house keeping laundry process sak
DESCRIPTION
read well get inTRANSCRIPT
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PROJECT
ON
HOUSE
KEEPING
LAUNDRY
PROCESS BY
A1
Hou
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keep
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Hou
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In particular fulfillment of project work for final
year on LAUNDRY PROCESS Which is based on housekeeping
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A1 BatchFinal year
L A U N D R YIn any residential establishment, a lot of dirty
linen accumulates in the various units and
departments. It is essential to ensure a
continuous supply of linen, which is well
laundered, so that operations can be carried out
smoothly and efficiently. Linen is an expensive
item, so how it will be laundered requires
serious consideration. People involved in
handling linen should have some knowledge of
the process. Moreover, the Housekeeper and
Linen keeper should have a good rapport with
the Laundry Manager.
Although it is essential that good quality linen
be purchased, the life of the linen depends on
the care of linen in use and the treatment it gets
at the laundry.
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- careful handling of linen articles while
laundering.
- correct processing and use of a suitable
laundry agent.
- while materials are kept white, excessive
bleach is not used.
- proper counting and records maintained to
avoid shortages of linen.
- speedy operations to meet with operational
requirements.
- sound policies regarding damages or loss.A commercial or off-premises laundry refers to
laundering activities performed outside the
establishment i.e. given on a contract basis to
specialists in the field. In a rare circumstance,
the laundry is contracted and on-premises. An
on-site or on premises
laundry, however, refers to laundering activities
carried on within the establishment by staff
employed by the hotel.
A good laundry facility ensures the following:
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ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF AN ON-PREMISES LAUNDRY :
• Time taken for laundering is reduced because
transportation is eliminated.
• Linen is readily available especially in the case
of emergency requirements.
• Control over the wash process and the laundry
agents used making the wear and
tear on linen comparatively much lesser.
• Pilferage is reduced.
• The ‘par’ stock required is reduced.
• Revenue is earned from guest laundry.
Advantages :
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• Cost of equipment and its maintenance is
fairly high.
• Related expenses like printing of forms,
employee taxes, water taxes, energy costs
and insurance are high.
• More staff who are technically qualified and
adequate space is required.
• Must be justified by an adequate amount of
linen.
1. Removal of dirt and stains from the linen
articles
2. Restoring linen articles to their original
appearance as far as possible.
Disadvantages :
PRINCIPLES OF LAUNDERING :
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FLOW PROCESS CHART LAUNDERING :
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Collection & Transportation :
Collection of linen may be done in the Linen
Room, if the laundry is off-site but is usually in
the laundry itself, if the laundry is on-premises.
During collection, all accessories that cannot
be washed such as metal items; epaulettes,
etc. should be removed at the time of
collection. Certain linen items are collected
separately. For example, kitchen uniforms or
dusters are separately collected, as are
butchery aprons and dusters, because they
have a specific type of soil. Likewise, in a
hospital, linen from the surgical ward would be
collected separately. The linen is usually
packaged in canvas bags lined with polyvinyl.
Eyelets on the rim of the bag facilitate passing
a nylon cord through, which can be tightened
in order to shut the opening of the bag. In
some cases elasticized net bags called ‘skips’
are used to collect linen. Carrying the linen in
canvas bags or skips is one means of
transportation.
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Trolleys are most popular for transportation
and the collapsible wire cart can be used to
transport clean as well as soiled linen.
Whatever the type of trolley, the soiled linen
should not hang over the edge of the trolley,
as it looks unsightly.
If planned at the construction stage, an in-
built chute is used for transporting linen from
the floor pantries. It is preferable to put linen
into canvas bags before dropping it down the
chute so that wear and tear is reduced.
However, this is rarely done, so it must be
ensured that the flooring at the base of the
chute should be easy to clean. The best
collection system will vary from one
operation to another but the increase of soil
must be eliminated in order to prevent
incurring unnecessary expenses.
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On arrival, linen must be dealt with as
quickly as possible. There must be a
separate section for guest laundry that is
usually handled by the most experienced
staff. Processing linen for laundering as
quickly as possible is necessary:
- to ensure that linen items are available as
and when required.
- to avoid transfer of stains and prevent
stains from becoming permanent.
