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  • 8/11/2019 How and Why Wonder Book of Ants and Bees

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    O W

    N D

    H Y

    a

    l Why Wonder

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    T H E H O W A N D W H Y W O N D E R B O O K O F

    A N T S

    A N D

    I M

    W r i t t e n b y

    R O N A L D N . R O O D

    I l l u s t r a t e d b y

    C Y N T H I A IL IFF K O E H L E R

    a n d A L V I N K O E H L E R

    E d i t o r i a l P r o d u c t i o n :

    D O N A L D D . W O L F

    *

    * *

    E d i t e d u n d e r t h e s u p e r v i s i o n o f

    D r . P a u l E . B l a c k w o o d

    W a s h i n g t o n , D . C .

    T e x t a n d i l l u s t r a t i o n s a p p r o v e d b y

    O a k e s A . W h i t e

    B r o o k l y n C h i l d r e n ' s M u s e u m

    B r o o k l y n , N e w Y o r k

    G R O S S E T & D U N L A P * P u b l i s h e r s - N E W Y O R K

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    I n t r o d u c t i o n

    A n y o n e w h o d o u b t s t h a t t r u t h i s s t r a n g e r t h a n fictio n n e e d o n l y s t u d y

    th e

    h a b i t s o f t h e s o c i a l i n s e c t s t o h a v e h i s o p i n i o n c h a n g e d . F o r t h e l i fe

    p a t t e r n s of t h e s e s i x - l e g g e d a n i m a l s r e v e a l e v e n t s o f s h e e r w o n d e r t h a t c o u l d

    s c a r c e l y b e i m a g i n e d b y t h e b e s t f i c t i o n w r i t e r .

    S c i e n t i s t s h a v e s t u d i e d t h e s o c i a l i n s e c t s f o r c e n t u r i e s , a n d a f a i r l y

    c o m p l e t e p i c t u r e of t h e p e c u l i a r a n d f a s c i n a t i n g b e h a v i o r o f ithese i nse c t s i s

    a v a i l a b l e . T h i s How and Why Wonder Book a c c u r a t e l y p r e s e n t s t h e e ss e n t i a l

    c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of t h e f o u r f a m i l i e s of s o c i a l i n s e c t s b e e s , w a s p s , a n t s a n d

    termites.

    T o a c a s u a l o b s e r v e r , m a n y o f t h e a c t i o n s of s o c i a l i n s e c t s m a y a p p e a r

    s t r a n g e . A r e d a n c i n g b e e s re a l ly d a n c i n g ? A r e b u m b l e b e e s b e i n g m i s c h i e v o u s

    w h e n t h e y w a l k u p t o a n i n t r u d e r a n d plaster i t w i t h a g l u e y m e s s of h o n e y ?

    W h a t e v e r t h e a p p e a r a n c e of s u c h a c t i o n s t o a c a s u a l o b s e r v e r , c l o s e s t u d y

    s h o w s t h a t t h e y a r e i m p o r t a n t t o t h e i n s e c t s i n b u i l d i n g a n d m a i n t a i n i n g

    t h e i r i n s e c t s o c i e t y .

    I t i s p o s s i b l e f o r a n y o n e t o w a t c h s o c i a l i n s e c t s a t c l o s e r a n g e . T h i s c a n

    b e d o n e a t h o m e o r i n s c h o o l b y m a k i n g a n o b s e r v a t i o n n e s t . D i r e c t i o n s f o r

    m a k i n g o n e a r e f o u n d i n t h i s b o o k . S u c h a p r o j e c t i s f u n a s w e l l a s i n s t r u c

    t i v e f o r i n d i v i d u a l s o r c l a s s g r o u p s .

    T h e s t u d y o f s o c i a l i n s e c t s is a p a r t o f t h e s c i e n c e c o u r s e i n m a n y

    s c h o o l s . F o r t h i s r e a s o n ,

    The How and Why Wonder Book of Ants and Bees

    w i l l b e a u s e f u l a d d i t i o n t o b o t h h o m e a n d s c h o o l l i b r a r i e s .

    Paul E Blackwood

    Dr. Blackwood is a professional employee in the

    U.

    S. Office of Education.

    This book was edited by him in his private capacity and no official support or

    endorsement by the Office of Education is intended or should be inferred.

    Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 62-9677

    1962,1971. Grosset Dunlap. Inc.

    All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.

    Published simultaneously in Canada. Printed in the United States of America.

    19 72 PRINTING

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    C o n t e n t s

    Page

    SOCI L INSECTS

    4

    BEES

    6

    T H E C A S T L E O F W A X 6

    Wh at is inside the wax castle? 6

    How many rooms does it have? 6

    What d6 the nurse bees do? 6

    Why do bees evaporate their honey? 6

    How man y bees live in a hive? 8

    W hat is the job of the dron e bee? 8

    W hat causes the "song of the hive"? 9

    How do bees keep their hive clean? 9

    TH E M A G IC O F BEES 10

    How does a new bee get its food?

    11

    How does the baby bee grow?

    11

    What does a new worker do? 12

    How is beeswax mad e? 12

    W hat is the bee's tool kit? 13

    TH E D A N C E O F TH E BEES 14

    How do bees tell direction? 14

    How do bees comm unicate? 14

    Why does a bee die when it stings? 15

    T H E C A P T I V E Q U E E N 16

    Wh at does the new queen look like? 16

    Why does she kill her sister queens?

    16

    What happen s to the old queen mother? 17

    What is a "swarm day"? 17

    How is the queen like a prisoner?

    18

    What happens to the drones after mating?

    19

    How many eggs does the new queen

    produce? 19

    What happens if the queen is taken away? 19

    How long does the queen live? 19

    B E E S W I T H O U T A H I V E 2 0

    How do stingless bees fight enem ies? 20

    How is a queen bumblebee like a

    mother bird? 20

    What are the bum blebee's enemies? 22

    What are "callows"? 22

    How is honey used by bees for defense? 22

    What is a carpenter bee? 23

    How do mason bees build their homes? 23

    How many kinds of bees are known? 23

    W SPS

    24

    T H E H E L P F U L W A S P S 2 4

    W hat is a fig wasp? 24

    How man y kinds of wasps are there? 24

    How do wasps help farmers? 24

    Why do some wasps drill into trees? 25

    W hat asp is a hitchhik er? 25

    How do hun ter wasps feed their young? 26

    W hat do gall wasps do? 26

    T H E P A P E R P A L A C E 2 7

    When was paper originally made? 27

    How do wasps make paper? 27

    Page

    W here can wasp nests be found? 27

    Wh at is a hornet? 27

    Ho w do baby wasps live? 28

    How do the new wasps help in the nest? 28

    How are queen wasps produced ? 29

    W hat hap pen s to the wasps in the fall? 30

    NTS

    31

    TH E F O R ES T O F G RA S S 31

    W hen do the winged ants fly?

    31

    Wh o are their enemies? 32

    W hat does the quee n do with her wings? 32

    Wh at do the new larvae eat? 33

    What are "minims"? 33

    H O W A N TS F IN D F O O D 34

    Do ants lay down a trail? 34

    What is pheromone? 34

    A R M I E S O N T H E M A R C H 3 6

    How do the army ants live? 36

    Ho w many kinds of ants are known ? 37

    W hat ants have slaves? 38

    How are some ants useful? 38

    Wh at are ant farmers? 38

    How do ants keep "cows"? 38

    Wh at are honey ants? 39

    How do ants prote ct their nests? 39

    How large are ant hills? 39

    TERMITES 41

    T H E W O O D E N C A V E R N 4 1

    W hat are new born termites like? 41

    W hat food does it eat? 41

    Ho w is a term ite's food digested? 41

    Why are term ite nests closed? 42

    How long do termites live? 42

    W hat is a term ite "flight day "? 42

    Ho w long do royal termites live? 43

    Wh y is the queen called an egg-mac hine? 43

    How large are term ite houses? 43

    W hat are soldier termites? 43

    W hat is a "nasute" ? 44

    How man y kinds of termites are there? 44

    INSECT INTRUDERS 44

    How can a moth destroy a honeycomb? 44

    W hat are some of the other hive-rob bers? 45

    Wh at insects invade nests of wasps? 45

    What is the "paralyzer"? 45

    W hat are some other ant visitors? 45

    Wh at creatures live in termite homes? 46

    What is a

    Jerrymunglum?

    46

    YOUR INSECT ZOO 47

    How can you watch bees at home? 47

    How can you watch wasps? 47

    How can you ma ke a nest for ants? 47

    Ho w can termites be kept? 48

    W hat is the best insect zoo of all? 48

    w

    ^^^0m\ff*'\^^ '

    ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ B

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    Thefemale of theCitheronia

    Regalis

    moth

    lays her eggs

    on the bark of a sumac tree

    and moves on, spending no

    time in caring for the young.

    The wasp, like the moth, is a member

    of the insect world and takes care of

    its young. Here you see some of the

    many workers feeding the babies in

    the wasp's nest.

    S O C I A L I N S E C T S

    T h e f e m a l e m o t h c r e e p s s l o w l y a l o n g

    a t r e e l i m b . F i n a l l y s h e s t o p s a n d l a y s

    a f e w e g g s . T h e y s t i c k t o t h e b a r k .

    T h e n s h e c r a w l s a w a y .

    W h e n h e r b a b i e s h a t c h , t h e y m u s t

    m a k e t h e i r w a y b y t h e m s e l v e s . T h e r e

    a r e n o p a r e n t s t o p r o t e c t t h e m . A l o n e ,

    t h e y m u s t find f o o d a n d h i d e f r o m

    t h e i r e n e m i e s .

    M o s t o t h e r i n s e c t s d o t h e s a m e t h i n g .

    T h e m o s q u i t o s e t s h e r e g g s a f l o a t o n a

    l i t t l e r a f t . W a l k i n g - s t i c k i n s e c t s j u s t

    d r o p t h e i r s o n t h e g r o u n d . O t h e r i n s e c t s

    p l a c e t h e i r e g g s w h e r e t h e i r y o u n g m a y

    find f o o d a n d s h e l t e r . T h e n t h e y l e a v e

    t h e m f o r e v e r .

    H o w s t r a n g e i t i s , t h e n , t o s e e a w a s p

    c a r i n g f o r h e r b a b i e s S h e b r i n g s f o o d ,

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    c h e w s i t u p u n t i l i t i s s o f t a n d p l a c e s i t

    i n t h e i r l i t t le m o u t h s . S h e l i c k s t h e m ,

    s t r o k e s t h e m w i t h h e r a n t e n n a e , o r

    " f e e l e r s , " a n d b u i l d s a s h e l t e r t o k e e p

    o u t t h e s u n a n d t h e r a i n . I f d a n g e r

    s t r i k e s , s h e fl i e s t o w a r d i t , e v e n i f i t i s

    a n a n i m a l a t h o u s a n d t i m e s h e r s iz e .

    O f a l l t h e i n s e c t s , o n l y b e e s , w a s p s ,

    a n t s a n d t e r m i t e s t a k e c a r e o f t h e i r

    f a m i l i e s . T h e f a m i l y , i n t u r n , h e l p s t h e

    m o t h e r t o c a r e f o r h e r l a t e r o f f s p r i n g .

    B e c a u s e o f t h i s , a n d a l s o b e c a u s e t h e s e

    i n s e c t s l i v e i n l i t t l e g r o u p s o r s o c i e t i e s ,

    t h e y a r e c a l l e d " s o c i a l i n s e c t s . "

    N o b o d y i s s u r e h o w t h e s o c i a l h a b i t

    d e v e l o p e d . B u t s c i e n t i s t s h a v e n o t i c e d

    a n i n t e r e s t i n g t h i n g . O f t e n , a s s o o n a s

    t h e y o u n g i n s e c t s a r e g i v e n f o o d , t h e y

    p r o d u c e l i t t l e b u b b l e s o f s a l i v a . T h e

    A bee will defend the hive against a larger enemy.

