de servicii i echipamente.
Membrii consoriului C-Tech SRL i Rokura SRL
intenioneaz s dezvolte parcuri eoliene cu o
capacitate total de 1.200 MW i contractul acestora cu
Sinovel se va derula pn n 2016, potrivit Ministerului
Romn al Economiei, Comerului i Mediului de Afaceri,
ai crui reprezentani au fost ntr-o vizit ocial n
China n mai 2012.
La nceputul anului 2011, cel mai mare furnizor de
energie al Austriei, Verbund, a demarat construcia
primei faze - de 200 MW - a parcului eolian din
Casimcea, Dobrogea, proiect estimat la 300 milioane
de euro. Conform planului, se preconizeaz punerea
treptat n funciune n 2012 a acestui parc eolian,
care va genera 600 GWh, asigurnd energie pentru
400.000 de gospodrii. Investitorul intenioneaz s
construiasc capaciti extinse de 700 MW n regiunea
Topolog Casimcea - Deni- Dorobanu, situat la
grania dintre judeele Tulcea i Constana. Proiectul
va cel mai mare parc eolian pe uscat din Europa,
depind capacitatea investiiei prognozate de CEZ la
Fntnele- Cogealac.
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Parcurile eoliene operaionale din Romnia sunt
localizate n special n Dobrogea, pe coasta Mrii Negre,
unde viteza medie a vntului poate atinge 7m/s, la o
altitudine de 100 m. Regiunea e plan i slab populat,
ceea ce face posibil instalarea unui numr mai mare
de turbine eoliene. Exist, de asemenea, alte dou
regiuni cu un potenial ridicat de energie eolian
n Romnia, i anume: Moldova i Cara Severin. La
sfritul anului 2011, 97% din capacitatea instalat a
fost n zona Dobrogei, n timp ce n 2012 s-a observat o
deplasare spre nord-estul rii.
n continuare prezentm o hart a proiectelor
operaionale (marcate cu verde), proiecte care au
deja un contract de racordare (marcate cu albastru) i
proiecte care au un aviz tehnic de racordare (marcate
cu rou).
Romanias operational wind farms are mainly located
in Dobrogea, on the Black Sea coast, where average
wind speeds can reach 7 m/s at an altitude of 100 m.
The region is at and sparsely populated, which makes
it possible to install a large number of wind turbines.
There are also two other regions with a high wind
power potential in Romania: Moldova and Cara Severin.
At the end of 2011, 97% of Romanias installed capacity
was in the Dobrogea area, while in 2012 there has been
a shift towards the North East of the country.
The following map shows operational projects (marked
in green), projects that already have a connection
contract (marked in blue) and projects that have a
connection permit (marked in red).
Zona MoldovaMoldova Area
Zona BanatBanat Area
Zona DobrogeaDobrogea Area
Sursa:AREE/Source:RW
EA
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ANRE2012
1850
2450
1975
2800-30002013
RWEA
Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa i lume/ Wind energy in Romania, Europe and Worldwide
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Potrivit estimrilor AREE, nivelul previzionat al
capacitilor eoliene instalate este ambiios avnd n
vedere planurile curente de investiii i trebuie susinut
de un plan sntos de mbuntire a reelelor electrice,
un plan clar pentru dezafectarea centralelor vechi iineciente pe baz de crbune, dar i un cadru juridic
stabil. Mai jos sunt estimrile AREE pentru 2012 i
2013, n comparaie cu cele ale ANRE.
Romnia are anse mari nu doar s utilizeze parcurileeoliene pentru a genera electricitate, dar de asemenea
i s prote n calitate de constructor de parcuri
eoliene sau productor de componente pentru
alte ri, sau din oferirea de servicii de transport.
Lund n considerare potenialul su tehnologic i
de dezvoltare, Romnia ar trebui s se atepte la o
cretere n urmtorii ani, n domeniul fabricrii de
componente pentru centrale electrice mai mult dect
din unitile electro-tehnice complexe.
GE 34%
Vestas 31.5%
Gamesa 17.9%
Nordex 2%
Fuhrlander 0.9%
Suzlon 0.8 %
According to RWEA estimates, the forecast for
installed wind capacities is ambitious given the
current investment plans and needs to be backed
up by a signicant grid improvement plan, a clear
plan for the decommissioning of old, inefcient coalpower plants and a stable legal framework. The RWEA
estimates for 2012 and 2013 are compared with those
of the ANRE below.
Romania has a real opportunity not only to usewind farms to generate electricity, but also to reap
the benets of being a constructor of wind farms
and wind farm components for other countries, as
well as offering transport services. Given its current
technological and development possibilities, Romania
should expect growth over the coming years to
come in the area of manufacturing the construction
components of power plants rather than their complex
electrotechnical systems.