- so that it does not provide a breeding
ground for bacteria and pests.
- to prevent the formation of mildew on
damp articles particularly bath linen.
- to avoid the possibility of linen getting
misplaced or lost.
Arrival :
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In hospitals, the infection risk necessitates the
need for using gloves when sorting out linen.
Gloves may also be used when handling hotel
linen. Sorting is carried out according to the
type of fabric and item, color as well as the
degree and type of soil. Sorting is done to
separate those articles that need dry cleaning
from those that will go through the normal
wash process. Those that need mending or
stain removal will be separated so that they
can be dealt with accordingly. Also, different
articles take a different wash process in terms
of temperature of water, type of laundering
agent,
length of wash cycle, whether hydro-
extraction should be done and if so, the length
of the hydro-extraction cycle. It takes less
effort to pre-sort linen than to post-sort
washed linen which is 50%
heavier in weight due to water retention. Post-
sorting is often essential in healthcare
processes.
Sorting :
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Marking :
Marking may be temporary (guest laundry) or
permanent (monogramming of hotel linen). It
is the temporary marking that is carried out
at this stage. Most good establishments have
a marking machine that attaches a heat
sealed tape in an inconspicuous place. The
tag has scope for six characters and is
intended to indicate
the initials of the guest as well as the room
number. It provides a clear identification and
correct billing, and although it does not come
off in the normal wash process, it can be
peeled off if so desired.Weighing :
Is carried out to conform to the capacity of the
washing machine.
(Overloading) There is no or low centrifugal
action because the linen articles are too
tightly packed in the drum. Resultantly, there
is inadequate friction and the deeply
imbedded soil is not removed so the wash
process is ineffective.
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Certain synthetics develop creases as a result
of overloading that are difficult to get rid of in
the subsequent ironing process. Repeated
overloading can cause the machine to
breakdown.
(Under loading)In this case, there is
centrifugal action but inadequate friction
because the linen articles are too far apart
There is a good deal of wastage in terms of
time, labor, laundry agents, water and power.
Many modern machines have sensors that
can gauge not only the load but also the
length of cycle, temperature of water, water
level, the type and amount of laundry
agent and when it will be dispensed in the
wash cycle. This is highly beneficial in the
conservation of water and energy as well as
reducing wear and tear on the linen articles.
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Is often done manually or with a certain
degree of automation. Where handling is
taboo, a fully automated system exists.
Shovel type cranes are used for lifting and
depositing linen, thereby providing complete
automation by eliminating the need for
handling by operators. Alternatively, weighed
linen in bags is transported along a track and
directed to the opening of the washer
extractor with the help of a nylon cord .
A lock in the lower half of the bag is
released, dropping the soiled linen into the
washer extractor. Machines that tilt, provide
ease in both loading as well as unloading.
Machines may be top loading, front loading or
side loading.Washing :
This process is designed to perform three basic functions:1. removal of soil2. suspension of soil3. discharge of the soil from the machine to the drain
Loading :
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1.Length of cycle :
If the cycle is too short, the linen will not be
cleaned. If the cycle is too long, there will
be unnecessary wear and tear and the
clothes may actually become dirtier as a
result
of redeposit ion of soil.
2.Temperature of water:
If the temperature of water is too high, it is
likely to damage the linen. If the
temperature is inadequate, the chemicals
will not work effectively.
3.Water level :
Incorrect ‘dip’ levels can alter the
concentration of the laundry agents
rendering them
ineffective. In case of a gentle action the
water level is usually higher forming a
protective envelope to the delicate linen.
In the wash process, the following factors must be considered :
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This is also a crucial factor that affects the
quality of wash Deciding which laundry
agent should be used is dependent on the
nature of the fabric being washed. Too little
detergent will result in an incomplete
cleaning process. And too much may remain
as
a residue after the rinse cycle is complete. It
is important that the laundry agent is
introduced into the wash cycle at the
appropriate time if it is to have the required
action.
4.Type and amount of detergent and when it will be dispensed in the wash cycle:
5.Mechanical action:
This refers to the centrifugal action brought
about by the movement of the drum that
causes friction between the linen articles
and is radically affected by overloading or
under loading as well as the speed of the
drum. Modern machinery often operates on
sensors, which are capable of gauging each
of these requirements for a specific load.