    Ants, like bees, are social insects. The

    fire

    ants above

    carry a larva and a cocoon to a safer place. Below

    are two termites licking each other. This is a process

    that, according to scientists, helps to keep the insect

    family together.

    a d u l t i n s e c t s l i c k u p t h e s a l i v a q u i c k l y .

    T h e n t h e a d u l t s p r o d u c e m o r e s a l i v a ,

    w h i c h o t h e r a d u l t i n s e c t s l i c k u p .

    D o e s t h i s s p e c i a l s u b s t a n c e i n t h e

    b u b b l e s h e l p t o k e e p t h e i n s e c t f a m i l y

    t o g e t h e r ? M a n y s c i en t i s t s . th in k s o .

    T h e y c a l l t h e p r o c e s s

    trophallaxis

    o r

    " n u r s i n g t o g e t h e r . " A s o n e s c i e n t i s t

    s a i d , " T o o t h e r s i n t h e n e s t , e a c h i n s e c t

    m u s t b e a l i v i n g l o l l i p o p . "

    W h a t k i n d s o f h o m e s d o t h e s e i n s e c t s

    h a v e i n t h e i r h o l l o w t r e e s a n d p a p e r

    n e s t s ? W h a t h a p p e n s a f t e r t h e y h a v e

    g o n e t h r o u g h t h e e n t r a n c e h o l e a n d d i s

    a p p e a r e d f r o m s i g h t ? T h i s b o o k h e l p s

    t o t e l l t h e i r w o n d e r f u l s t o r y .

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    B E E S

    A worker bee on a honeycomb.

    (actual size)

    T h e C a s t l e o f W a x

    T h e h o n e y b e e s c o m e f r o m e v e r y d i

    r e c t i o n . E a c h o n e finds t h e t a r g e t a n

    o p e n i n g o n l y a n i n c h w i d e . O u t o f t h i s

    o p e n i n g s t r e a m o t h e r h o n e y b e e s , c i r

    c l i n g f o r a m o m e n t b e f o r e t h e y d a r t

    a w a y . T h e w a x c a s t l e of t h e b e e s i s h u m

    m i n g w i t h l i fe .

    What is inside

    the wax castle?

    I n s i d e t h e o p e n i n g is a n a m a z i n g s c e n e .

    N o f a c t o r y e v e r r a n

    w i t h m o r e b u s t l e

    a n d a c t i v i t y . H a n g

    i n g f r o m t h e r o o f a r e h e a v y c u r t a i n s o f

    w a x . T h e y m a y b e l a r g e r t h a n t h i s b o o k

    a n d f o u r t i m e s a s t h i c k . O n b o t h s i d e s

    o f t h e c u r t a i n s a r e c o u n t l e s s h o n e y b e e s ,

    p o k i n g t h e i r h e a d s i n t o h u n d r e d s o f

    l i t t le c e l l s o r c h a m b e r s .

    T h i s i s t h e c a s t l e o f t e n t h o u s a n d r o o m s .

    E a c h c e l l o f t h e

    H o w m a n y r o o m s . ,.. . ,

    ,

    A

    , c u r t a i n s is a l i t t l e

    d o e s it h a v e ? .

    r o o m b y i t se l f . A l

    t h o u g h w e o f t e n s p e a k o f t h e c u r t a i n s

    a s " h o n e y c o m b , " a g r e a t m a n y of t h e m

    d o n o t c o n t a i n h o n e y a t a l l . T h e c e l l s

    o f t h e b r o o d c o m b e a c h h a v e a s m a l l

    i n h a b i t a n t a g r u b l i k e l a r v a t h a t w i l l

    s o o n t u r n i n t o a n e w h o n e y b e e . F o r t h e

    l a r v a , t h e c e l l i s a c r a d l e , l i v i n g r o o m

    a n d b e d r o o m c o m b i n e d . T h e l a r v a s t a y s

    i n i t f r o m t h e d a y it h a t c h e s u n t i l t h e

    d a y i t i s f u l l y g r o w n .

    N u r s e b e e s a r e w a l k i n g a ll o v e r t h e

    b r o o d c o m b . S o m e

    w h a t d o t h e .. . , . . .. . t i m e s t h e y p u t t h e i r

    n u r s e b e e s d o ?

    J r

    f e e t r i g h t o n t h e

    h e a d s o f t h e b a b i e s . O n e a f t e r t h e o t h e r ,

    t h e y b e n d d o w n a n d p o k e t h e i r h e a d s

    i n s i d e t h e c e l ls . T h e y f e e d a n d l i c k t h e i r

    l i t t l e s i s t e r s i n t h e i r c r a d l e s .

    T h e r e is a n o t h e r k i n d o f c e l l o n t h e

    e d g e o f t h e c o m b . I t i s m u c h l a r g e r t h a n

    t h e o t h e r s . I t l o o k s a l m o s t l i k e a p e a n u t

    s h e l l m a d e o u t o f w a x . I n s i d e i t i s a

    l a r v a j u s t l i k e t h e t h o u s a n d s o f o t h e r s

    o n l y a l i t t l e l a r g e r . T h i s s t r a n g e c e l l

    m u s t b e s o m e t h i n g s p e c i a l t o b e o ff o n

    t h e s i d e o f t h e c o m b w h e r e it c a n h a v e

    p l e n t y o f r o o m . I n d e e d i t i s , f o r i t i s t h e

    r o y a l n u r s e r y o f t h e l a r v a t h a t w i l l s o o n

    b e c o m e t h e n e w q u e e n .

    O v e r o n t h e t r u e " h o n e y c o m b , " s o m e

    t h i n g s t r a n g e i s t a k i n g

    W h y d o b e e s

    p l a c g B e e a f e w a l k

    .

    evaporate , , .,

    t h e i r h o n e y ?

    m

    S f^

    t h e

    h a l f - f i l l e d c e l l s , b e a t

    i n g t h e i r w i n g s a s if t h e y w e r e t r y i n g t o

    fly. A s t h e b r e e z e f r o m t h e i r w i n g s f a n s

    a c r o s s t h e c e l l s , i t m a k e s t h e s w e e t l i q u i d

    e v a p o r a t e . A c e l l t h a t w a s filled w i t h

    h o n e y m a y b e o n l y t h r e e - q u a r t e r s f u l l

    t h e n e x t d a y a s a r e s u l t o f t h e a i r f r o m

    t h e i r w i n g s . T h i s s e e m s l i k e a w a s t e

    t o b r i n g i n n e c t a r f r o m t h e flo wers a n d

    t h e n e v a p o r a t e it s o t h e r e i s n o t m u c h

    l e f t . B u t o n e t a s t e o f t h e l i q u i d w i l l t e l l

    w h y i t i s d o n e . T h e s u g a r t h a t s t a y s b e

    h i n d a s t h e w a t e r e v a p o r a t e s g e t s t h i c k e r

    a n d s w e e t e r .

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    The wild beehive in a

    hol low t ree c lear ly

    shows the various

    combs, hanging down

    l i ke cu r t a i n s a n d

    drapes in a home.

    1

    f i

    n

    ,,

    ,.* ,

    .

    J

    / W O R K E R

    T h e r e a r e " p a n t r y c e l l s , " t o o , f o r

    s t o r a g e o f p o l l e n a s f o o d . B u t i n a n o t h e r

    p a r t o f t h e h i v e i s a c o m b t h a t s e e m s

    d e s e r t e d . E a c h of t h e c e l l s h a s b e e n c o v

    e r e d w i t h a w a x c a p . T h e y h a n g h e a v y

    a n d s ti l l , a s if t h e y h a v e b e e n f o r g o t t e n .

    B u t t h e y a r e filled w i t h g o l d e n t r e a s u r e

    t h e n e c t a r b r o u g h t f r o m t h e fields

    a n d c h a n g e d i n t h e b o d i e s o f t h e b e e s

    i n t o t h i c k , r i c h h o n e y . E a c h p o u n d o f

    i t i s t h e w o r k o f m a n y b e e s . S o m e t i m e s

    PROBOSCIS

    HEAD

    COMPOUND

    EYE

    ANTENNA

    OCELLI

    THORAX

    POLLEN-COLLECTING

    HAIRS ON LEG

    STING

    The form, structure and vital parts of a bee (worker).

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    The building of queen

    cells gets special at

    tention. They are larger

    than the other cells and

    are built at the edge

    of the combsothat they

    get more air. Some of

    the cells above are

    under construction. The

    one at the right is ready

    to receive an egg.

    r.j * '& >*

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    If there is not enough

    food

    available, a

    worker

    might evict a drone

    from the hive.

    The drone, unable to

    eat by itself, is fed by

    workers or it starves.

    w a y i n t o t h e w o r l d . F o r i t m u s t p r o v i d e

    m i l l i o n s o f t i n y s p e r m c e l l s t h a t t h e

    q u e e n b e e s t o r e s i n a s p e c i a l p o u c h i n

    h e r b o d y . T h e n , j u s t b e f o r e s h e p l a c e s

    n e w e g g s i n t h e b r o o d c o m b , s h e f e r t i

    l i z e s e a c h o n e w i t h a s p e r m c e l l , s o t h a t

    i t c a n d e v e l o p i n t o a n e w w o r k e r .

    O n c e i t w a s t h o u g h t t h a t t h e d r o n e s

    w e r e l a z y b e c a u s e t h e y d i d n ' t h e l p w i t h

    t h e h i v e d u t i e s . B u t n o w w e k n o w t h a t

    t h e y c o u l d n ' t h e l p , n o m a t t e r h o w m u c h

    t h e y w a n t e d t o . T h e i r l e g s , h e a d s a n d

    b o d i e s a r e n o t s h a p e d r i g h t f o r f a s h i o n

    i n g t h e w a x i n t o t h e p e r f e c t l i t t l e c h a m

    b e r s . T h e y d o n ' t e v e n h a v e a s t i n g w i t h

    w h i c h t h e y c a n h e l p t o d r i v e a w a y e n e

    m i e s . T h e y j u s t h a v e t h o s e i m p o r t a n t

    l i t t le s p e r m c e l l s , r e a d y t o b e g i v e n t o

    t h e q u e e n i n m a t i n g .

    What causes the

    song of the hive ?

    T h e " s o n g o f t h e h i v e " i s a s t e a d y , h i g h -

    p i t c h e d h u m . I t

    i s m a d e b y t h e

    w i n g s o f t h e b e e s

    a s t h e y g o a b o u t t h e i r w o r k . S u d d e n l y

    t h e s o n g b e c o m e s l o u d e r . T h e n s c r a t c h -

    i n g s a n d s q u e a k i n g c a n b e h e a r d . A

    m o u s e h a s t r i e d t o s t e a l t h e h o n e y . B u t

    t h e b e e s a r e a l w a y s o n t h e i r g u a r d . T h e y

    a t t a c k t h e m o u s e a n d d r i v e i t a w a y f r o m

    t h e i r n e s t .

    S o m e t i m e s t h e i r a t t a c k i s s o fierce

    t h a t t h e y k i l l t h e m o u s e . T h e n t h e y h a v e

    a r e a l p r o b l e m . I t ' s a l m o s t l i k e h a v i n g

    a d e a d e l e p h a n t i n t h e l i v i n g r o o m . I f

    t h e y d o n ' t d o s o m e t h i n g q u i c k l y , t h e

    o d o r of t h e m o u s e w i l l s p o i l t h e h o n e y .

    B u t h o w c a n t h e y g e t s u c h a b i g c r e a

    t u r e o u t o f t h e h i v e ?