Cotele de pia ale celor mai importani productori deturbine eoliene i ale furnizorilor din RomniaMarket shares of the leading wind turbines manufacturersand suppliers in Romania
Sursa:AREE/Source:RWEA
Sursa:AR
EE/Source:RWEA
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5Cu o capacitate instalat de 1.200 MW la jumtatea
anului 2012, industria romneasc de energie eolian
este nc n curs de dezvoltare, dnd n acelai timp
semne de maturitate.
De la ultima ediie a acestui raport, AREE s-a ocupat
de modelarea legislaiei relevante, indicnd nevoile
industriei E-SRE i subliniind, n special, necesitatea
unui cadru juridic stabil, previzibil pentru investitorii
din domeniul energiei eoliene.
Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului 88/2011 este
piesa nal a legislaiei primare pentru ca Legea 220 s
poat pe deplin aplicabil. Echipa AREE a contribuit
la mbuntirea aceastei ordonane de guvern din
momentul n care a fost emis pentru prima dat n
noiembrie 2011.
AREE salut modicarile introduse de prezenta lege
i consider c acesta este un prim pas spre crearea
unui mediu favorabil investitorilor. ntotdeauna va
loc pentru mbuntiri, anumite aspecte rmnnd
a claricate, dar n opinia AREE, perioada 2008-
2012 a demonstrat c n ciuda incertitudinilor, ctevacompanii foarte determinate au investit foarte mult
efort i bani n aceast pia n sperana obinerii unui
prot rezonabil. Aceste companii sunt deschiztorii de
drumuri care netezesc Romniei calea spre atingerea
obiectivelor propuse pentru anul 2020. Parcurile eoliene
operaionale din Romnia sunt deinute de ctre CEZ,
Enel Green Power, EDPR, GDF Suez, Monsson, precum i
de o serie de companii locale mai mici.
Acum, cnd piaa este mai experimentat i legislaia
corespunztoare este n vigoare, AREE se ateapt ca
nanrile s devin mai accesibile dect nainte, n
vedera susinerii dezvoltrii energiilor regenerabile.
AREE i-a propus o serie de proiecte pentru perioada
urmtoare, cum ar ntiinarea Comisiei Europene
despre noile dispoziii legale din Romnia i asupra
legislaiei secundare n special privind funcionarea
pieei intra-zilnice. n numele sectorului energiei
eoliene, AREE supravegheaz ecare detaliu din
legislaie, cunoscnd din experien ce impact uria
poate avea un concept defectuos pentru o decizie de
investiie. AREE i dorete ca investitorii s decid n
favoarea Romniei, pentru a ne bucura de o surs de
energie curat pe de-o parte i de taxe suplimentarepentru bugetul de stat, proiecte CSR mai mari i o
cretere a bugetelor comunitilor din zonele rurale, pe
de alt parte.
With an installed capacity of 1,200 MW as of mid-2012,
the Romanian wind energy industry is still emerging
while showing signs of maturity.
Since the last edition of this report, the RWEA has
been working to shape the relevant legislation, stating
the needs of the E-RES industry and in particular
highlighting the need for a stable, predictable legal
framework for wind energy investors.
Emergency Government Ordinance 88/2011 is the nal
piece of primary legislation needed in order for Law 220
to become fully applicable. The RWEA team has been
working to improve this government ordinance ever
since it was rst issued in November 2011.
The RWEA welcomes the changes introduced by this
law and considers it the rst step towards creating
an investor-friendly environment. There will always
be room for improvement, and some issues remain
to be claried, but in the RWEAs opinion the 2008-
2012 period has demonstrated that, despite all theuncertainties, a handful very determined companies
have invested a lot of effort and money into this market
with the hope of obtaining a reasonable return on
investmen. These companies are the pioneers that are
paving the way for Romania to achieve its 2020 targets.
The operational wind farms in Romania are owned by
CEZ, Enel Green Power, EDPR, GDF Suez, Monsson as
well as a number of smaller local players.
Now that the marked is more experienced and the
corresponding legislation is in place, the RWEA expects
nancing to become more accessible than before,
supporting the further development of renewables.
The RWEA has set itself a number of objectives for
the coming period, such as notifying the European
Commission of the new legal provisions in Romania
and following up with the secondary legislation and the
market regulations, especially in terms of the intraday
market. On behalf of the wind energy sector, the RWEA
keeps an eye on every comma in a regulation, having
learnt what a huge impact a faulty concept can have
for an investment decision. The RWEA wants investors
to decide in favour of Romania, so that Romania will be
able to enjoy a source of clean energy on the one handand additional taxes for the state budget, larger CSR
projects and increased local community budgets in rural
areas, on the other.
