hot spots and frameworks – patterns, risks and causes of crime

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Hot Spots and Frameworks – Pa3erns, risks and causes of crime Paul Ekblom

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Page 1: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Hot  Spots  and  Frameworks  –  Pa3erns,  risks  and  causes  of  crime  

Paul  Ekblom  

Page 2: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Discourses  for  talking  about  crime  problem  •  Wickedness,  blame,  criminal  responsibility  •  Offender  pathology  –  not  bad  but  sick  or  mad  •  Societal  pathology  –  blame  social  structure,  parents    •  Empirical  –  studying  pa;erns  in  crime  –  to  target  ac<on  

•  RaBonal  –  causes  and  risk  factors  –  Immediate  and  remote  causes  of  criminal  events  – Offender-­‐oriented  and  situaBonal  (the  view  of  the  offender  v  the  view  from  the  offender)  

•  Quality  of  life  –  percep<ons,  amenity,  community  safety  

Page 3: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Discourses  for  talking  about  crime  problem  

•  The  raBonal  discourse,  &  focus  on  immediate,  situaBonal  causes,  is  most  aligned  with  those  design  solu<ons,  which  centre  on  reducBon  of  risk  of  criminal  events  and  improving  quality  of  life  

•  Important  therefore  to  understand  pa3erns  in  crime,  percepBons  of  crime  and  consequences  of  both;  causes;    risk  

Page 4: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Pa;erns  

Page 5: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Zooming  in  on  crime  •  Crime  preven<on  research  suggests  it’s  important  to  be  problem-­‐specific  and  context-­‐specific  in  tackling  crime  

– Not  just  crime  but  theK  

– …  Not  just  theK  but  theK  of  luggage  (target)  at  airports  (place)  

– ….  At  Heathrow  T5  

•  So  we  need  to  undertake  data  collecBon  &  analysis  to  discover  what  crimes  occur,  where    

Page 6: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Time  Place  

Crime type  

Offender  

Victim  

Crime target  

Modus operandi  

Problem  space:  a  map  of  symptoms  

Page 7: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Zooming  in  on  crime  –    concentra<ons  and  hot  spots  

•  Crimes  don’t  occur  at  random  but  cluster  – At  certain  <mes  of  day,  week,  season  

– In  certain  places  – On  certain  vic<ms  (repeat  vic<misa<on)    

– On  certain  products  • Makes  sense  to  concentrate  preven<ve  efforts  on  these  (80-­‐20  rule)  

Page 8: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Crime  concentra<on  –  Bag  theK  in  bars  

www.grippaclip.com/crime-­‐science-­‐methodology/risk-­‐analysis-­‐forms/  

Page 9: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Toronto  –  Assault  

Page 10: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Toronto  –  Stolen  vehicle  

Page 11: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Toronto  –  Break  and  enter  

www.cbc.ca/toronto/features/crimemap/  

Page 12: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Hot  Spots  –  more  detail  

Page 13: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Actual  and  Perceived  theK  risk  in  a  bar    

Page 14: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Hot  property  –  bag  theK  

Page 15: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Understanding  crime  –  risks  and  causes  

Page 16: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Crime  risk  has  3  aspects  

Possibility  –  nature  of  criminal  event  

Who  does  what  illegal  act  to  whom/what?  

Probability  of  event  How  likely  is  it  to  happen?  

Harm  from  event  

What  is  the  harm?  

When  does  it  happen  –    immediate                                or  knock-­‐on?  

To  whom  and/or  to  what?  

What is crime risk?

Page 17: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Causes  of  crime  –  offender  Crimes  happen  when  offenders  

•  Present  in  crime  situa<on  

•  Alert  to  crime  opportunity  

•  Have  the  right  resources  (skills,  tools,  perpetrator  techniques  etc)  to  do  the  crime  

•  Ready  to  offend  –  mo<va<on/emo<on  

•  Lack  the  resources  to  avoid  crime  (self-­‐control,  employability  for  honest  jobs)  

•  Have  a  criminal  predisposiBon  

Page 18: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Causes  of  crime  –  Situa<on  A  range  of  theoreBcal  approaches  focusing  on  ‘the  view  from  the  offender’  