    T h e a n s w e r l ie s i n a n o t h e r k i n d o f

    b u i l d i n g m a t e r i a l u s e d

    b y b e e s

    p r o p o l i s

    o r

    " b e e - g l u e . " Q u i c k l y

    t h e y g e t t h e s t i c k y

    m a t e r i a l f r o m c e r t a i n b u d s a n d t w i g s .

    How do bees

    keep their

    hive clean?

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    T h e n t h e y w o r k it i n t o a l i q u i d w h i c h

    t h e y u s e t o c o v e r t h e d e a d m o u s e . W h e n

    i t d r i e s , i t l o o k s l i k e t o u g h b r o w n p a i n t .

    T h e m o u s e is s e a l e d i n i t s o w n l i t t l e

    t o m b , r i g h t i n s i d e t h e h i v e .

    T h i s i s j u s t o n e m e t h o d o f g a r b a g e

    d i s p o s a l . T h e b e e s k e e p t h e i r h i v e c l e a n

    a t a l l t i m e s . A n y t h i n g t h a t d o e s n ' t b e

    l o n g t h e r e g e t s d u m p e d o u t s i d e . S o m e

    t i m e s a w o r k e r w i l l d r a g o u t a p r o t e s t i n g

    d r o n e a s if h e w e r e a p i e c e o f r u b b i s h .

    T h e n t h e d r o n e c r a w l s b a c k in a g a i n ,

    a n d five m i n u t e s l a t e r t h e s a m e w o r k e r

    m a y b e g i v i n g h i m s o m e h o n e y .

    N o o n e is s u r e h o w t h e b e e s k n o w

    w h a t j o b t h e y a r e s u p p o s e d t o d o . B u t

    e a c h o n e o f t h e m , d o i n g i ts l i t t l e t a s k ,

    h e l p s t h e w h o l e h i v e t o o p e r a t e l i k e a

    b i g , h u m m i n g m a c h i n e . S o m e t i m e s t h e

    " m a c h i n e " i s l o c a t e d i n a h o l l o w t r e e .

    O t h e r t i m e s i t i s i n a s p e c i a l l y - b u i l t b e e

    h i v e . T h e B i b l e te l l s u s t h a t S a m s o n

    f o u n d b e e s i n t h e b o d y o f a d e a d l i o n .

    B u t n o m a t t e r w h e r e t h e i r h o m e i s l o

    c a t e d , t h e b e e s a l w a y s b u i l d t h e s a m e

    w a x c u r t a i n - c o m b s w i t h t h e s a m e si x-

    s i d e d c e l l s , h a l f a n i n c h l o n g a n d a q u a r

    t e r - i n c h w i d e .

    T h e c e l l s a r e s o p e r f e c t a n d r e g u l a r

    t h a t t h e F r e n c h s c i e n t i s t R e a u m u r o n c e

    s u g g e s t e d t h e y c o u l d b e u s e d a s a u n i t

    o f m e a s u r e m e n t .

    H o w c a n t h e h o n e y b e e d o a l l h e r

    m a n y j o b s a n d m a k e s u c h p e r f e c t w a x

    c e l l s ? S o m e o f t h e a n s w e r s w i l l b e f o u n d

    i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r .

    EGG IN CELL

    >

    HEAD OF A WORKER

    The gray, comma-shaped

    egg is attached to the

    bottom of the cell with

    an adhesive secretion.

    A bl ind and legless

    grub hatches from the

    egg. It is fed continu

    ously until it starts spin

    ning a cocoon after a

    few days.

    T h e M a g i c o f B e e s

    F r o m a b l i n d , h e l p l e s s b a b y n o l a r g e r

    t h a n a g r a i n o f s u g a r t o a f u l l - f l e d g e d

    i n s e c t w i t h a w h o l e s e t o f t o o l s t h a t

    i s t h e s t o r y of t h e h o n e y b e e . I t b e g i n s

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    l if e a s a t i n y c o m m a - s h a p e d e g g . I t c a n

    h a r d l y b e s e e n in t h e c e l l t h a t s e e m s

    s o h u g e i n c o m p a r i s o n . I t h a t c h e s t h r e e

    d a y s a f t e r i t i s p l a c e d t h e r e b y t h e

    q u e e n m o t h e r . B u t i t d o e s n ' t l o o k l i k e

    a b e e a t a l l . I t is j u s t a w h i t e , l e g l e s s ,

    b l i n d g r u b t h a t s e e m s t o b e a ll a p p e t i t e .

    How does a

    new bee get

    its food?

    F o o d i s n e a r a t h a n d . A f e w m i n u t e s

    a f t e r t h e g r u b h a s

    h a t c h e d , t h e h e a d o f

    a f u l l - g r o w n b e e a p

    p e a r s a t t h e g r u b ' s

    c e ll . P o k i n g d o w n t o t h e n e w a r r i v a l ,

    t h e a d u l t b e e s u p p l i e s i t w i t h " r o y a l

    j e l l y " a p a s t e m a d e i n s p e c i a l g l a n d s

    i n t h e b e e ' s h e a d . N o s o o n e r h a s i t f e d

    t h e li t t le l a r v a a n d g o n e o n t o t h e n e x t

    c e l l t h a n a n o t h e r l o a d o f f o o d a r r i v e s .

    T h e n a n o t h e r c o m e s , a n d a n o t h e r , a n d

    a n o t h e r a b o u t o n c e e v e r y m i n u t e .

    How does the

    baby bee grow?

    I n s t e a d o f c h o k i n g o n a ll t h i s f o o d , t h e

    l a r v a b e g i n s t o

    s w e l l l i k e a b a l l o o n .

    I t s s k i n g e t s t i g h t e r ,

    l i k e a j a c k e t t h a t i s t o o s m a l l . S o o n i t

    s p l i t s a n d t h e g r u b w r i g g l e s f r e e . T h e

    n e x t d a y i t m o l t s , o r s h e d s i t s j a c k e t ,

    a g a i n . F i n a l l y , t h e l a r v a h a s b e c o m e s o

    l a r g e t h a t i t fills i t s c e l l . I t h a s b e e n f e d

    a b o u t t e n t h o u s a n d t i m e s r o y a l j e l l y

    PUPA

    OAWDRKERS

    f o r t h e first t w o d a y s a n d " b e e b r e a d , "

    o r flow er p o l l e n m i x e d w i t h h o n e y , f o r

    f o u r m o r e . N o w i t i s a s b i g a s t h e e r a s e r

    o n t h e e n d o f a n e w p e n c i l m o r e t h a n

    a t h o u s a n d t i m e s l a r g e r t h a n i t w a s a

    w e e k a g o .

    I t b e g i n s t o p r o d u c e a s t i c k y s il k f r o m

    g l a n d s n e a r i t s m o u t h . W e a v i n g b a c k

    a n d f o r t h , i t s p i n s t h e s il k i n t o a l a c y

    c o c o o n . T h e n i t l i e s s t il l , l i k e a m u m m y

    w r a p p e d i n c l o th .

    A l l o v e r t h e b r o o d c o m b , h u n d r e d s

    o f o t h e r b e e l a r v a e a r e d o i n g t h e s a m e

    t h i n g . T h e q u e e n m o t h e r t h a t l a i d t h e

    e g g s m a y h a v e p r o d u c e d a t h o u s a n d M

    t h a t s a m e d a y p l a c i n g e a c h i n i t s C.-

    o w n s i x - s i d e d c e l l . J u s t b e f o r e t h e l a r v a e

    s t a r t t o f o r m c o c o o n s , t h e n u r s e b e e s

    s e a l t h e i r r o o m s w i t h w a x . T h e n t h e y

    g o o n t o t h e c a r e of o t h e r b a b i e s .

    I n s i d e t h e c o c o o n t h e r e i s a g r e a t

    c h a n g e . T h e so f t, l e g l e s s g r u b b o d y

    s t i f fe n s . O u t l i n e s o f l e g s , w i n g s , e y e s ,

    a n t e n n a e , o r " f e e l e r s , " b e g i n t o f o r m .

    T h e l a r v a i s a l a r v a n o l o n g e r , b u t a

    p u p a d a r k e n i n g , h a r d e n i n g , f u l l o f

    p r o m i s e o f t h e h o n e y b e e t o c o m e .

    T w e l v e d a y s l a t e r , a s h a r p n e w p a i r

    o f j a w s b e g i n s t o c u t a w a y a t t h e w a x

    c a p o f t h e c e l l . N o w c o m e s t h e g r e a t e s t

    m a r v e l o f a l l . T h e c e ll o p e n s a n d o u t

    c o m e s a c l e a n n e w h o n e y b e e h e r

    Here, in the cocoon, the

    great change takes

    place: from grub to

    milk-white nymph or

    pupa, until one day the

    adult bee emerges. If

    the egg is fertilized,

    the bee will become a

    worker. If not fertilized,

    it will become a drone.

    1 1

    WORKERS

    (ACTUAL SIZ

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    f o u r s h i n i n g w i n g s t h i n n e r t h a n p a p e r ,

    h e r s i x l e g s r e a d y t o c l i n g t o t h e p e t a l s

    o f t h e flo we rs s h e h a s n e v e r s e e n . S c i e n

    t i s t s s a y t h a t s u c h a c h a n g e , f r o m a g r u b

    t o a b e e , i s a s w o n d e r f u l a s p u t t i n g a

    t r u c k i n t o a g a r a g e , c l o s i n g t h e d o o r

    a n d t a k i n g o u t a b e a u t i f u l n e w a i r p l a n e

    t w e l v e d a y s l a t e r .

    The wax can be seen in this close-up view

    of the underside of a worker bee.

    To make wax for building new cells,

    bees hang in chains from combs. Thin

    slips of wax come from their abdominal

    plates as they stretch themselves.

    t h e i r o w n . T h e n i n a f e w d a y s , t h e

    g l a n d s i n h e r h e a d b e g i n t o m a k e r o y a l

    j e l ly f o r t h e n e w b o r n b a b i e s . O n e o f

    t h e m m a y b e g r o w i n g i n t h e s a m e c e l l

    s h e o c c u p i e d j u s t a f e w d a y s b e f o r e .

    What does a

    new worker do?

    A l l a r o u n d h e r a r e h u n d r e d s o f o t h e r

    w o r k e r s , b u s y a t

    t h e i r t a s k s . A f t e r

    b u z z i n g h e r n e w

    w i n g s a n d s t r e t c h i n g h e r n e w l e g s f o r a

    d a y o r s o , s h e g o e s t o w o r k h e r s e l f . S h e

    f e e d s p o l l e n a n d h o n e y t o h e r y o u n g e r

    s i s t e r s , a l l r e a d y t o b u i l d c o c o o n s o f

    How is

    beeswax

    made?

    N e w w a x is n e e d e d f o r t h e c o m b . T h e

    y o u n g w o r k e r t a k e s g r e a t

    d r i n k s o f h o n e y a n d t h e n

    " h a n g s h e r s e l f u p " i n a

    s h e e t o f l i v i n g b o d i e s w i t h

    h e r s i s te r s . E a c h o n e h a n g s w i t h h e r

    f r o n t f e e t a t t a c h e d t o t h e h i n d l e g s o f

    t h e o n e a b o v e . A f t e r a f e w h o u r s l i t t l e

    p l a t e s o f w a x a p p e a r o n e a c h a b d o m e n .

    W a x o o z e s o u t t h r o u g h s p e c i a l g l a n d s .

    S h a p i n g t h e w a x w i t h t h e j a w s a n d f e e t,

    1 2

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    t h e b e e s b u i l d n e w c e l ls l i k e t h e t h o u

    s a n d s a l r e a d y t h e r e .