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Rinsing :
Once the wash cycle is completed, rinsing
becomes essential. Rinsing is carried out at
least twice and the purpose of this stage is
to:
1. remove residue of laundry agents, which
might show as patches on the linen after
ironing or irritate the skin.
2. remove suspended dirt, which remains in
the carry over liquor in the load at the
end of the wash.
3. lower the temperature of the wash load
by using a cold water rinse or alternatively
reducing the temperature of water in
consecutive rinses.
A running rinse with an open drain is more
effective but a larger volume of water is
utilized.
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Hydro-extraction : Is the removal of excess moisture through
centrifugal action and is equivalent to
wringing in hand washing .The absorbency
of the fabric affects the length of the cycle
(6 to 8 mines.) and the residue of moisture
(10% to 30 %) Draining must precede hydro-
extraction and hydro-extraction must
precede tumbledrying.
Some articles cannot be hydro-extracted so
there is a pumping action to draw out the
water from the linen load. Too short an
extraction time will increase the drying time
and may hinder the proper operation of
finishing equipment. The most efficient
extraction for cottons takes place at
temperatures higher than 38º C but
lower than 55º C so that they are not too
hot to handle. Polyesters and blends should
be extracted at a temperature below 38º C
to prevent wrinkling.
The compact mass of hydro-extracted
clothes is referred to as ‘cheese’.
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Unloading :Transferring washed linen from the hydro-
extractor to the Tumble Dryer is a difficult
task because of the added weight of
moisture. Articles may be manually removed
and put into trolleys. Tilting and dumping
machines reduce the physical effort of
manual unloading. A laundry cart can be
positioned under the door and a pushbutton
operated to rotate the cylinder and empty
its contents. Alternatively, the machine can
unload onto a conveyor belt that will
transport the linen to the next set of
operations.Tumble Drying :
This process is capable of rendering the
linen completely dry by blowing hot air
ranging between 40º C to 60º C onto the
articles as they are slowly circulated in the
rotating drum. For articles that are
susceptible to damage by heat,
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there is the option of simply airing by
circulating air at room temperature. To avoid
wrinkles and the
risk of spontaneous combustion, many
dryers have a cool-down cycle at
predetermined intervals. The process of
tumble-drying creates a good deal of wear
and tear on the fabric as particles of lint
come off the fabric in the drying process.
The time taken is approx. 30 mines.
depending on whether the article is to be
completely or partially dried.Finishing
:For those articles that require a pressed
finish, ironing and pressing are usual, but
there are also other finishing equipment.
Articles like blankets, towels, candlewick
bedspreads, hosiery, etc. that do not require
a pressed finish are only tumble-dried.
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Can be done by machine but in most cases
is carried out completely manually or at
least the finishing folds are done manually.
The use of a folding stand helps minimize
this otherwise very labour-intensive
operation. Manual folding makes it possible
to achieve the desired fold as well as ensure
quality control. Employees in this area are
the one ones who ‘reject’ stained linen and
are a good source for ascertaining what
types and quantities of stains commonly
occur. This is an important stage in the
processing of laundered linen as it can be
the ‘bottleneck’ in an otherwise efficient
laundry operation. Correct folding is
important to the appearance of the article
and
makes it convenient to store and use.
Folding
:
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Equipments :
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Transfer :
Airing :
This is essential prior to storage, especially
if the articles are to be stored in closed
shelves. It ensures that any moisture that is
likely to cause mildew will be got rid of.
Storage :
:Should be properly done in a well–designed
storage space. Linen should be allowed a
rest period to recuperate before it is used
again. The life span of linen is greatly
increased if proper rotation of stock is
carried out, thereby ensuring a ‘rest period’
between uses. As a general rule, at any
given time, approximately 50% of the total
linen inventory should be on the shelves,
25% in use and 25% in processing. The
storage area must be isolated from the
soiled linen and kept clean
The linen is issued to the unit/department
for use. Since transfer of clean linen is
usually done by linen trolleys, it is important
to keep the trolleys clean.
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The linen is utilized for the necessary
function intended and the cycle begins all
over again.THE WASHING MACHINE
Use :
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- the essential parts of the washing machine
are shown in the above diagram.