•  PragmaBcs  –  crimes  happen  when  there  is  nothing  to  block  offender  from  taking  or  damaging    something/  injuring  someone  –  eg  absence  of  walls,  property  vulnerable  to  damage  

•  RaBonal  Choice  Theory  –  psychological  opportunity  –  crimes  happen  when  offender  perceives  risk,  effort  sufficiently  low  and  reward  sufficiently  high  

•  RouBne  AcBviBes  Theory  –  ecological  opportunity  –  crimes  happen  when  likely  offender  encounters  suitable  target  in  absence  of  capable  guardians  

–  Offender  could  simply  be  colliding  with  opportunity  (places  as  crime  generators,  eg  more  pickpocke<ng  where  more  people  happen  to  meet)      

–  Or  ac<vely  seeking  out  favourable  places    for  crime  (crime  a3ractors,  eg  places  where  surveillance  is  poor,  guardianship  low,  escape  easy)  

Page 19: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Causes  of  crime  –  Situa<on  A  range  of  theoreBcal  approaches  focusing  on  ‘the  view  from  the  offender’  

•  Pa3ern  Theory  –  ecological  opportunity  –  understanding  of  nodes  and  paths  in  the  environment  that  direct  people’s  movements  and  make  these  encounters  happen  

•  Precipitators  –  crimes  happen  when  human  and  physical  environment  influences  immediate  offender  emoBon  and  moBvaBon  in  situa<on  –    

–  Prompt,  permit,  pressure,  provoke  criminal  behaviour  

–  Once  emo<on/mo<va<on  aroused,  opportunity  factors  influence  realisa<on  of  crime  

Page 20: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

It’s  all  very  complicated…  

•  Especially  where  offenders  and  preventers  are  engaged  in  an  arms  race    eg  over  vehicle  security,  hacking  

•  Designers  don’t  want  to  mess  around  with  all  these  theories,  which  have  different  focus,  different  terminologies,  different  coverage  of  phenomena  

•  But  we  can  simplify  the  causes  and  put  them  in  a  single  unified  framework,  which  helps  you  to  ‘think  thief’    

–  ie  to  combine  user-­‐centred  with  abuser-­‐centred  approach  and  to  be  user-­‐friendly/abuser-­‐unfriendly  

Page 21: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Map of causes of crime: the Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity

Page 22: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

CCO  framework  helps  you  flip  between  understanding  causes  and  designing  preven<ve  interven<ons  based  on  high-­‐level  principles  

(hence  design  freedom)  

Page 23: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

A  Crime  PrevenBon/  Community  Safety    IntervenBon    

Reduced crime  

Intervention in cause  

Disruption of Conjunction of Criminal Opportunity  

Decreased risk of crime events  

Wider benefits  

Page 24: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Map of Crime Prevention Principles – from situational to offender-oriented intervention

Page 25: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Misdeeds  and  Security  framework  goes  from  crime  in  general  to  

specific  kinds  of  risk  associated  with  some  product,  place  or  service  

Page 26: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Misdeeds  &  Security  framework  –    Types  of  criminal  behaviour    associated  with  

some  product,  place  or  service  

Mistreatment  (damage)  

Misappropria<on  (theK)  

Mishandling  (eg  fraud,  counterfeit)  

Mistake  (false  alarm)    

Misuse  (eg  as  tool)  

Misbehaviour  (nuisance,  conflict)  

Page 27: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

‘Hot  Products’  approach  takes  you  from  par<cular  crime  risks  to  the  

risk  factors  that  underlie  it  

Page 28: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Zooming  in  on  Misappropria<on  –  Targe<ng  the  targets  of  theK  

•  Important  to  direct  our  preven<ve  effort  to  where  it  makes  most  difference  –  cost  effecBveness  

•  Various  approaches  have  been  developed  to  forecast  which  types  of  product  (for  example)  are  at  greatest  risk  of  theK  –  then  build  in  security  into    

– Packaging  and  marking  

– Sales  or  user  environment  

– Protec<ve  behaviour  and  alertness  of  users  – Product  itself  

Page 29: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Hot  Products  –  Characteris<cs  of  TheK  Prone  Goods  

•  Concealable  (no<ce  if  large  items  are  being  taken)  

•  Removable  (easy  to  remove)  

•  Available  (burglars  do  not  spend  much  <me  in  a  house)  