    A b e e c a n n o t a l w a y s p r o d u c e b e e s

    w a x . N o r c a n i t a l w a y s p r o d u c e r o y a l

    j e l l y . T h e l if e o f b e e s r u n s in a s e r i e s o f

    s t a g e s . O n c e t h e b e e h a s p a s s e d a c e r

    t a i n p o i n t , i t d o e s n o t g o b a c k a g a i n .

    Y o u n g w o r k e r s c a n m a k e r o y a l j e l l y f o r

    a f e w d a y s . T h e n t h e y c a n m a k e w a x .

    T h e n , w h e n t h e y a r e o l d e r , t h e y g o o u t

    i n t o t h e fields t o g a t h e r n e c t a r a n d p o l

    l e n . S o if w e k n o w w h a t k i n d of w o r k

    a b e e i s d o i n g , w e h a v e s o m e i d e a of h o w

    o l d i t i s .

    W h e n s h e l e a v e s t h e h i v e , t h e w o r k e r

    i s a l m o s t l i k e a p u p p y i n a s t r a n g e n e w

    y a r d . S h e flies a r o u n d a n d a r o u n d ,

    n e v e r s t r a y i n g f a r f r o m t h e h i v e . H e r

    g r e a t c o m p o u n d e y e s t a k e i n t h e f o r m

    o f r o c k s a n d t r e e s n e a r b y . T h e si x t h o u

    s a n d " s m e l l - p l a t e s " o n h e r a n t e n n a e

    r e c e i v e s t r a n g e o d o r s f r o m t h e n e w

    w o r l d , b u t s h e d o e s n ' t v e n t u r e a w a y

    The bees collect pollen on their hind legs. Pollen

    is held in place by long leg hairs, which form the

    so-called po llen baskets (right).

    With its long proboscis, the bee sucks the nectar

    that is produced in the bottom of the flower. In

    doing so, the bee pollinates the flower, making it

    possible to produce seeds (below).

    u n t i l a d a y o r t w o l a t e r . T h e n s h e b e

    g i n s t h e j o b t h a t w i l l l a s t t h e r e s t o f

    h e r l i f e .

    What is the

    bee's tool kit?

    S h e c a r r i e s h e r t o o l k i t r i g h t w i t h h e r .

    I t i s i n t h e f o r m o f

    b r i s t l e s a n d s p i n e s o n

    h e r l e g s . S h e h a s a

    p a i r o f " p o l l e n b a s k e t s " o n h e r h i n d l e g s

    t o s tu f f f u l l o f t h e g o l d e n p o w d e r f r o m

    flow ers. H e r f r o n t l e g s h a v e c l e a n i n g

    b r u s h e s f o r t h e d e l i c a t e a n t e n n a e .

    S p i n e s o n t h e m i d d l e l e g s h e l p p r y

    p o l l e n o u t o f t h e p o l l e n b a s k e t s . O t h e r

    s p i n e s h e l p h e r t r i m a n d s h a p e t h e w a x

    f o r t h e c o m b .

    W h e n s h e g o e s f r o m o n e flow er t o

    a n o t h e r , s h e p o k e s h e r h e a d d e e p i n t o

    i t s c e n t e r t o g e t t h e s w e e t n e c t a r . H a i r s

    o n h e r b o d y b r u s h t h e p o w d e r y p o l l e n

    a r o u n d . S h e s t u ff s i t i n h e r p o l l e n b a s

    k e t s . T h e n s o m e o f i t r u b s o ff a s s h e

    b r u s h e s a r o u n d i n t h e n e x t flow er.

    BEE

    (ACTUAL SIZ

    FILLED POLLEN BASKET

    1 3

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    T h e D a n c e o f t h e B e e s

    T h e m y s t e r y o f h o w b e e s t e l l o t h e r

    b e e s w h e r e f o o d i s t o

    H o w d o b e e s , , , , ,

    .

    .. ..

    b e

    f o u n d

    h a s l o n g

    t e l l d i r e c t i o n ?

    p u z z l e d s c i e n t i s t s . I n

    1 9 4 5 ,

    a n A u s t r i a n z o o l o g i s t b y t h e n a m e

    o f K a r l v o n F r i s c h s e t t o w o r k t o s o l v e

    t h e p u z z l e .

    D r . v o n F r i s c h k n e w t h a t w o r k e r b e e s

    o f t e n j o u r n e y e d s e v e r a l m i l e s t o f ind a

    fie ld o f flo we rs. Y e t t h e y a l w a y s f o u n d

    t h e i r w a y b a c k h o m e e a s i ly . D r . v o n

    F r i s c h w a n t e d t o d i s c o v e r h o w t h e b e e s

    k e p t f r o m g e t t i n g l o s t i n t h e i r t r i p t o a n d

    from f lowers .

    D r . v o n F r i s c h k n e w t h a t l o n g b e f o r e

    c o m p a s s e s w e r e i n v e n t e d , s a i l o r s w e r e

    a b l e t o find t h e i r w a y a c r o s s u n c h a r t e d

    s e a s . H o w ? T h e y n a v i g a t e d b y f o l l o w i n g

    t h e s u n d u r i n g t h e d a y a n d t h e s t a r s a t

    n i g h t . D i d b e e s d o t h e s a m e ?

    T o find o u t , D r . v o n F r i s c h c o n t r i v e d

    a c l e v e r e x p e r i m e n t . F i r s t , h e t a u g h t

    w o r k e r b e e s t o e a t f r o m a d i s h of s u g a r -

    w a t e r t h a t w a s p l a c e d w e s t o f t h e i r h i v e .

    T h e b e e s w e r e t a u g h t t o d o t h i s i n t h e

    m o r n i n g , w h e n t h e s u n w a s i n t h e e a s t

    e r n s k y . T h e n o n e n i g h t a f t e r t h e

    b e e s h a d l e a r n e d t o f e e d a t t h e d i s h

    D r . v o n F r i s c h m o v e d t h e h i v e w h i l e t h e

    b e e s w e r e a s l e e p . A n d h e t u r n e d t h e h i v e

    a r o u n d s o t h a t i t s e n t r a n c e p o i n t e d i n a

    d i 'f f er e nt d i r e c t i o n . N e x t , D r . v o n F r i s c h

    s e t o u t f o u r d i s h e s f illed w i t h s u g a r -

    w a t e r o n e t o t h e n o r t h o f t h e h i v e ,

    o n e t o t h e e a s t , o n e t o t h e s o u t h a n d o n e

    t o t h e w e s t .

    X FLOWERS

    \

    \

    \

    V

    HIVE

    DANCE

    SUN

    v .

    m

    T h e n e x t m o r n i n g t h e s u n r o s e b r i g h t

    i n t h e e a s t . D r . v o n F r i s c h c o u n t e d t h e

    w o r k e r b e e s a s t h e y w i n g e d f r o m t h e

    h i v e . T h e r e w e r e t w e n t y - n i n e . H e a l s o

    c o u n t e d t h e n u m b e r o f b e e s t h a t r e a c h e d

    e a c h d i s h . T w e n t y f o u n d t h e i r w a y t o

    t h e d i s h t h a t w a s w e s t o f t h e h i v e .

    W h a t d i d t h e e x p e r i m e n t t e l l D r . v o n

    F r i s c h ? I t t o l d h i m t h a t t h e b e e s h a d

    l e a r n e d t o f l y away

    f r o m

    t h e s u n t o r e a c h

    f o o d .

    B u t o n e p u z z l e r e m a i n e d f o r D r . v o n

    F r i s c h t o s o l v e . H o w

    H o w d o b e e s , . , , ,

    . . d i d w o r k e r b e e s , r e -

    communica te?

    t u r n i n g t o t h e h i v e ,

    " t e l l " o t h e r w o r k e r b e e s w h e r e t h e s u g a r -

    w a t e r d i s h w a s l o c a t e d ? D r . v o n F r i s c h

    h a d o b s e r v e d t h a t v e r y s o o n a f t e r

    w o r k e r b e e s r e t u r n e d t o t h e h i v e , o t h e r s

    flew o u t . T h e s e b e e s , w h o h a d n e v e r

    b e e n t o t h e s u g a r d i s h , s o m e h o w w e r e

    1 4

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    X

    >

    Dance of the bee shows other

    bees in hive the distance and

    direction of nearest flow ers .

    Center line of bee's dance

    pattern tells direction of feed

    ing place according to angle

    ofsun.Dancing bee performs

    on wall of comb.

    a b l e t o find i t w i t h o u t b e i n g l e d b y t h e

    b e e s w h o h a d f o u n d t h e d i s h i n t h e first

    p l a c e

    A f t e r c a r e f u l l y w a t c h i n g b e e s f o r

    m a n y d a y s , D r . v o n F r i s c h o b s e r v e d t h a t

    r e t u r n i n g b e e s d i d a s t r a n g e " d a n c e . "

    A n d t h e d a n c e w a s n o t a l w a y s t h e s a m e .

    C o u l d t h e d a n c e b e a w a y o f " t e l l i n g "

    w h e r e f o o d w a s t o b e f o u n d ? M o r e d a y s

    p a s s e d a s D r . v o n F r i s c h n o t e d e a c h

    k i n d o f d a n c e a n d t h e e f f e c t i t h a d o n

    b e e s t h a t w e r e a b o u t t o l e a v e t h e h i v e .

    D r . v o n F r i s c h d i s c o v e r e d t h a t w h e n

    a w o r k e r b e e r e t u r n s t o t h e h i v e , o t h e r

    w o r k e r s c r o w d a r o u n d i t. T h e " s t a y -a t -

    h o m e " w o r k e r s p u t t h e i r d e l i c a t e a n

    t e n n a e o n t h e b o d y o f t h e s c o u t b e e . T h e

    s c o u t t h e n d o e s i t s " d a n c e " o n t h e w a l l

    o f t h e h o n e y c o m b . D r . v o n F r i s c h f o u n d

    t h a t w h e n t h e s c o u t " w a g g l e s " s t r a i g h t

    u p t h e s i d e o f t h e c o m b , t h e o t h e r b e e s

    w i l l fly o ff i n t h e d i r e c t i o n o f t h e s u n

    t o t h e e a s t i n t h e m o r n i n g , t o t h e w e s t i n

    t h e a f t e r n o o n . B u t if t h e s c o u t " w a g g l e s "

    s t r a i g h t d o w n t h e c o m b , t h e o t h e r

    w o r k e r b e e s w i n g o u t o f t h e h i v e i n a

    d i r e c t i o n

    opposite

    t o t h a t o f t h e s u n

    w e s t i n t h e m o r n i n g a n d e a s t i n t h e

    after

    n o o n . W h a t ' s m o r e , if t h e s c o u t " w a g

    g l e s " i n a l i n e t h a t i s s l a n t e d n o t

    s t r a i g h t u p o r s t r a i g h t d o w n i t i s

    " t e l l i n g " t h e o t h e r w o r k e r b e e s t h a t food

    i s t o b e f o u n d a l i t t l e s o u t h o r n o r t h o f

    e a s t o r w e s t .