- the machine may be top loading (lesser
capacity), front loading or side loading (for
large loads in industrial laundering).
- the machine rotates for 15 seconds in one
direction, stops and reverses direction for
15 seconds. This prevents the ‘roping’ of
linen in the drum.
- the speed of rotation of the drum depends
on the diameter and ranges between 40
to 60 r.p.m.
- centrifugal action of the drum causes
friction between the clothes thereby
suspending dirt.
- the water level is referred to as ‘dip’.
- the temperature of water ranges from 30º
C to 95º C
- machines operate on manual switches, dial
settings, computerized cards or on
computer panels.
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- modern machinery have sensors that can
gauge the length of cycle, level and
temperature of water, amount of laundry
agent and when it should be added in the
wash cycle as well as
the type of drum action, for a specific wash
load.
- industrial machinery have a control panel
which displays the stage in the wash
cycle in
progress, the time remaining for the
completion of the cycle, the temperature of
water and the chemical in use.
- machines which carry out washing as well
as hydro-extraction are called washer
Extractors.
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HYDRO-EXTRACTOR :
THE WASH CYCLE :
Flush
Suds
Bleach
Rinse
Sour & Soft
Extract
Modern hydro-extractors work on the
centrifugal action and the procedure is
usually part of the wash cycle. The drum
rotates at high speed (at least ten times the
wash speed) and the clothes are pressed
against the sides of the drum and water
passes out
through the perforations and out through
the open drain.
A complete wash cycle is composed of
various stages and the time taken is approx.
40 to 50 minutes. It has been proven that
quick wash cycles using large volume of
water broken down into the following
sequence is most effective.
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ADDITIONAL STAGES IN THE WASH CYCLE :
There are four factors that are as
basic to laundry operations as they
are to any other good cleaning
operation.
These are essential where there is a specific
type of soiled or the articles are heavily
soiled.
--
Soak
--
Break
--
Carryover Suds (Intermediate Rinse)
--
Intermediate Extract
--
Starch (Sizing)
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TUNNEL WASHERS :
These are also called batch washers or
continuous washers and are in effect a series
of
inter-connected washers. Each ‘bath’ is in a
different cylinder and the load moves
from one cylinder to the next. Computerized
systems automatically adjust the time,
temperature and chemicals to be used, so
that each batch receives the required
treatment. Machines may be top transfer or
bottom transfer. Tunnel washers have
distinct advantages in that they are
timesaving, thereby reducing staff
requirement.
There are also significant energy and water
savings. Tunnel washers can also be
hooked up to an extractor and subsequently
with conveyors to the dryer.
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Dryers are machines that dry laundry by
tumbling it slowly in a perforated drum
exposed to hot air ranging from 40ºC to
60ºC in low capacity dryers and going right
up to 85ºC in an industrial dryer. There are
programmes for delicate articles with low or
no heat. Dryers may operate on gas,
electricity or steam. For speedy drying and
less wrinkling the volume of the dryer
should be 25% more than the washer-
extractor. Most dryers have a
microprocessor computer control system.
Although suitable drying times are usually
recommended for specific fabrics, some
dryers have sensors hooked
onto their microprocessors so that they can
gauge the moisture in the load and cut the
dryer off automatically the moment the
laundry is dry. This is a major preventive
factor against spontaneous combustion, as
hot air blowing on ‘bone dry’ fabrics can
easily set it on fire.
TUMBLE DRYER :
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Furthermore, the dryer may have a post-
drying cool down cycle that also reduces the
fire hazard as well as prevents the formation
of wrinkles in no iron fabrics. The process
creates a great deal of wear and tear on the
fabric as particles of lint come off in the
drying process. A lint screen traps the lint
particles and must be
cleaned regularly. Lint build-up restricts air-
flow and reduces the rate of moisture
removal, thereby increasing energy
consumption and costs. The length of the
cycle is dependent on the absorbency of the
fabric, the residue of moisture and whether
the fabric is to be completely dried
(approximately 40 mines.) Modern dryers are
equipped with high tech features such as
signal lights, self-cleaning
lint screens, reverse cylinder drums as well
as energy-saving devices like extra insulation
and heat re claimers
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Is used for flatwork i.e. items like sheets,
pillowcases, tablecloths, serviettes, aprons,
sari, etc. The items are passed through
heated rollers for ironing.