President, RWEA
INTE
RV
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Prevederi legale / Legal Regulations
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Prezenta seciune trateaz o serie de aspecte juridice n
legtur cu investiiile n energie regenerabil din Romnia,
precum i din Uniunea European i cuprinde trei pri.
Primele dou pri expun reglementrile legislaieiromneti cu privire la regimul juridic al imobilelor, la
autorizaiile necesare i la legislaia de mediu aplicabile
construirii i operrii unei centrale de producere a
energiei electrice din surse regenerabile. Partea a treia
analizeaz dezvoltarea domeniului energiei regenerabile
n contextul mai larg al reglementrilor europene.
This section focuses on several legal aspects of
renewable energy investments in Romania, as well as
within the European Union, and consists of three parts.
The rst two parts deal with Romanian real estate,regulatory and environmental regulations applicable
to the construction and the operation of a renewable
energy plant. The third part places Romanian
renewable energy development within the larger
context of EU regulations.
1.1 Drepturile realenecesare pentru construireaunei centrale electricePrimul pas n implementarea unui proiect de investiii
pentru o central electric l reprezint obinerea
locaiei necesare amplasrii acesteia. Conform
dreptului romnesc, pentru construcia oricrei
capaciti energetice este necesar obinerea unei
autorizaii de construire. Aceast autorizaie de
construire se acord doar n baza unui drept real asupra
terenului pe care urmeaz a construit capacitatea
energetic. Astfel, investitorii care doresc s dezvolte
o central electric n Romnia, au n general dou
modaliti principale pentru dobndirea dreptului real
solicitat n vederea emiterii autorizaiei de construire,
respectiv (i) obinerea dreptului de proprietate asupra
terenului sau (ii) obinerea dreptului de supercie
asupra terenului, precum i alte drepturi reale cu privire
la teren, cum ar dreptul de uz, dreptul de servitute,
dreptul de uzufruct, etc.
1.1 Real rights required fordeveloping a renewableenergy plantThe rst stage when implementing an investment
project is obtaining the location for erecting the energy
plant. Under Romanian law, a building permit is needed
to build any facility for the production of energy. The
building permit is granted only if a specic real right to
the land on which the energy plant is to be erected is
proved. Under Romanian law there are generally two
main ways for investors to hold the specic in rem right
required for a building permit, namely (i) an ownership
title to the land or (ii) a supercies right to the land,
as well as other real rights to the land, such as right of
usage, right of easement, usufruct, etc.
1. Preparation of the investmentproject and construction of arenewable energy plant
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1.1.1 Dreptul de proprietate
Conform dreptului romnesc, titularul dreptului de
proprietate dispune de un drept absolut de a folosi
i de a dispune de proprietatea sa, fr limitare ntimp. Acest drept l include i pe acela de a edica n
subsolul, pe sau deasupra terenului construcii sau
orice alte structuri permanente sau temporare.
Dreptul de proprietate se dobndete de regul n
baza unui contract ncheiat pentru validitate n form
autentic. Cu toate acestea, dup nalizarea lucrrilor
cadastrale pentru ecare unitate administrativ
teritorial i deschiderea crilor funciare pentru
terenurile respective, dreptul de proprietate asupra
terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se va dobndi
att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin
nscrierea dreptului de proprietate n cartea funciarn baza contractului prin care s-a agreat transferul
dreptului de proprietate.
Dac n prezent dreptul de proprietate poate dovedit
prin orice nscris ce atest proprietatea, Codul Civil
prevede c dovada dreptului de proprietate asupra
imobilelor nscrise n cartea funciar, se va face cu
extrasul de carte funciar1.
Cu anumite excepii, dobndirea dreptului de
proprietate asupra terenurilor n Romnia este n
prezent limitat persoanelor zice sau juridice romne.
Cu toate acestea, ncepnd cu 1 ianuarie 2012, ceteniiunui stat membru UE nerezideni n Romnia, apatrizii
nerezideni n Romnia cu domiciliul ntr-un stat
membru UE, precum i persoanele juridice nerezidente
constituite n conformitate cu legislaia unui stat
membru UE, pot dobndi dreptul de proprietate asupra
terenurilor n Romnia pentru reedine secundare,
respectiv sedii secundare. Totui, obinerea dreptului
de proprietate asupra terenurilor agricole, pdurilor
i terenurilor forestiere este restricionat cetenilor
strini i persoanelor juridice strine pn la mplinirea
a 7 ani de la aderarea Romniei, deci pn la 1 ianuarie
2014. n ciuda acestor restricii, strinii pot deine
dreptul de proprietate asupra terenurilor n Romnia
prin intermediul societilor comerciale nregistrate de
acetia n Romnia.
1 Aceast prevedere va aplicabil doar dup ncheierea lucrrilorcadastrale pentru ecare unitate administrativ - teritorial.
1.1.1 Ownership right
The ownership right under Romanian law offers the
owner an absolute right to use, encumber and sell
the real property without limitation in time. This alsoincludes the right to build on the real property any
building or other type of structure, either permanent
or temporary.