    N o t a l l b e e s a r e a b l e t o " t e l l " o t h e r

    b e e s w h e r e t o find f o o d . O n l y " h i g h e r "

    b e e s c a n d o t h i s . A n d t h e h i g h e s t f o r m s

    o f b e e s u s e a " s o u n d " l a n g u a g e , a s w e l l

    a s a " d a n c i n g " l a n g u a g e , t o t e l l w h e r e

    f o o d i s. T h i s s o u n d l a n g u a g e w a s d i s c o v

    e r e d i n 1 9 6 5 b y s c i e n t i s t s s t u d y i n g b e e s

    i n B r a z i l . T h e s c i e n t i s t s r e c o r d e d t h e

    b u z z i n g " s o n g s o f w o r k e r b e e s o n t h e i r

    w a y b a c k f r o m f o o d " s t a t i o n s . " T h e s ta

    t i o n s w e r e d i s h e s o f f o o d t h a t t h e s c i e n

    t i s t s h a d s e t o u t n e a r t h e h i v e . L a t e r ,

    t h e s o n g s w e r e p l a y e d o v e r a l o u d

    s p e a k e r . W h a t h a p p e n e d ? W h e n t h e

    b e e s h e a r d t h e s o n g , t h e y f lew o u t o f t h e

    h i v e t o w a r d t h e v e r y s t a t i o n w h e r e t h e

    s o n g h a d b e e n r e c o r d e d

    I f a n e n e m y s t r i k e s , t h e w o r k e r b e e flies

    t o t h e a t t a c k , d r i v i n g

    i t s s t i n g e r d e e p i n t o i t s

    v i c t i m ' s fle sh . B u t a s

    t h e b e e p u l l s a w a y ,

    t h e l i t t l e b a r b s o n t h e s t i n g e r h o l d f a s t .

    Why does a

    bee die when

    it stings?

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    T h e s t i n g e r is p u l l e d o u t o f t h e b e e ' s

    b o d y , l e a v i n g i t t o r n a n d d y i n g . A l

    t h o u g h a b e e s t i n g m e a n s p a i n f o r t h e

    v i c t i m , i t m e a n s d e a t h f o r t h e h o n e y b e e .

    N o m a t t e r w h a t h a p p e n s t o t h e w o r k

    e r s , l if e i n t h e h i v e g o e s o n . T h e n e w

    b a b i e s r e c e i v e t h e i r t w o d a y s of r o y a l

    j e l l y f o l l o w e d b y p o l l e n a n d h o n e y . B u t

    t h e l a r v a i n t h e q u e e n c e l l c o n t i n u e s t o

    g e t r o y a l j e l l y e v e r y d a y . T h i s m a k e s a

    w o n d e r f u l c h a n g e . I n s t e a d o f a r e g u l a r -

    s i z e d w o r k e r , u n a b l e t o l a y e g g s , t h e

    d i e t o f r o y a l j e l l y w i l l p r o d u c e a s l e e k

    n e w q u e e n .

    E v e n t h o u g h t h e q u e e n h a s n o t y e t

    l e ft h e r c o c o o n , a s t r a n g e s o u n d is c o m

    i n g f r o m h e r c el l . I t c a n b e h e a r d a b o v e

    t h e s o n g o f t h e h i v e .

    A n e w p r i n c e s s i s a b o u t t o b e b o r n .

    A queen honeybee emerges from the irreg

    ular wax cell in which she has developed.

    T h e C a p t i v e Q u e e n

    What does the new

    queen look like?

    T h e n e w q u e e n is o n e t h i r d l a r g e r t h a n

    t h e w o r k e r s .

    H e r l e g s l a c k

    t h e i r t o o l s a n d

    c o m b s . H e r w i n g s a r e f o l d e d a n d d a m p

    a g a i n s t h e r b o d y , b u t t h e y a r e v i b r a t i n g

    w i t h a h i g h - p i t c h e d h u m t h a t p i e r c e s

    t h e w a l l s o f t h e h i v e . Q u i c k l y s h e b i t e s

    a t t h e t o p o f h e r c o c o o n a n d t h e c a p o f

    h e r q u e e n c e l l .

    A t l a s t s h e i s f r e e . S c a r c e l y w a i t i n g

    f o r h e r w i n g s t o d r y , s h e r u s h e s o v e r

    t h e b r o o d c o m b . T h e w o r k e r s m a k e w a y

    f o r h e r . F i n a l l y , s h e fin ds w h a t s h e i s

    s e e k i n g . A n o t h e r q u e e n c e l l i s w a i t i n g .

    F r o m i t, t o o , c o m e s t h e s t r a n g e s o n g .

    T h e w o r k e r s s t a n d b y a s s h e t e a r s a t

    t h e c a p u n t i l s h e h a s o p e n e d i t . T h e n

    s h e t h r u s t s h e r s t i n g d e e p , a g a i n a n d

    a g a i n . U n l i k e t h e w o r k e r s , s h e c a n u s e

    h e r l o n g , c u r v e d s t i n g m a n y t i m e s . B u t

    s h e u s e s i t o n l y a g a i n s t o t h e r q u e e n s .

    I f t w o q u e e n s e m e r g e f r o m c o c o o n s

    a t t h e s a m e i n s t a n t , t h e r e is a d u e l . T h e

    i n s e c t s t h r u s t a t e a c h o t h e r w i t h t h e i r

    s h a r p s t i n g s u n t i l o n l y o n e o f t h e q u e e n s

    i s l e f t a l i v e .

    Why does she kill

    her sister queens?

    S h e c a n n o m o r e s t o p f r o m s t i n g i n g h e r

    s i s t e r q u e e n s t h a n

    t h e w o r k e r s c a n

    s t o p g a t h e r i n g i n

    t h e fields. " O n e q u e e n p e r h i v e " i s t h e

    r u l e t h a t s h e m u s t f o l l o w . S h e m a y h a v e

    s i x o r e i g h t o t h e r q u e e n s s e e k i n g t o

    d e s t r o y h e r i f s h e a l l o w s t h e m t o l i v e .

    O n l y a f t e r s h e h a s m a d e s u r e t h a t s h e

    i s t h e o n l y q u e e n b e e i n t h e h i v e d o e s

    s h e f inal ly s t o p t o re s t .

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    QUEEN BEE

    (ACTUAL SIZE)

    One queen per hive

    is the rule she must fol

    low. If two queens

    emerge from their co

    coons at the same in

    stant, a battle to the

    death develops. Here

    two queens duel it out.

    I f t h e r e i s o n l y a s i n g l e q u e e n f o r e a c h

    h i v e , w h a t w i l l h a p -

    W h at h ap p en s

    w h e n h e m e e t

    t o t h e o l d f ,

    n

    ., , h e r q u e e n m o t h e r ?

    q u e e n m o t h e r ?

    J

    1

    T o fin d t h e a n s w e r

    w e h a v e t o g o b a c k a f e w d a y s . T h e

    q u e e n m o t h e r p u t a n o r m a l e g g i n t o

    e a c h s p e c i a l c e l l a s s h e c a m e t o i t . F e d

    o n l y r o y a l j e l l y b y t h e w o r k e r s , e a c h

    o n e d e v e l o p e d i n t o a q u e e n l a r v a . T h e n ,

    a s t h e t i m e c a m e n e a r f o r t h e i r e m e r

    g e n c e a s n e w q u e e n s , a c h a n g e c a m e

    o v e r t h e e n t i r e h i v e .

    G o n e i s t h e o l d n e e d t o s p e n d e v e r y

    m o m e n t w o r k i n g i n t h e fields. E v e n t h e

    q u e e n m o t h e r ' s c o n s t a n t j o b o f l a y i n g

    e g g s i s f o r g o t t e n . T e a r i n g o p e n t h e c a p s

    o f t h e h o n e y c o m b , t h o u s a n d s o f b e e s

    d r i n k s o d e e p l y t h a t t h e y b e c o m e

    s tu f fe d . T h i s i s p r o b a b l y a w i s e p r o v i

    s i o n b y n a t u r e f o r t h e t i m e a h e a d . F o r

    t h i s i s k n o w n a s t h e t i m e o f t h e s w a r m .

    T h e q u e e n m o t h e r a n d s e v e r a l t h o u s a n d

    o f h e r f a m i l y w i l l l e a v e t h e h i v e f o r e v e r

    t o find a n e w h o m e .

    T h e w o r k e r s a r e s o f u ll t h a t s o m e o f

    t h e m c a n h a r d l y fly. M a n y , l i k e t h e f a t

    m a n w h o c o u l d n ' t b e n d o v e r t o t i e h i s

    o w n s h o e , a r e u n a b l e t o c u r v e t h e i r

    a b d o m e n s e n o u g h t o u s e t h e i r s t in g s . I n

    f a c t , t h e y s e e m t o o g o o d - n a t u r e d t o

    s t i n g . T h e s o n g o f t h e h i v e r i s e s t o a

    n e w p i t c h . E v e r y t h i n g is i n p r e p a r a t i o n

    f o r a g r e a t a d v e n t u r e .

    What is a

    sw ar m d ay ?

    F i n a l l y t h e g r e a t d a y c o m e s . T h e s u n

    i s s h i n i n g a n d t h e

    w e a t h e r i s

    f a i r t h e

    b e e k e e p e r s c a l l i t a

    " s w a r m d a y . " T h e b e e s fly o u t b y t h e

    h u n d r e d s a n d t h o u s a n d s . A w a y t h e y g o

    t o a n e a r b y t r e e o r b u s h w h e r e t h e y

    c l u s t e r i n a c l o s e m a s s . T h e o n e s o n t h e

    o u t s i d e of t h e m a s s o p e n l i t t l e s c e n t -

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    Bees are easily irritated, but they will often allow

    themselves to be handled this way on swarm days.

    g l a n d s o n t h e i r a b d o m e n a n d f a n t h e

    s c e n t o u t i n t o t h e a i r w i t h t h e i r w i n g s .

    T h e y d o t h i s t o g u i d e o t h e r s t o t h e s p o t ,

    j u s t a s t h e y o f t e n d o w h e n t h e y fin d a

    r i c h s o u r c e o f n e c t a r o r a c l u s t e r o f

    flowers.

    T h e c l u s t e r e d s w a r m i s t h i c k a n d

    h e a v y . I t c a n o f t e n b e s h a k e n f r o m t h e

    b u s h i n t o a n e m p t y h i v e l i k e a h u g e

    b u n c h o f o v e r r i p e g r a p e s . S o m e w h e r e

    i n t h e c e n t e r o f t h e s w a r m i s t h e q u e e n

    m o t h e r . S o o n s o m e b e e s h a v e f o u n d a

    1 8

    h o l l o w t r e e o r e m p t y h i v e . T h e s w a r m

    f o l l o w s t h e m t o t h e n e w h o m e .

    S o m e t i m e s t h e b e e k e e p e r w i s h e s t o

    find t h e q u e e n . T h e n h e m a y s h a k e t h e

    s w a r m i n t o a t u b o f w a t e r . A s t h e b e e s

    b e g i n t o s w i m t o w a r d t h e s i d e s , h e c a n

    u s u a l l y find h e r b y h e r l a r g e s i z e . O c c a

    s i o n a l l y , h e d i s c o v e r s t h a t t h e b e e s

    h a v e s w a r m e d w i t h o u t h e r . T h i s i s l i k e

    h a v i n g a b i r t h d a y p a r t y f o r s o m e o n e

    w h o d i d n ' t g e t i n v i t e d . T h e s w a r m c a n

    n o t l i v e m o r e t h a n a f e w d a y s w i t h o u t

    i t s q u e e n . O n l y s h e c a n l a y t h e e g g s t o

    p r o d u c e n e w w o r k e r s .

    T h e

    q u e e n ,

    How is the

    queen like

    a prisoner?

    w h e t h e r i t i s t h e n e w

    q u e e n b a c k i n t h e h i v e ,

    o r t h e q u e e n m o t h e r i n

    t h e s w a r m , i s n o t r e a l l y

    a r u l e r . S h e is m o r e l i k e

    a p r i s o n e r t h a n a q u e e n . S h e m u s t b e

    f e d a n d c a r e d f o r b y h e r w o r k e r s . E x

    c e p t f o r h e r s w a r m i n g a n d m a t i n g

    flig hts, s h e n e v e r s e e s t h e o u t s i d e w o r l d .