FINISHING EQUIPMENT :For those articles that require a pressed
finish there are many finishing equipment.
Some of the more frequently used
equipment are listed below.
Flatwork Ironer / Roller Iron / Calendar :
Is for shaped articles (usually clothing) like
shirts, trousers, etc. They are special presses
to perform specific functions and operation
can be on electricity or steam.
Press :
Is a chamber where low-crease garments
are suspended on hangers and steam or hot
air is circulated through the cabinet.
Cabinet Dryer or Drying Room :
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Clothes are hung on conveyor belts that pass
through a tunnel. Hot air blowing in the
tunnel, renders the articles completely dry
by the time they exit. It is a fully automated
process that also transfers the linen to the
next area of activity.
Puffer or Suzie :
For coats and articles that do not crease
heavily. The articles are put onto a dummy
that is inflated with steam to remove
creases and then with hot air to remove the
moisture created by the steam.
Tunnel Dryer :
LOCATION AND PLANNING OF AN ON-PREMISES LAUNDRY :
When planning an on-premises laundry it
must be located far from guestrooms so that
guests are not disturbed. It is essential that
the laundry be located near the linen room
for convenience and reducing transportation
time.
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Ideally, the area should have an outside wall
since equipment need to be vented to the
outside. With few exceptions, the laundry is
located in the basement because laundry
equipment is very heavy and the vibrations
of the equipment are better absorbed. Such
a location makes it imperative to have a
proper ventilation system. In circumstances
where the laundry is located at an upper
floor, usually as a result of expansion, the
floor may have to be structurally re-enforced.
Wherever the laundry is located, the walls of
the room should be durable and moisture
resistant; ceilings should be at least ten feet
high, must resist moisture and absorb sound.
A cement floor with easily cleanable floor
drains and no spots where water can pool is
vital. The ideal size for a hotel laundry is
difficult to determine.
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The types and amounts of linen used, the
average number of guests per day, whether
the hotel has one or more restaurants,
whether there is a health club and/or
swimming pool, the types and capacities of
laundry equipment, whether employee
uniforms are laundered at the hotel,
whether there are guest laundry facilities
offered, are a few examples of the variables
that must be considered not only when
determining the required area but also when
planning the layout. Laundry employee
schedules must also be taken into
consideration at the planning stage. To run
smoothly, a laundry needs to be well
designed and have the right equipment.
properly installed. Such laundries have an
advantage of low maintenance costs. In an
existing laundry operation, it is necessary to
observe for signs that indicate that the
laundry may need to be redesigned.
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These may include too many last-minute
rush jobs, piles of unprocessed linen,
persistent linen shortages, excessive
overtime among laundry workers and
overcrowding of the laundry workspace. The
basic design factors that need to be thought
out when designing or redesigning an on-
premises laundry include location, size,
equipment layout, utilities and labor Each
lodging operation is unique, therefore it is
impossible to provide specific information on
equipment selection. Criteria that are
applicable to the selection of all cleaning
equipment must be considered. Ease of
operation is important and though most
machines have microprocessors that simplify
procedures, it should be easy to train
operators particularly where there is a
likelihood of a high staff turnover. The
versatility of equipment is important
especially in a washer extractor.
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It should be able to dispense a variety of
chemical formulas and have different cycles
to deal with different laundry items and
soiling conditions Regarding durability ,the
equipment must be well-constructed from
robust materials with life-extending features
such as heavy duty motors and a load
distribution speed. This is crucial, since they
will be handled by many operators. It is
advisable to select a well established
manufacturer who specializes in laundry
equipment and will provide a warranty,
servicing and spare parts back-up and
training in operation and maintenance. A
factor that is frequently overlooked is how
the equipment will be brought into the
building. Machines may work on gas,
electricity or steam and should be
connected to a common master switch that
can be switched off in case of emergencies.
In any case, fire-fighting equipment must be
installed in this area.