The ownership right is usually established by way of
agreement executed in notarised form for validity
purposes. Nevertheless, after completion of cadastral
works for each administrative-territorial unit and
opening of Land Registers for relevant lands, the
ownership right to lands registered with the Land
Register shall be transferred between the parties, as
well as towards third parties, only upon registration
of the ownership right with the Land Register on thebasis of the agreement contemplating the transfer of
ownership right.
While currently an ownership right may be proved by
way of any attesting ownership documents, the Civil
Code provides that the proof of ownership right to real
estate subject to registration with the Land Register
shall be made with the excerpt from the Land Register1.
With some exceptions, direct access to ownership
right to lands is currently limited to Romanian
individuals or entities. Nevertheless, starting 1
January 2012, the foreign persons EU membersnatural or legal entities non-resident in Romania
may acquire the ownership rights to land in Romania
for secondary residences/ secondary head ofces.
However, with respect to the agricultural lands,
forests and forestry lands, the ownership right thereto
may be acquired by foreign citizens or legal entities
provided that a 7 year period has elapsed from the
completion of Romanias accession process, namely on
1 January 2014. Despite all restrictions, foreigners can
hold ownership title to lands in Romania through their
companies registered in Romania.
1 This provision shall be applicable only after completion of the cadas-tral works for each administrative-territorial unit.
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1.1.2 Dreptul de supercie
Dreptul de supercie const n: (i) dreptul de a avea sau
de a edica o construcie pe, deasupra sau n subsolul
terenului deinut n proprietate de o alt persoan; (ii)dreptul de proprietate asupra construciei i (iii) dreptul
de folosin asupra terenului pe care se a amplasat
construcia. Dreptul de supercie permite delimitarea
ntre dreptul de proprietate asupra terenului i dreptul
de proprietate asupra construciei ridicate pe, deasupra
sau n subsolul terenului proprietatea altei persoane.
Codul Civil limiteaz durata dreptului de supercie la
maximum 99 de ani, cu posibilitatea de prelungire.
Un drept de supercie se constituie de regul n baza
unui contract ncheiat, pentru validitate n form
autentic. Cu toate acestea, dup nalizarea lucrrilorcadastrale pentru ecare unitate administrativ
teritorial i deschiderea crilor funciare pentru
terenurile respective, dreptul de supercie asupra
terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se va dobndi
att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin nscrierea
dreptului n cartea funciar n baza contractului prin
care s-a constituit dreptul de supercie.
n ciuda similitudinilor dintre dreptul de supercie
i dreptul de proprietate, nu exist restricii impuse
strinilor cu privire la dobndirea unui drept de
supercie asupra terenurilor n Romnia.
1.1.2.1 Dreptul de supercie vs. dreptul de
folosin (locaiune)
Orice drept de supercie include dreptul de a folosi
suprafaa de teren ocupat de construcia amplasat
pe teren. Dac proprietarul unui teren acord unui ter
dreptul de folosin n baza unui contract de locaiune
ori n baza altei convenii, terului nu i va permis, din
punct de vedere legal, s construiasc pe acel teren.
Cu alte cuvinte, autoritile competente nu vor emite
autorizaia de construire n baza unui drept de folosin
obinut n baza unui contract de locaiune.
1.1.3 Uzufructul
Potrivit dreptului romnesc, uzufructul const n
dreptul cuiva de a se folosi de i a culege fructele
bunului ce aparine altei persoane, att timp ct prin
acestea nu se aduce atingere substanei bunului.
Uzufructul este un drept real asupra proprietii altuia,
limitat ca durat. Dreptul de uzufruct constituit n
favoarea unei persoane zice poate cel mult viager iar
cel constituit n favoarea unei persoane juridice poate
avea o durat de cel mult 30 de ani.
1.1.2 Supercies right
A supercies right consists of: (i) the right to have or to
erect a building on or under the land owned by another
person; (ii) the ownership right over the building; and(iii) the right to use the land pertaining to the building
(drept de folosinta). The supercies right allows for
delimitation between the ownership to the land and the
ownership to the building erected on or under the land
owned by somebody else.
The Civil Code limits the duration of a supercies right
to a maximum of 99 years, with a prolongation option.
A supercies right may be established by way of agreement
executed in notarised form for validity purposes, under
sanction of nullity. Nevertheless, after completion ofcadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit and
opening of Land Registers for relevant lands, the supercies
right to lands registered with the Land Register shall be
transferred between the parties, as well as towards third
parties, only upon registration of the supercies right
with the Land Register on the basis of the agreement
contemplating the establishment of the supercies right.