    T h e o l d q u e e n h a s l e ft . N o w t h e n e w

    q u e e n p u s h e s t o w a r d t h e o p e n i n g o f t h e

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    h i v e . A m o s t i m p o r t a n t j o b w a i t s f o r

    h e r . A t l a s t t h e d r o n e s w i l l g e t a c h a n c e

    t o d o t h e i r p a r t . S h e t a k e s of f o n h e r

    n e w w i n g s , c i r c l i n g a r o u n d a n d a r o u n d .

    T h e d r o n e s f o l l o w . S o m e t i m e s s h e g o e s

    o u t o f s i g h t .

    F i n a l l y s h e m a t e s w i t h o n e o f t h e

    d r o n e s . S h e m a y

    W h a t h a p p e n s

    c h o o g e Q n e f r o m a n

    _

    to the drones

    ,

    .

    r

    , . , , _ o t h e r h i v e a s t a r a s

    a f t e r m a t i n g ?

    n i n e m i l e s a w a y . T h e

    m i l l i o n s o f t i n y s p e r m c e l l s f r o m t h e

    d r o n e ' s b o d y a r e p l a c e d i n a p o u c h i n

    t h e q u e e n ' s a b d o m e n . H i s w o r k d o n e a t

    l a s t , t h e d r o n e s o o n d i e s . T h e o t h e r

    d r o n e s a r e d r i v e n f r o m t h e h i v e w h e n

    t h e f o o d s u p p l y g e t s l o w i n t h e f a l l .

    B a c k i n t h e h i v e , s h e b e c o m e s t h e n e w

    q u e e n m o t h e r . D a y

    H o w m a n y e g g s

    a f t e r d a y h e J a y s

    t h o u s a n d s o f e g g s

    ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ o f t e n f o u r o r fiv e

    t h o u s a n d a d a y . S u c h e g g p r o d u c t i o n i s

    a g r e a t t a s k . S o s h e i s f e d b y t h e w o r k -

    does the new

    queen produce?

    e r s a l m o s t c o n s t a n t l y . T h e y f e e d h e r

    a n d l i c k h e r , c a r i n g f o r h e r e v e r y n e e d .

    P e r h a p s t h i s l i c k i n g a n d p a s s i n g a r o u n d

    m a t e r i a l f r o m h e r

    W h a t h a p p e n s

    b o d s e r y e s t Q

    if the queen , , , .

    i s t a k e n a w a y ?

    k e e

    P

    t h e

    ^ S

    0 i n

    g

    s m o o t h l y . I f t h e

    q u e e n is t a k e n a w a y o r d i e s , t h e w o r k

    e r s c r e a t e a n e w q u e e n b y e n l a r g i n g a

    c e l l a n d k e e p i n g o n e o f t h e n e w b o r n

    b a b i e s o n a s t e a d y r o y a l j e l l y d i e t . I f

    t h i s d o e s n ' t w o r k , t h e w o r k e r s t h e m

    s e l v e s m a n a g e t o l a y a f e w e g g s , b u t

    t h e s e d e v e l o p o n l y i n t o d r o n e s . T h e n

    t h e h i v e , w i t h o u t a q u e e n , s o o n d i e s .

    A queen laying eggs.

    I f n o t h i n g h a p p e n s t o t h e q u e e n , s h e

    m a y l i v e w i t h h e r

    H o w l o n g d o e s , . . , * *

    .. i. o h u g e f a m i l y f o r f o u r

    t h e q u e e n live?

    b J

    o r five y e a r s . D u r i n g

    t h i s t i m e s h e m a y l a y a m i l l i o n e g g s .

    W h a t a d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e q u e e n

    m o t h e r a n d t h e s i n g l e m o t h w h o l e a v e s

    a f e w e g g s o n a t w i g i n t h e f a l l

    B u t t h e r e a r e m a n y o t h e r b e e s , t o o .

    T h e y l i v e i n i n t e r e s t i n g p l a c e s o l d

    m o u s e n e s t s , h o l l o w c h u n k s o f w o o d ,

    e v e n t i n c a n s . T h e i r s t o r y w i l l b e t o l d

    i n t h e n e x t c h a p t e r .

    Attendants constantly surround the queen. When she

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    B e e s W i t h o u t a H i v e

    A b e e t h a t d o e s n ' t s t i n g I t i s h a r d

    t o b e l i e v e , b u t t h e r e a r e b e e s i n S o u t h

    A m e r i c a t h a t n e v e r s t i n g a t a l l. T h e y

    l i v e i n c o l o n i e s , o r l a r g e f a m i l i e s , j u s t

    l i k e t h e h o n e y b e e s . I n s t e a d o f l i v i n g i n

    a m a n - m a d e h i v e , t h e y m a k e t h e i r

    h o m e s i n h o l l o w t r e e s o r c a v e s . H e r e

    t h e y b u i l d c o m b s o u t o f w a x a n d c l a y

    o r f r o m t h e s t i c k y r e s i n o f t r e e s .

    How do st ingless

    bees f igh t enemies?

    S i n c e t h e y d o n ' t s t i n g , t h e y h a v e a d i f

    f e r e n t w a y o f

    p r o t e c t i n g t h e i r

    l i t t l e h o n e y -

    p o t s a n d t h e l a r v a e i n t h e c e l ls . W h e n

    a n e n e m y c o m e s , t h e y fly a l l o v e r i t ,

    b i t i n g a n d s c r a t c h i n g . S t r o n g fluid f r o m

    t h e i r m o u t h s a n d b o d i e s c a u s e s a b u r n

    i n g s e n s a t i o n . I t f e e l s a l m o s t l i k e

    s p a t t e r i n g g r e a s e . B u t e v e n s o , S o u t h

    A m e r i c a n n a t i v e s o f t e n k e e p t h e m i n

    l i tt l e " d r u m s . " T h e s e a r e m a d e of a h o l

    l o w lo g w i t h b o t h e n d s s e a l e d , e x c e p t

    f o r a l i t t l e h o l e f o r t h e b e e s t o e n t e r .

    W h e n t h e n a t i v e s w a n t s o m e h o n e y ,

    t h e y j u s t b r e a k o p e n t h e e n d of a d r u m .

    O f t e n t h i s h o n e y is d e l i c i o u s . B u t

    s o m e t i m e s i t i s n o t . T h e s t in g l e s s b e e s

    v i s i t a l l k i n d s o f f lo w er s. I f t h e r e a r e n ' t

    e n o u g h flow ers a v a i l a b l e , t h e y t a k e t h e

    n e x t b e s t t h i n g . T h i s m a y b e a m o l a s s e s

    c a n o r a n o l d g r a p e f r u i t p e e l , w i t h a

    d r o p o r t w o o f m o t o r o i l f o r v a r i e t y . A

    S o u t h A m e r i c a n m e a l w i t h n a t i v e h o n e y

    m u s t b e f u l l o f s u r p r i s e s

    T h e h o n e y b e e a n d t h e s t i n g l e s s b e e s

    t a k e c a r e o f t h e

    How is a q u e e n

    e g g ] a i d b y

    ^

    q u e e n . B u t m a n y of

    t h e o t h e r k i n d s o f

    q u e e n s t a k e c a r e o f t h e i r o w n e g g s . O n e

    o f t h e s t r a n g e s t is t h e q u e e n b u m b l e

    b e e . S h e s i t s o n h e r e g g s i n t h e s p r i n g

    bum b l ebee l i ke

    a mother b i rd?

    2 0

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    l i k e a l i t t l e b i r d . A l l w i n t e r l o n g s h e

    r e m a i n s i n a s h e l t e r e d s p o t , h i d d e n f r o m

    t h e c o l d a n d s t o r m . W h e n s p r i n g c o m e s

    a t l a s t , s h e g o e s h o u s e - h u n t i n g . S h e

    flies o v e r t h e m e a d o w , l o o k i n g f o r a

    l i t t l e h o l l o w in t h e g r o u n d . S o m e t i m e s

    s h e e v e n u s e s a n o l d m o u s e n e s t o r a

    h a l f - h id d en t i n c a n .

    S h e m a k e s t w o w a x ce l ls . O n e o f

    t h e m i s h e r h o n e y p o t . S h e fills i t w i t h

    h o n e y s h e h a s m a d e f r o m t h e e a r l y

    An apiary (a place where bees are kept)

    set in a landscape with fruit trees is al

    ways an interesting sight. The large

    bo xe s are actually modern beehives.

    They have replaced the less practical

    straw skeps (inset at right) that were

    used for a long time throughout the whole

    world. The movable frames of the mod

    ern hive (cross section on page 20) is

    much more convenient for the beekeeper

    and for the bees as well. The queen and

    the young can get only to section B ,

    leaving the honey in the top combs un

    disturbed for the keeper.

    s p r i n g flow ers. T h e o t h e r i s h e r b r o o d

    c e l l . A b o u t e i g h t e g g s g o i n t o i t , o f t e n

    o n a l i t t l e p a d o f p o l l e n t h a t w i l l s e r v e

    a s f o o d . T h e n s h e c a p s i t o v e r w i t h w a x

    a n d s e t t l e s d o w n o n t o p o f it .

    F o r t h e q u e e n b u m b l e b e e , b a b y s i t

    t i n g i s n o p r o b l e m . W h e n t h e l a r v a e

    h a t c h i n t h r e e o r f o u r d a y s , s h e o p e n s

    t h e i r c e l l t o f e e d t h e m . B u t w h e n t h e y

    a r e f e d , s h e c l o s e s i t u p a g a i n . S h e m a y

    d o t h i s s e v e r a l t i m e s a d a y , flying a w a y

    f o r m o r e f o o d i n b e t w e e n .

    Close-up of the head of

    a stingless bee and the

    log shed in which Mexi

    can Indians of Yucatan

    keep them.

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    A queen bumblebee helps the young workers

    out of their cells. Creeping to the honeypots,

    they help themselves.

    W h e n s h e l e a v e s h o m e , s h e m a y g e t

    i n t o a l l k i n d s o f t r o u -

    W h a t a r e t h e

    b l e S o m e k i n d s o f

    bumblebee's

    ,

    .

    ,

    . . .

    . .

    . _ b i r d s l ike t o e a t b u m -

    e n e m i e s ?

    b l e b e e s s t i n g a n d

    a l l . A h u g e r o b b e r fly, l o o k i n g l i k e a

    b u m b l e b e e i ts e l f , m a y l i e w a i t i n g i n a

    flow er, r e a d y t o c a t c h h e r . S o m e t i m e s

    s h e c o m e s a c r o s s t h e n e s t o f a n o t h e r

    b u m b l e b e e . I n s h e g o e s , j u s t a s if i t w e r e

    h e r o w n h o m e . S h e m a y e v e n d r i v e o u t

    t h e r i g h t f u l q u e e n a n d s e t t l e d o w n o n

    t h e e g g s h e r s e l f . T h i s i s h a r d o n t h e

    b a b i e s b a c k a t h e r o w n h o m e . S o m e

    t i m e s t h e h o m e l e s s q u e e n finds t h e u n o c

    c u p i e d n e s t a n d b e g i n s t o t a k e c a r e o f it .

    T h u s t h e t w o " m o t h e r s " h a v e s w i t c h e d

    n e s t s . M o r e o f t e n , a n u n p r o t e c t e d n e s t

    i s f o u n d b y a m o u s e t h a t h e l p s i t se l f t o

    t h e t e n d e r b a b y b e e s a n d h o n e y .

    What are

    callows ?

    T h e q u e e n h e l p s t h e n e w w o r k e r s , c a l l e d

    " c a l l o w s , " o u t o f t h e i r

    c e l l s . N o w t h e y a r e

    a b o u t t h r e e w e e k s o l d .