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Layout :
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LAYOUT OF A LAUNDRY :
When planning the layout of a laundry,
consider the work flow and wherever
possible ensure that the plan does not hinder
the smooth flow of operations. To reduce
turnaround time between loads, ease of
loading and unloading equipment must be
ensured – area for accumulating and sorting
linen should be located close to the washer
extractor; dryers should be adjacent to the
washer extractor, to save time and employee
effort; hinges of the washer extractors and
the dryers are adjustable and can be placed
on the right or left side of the door, so the
proper choice must be made in accordance
with the laundry layout in order to avoid
employees having to walk around the open
door to get from one machine to the next;
the folding area should be located near the
area where laundered linen is stored.
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- entrances and exits
- support columns and beams
- space between adjacent machines and
adequate space between the back of the
machine and the wall which is essential to
facilitate servicing and repair.
- power points for electrical supply and the
required voltage. (gas and steam supply in
many other parts of the world)
- water supply lines with adequate pressure
(10 gallons per Kg of linen approx.) and
preventing the occurrence of ‘water
hammer’
- hot water supply lines must utilize heavy
duty heating equipment which in recent
times is being substituted by the use of
solar energy.
- water softening - also the removal of iron,
manganese and sculpture to eliminate
staining and enhance the action of the
detergent.
When positioning laundry equipment, the following must be considered:
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- drain locations and proper drainage
system that will keep up with the rapid
discharge rate of modern equipment. This is
best met by a drain trough and the normal
floor drain is also installed to deal with
overflows.
- a separate section to deal with guest
laundry/valet service.
- local code for restrictions/ permit
requirements.
- energy and water conservation as well as
safety factors also affect decisions regarding
the selection of equipment.
- area must accommodate the total number
of staff working at the busiest times
(approx.1 staff for 40Kg of laundry)
- the size of the property and the type of
services offered are major considerations for
planning.
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As technology strives to automate every
face of hotel operations, computerized
laundry systems have been around for quite
a while. The hotel cannot sell a single room
or a cover in the restaurant without the use
of textile products. With the realization of
the potential benefits of cleaning up the
laundry operations, more and
more streamlining processes are being
introduced. Apart from exploring the options
of localized laundry operations that service
multiple properties, outsourcing laundry
services, water reclamation and heat
recovery systems to reduce hotel energy
consumption, some hotels are
experimenting with Windows-based laundry
software and ozone washing.
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LAUNDRY AGENTS :
Water by itself is ineffective as a cleaning
agent, due to a phenomenon known as
‘surface tension’. It will remove water-
soluble dirt, but has little effect on oils and
grease. The addition of a detergent reduces
the surface tension, allowing the water to
penetrate, wetting the garment thoroughly
so that soil is more accessible.
Suspending Agent :
The role of the suspending agent in cleaning
is to hold the dirt in suspension and prevent
it from red positing onto the surface of the
article. It plays a crucial role in the laundry
agent due to the amount of time that the
clothes rotate in the machine while the dirt
is in suspension. The suspending agent is
carboxyl methyl cellulose.
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These act along with the suspending agent
to hold dirt in suspension. They assist by
holding a greater amount of dirt in
suspension thereby reducing the likelihood
of redeposit ion.
They also have the additional ability to
dissolve lime salts that are responsible for
temporary hardness in water. Sodium
polyphosphates act as sequestering agents.
Sequestering Agent :
Alkali
Alkalis used in the wash process include
1. Washing Soda
2. Sodium Phosphate
3. Sodium Hydroxide
4. Sodium Met silicate
The role of the alkali in the wash process
OTHER LAUNDERING AGENTS
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Bleaches :
These are used on white articles only. They
remove coloring matter by their oxidizing or
reducing action. If not in liquid form, they
should be dissolved in hot water in order to
ensure that no powder residue remains in
the washing machine which may affect later
loads. The bleaches commonly used in the
laundry process are sodium perforate and
sodium hypochlorite.
Antichlor :
These are agents used to neutralize the
chlorine bleach and are essential
particularly in the case of polyesters. The
use of chlorinated bleaches has a tendency
to leave yellow deposits.
Sour :
This is used only in industrial laundering in
the final rinse, to neutralize any alkaline
soap residues that may be present.
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It brings the pH of the linen articles to a level
between 5 and 6.5, which is agreeable to the
human skin. and also gets rid of yellow or
brown deposits caused by residue alkali.