Despite all legal similarities between the supercies
right and the ownership right, foreigners are in no way
restricted from directly holding supercies rights to
lands in Romania.
1.1.2.1 Supercies right vs. right of use (lease)
Any supercies right includes a right of use over the plot
of land on which the building has been erected. If the
owner of a land grants to a third party only the right of
use through a letting/lease or other kind of agreement,
the third party will not be allowed from a legal point
of view to build any permanent structure on that land.
A third party whose right of use to the land is based
only on a letting/lease agreement will not be granted
permits to build on that land.
1.1.3 Usufruct
Pursuant to Romanian law, the usufruct is the legal right
to use and derive prot or benet from property that
belongs to another person, as long as the substance of
the property is preserved. The usufruct is a real right
of limited duration on the property of another. The
usufruct established in favour of a natural person may
have a maximum duration equal with the lifetime of the
usufructuary while the usufruct established in favour of a
legal person may have a duration of maximum 30 years.
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Titularul unui uzufruct, cunoscut i sub denumirea de
uzufructuar, are dreptul de a folosi i de a se bucura de
bun i de a obine prot din fructele bunului.
Uzufructul poate constituit prin convenie ncheiat,pentru validitate, n form autentic. Cu toate acestea,
dup nalizarea lucrrilor cadastrale pentru ecare
unitate administrativ teritorial i deschiderea
crilor funciare pentru terenurile respective, dreptul de
uzufruct asupra terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar
se va dobndi att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai
prin nscrierea dreptului de uzufruct n cartea funciar
n baza contractului prin care s-a constituit.
Drepturile de uzufruct constituite nainte de 1
octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp 30 de ani iar
drepturile de uzufruct constituite dup 1 octombrie
2011 odat cu intrarea n vigoare a noului Cod Civil, sesting prin neuz timp de 10 ani.
1.1.4 Drepturile convenionale i legale
de uz i de servitute
Dreptul de uz este similar celui de uzufruct, astfel cum
este descris la pct. 1.1.3. de mai sus. Titularul dreptului
de uz are dreptul de a folosi i de a se bucura de bunul
afectat, precum i dreptul de a culege fructele bunului
ns doar n limitele necesare lui i familiei sale.
Dreptul de servitute faciliteaz beneciarului dreptul
de acces pe proprietatea altei persoane, pentruasigurarea utilitii unui teren nvecinat, ce aparine
unui alt proprietar.
Pentru accesul la capacitatea energetic, n timpul i
dup nalizarea lucrrilor de construcie ori pentru
traseul reelelor electrice care traverseaz proprietatea
terilor, dezvoltatorul trebuie s dein drept de
servitute pe terenurile afectate de cile de acces sau de
reelele electrice.
Constituirea servituilor de trecere este valabil doar
dac beneciarul obine n acest scop un certicat de
urbanism (pentru detalii a se vedea pct. 1.3.6 de mai
jos). Drepturile de servitute constituite nainte de 1
octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp de 30 de ani,
n timp ce drepturile de servitute constituite dup 1
octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp de 10 ani.
n funcie de stadiul de dezvoltare a centralei eletrice,
dreptul de uz i de servitute pot constituite (i) prin
ncheierea unui contract n form autentic sau (ii) n
baza legii. Cu toate acestea, dup nalizarea lucrrilor
cadastrale pentru ecare unitate administrativ
teritorial i deschiderea crilor funciare pentru
The holder of a usufruct, also known as the usufructuary,
has the right to use and enjoy the property, as well as the
right to receive prots from the fruits of the property.
A usufruct may be established by an agreement executedin notarised form for validity purposes. Nevertheless, after
completion of cadastral works for each administrative-
territorial unit and opening of land registers for relevant
lands, the usufruct to lands registered with the Land
Register shall be transferred between the parties, as well as
towards third parties, only upon registration of the usufruct
right with the Land Register on the basis of the agreement
contemplating the establishment of the usufruct right.
The usufruct rights established before 1 October 2011
extinguish for 30 years of non-use while the usufruct
rights established after 1 October 2011, once with the
entry into force of the new Civil Code, extinguish for 10years of non-use.
1.1.4 Conventional and statutory right
of usage and easements
The right of usage is quite similar to the usufruct as
described under point 1.1.3 above. The holder of the right of
usage has the right to use and enjoy the affected property,
as well as the right to receive prots from the fruits of the
property within the limits required for himself and his family.
The easement right enables the beneciary to have access
to the property held by another person, aimed to ensurethe utility of a neighbouring land held in ownership by a
different person.
For access to the energy plant during and after the
nalisation of the construction works or for the route
of the electric cables that cross third parties properties,
the investor must hold rights of easement to the lands
crossed by the access ways or the cables.