    T h e y a r e w e t a n d s i l v e r - l o o k i n g a t first

    h a r d l y l i k e t h e f u z z y b l a c k a n d y e l

    l o w q u e e n . C r e e p i n g t o t h e h o n e y p o t ,

    t h e y h e l p t h e m s e l v e s . I n a d a y o r t w o ,

    t h e y a r e fly in g o v e r t h e fie ld s. S o m e

    t i m e s t h e y a r e c a u g h t i n a s h o w e r , b u t

    t h e y j u s t g o i n s i d e a h a n g i n g flo wer.

    I t s h e l t e r s t h e m l i k e a s w e e t - s c e n t e d

    u m b r e l l a .

    B u m b l e b e e s s e l d o m s t i n g . T h e y a r e

    p e a c e f u l , h a r d - w o r k i n g c r e a t u r e s , b u t

    t h e y c a n s t i n g a g a i n a n d a g a i n w h e n

    LARVAE IN S

    Only the bumblebee,

    which can reach the

    nectar, is able to pol

    linate red clover.

    n e c e s s a r y . T h e y a t t a c k b y c l a w i n g , b it

    i n g a n d s c r a t c h i n g . A l t h o u g h t h e r e

    m a y b e o n l y a f e w h u n d r e d b u m b l e b e e s

    i n a c o l o n y , w i t h o n l y fiftee n o r t w e n t y

    a t h o m e a t a t i m e , f e w c r e a t u r e s m a k e

    a n e f f o r t t o s t e a l t h e h o n e y f r o m t h e

    l i t t l e w a x e n p o t s .

    S t r a n g e a s i t s e e m s , e v e n t h e h o n e y i s

    u s e d f o r d e f e n s e b y

    s o m e k i n d s o f b u m

    b l e b e e s . I f a n e n e m y

    a t t a c k s , a b u m b l e b e e

    q u i e t l y w a l k s u p t o it ,

    a d r o p o f h o n e y o n i t s t o n g u e . T h e n

    t h e b e e p l a s t e r s t h e i n t r u d e r w i t h t h e

    g l u e y s t uf f . M e s s y a n d d r i p p i n g , t h e

    e n e m y r e t r e a t s a s f a s t a s i t s s t i c k y f e e t

    w i l l l e t i t .

    How is honey

    used by bees

    for defense?

    2 2

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    T h e j a w s o f t h e c a r p e n t e r b e e a r e s t r o n g

    l i t t l e t o o l s . T h e b e e

    .

    0

    i t s e l f l o o k s l i k e a

    carpenter bee?

    b u m b l e b e e , b u t

    m a k e s i t s h o m e i n w o o d . H o l l o w i n g o u t

    a t u n n e l i n a b e a m o r b o a r d w i t h i t s

    j a w s , i t b u i l d s a l i t t l e c h a m b e r f o r i t s

    e g g s . S o m e t i m e s t h e s e t u n n e l s m a y

    t w i s t a n d t u r n t h r o u g h l u m b e r f o r e i g h t

    o r t e n f e e t . S o m e c a r p e n t e r b e e s s a v e

    t h e m s e l v e s a l o t o f w o r k . T h e y b u i l d

    t h e i r n e s t s i n h o l l o w b a m b o o s t e m s .

    T h u s t h e t u n n e l i s a l r e a d y m a d e f o r

    t h e m t o l i v e i n .

    T h e j a w s o f m a s o n b e e s b i t e t h r o u g h

    s a n d a n d c l a y . T h e

    m o t h e r b u i l d s h e r

    n e s t o u t o f m u d a n d

    fills i t w i t h p o l l e n

    a n d n e c t a r . T h e m u d h a r d e n s u n t i l i t

    i s l i k e s t o n e . T h e l a r v a e i n s i d e f e e d a n d

    H o w d o m a s o n

    bees bu i ld

    the i r homes?

    c a r e f o r t h e m s e l v e s . F i n a l l y , w h e n t h e y

    a r e r e a d y t o e m e r g e , e a c h o n e b i t e s

    t h r o u g h t h e h a r d w a l l s o f i t s h o m e a n d

    c o m e s i n t o t h e w o r l d .

    S o m e t i m e s A f r i c a n e x p l o r e r s c o m e

    a c r o s s t h e r u i n s o f a n a n c i e n t c i t y . T h e

    w a l l s a r e c o v e r e d w i t h t h e h a r d p l a s t e r

    o f t h e m a s o n b e e s . T h e e x p l o r e r s c h i p

    a w a y a t i t , s c r a p i n g c a r e f u l l y . S o m e

    t i m e s , a f t e r t h e y h a v e r e m o v e d i t , t h e y

    c o m e t o n o t h i n g b u t a b l a n k w a l l . O t h e r

    t i m e s , t h e y c o m e t o a n c i e n t w r i t i n g s o r

    s t o n e - p i c t u r e s . T h e s e i m p o r t a n t findings

    h a v e b e e n h i d d e n f o r m a n y c e n t u r i e s b y

    t h e w o r k o f t h e s e l i t t l e c e m e n t - m a k e r s ,

    t h e m a s o n b e e s .

    H o w m a n y k i n d s o f

    bees a re kn ow n?

    T h e r e a r e a b o u t t e n t h o u s a n d k i n d s o f

    b e e s k n o w n i n

    t h e w o r l d t o

    d a y . O n l y a

    f e w o f t h e m a r e s o c i a l k i n d s l i v i n g i n

    f a m i l ie s . T h e r e a r e " c u c k o o " b e e s t h a t

    s n e a k i n t o n e s t s o f o t h e r b e e s a n d l a y

    t h e i r e g g s . O t h e r s s t e a l h o n e y t o f e e d

    t h e i r o w n y o u n g . B u r r o w i n g b e e s m a k e

    h o l e s i n t h e g r o u n d . S w e a t b e e s c l i n g t o

    m e n a n d a n i m a l s i n s u m m e r , l a p p i n g

    t h e s w e a t f r o m t h e i r b o d i e s . L e a f c u t -

    t i n g b e e s t r i m s l ic e s o f l e a v e s t h a t t h e y

    p a s t e t o g e t h e r f o r t h e i r h o m e s .

    T o t e l l t h e s t o r i e s o f a l l t h e b e e s

    w o u l d t a k e m a n y b o o k s . B u t t h e r e a r e

    m a n y m o r e k i n d s o f s o c i a l i n s e c t s . T h e

    n e x t c h a p t e r w i l l t e l l a b o u t t h e w o n d e r

    f u l w o r l d of w a s p s , r e g a r d e d a s a m o n g

    t h e m o s t i n t e l l i g e n t o f i n s e c t s .

    CARPEMTER

    , BEE

    MASON BE

    LEAFCUTTER NEST

    LEAFCUTTING BEE

    BURROWING BE

    2 3

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    NEST OF POTTER WASP

    W A S P S

    T h e H e l p f u l W a s p s

    POTTER WASP CARRY

    >' MUD TO BUILDING J

    What is a

    fig wasp?

    N e a r l y e v e r y b o d y l i k e s fig b a r s . T h e r e

    w o u l d n ' t b e a s i n g l e o n e

    if i t w e r e n ' t f o r t h e t i n y

    fig w a s p . S h e w a n d e r s

    a r o u n d o n t h e b l o s s o m o f t h e fig,

    s p r e a d i n g t h e p o l l e n a n d m a k i n g i t p o s

    s i b l e f o r t h e f r u i t t o d e v e l o p . H e r y o u n g

    h a t c h o u t a n d s ee k n e w b l o s s o m s . T h i s

    v a l u a b l e i n s e c t w a s a c t u a l l y i m p o r t e d

    i n t o C a l i f o r n i a f o r t h e p r o d u c t i o n o f

    S m y r n a fig s.

    u n s e e n . S o m e o f t h e i r r e l a t i v e s , t h e

    h o r n t a i l s a n d s a w f li e s , a t t a c k t r e e s a n d

    f r u i t , b u t a g r e a t m a n y o f t h e t r u e w a s p s

    a r e a s u s e f u l a s h o n e y b e e s .

    T h e t o m a t o h o r n w o r m c a t e r p i l l a r i s a

    b a d g a r d e n p e s t . I t

    f e e d s o n t h e l e a v e s

    o f t o m a t o v i n e s a n d

    d a m a g e s t h e b l o s s o m s . A t i n y w a s p , t h e

    How do wasps

    help farmers?

    T h e r e a r e a b o u t t e n t h o u s a n d k i n d s o f

    w a s p s . O n l y a

    f e w o f t h e m

    a r e s o c i a l .

    M o s t o f t h e m l i v e t h e i r l i v e s q u i e t l y a n d

    CATERPILLAR WASP

    DRAGGING CATERPILLAR

    How many kinds of

    wasps are there?

    BRACONID (ENL

    HORNTAIL

    ICHNEUMON FLY

    b r a c o n i d , p o k e s h e r s h a r p a b d o m e n

    i n t o t h e c a t e r p i l l a r s e v e r a l t i m e s . E a c h

    t h r u s t m a y r e l e a s e a d o z e n e g g s . T h e

    y o u n g f e e d o n t h e p e s t , finally c o m i n g

    o u t s i d e t o m a k e t h e i r l i t t l e c o c o o n s .

    T h e c a t e r p i l l a r s o o n d i e s .

    O t h e r b r a c o n i d w a s p s c a n p r o d u c e

    a w h o l e f a m i l y w i t h j u s t o n e e g g . T h i s

    i s d o n e w h e n a c e r t a i n w a s p finds t h e

    At left, the nest of a mason

    wasp; above, the insect itself.

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    c a t e r p i l l a r o f h a r m f u l f r u i t m o t h s o r

    c o r n b o r e r s . A l t h o u g h s h e i s t i n y , h e r

    a m a z i n g e g g m a k e s u p f o r h e r l a c k o f

    s i z e . A f t e r s h e l a y s i t , i t b e g i n s t o d i v i d e

    i n t o m a n y l i t t l e c e l l - g r o u p s . E a c h g r o u p

    p r o d u c e s a h u n g r y l a r v a . I t f e e d s o n

    t h e b o d y o f t h e c a t e r p i l l a r . T h e n j u s t a s

    t h e c a t e r p i l l a r d i e s , t h e n e w b o r n w a s p s

    f l y a w a y .

    HAWK WASP KILLING TARANTULA

    A mud-dauber nest and wasps and two opened cells

    CICADA-KILLER DRAGGING CICADA

    w a s p d r i l l s u n t i l s h e c o m e s t o t h e t u n

    n e l o f a w o o d b o r e r , t h e r e a l v i l l a i n .

    T h e w a s p ' s l a r v a , h a t c h i n g o u t , w i l l d e

    s t r o y t h e w o o d b o r e r b e f o r e i t c a n k i l l

    a n y m o r e t r e e s .

    A s i n g l e e g g m a y p r o d u c e f if ty o r

    m o r e w a s p s . T h e n if e a c h w a s p p r o

    d u c e s fifty m o r e , t h e r e w i l l b e t w e n t y -

    five h u n d r e d w a s p s i n a f e w w e e k s , a l l

    l o o k i n g f o r f r u i t m o t h s .

    A h u g e i c h n e u m o n w a s p g o e s flying

    t h r o u g h t h e a i r . I t

    W h y d o s o m e , .

    . . . . s t o p s a t a d y i n g

    w a s p s d r i l l

    r

    J

    f

    i n t o t r e e s ?

    m a

    P

    l e t r e e

    -

    S l o w l

    y

    lt

    c r a w l s o v e r t h e b a r k ,

    t a p p i n g w i t h i t s a n t e n n a e . F i n a l l y i t

    s t o p s a n d a r c h e s i t s b a c k . A l o n g t h r e a d

    l i k e o r g a n , t h e ovipositor g o e s t o w o r k .

