Housing China’s Billion People: Policy and Process

中国的住房规划：政策与程序

Aprodicio A. Laquian 普劳德 . 拉奎因

Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholar

梧卓威尔逊国际交流中心

Module 5: Urban Housing

第五讲：城市住房

中国概况 (1)The General Situation in China

(1) Population

Urbanization level: 32.1%

2000 2015

Total 1,277,558,000 1,417,220,000

Urban 409,965,000 576,634,000

Rural 867,593,000 841,086,000

中国概况 (2)The General Situation in China

(2) Annual population growth rate

Population below poverty line 6% (1987-1997) GDP per capita: US$ 3,105

Rate(%) Period

Total 1.2 1985-2000

Urban 2.3 1985-2000

Rural - 0.2 2000-2015

世界各国关于住房的基本思路Basic Housing Philosophies of Countries All over the World

Housing is a basic human right. The state is responsible for providing housing to all citizens.

Housing is an economic commodity and a private economic good that can be freely traded in the market. Role of the state is that of a regulator and facilitator.

“Two track” housing philosophy: For upper income people, housing is a commodity; For lower income people, state has to assist them in gaining access to housing and basic urban services.

中国住房状况的演变 (1)Evolution of the Housing

Situation in China

1950s 1960-1970s 1980s 1990-2000s

Social-

Economic

Context

Heavy Indus-

trialization

Soviet-style

Planning

Strict

Population

And migration

controls

Market-oriented

Housing reform;

Rapid urban growth

Rapid

Urbanization

Two-tract housing program

Housing

Problems

Shortage

Of housing

Huge housing

Deficits

Uncontrolled

development

Availability

Access

Adequacy

Affordability

中国住房状况的演变 (2)Evolution of the Housing

Situation in China1950s 1960-1970s 1980s 1990-2000s

Housing

Solutions

Mass

Housing

production

Neglect of

housing

Mass housing

Production

Commodity housing

Housing experiments

Inner City Redevelopment

“Comfortable home”

program

Spatial

Effects

Workers’

Villages

Housing near worksites

Chaotic spread of housing

Reduced housing in inner city

Expansion of housing in suburbs

Improved inner city housing

Suburban housing complexes

中国住房状况的演变 (3)Evolution of the Housing

Situation in China

1950s 1960-1970s 1980s 1990-2000s

Housing

Delivery

Systems

Centrally managed

Housing agencies

Centrally managed agencies

Work units

Commodity housing program

Work units

Commodity housing program

Dominant

Actors in

Housing

City planners

Economic planners

Households

Work Units

Work Units

Real Estate Development Corporations

Work Units

Real Estate Development Corporations

三类住房产业The Three Housing Sectors

Work Unit Housing

Rental Housing

Employer Provided

Open Market

Joint Ventures

SquattersSlums

Homeless

Public Housing

Private Housing

Aided Self-Help Illegal SubdivisionsPopular Housing

综合性城市规划中的住房政策 (1)Policy Issues Related to the

Role of Housing in Comprehensive Planning (1)  Location of housing. Advantages and

disadvantages of following housing locations: 1. Rural areas – “leaving the land but not the village”

2. Small towns – will people stay in small towns

because of housing provision?

3. In small and intermediate cities – planning self-

sufficient local units

4. In inner city areas of metropolitan region

5. In peripheral areas of metropolitan regions

综合性城市规划中的住房政策 (2)Policy Issues Related to the

Role of Housing in Comprehensive Planning (2) 

Linking housing to urban infrastructure

“Clustered housing” – using housing to control urban sprawl

Zoning and subdivision regulations as instruments of land use control

Cultural conservation and housing.

住房与城市规划专业人员的角色Role of the Housing and Planning Professional  

Analysis and understanding of role of housing in a planned urban environment

Advocacy planning. providing policy recommendations to top officials

Facilitator – assisting citizens, especially the poor, in gaining access to affordable housing.

Communicator – informing the public about key policy issues related to housing and its role in development