The establishment of passage easements is valid only if
the beneciary obtains rst an urbanism certicate (for
details please see point 1.3.6 below). The easement rights
established prior to 1 October 2011 extinguish for 30
years of non-use while the easement rights established
after 1 October 2011, once with the entry into force of the
new Civil Code, extinguish for 10 years of non-use.
Depending on the stage of development of the renewable
energy plant, the rights of usage or the easements may be
established (i) by executing a private notarised agreement
or (ii) by virtue of law. Nevertheless, after completion of
cadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit
and opening of land registers for relevant lands, the
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terenurile respective, drepturile convenionale de uz i de
servitute asupra terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se
vor dobndi att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin
nscrierea dreptului de uz, respectiv de servitute n cartea
funciar n baza contractelor prin care s-au constituitaceste drepturi.
n funcie de stadiul de dezvoltare al capacitii
energetice, se va face distincie ntre perioada de timp
cuprins pn la obinerea autorizaiei de ninare i
perioada de timp ulterioar obinerii autorizaiei de
ninare. nainte de obinerea autorizaiei de ninare,
dezvoltatorul poate benecia de drepturile de uz i
servitute doar n baza unui contract n form autentic
ncheiat cu proprietarul terenului afectat. Dezvoltatorul
poate benecia prin lege de drepturile menionate doar
dup obinerea autorizaiei de ninare.
Menionm c n funcie de regimul juridic al terenurilor
ce vor afectate de traseul reelelor electrice, nainte
de obinerea autorizaiei de ninare trebuie urmrite
anumite proceduri speciale de securizare a terenurilor
afectate de reelele electrice.
Drepturile de uz i de servitute acordate n baza legii
sunt prevzute n Legea energiei electrice i a gazelor
naturale nr. 123/20122(Legea Energiei), ce acord
dezvoltatorului drepturi de uz i servitute asupra
terenurilor aate n vecintatea capacitilor energetice.
Dreptul de uz acordat n baza Legii Energiei se exercit pedurata necesar executrii de lucrri n vederea realizrii,
relocrii, desinrii, sau retehnologizrii capacitii
energetice, ct i pentru intervenii n caz de avarie.
Drepturile de servitute legale pot de trecere subteran,
de suprafa sau aerian pentru instalarea, respectiv
desinarea reelelor electrice sau altor echipamente
aferente centralei electrice, precum i pentru acces la
locul de amplasare al acestora.
Drepturile de uz i servitute asupra proprietilor statului
i ale unitilor administrativ-teritoriale afectate de
centrale electrice se realizeaz cu titlu gratuit pe toat
durata existenei acestora, n timp ce pentru exercitarea
drepturilor de uz i servitute asupra terenurilor aate
n proprietate privat, Legea Energiei prevede reguli
speciale, detaliate la pct. 1.1.4.1. de mai jos.
2 Legea energiei electrice i a gazelor naturale nr. 123/2012, publicat
n Monitorul Ocial, Partea I, nr. 485, din data de 16 iulie 2012 i intrat nvigoare la 19 iulie 2012
conventional right of usage and easement rights to lands
registered with the Land Register shall be transferred
between the parties, as well as towards third parties, only
upon registration of the rights with the Land Register
on the basis of the agreements contemplating theestablishment of the right of usage and easement right.
Depending on the stage of development of the energy
plant, distinction should be made between the
period prior to obtaining the setting-up authorisation
and the period after obtaining the setting-up
authorisation. Prior to obtaining the setting-up
authorisation, the developer may benet from the
right of usage or easements only by executing private
notarised agreements. The developer may benet by
virtue of law from the mentioned rights only after
obtaining the setting-up authorisation.
Depending on the legal status of lands to be affected
by the route of the electric cables, before obtaining
the setting up authorization, certain specic
authorization procedures for securing said affected
lands should be observed.
The rights of usage and the easements granted by virtue
of law are regulated by Law no. 123/2012 on energy
and natural gas2(the Energy Law), which grants the
developer certain rights of usage or easements over
plots of land surrounding the energy plant.
The right of usage granted on the basis of Energy Lawmay be exercised during the period required for the
erection, relocation, dismantling or modernization
of the energy capacity, as well as for interventions
in case of damage. The statutory easements may be
underground, terrestrial or aerial passage easements
required for installing and removing electric cables and
other equipments belonging to the energy plant, as well
as for access to their location.
Such rights affecting land owned by the State and local
authorities are granted free-of-charge during the entire
lifespan of the energy plant, while those affecting third
owners properties follow specic rules stipulated by
Energy Law, as detailed under point 1.1.4.1 below.
2 Law no. 123/2012 on energy and natural gas, published in the Roma-
nian Ofcial Gazette no. 485 of 16 July 2012 and entered into force on 19July 2012.