•  Valuable  (some  targets  are  more  valuable)  

•  Enjoyable  (burglars  do  not  tend  to  steal  kitchen  items)  

• Disposable  (sold  or  traded)  

Page 30: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Risky  facili<es    •  Documented  examples  of  risky  facili<es  (from  60  Steps  guide)  

– Convenience  stores  –  US  na<onal  survey  found  6.5  percent  of  convenience  stores  experience  65  percent  of  all  robberies    

– Gas  StaBons  –  10%  of  Aus<n,  Texas  gas  sta<ons  accounted  for  more  than  50%  of  calls  for  driveoffs  and  drug  crimes  in  1998-­‐1999.  

– Banks  –  4%  of  U.K.  bank  branches  have  rates  of  robbery  four  to  six  <mes  higher  than  other  banks  

– Schools  –  8%  of  Stockholm  schools  suffered  50  percent  of  the  violent  crimes  reported  in  the  1993-­‐4  school  year  

– Bus  stops  –  9%  of  the  shelters  at  bus  stops  in  Liverpool  experienced  more  than  40  percent  of  the  vandalism  incidents  

– Parking  –  in  Nomngham,  just  one    car  park  (The  Royal  Moat  House)  accounted  for  about  25%  of  the  415  crimes  reported  for  all  19  city  centre  car  parks  in  2001  

Page 31: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Risky  facili<es  –  why?  

•  Random  Varia<on  –  fluke  •  Repor<ng  prac<ces  –  some  places  report  oKen  

•  Many  targets  inside  the  facility  

•  May  specialise  in  selling  hot  products  –  e.g.  Electronics  store  

•  Loca<on  –  in  high  crime  area  

•  Repeat  vic<misa<on  

•  Crime  a;ractors  –  favourable  condi<ons  for  crime  

•  Poor  management  

Page 32: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Hot  Services?  

A  bit  more  complicated...  

•  Legality  of  service  

•  Access  to  customers  

•  Ease  of  tracking  offenders  

•  Scale  of  opera<on  

Page 33: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Mistreatment  –  Target  buildings  for  Terrorism  –  Risk  factors    (Clarke  and  Newman  2006)  

•  Exposed  •  Vital  •  Iconic  •  Legi<mate  • Destruc<ble  • Occupied  • Near  •  Easy  

Page 34: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

More  Risk/Protec<ve  Factor  Acronyms  –  theK  again  

•  Criminocclusive  proper<es:    Mobile  phone  design      

•  IN  SAFE  HANDS  –  Iden<fiable  –  Neutral  –  Seen    –  A;ached    –  Findable  –  Executable  –  Hidden    –  Automa<c    –  Necessary    –  Detectable  –  Secure  

Whitehead  et  al.  2008  

•  Criminogenic  proper<es:  Fast  moving  consumer  goods    

•  Expansion  of  ‘Disposable’  in  CRAVED:        AT  CUT  PRICES    –  Affordable  –  Transportable  –  Concealable    –  Untraceable  –  Tradeable  –  Profitable  –  Reputable  –  Imperishable    –  Consumable    –  Evaluable  –  ShiKable  

Gill  and  Clarke  2012  

Page 35: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

From  describing  risk  to  analysing  it  more  systema<cally  –  Combining  CCO  and  M&S  

Page 36: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Every  design  is  a  bet  on  the  future  

•  Can  product  be  made?  

•  Will  it  work?  

•  Will  it  last  or  fall  to  bits?  

•  Will  it  sell  at  a  profit  –  what’s  the  compe<<on?  

•  Will  people  use  it  as  intended?  

•  Will  it  be  involved  in  crime?  