    S h a r p - p o i n t e d a n d s t r o n g , i t d r i l l s d e e p

    i n t o t h e w o o d .

    O f t e n p e o p l e k i l l t h i s w a s p w h e n

    t h e y s e e i t d r i l l i n g i n t o a t r e e . B u t t h i s

    is j u s t w h a t s h o u l d n ' t b e d o n e . F o r t h e

    S o m e w a s p s a r e e v e n h i t c h h i k e r s . O n e ,

    k n o w n a s P h a n u r u s ,

    W h a t w a s p is . , ,

    I. * LL-I i r i d e s a r o u n d o n a

    a h i t c h h i k e r ?

    m o t h l i k e a m a n o n

    a h o r s e . T h e n , w h e n t h e m o t h finally

    l a y s i t s e g g s , t h e l i t t l e h i t c h h i k e r g e t s

    o f f. S h e l a y s h e r o w n e g g s o n t h e m o t h

    e g g s . B o t h m a y s t a r t t o d e v e l o p , b u t

    i t i s o n l y t h e l i t t l e w a s p s t h a t h a t c h o u t

    a n d f ly a w a y .

    T h e B i b l e t e l l s o f p l a g u e s o f l o c u s t s ,

    w h i c h s ti ll b o t h e r p e o p l e i n m a n y p a r t s

    o f t h e w o r l d . W h e n t h e f e m a l e l o c u s t

    l a y s h e r e g g s u n d e r g r o u n d , t h e S c e l i o

    w a s p w a i t s n e a r b y . A s f a s t a s t h e l o c u s t

    b u r i e s n e w eg g s , t h e w a s p p o k e s h e r

    o v i p o s i t o r d o w n i n t o t h e m a n d l a y s

    e g g s o f h e r o w n . T h e t w o m a y w o r k

    s i d e b y s i d e t h e l o c u s t l a y i n g e g g s

    a n d t h e w a s p d e s t r o y i n g t h e m .

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    How do hunter

    wasps feed

    their young?

    H u n t e r w a s p s c a t c h a n d p a r a l y z e

    s p i d e r s w i t h a c a r e

    f u l l y - p l a c e d s t i n g .

    S a n d w a s p s d o t h e

    s a m e w i t h c a t e r p i l

    l a r s . T h e s p i d e r o r c a t e r p i l l a r i s t h e n

    p l a c e d i n t h e c e l l o f t h e w a s p ' s n e s t .

    T h r e e o r f o u r m o r e v i c t i m s m a y b e

    a d d e d . T h e n t h e w a s p l a y s a n e g g . T h e

    n e w l a r v a h a s f r e s h f o o d u n t i l i t b e

    c o m e s f u l l y g r o w n .

    M u d - d a u b e r w a s p s m a k e m a n y of

    t h e i r h o m e s o u t o f m u d , a l m o s t l i k e t h e

    m a s o n b e e s . O f t e n t h e y c a n b e s e e n

    a g a i n s t t h e s i d e s o f b u i l d i n g s o r u n d e r

    r o o f s . F i l l e d w i t h p a r a l y z e d s p i d e r s ,

    e a c h c e l l o f t h e h o m e s o o n o p e n s t o

    r e l e a s e a n e w w a s p . P o t t e r w a s p s m a k e

    l i t t le m u d j u g s a n d s t o c k t h e m w i t h

    c a t e r p i l l a r s .

    H o w d o t h e w a s p s c a t c h t h e s p i d e r s ?

    O f t e n a w a s p m a y h a n g b y o n e l e g

    f r o m t h e w e b a n d s t i n g t h e s p i d e r w h e n

    i t r u s h e s o u t t o c a t c h i t . T h e " t a r a n t u l a

    h a w k " w a s p s t i n g s t h e h u g e , h a i r y

    t a r a n t u l a a n d t h e n b u r i e s t h i s spider

    w i t h t h e w a s p e g g .

    S t r a n g e g r o w t h s a p p e a r o n t h e l e a v e s

    a n d s t e m s o f p l a n t s .

    wa

    h

    s

    a t

    s

    d

    do?

    aM T h C y m a y l 0

    k H k e

    b r o w n a p p l e s , l i t t l e

    p o r c u p i n e s , b i t s o f m o s s . M a n y o f t h e s e

    a r e m a d e b y g a l l w a s p s . T h e f e m a l e

    p o k e s h e r e g g s i n t o t h e p l a n t , w h i c h

    t h e n f o r m s t h e g a l l . J u s t h o w i t f o r m s

    i s n o t f u l ly u n d e r s t o o d . T h e l a r v a e f e e d

    o n t h e m a t e r i a l i n s i d e t h e h o m e t h a t

    t h e p l a n t h a s h e l p f u l l y m a d e . O f t e n

    t h e y s p e n d t h e e n t i r e w i n t e r i n t h i s

    s h e l t e r . E a c h k i n d of i n s e c t p r o d u c e s a

    d e f i n i t e k i n d o f p l a n t g a l l .

    N o n e of t h e w a s p s i n t h i s c h a p t e r a r e

    t r u e s o c i a l i n s e c t s . B u t a f e w w a s p s l i v e

    i n f a m i l i e s , l i k e t h e i r c o u s i n s t h e b e e s .

    M o s t o f t h e m m a k e t h e i r h o m e s i n

    p a p e r n e s t s .

    T h e n e x t c h a p t e r w i l l d e s c r i b e w h a t

    t a k e s p l a c e i n s i d e t h e w a l l s o f t h e s e

    p a p e r p a l a c e s .

    M b

    Some typ ical insectgallsswollenplanttissue causedby the hatching of wasp eggs.

    .

    jLDENRODJI

    GALL

    BLACKBERRY

    GALL

    Oak gall wasp on leaf.

    2 6

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    T h e P a p e r P a l a c e

    HEAD OF POLISTES WASP

    (ENLARGED)

    H o w l o n g a g o w a s t h e first p a p e r m a d e ?

    W a s i t o v e r fiv e

    h u n d r e d y e a r s

    a g o , w h e n J o h a n n

    a B i b l e i n 1 4 5 5 ?

    When was paper

    or iginal ly made?

    G u t e n b e r g p r i n t e d

    T w o t h o u s a n d y e a r s a g o , w h e n t h e

    C h i n e s e m a d e p a p e r f r o m m u l b e r r y

    b a r k ? F o u r t h o u s a n d y e a r s a g o , w h e n

    t h e E g y p t i a n s w r o t e o n f lat s h e e t s f r o m

    t h e p a p y r u s r e e d ? T h e t r u t h is t h a t

    p a p e r w a s first m a d e

    millions

    o f y e a r s

    a g o . N o h u m a n h a n d t o u c h e d t h a t first

    s h e e t o f p a p e r . I t w a s p r o b a b l y m a n u

    f a c t u r e d i n m u c h t h e s a m e w a y a s i t i s

    t o d a y b y a q u e e n w a s p , m a k i n g a

    s h e l t e r f o r h e r e g g s a n d l a r v a e .

    S h e g o e s t o a p i e c e o f d r i e d w o o d o n a

    t r e e o r t h e s i d e o f a

    H o w d o w a s p s .

    T T

    ,

    0

    h o u s e . H e r s t r o n g

    m a k e p a p e r ? .

    6

    l i t t l e j a w s w o r k like

    s c i s so r s . S h e c u t s c h u n k s o f w o o d a n d

    m i x e s t h e m w i t h h e r s a l i v a . G e t t i n g a l l

    s h e c a n c a r r y , s h e s o m e t i m e s t u c k s

    e x t r a p i e c e s " u n d e r h e r c h i n " b e t w e e n

    h e r h e a d a n d first p a i r o f l e g s . T h e n

    s h e flies b a c k t o h e r h o m e , c h e w i n g o n

    t h e p i e c e s . W h e n s h e s p r e a d s o u t t h e

    m i x t u r e , i t d r i e s t o a t o u g h p a p e r .

    I t i s a m y s t e r y h o w s h e d e t e r m i n e s

    w h e r e s h e w i l l p l a c e

    h e r n e w h o m e . O f t e n

    i t i s o n t h e e n d o f a

    t r e e b r a n c h o r u n d e r

    t h e r o o f o f a h o u s e . B u t s o m e t i m e s s h e

    Where can

    wasp nests

    be found?

    HEAD OF BALD-FACED HORNET

    (ENLARGED)

    c h o o s e s s t r a n g e p l a c e s . O n e w a s p n e s t

    w a s b u i l t h i g h o n a f a c t o r y c h i m n e y ,

    n e x t t o t h e w h i s t l e . E v e r y t i m e t h e

    w h i s t l e b l e w , h u n d r e d s o f w a s p s b u z z e d

    i n a l l d i r e c t i o n s . A n o t h e r n e s t w a s

    m a d e in a c a r t h a t h a d b e e n i n a u s e d -

    c a r l o t a l l s u m m e r . S t i l l a n o t h e r w a s

    b u i l t o v e r a s c h o o l h o u s e d o o r . S c h o o l

    c o u l d n ' t b e o p e n e d i n S e p t e m b e r u n t i l

    t h e w a s p n e s t w a s r e m o v e d f r o m i t s u n

    u s u a l l o c a t i o n .

    What is a

    hornet?

    W h a t i s t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a w a s p

    a n d a h o r n e t ? H o r n e t s

    a r e s h o r t , a c t i v e w a s p s

    t h a t l i v e b y t h e h u n

    d r e d s i n t h e i r p a p e r n e s t . " Y e l l o w -

    j a c k e t s " a n d " w h i t e - f a c e d h o r n e t s " a r e

    a c t u a l l y s p e c i a l k i n d s o f w a s p s .

    J u s t l i k e t h e b e e s , t h e r e a r e w o r k e r s ,

    d r o n e s a n d q u e e n s . B u t m o s t w a s p

    p a p e r p a l a c e s l a s t o n l y a f e w m o n t h s .

    O n t h e o t h e r h a n d , a b e e h i v e m a y l a s t

    f o r y e a r s .

    T h e q u e e n c h e w s t h e w o o d u n t i l it

    m a k e s a s t i c k y p a s t e . T h e n s h e p la s t e r s

    i t o n t h e u n d e r s i d e o f a b r a n c h o r r o o f

    o r t h e i n t e r i o r o f a n a n i m a l ' s d e n . E v e n

    a f a m i l y of s k u n k s h a s t o m o v e o u t

    w h e n t h e w a s p s m o v e i n .

    S h e m a k e s a l i t t l e s i x - s i d e d p a p e r

    c e l l . I t i s s h a l l o w a t first a n d h a n g s

    d o w n w a r d . S h e p l a c e s a s i n g l e e g g i n

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    A Polistes queen scrapes wood to make paper.

    The first room of a Polistes' home looks upside down.

    It is a cuplike cell attached to a paper stem. As soon

    as it is completed, an egg is cemented into it.

    t h e c e l l , c o v e r e d w i t h a s t i c k y m a t e r i a l

    s o i t w o n ' t f a l l o u t . A f e w m o r e c e l l s

    a n d e g g s c o m p l e t e h e r l i t t l e n e s t .

    How do baby

    wasps live?

    W h e n t h e l a r v a e h a t c h o u t , t h e y a r e

    l e g l e s s a n d b l i n d

    l i k e t h e b e e l a r v a e .

    O f t e n t h e y h a v e

    s t i c k y " g l u e p a d s " o n t h e m t o h o l d

    t h e m i n t h e i r u p s i d e - d o w n c r a d l e . T h e i r

    m o t h e r c a t c h e s flies a n d o t h e r i n s e c t s

    t o f e e d t h e m . S h e c h e w s u p t h e i n s e c t s

    i n t o a l i t t l e b a l l . T h e n s h e h o l d s t h e b a l l

    d o w n w h e r e t h e