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1.1.4.1. Exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute
asupra terenurilor aate n proprietatea privat
a terilor, astfel cum este reglementat n Legea
Energiei i n Hotrrea de Guvern nr. 135/ 2011
n vederea stabilirii termenilor i condiiilor n care
dezvoltatorul poate exercita drepturile legale de uz i
servitute, proprietarii terenurilor afectate de aceste
drepturi pot solicita dezvoltatorului s ncheie convenia-
cadru, astfel cum este aprobat n anexa la Hotrrea de
Guvern nr. 135/20113(HG 135). Durata conveniei va
acoperi de principiu, att perioada necesar executrii
centralei electrice, ct i perioada ulterioar de
ntreinere i funcionare a centralei electrice.
n toate cazurile n care se vor ncheia astfel de
convenii, cuantumul maxim al indemnizaiei la care
sunt ndreptii proprietarii n schimbul afectriiterenurilor se va stabili prin negociere de ctre pri,
cel mult la nivelul chiriei minime pe m 2stabilite
de ctre administraia public local n a crei raz
teritorial se a terenul pentru folosina unui teren
din aceeai categorie i se calculeaz numai pentru
suprafaa de teren ce urmeaz a efectiv afectat de
exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute. n situaia n
care la nivelul administraiei publice locale n a crei
raz teritorial se a terenul nu exist stabilit un
nivel al chiriei minime pe m2, cuantumul indemnizaiei
va determinat de ctre un evaluator autorizat n
condiiile legii, ales de comun acord de ctre pri, al
crui onorariu va acoperit de ctre dezvoltator.
Pe lng indemnizaie, proprietarii terenurilor afectate
de exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute vor
despgubii pentru prejudiciile cauzate de realizarea
centralei electrice, prejudicii ce vor evaluate avndu-
se n vedere anumite criterii (e.g. suprafaa de teren
afectat de lucrrile prevzute n convenie; tipurile de
culturi i plantaii existente pe terenul afectat la data
ncheierii conveniei; valoarea produciei afectate de
lucrrile efectuate de dezvoltator; etc.).
Vor benecia de indemnizaii, respectiv de despgubiri
i proprietarii terenurilor afectate de exercitarea
drepturilor de uz i de servitute care la data intrrii
n vigoare a Legii Energiei aveau n derulare convenii
privind exercitarea acestor drepturi reale ncheiate n
condiiile legii.
3 Hotrrea de Guvern nr 135/2011 pentru aprobarea regulilorprocedurale privind condiiile i termenii referitori la durata, coninutul ilimitele de exercitare a drepturilor de uz i servitute asupra proprietilorprivate afectate de capacitile energetice, a conveniei-cadru, precum i
a regulilor procedurale pentru determinarea cuantumului indemnizaiilori a despgubirilor si a modului de plat a acestora, publicat n MonitorulOcial al Romniei, partea I, nr. 236, din 05 aprilie2011.
1.1.4.1 Exercise of rights of usage and
easements over third owners properties,
as provided under the Energy Law and
Governmental Decision no. 135/2011
In order to set the terms and conditions under which the
developer may exercise the statutory rights of usage and
easements, the owners of affected lands may request
the developer to execute the framework agreement as
approved in the annex to Governmental Decision No.
135/20113(GD 135). The duration of the agreement will
cover, in principle, the necessary period required to erect
the energy plant, as well as the necessary period required
for the maintenance and operation of the energy plant.
In all cases where agreements will be executed, the
maximum amount of compensation to be paid to the
owners is to be established by the parties, but not higherthan the level of minimum rent established by the local
scal authority per sqm of land having the same category,
and shall be calculated only for the surface of land
directly affected by the rights of usage and easement
rights. Where no minimum rent is established by the local
scal authority, the amount of compensation is to be
determined by an authorised expert chosen by the parties
and paid by the developer.
Besides the compensation, the owners of lands
affected will be indemnied for any damages caused
by the energy plant, damages to be determined with
consideration to a series of criteria (e.g. the surface
of land affected by the works agreed upon under
the agreement; the types of culture and plantation
existing on the affected land at the execution date of
the agreement; the value of production affected by the
works performed by the developer; etc.).
The owners of the lands affected by the rights of usage
and easement rights, that have ongoing agreements
regarding the exercise of these rights upon the entry
into force of Energy Law, shall also benet from said
indemnities and compensation.
3 Government Decision no. 135/2011 for the approval of the proceduralrules on conditions and terms of duration, content and limits of rights ofusage and easement rights over private properties affected by energy ca-pacities, the framework agreement, as well as for determining the amount
of compensations and indemnities and the payment method thereof,published in the Romanian Ofcial Gazette no. 236 of 5 April 2011.