Page 37: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Analysing  risk  to/from  products  –    eg  caMden  bike  stand  (Adam  Thorpe)  

Page 38: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

38  

Designed  object  –    

bike  stand/s  

Mistreatment    

Mistake      

Crime  risks  to  designed  object  –  bike  stand    

Wrecking  

Defacement  by  ink,  paint  or  s<cker  

Defacement  by  scratching/  abrasion  

MisappropriaBon     Stolen  for  resale/scrap  

Mishandling   Counterfeit  for  sale  

Accidental  damage  mistaken  for  tampering  

False  alarm  from  any  security  sensors  fi;ed  

Increased  crime  risks  to  object  –  as  target  

Page 39: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

39  

Designed  object  –  bike  stand  

Increased  crime  risks  from  object  –  as  resource  for  offender  

Misuse  

Misbehaviour  

Mistake  

Crime  risks  from  designed  object  –  bike  stand  

Climbing  aid  for  burglary  or  escaping  pursuing  police  

Decep<ve  placing  of  bomb  

Climbing  onto;  simng  on  

Bashing  to  make  noise  

False  alarm  of  terrorism  (suspicious  object  leaning  /  hanging  on  stand)    

Page 40: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

The  difficulty  of  forecas<ng  •  Non-­‐linear  futures  

•  Crime-­‐proofing  –  domes<c  electronics    –  In  prac<cal  predic<on  of  which  new  products  will  be  at  high  risk  of  theK,  it’s  hard  to  reliably  operaBonalise  the  proper<es/  features  which  will  make  them  hot  (Project  Marc,  crime  proofing  of  domes<c  electronic  products,  Armitage  2012)  

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41  

The  difficulty  of  forecas<ng  

Page 42: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

Next  <me  –    From  products,  places  and  

services  to  people  

Page 43: Hot Spots and Frameworks – Patterns, risks and causes of crime

References  •  Armitage,  R  (2012)  ‘Let’s  be  brave!  Making  the  transi<on  from  research  to  reality’.  In:  Design  Against  Crime:  Crime  Proofing  

Everyday  Products.  Boulder,  CO:  Lynne  Rienner  Publishers  

•  Clarke,  R.  V.  (1999)  Hot  Products:  understanding,  anCcipaCng  and  reducing  demand  for  stolen  goods.  Police  Research  Series,  112,  Home  Office  

•  Clarke,  R.  and  Newman,  G.  (2006)  OutsmarCng  the  Terrorists.    London:  Praeger  Security  Interna<onal  

•  Cornish,  D  (1994)  ‘The  Procedural  Analysis  of  Offending  and  its  Relevance  for  SituaConal  PrevenCon’,  in  R.  Clarke  (ed),  Crime  Preven<on  Studies,  3  151-­‐196.  Monsey,  NY:Criminal  Jus<ce  Press  

•  Eck,  J.,  R.V.  Clarke  and  R.T.  Guere;e  (2007).  ‘Risky  Facili<es:  Crime  Concentra<on  in  Homogeneous  Sets  of  Establishments  and  Facili<es.’  In  G.  Farrell,  K.J.  Bowers,  S.D.  Johnson  &  M.  Townsley  (eds.),  ImaginaCon  for  Crime  PrevenCon:  Essays  in  Honour  of  Ken  Pease.  Crime  PrevenCon  Studies,  Vol.  21,  pp.  225-­‐264.  Monsey,  N.Y.:  Criminal  Jus<ce  Press  

•  Ekblom,  P  (2005)  ‘How  to  Police  the  Future:  Scanning  for  Scien<fic  and  Technological  Innova<ons  which  Generate  Poten<al  Threats  and  Opportuni<es  in  Crime,  Policing  and  Crime  Reduc<on’,    in  M.  Smith  and  N.  Tilley  (eds.),  Crime  Science:  New  Approaches  to  PrevenCng  and  DetecCng  Crime.  Cullompton:  Willan  

•  Ekblom,  P  and  Sidebo;om,  A.  (2007).  ‘What  do  you  mean,  ‘Is  it  secure?’    Redesigning  language  to  be  fit  for  the  task  of  assessing  the  security  of  domes<c  and  personal  electronic  goods.’    European  Journal  on  Criminal  Policy  and  Research,    Vol.  14,  pp.  61–87  

•  Gill,  M.  and  Clarke,  R.  (2012)  ‘Slowing  TheKs  of  Fast-­‐moving  Goods’  in  P.  Ekblom  (Ed.),  Design  Against  Crime:  Crime  Proofing  Everyday  Products.  Crime  Preven<on  Studies  27.  Boulder,  Col.:  Lynne  Rienner.  

•  Su;on,  M.  (1998)  Handling  stolen  Goods  and  theQ:  a  market  reducCon  approach.  Home  Office  Research  Study  178,  London:  Home  Office  

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