Acetic acid is used as the sour.
In cases where there is a high iron content in
the water, Oxalic acid is used which serves a
dual purpose, by also getting rid of the
reddish, iron deposits. If starch is being used,
sour should be added 2 minutes before the
starch to achieve a pH of 5.0 to 5.5. If a
sizing agent is being used, the ideal pH is 7.0
to 8.0 so sour is generally not used.
LAUNDRY PROCEDURES for different fabrics :
LAUNDERING OF COTTONS
The process of laundering cotton fabrics is
dependent on the texture of the fabrics,
fastness of color and the finish appropriate
to its use.
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Sorting is a major stage according to
- fine ,delicate cotton (mulmul, muslin)
- white and light fast colors
- dark, fast colors
- non-fast colors
A further classification into coarse articles,
bed linen and personal articles and table
linen.
This sorting will be responsible for deciding
- the temperature of water in the main wash
- the need for disinfection/sterilization
- the detergent used
- the speed of rotation of the drum
- the length of the wash cycle
- the use of bleach and optical brighteners
- the need to starch
- hydro-extraction
Sak
Silk should be washed frequently as
perspiration damages the fabric. Never soak
articles as it weakens the fabric nor should
they be subjected to high heat (wash
temperature approx. 30º C).
The detergent should have a good surfactant
and should not depend on mechanical action
for cleaning. No harsh chemicals should be
used. The final rinse of silk articles should be
carried out with a little vinegar in it. (1
stun /10 liters water) in order to preserve
luster. Silk is too delicate to be hydro-
extracted. Silk should never be sundried as
this damages the fabric and causes
yellowing of the fabric. Ironing is on medium
heat as silk scorches easily. The article must
be evenly dampened and water should never
be sprinkled on the fabric as it leaves
watermarks.
LAUNDERING OF SILK :
Sak
Ensure that the articles are completely dry
so that creases do not reappear on the
portion which is damp. Ironing is carried out
on the reverse in order to preserve luster
and air all silk garments after ironing. Silk is
usually dry-cleaned.
In the laundering of wool, the articles must
be shaken out to remove the dust particles
that are held in the loosely constructed
weave. Hand-knitted garments are very
susceptible to felting and stretching. Mark
the outline of the article prior to washing
and arrange it in its original size and shape
after laundering and dry flat. In the
laundering of wool, the following should be
avoided:
- application of friction
- fluctuating and high temperatures
- use of strong laundry agents
LAUNDERING OF WOOL :
Sak
- wringing tightly and hydro-extraction
- hanging the fabric when wet
- prolonged soaking as it makes the fabric
weak
The capacity of the machine, may have to
be disregarded due to the bulkiness of the
article The movement of the drum should be
gentle and a scrubbing brush should never
be used . The wash cycle should be short
and water temperature (not more than 35º
C). The rinse cycle should be thorough and
borax is added to the final rinse water to
prevent matting. No hydro-extraction is
permitted but there is instead a pumping
action for the removal of moisture. Usually
ironing is not required, but wherever
necessary, iron when the article is
completely dry, using a low temperature
and ironing on the reverse of the article. It is
very essential to air to fabric after ironing.
Sak
These are manufactured so that they shed
dirt quickly in the wash. However if they
become heavily soiled, (especially collars
and cuffs and sari borders) they become
difficult to clean, so it is better to wash them
after every use. Soaking the garments
before laundering is beneficial as it loosens
the dirt. Care must be taken when loading
the machine as overloading results in
creases which may be difficult to remove
later. The application of friction should avoid
the use of a scrubbing brush and should be
restricted to heavily soiled parts only. The
wash cycle is short and carried out at a low
temperature (30º C) Rinsing should be
carried out in water at room temperature.
The hydro-extraction cycle is also short as
synthetic articles have a low absorbency.
Iron on low heat but quickly as if there is a
prolonged contact it is likely to scorch the
fabric.
LAUNDERING OF SYNTHETICS :
Sak
DECLARATION :
We here by declare that the above submitted details are what We have learned and gathered from my study materials which is true to best of my knowledge …… Thanking you, yours obediently, A1
Sak