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In case of an ongoing agreement between the parties,
pursuant to GD 135 and the Energy Law, the owners of
the affected lands have the option to request for a new
contract observing the form and content of the agreement
approved by GD 135 to be executed with the developer.According to Article 16 (7) of the Energy Law, the developer
is bound to execute the agreement no later than 30 days
after the request addressed by the owners of affected
lands. However, neither GD 135 nor the Energy Law provide
(i) a sanction in case developers do not reply to the land
owners request or do not agree on the amendment of
the already in-force agreement, respectively (ii) if a legal
deadline is to be met by the land owners in order to request
the conclusion of the agreement.
1.2 Romanian land register
systemIn relation to the real rights on real property in
Romania, opposability/transfer of said rights is
also important.
Under the current Land Register system any
establishment, transfer or limitation of rights
pertaining to real property is generally effective
between the parties upon signing the underlying
agreement (e.g.the transfer deed). The lack of
registration following execution of a transfer deed
does not prevent ownership transfer or establishment
of other real rights; however, this transfer will not beopposable towards third parties until registration with
the Land Register.
The statutory easement rights and the rights of usage
granted on the basis of Energy Law are opposable
towards third parties without being required
registration with the Land Register.
The Romanian Land Register system will face some
changes in the future. Pursuant to the Civil Code, the
entries in the Land Register will have a constitutive
effect and real rights will not be transferred prior to
their legal registration with the Land Register. Rights
will rank according to the date, hour and minute of their
registration applications4.
4 These provisions of the Civil Code will apply only to those agreementsexecuted /rights established after the entry into force of the new CivilCode, namely after 1 October 2011, and only after the completion of the
cadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit and registration ofthe lands with the Land Registers.
n cazul existenei un contract deja ncheiat ntre pri,
conform HG 135 i Legii Energiei, proprietarii terenurilor
afectate au opiunea de a solicita ncheierea unui nou
contract, care s aib forma i coninutul conveniei
anexate HG 135. Conform art. 16 alin. 7 din LegeaEnergiei, dezvoltatorii sunt obligai s procedeze la
ncheierea conveniei-cadru n termen de maximum
30 de zile de la solicitarea proprietarilor. Cu toate
acestea, att HG 135 ct i Legea Energiei nu prevd (i)
o sanciune n cazul n care dezvoltatorii nu rspund
cererii proprietarilor de terenuri, sau nu sunt de acord
cu modicrile contractului care este deja n vigoare,
respectiv (ii) un termen legal n cadrul creia proprietarii
de terenuri pot solicita ncheierea contractului.
1.2 Sistemul de carte
funciar n RomniaOpozabilitatea/ transferul drepturilor reale asupra
imobilelor n Romnia este strns legat de sistemul
crii funciare.
Sub actualul sistem al crii funciare, orice constituire,
transfer sau limitare a drepturilor cu privire la
imobile opereaz ntre pri, ca regul, prin semnarea
contractului, respectiv a actului de transfer. Lipsa
nregistrrii ulterioare a acestor contracte sau acte
de transfer nu mpiedic transferul dreptului de
proprietate sau constituirea altor drepturi reale; cu
toate acestea, cu anumite excepii, un astfel de transfersau constituire de drepturi nu va opozabil terilor
dect n momentul nregistrrii n cartea funciar.
Drepturile de uz i de servitute acordate n baza Legii
Energiei, avnd caracter legal, sunt opozabile terilor
fr necesitatea nscrierii acestora n cartea funciar.
n viitor sistemul crii funciare va suferi o serie de
modicri. Potrivit Codului Civil, nscrierile n cartea
funciar vor avea efect constitutiv de drepturi, n sensul
n care drepturile reale asupra imobilelor nscrise n
cartea funciar se vor dobndi, att ntre pri ct
i fa de teri, numai prin nscrierea lor n cartea
funciar. nscrierile n cartea funciar i vor produce
efectele de la data nregistrrii cererilor, inndu-se ns
cont de data, ora i minutul nregistrrii acestora4.
4 Prevederile Codului Civil se vor aplica doar acelor contracte ncheiate/drepturi constituite dup intrarea n vigoare a noului Cod Civil, respectivdup 1 octombrie 2011, i doar dup ce lucrrile cadastrale vor ncheiate
pentru ecare unitate administrativ-teritorial i crile funciare vor fostdeschise pentru terenurile n cauz.
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Prevederi legale / Legal Regulations
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1.3 Situaii care ar puteampiedica/ntrzia proiectulde investiie
1.3.1 Proprietatea public
Conform dreptului romnesc, imobilele deinute de
stat i unitile administrativ-teritoriale se mpart n
dou categorii: imobile aate n proprietate public,
cele care aparin domeniului public i imobile aate n
proprietate privat, ce aparin domeniului privat.
Importana de a ti n care dintre aceste categorii este
inclus terenul necesar pentru co