how does canola get its nutrients?cerebralfocus.com/brandoncanola/webcast/how_canola.pdf · how...
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How Does Canola Get Its Nutrients?
C.A GrantAgriculture and Agri-Food Canada
Brandon Research [email protected]
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N CaP Mg
K S
17EssentialElements
17EssentialElements
Canola Needs a Total of 17 Elements
C H O
B Cl Cu FeMn Mo Zn Ni
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N CaP Mg
K S
17EssentialElements
17EssentialElements
Some come from the air or water
C H O
B Cl Cu FeMn Mo Zn Ni
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N CaP Mg
K S
17EssentialElements
17EssentialElements
Others are usually present in adequate amounts in prairie soils
C H O
B Cl Cu FeMn Mo Zn Ni
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N CaP Mg
K S
17EssentialElements
17EssentialElements
N, P and S are most often limiting for canola production
C H O
B Cl Cu FeMn Mo Zn Ni
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Nitrogen is Critical for Crop Growth
• Usually most limiting nutrient
• Largest fertilizer input• Required for optimum
yield and protein
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How Much Nitrogen is Removed by a Canola Crop?
• A 40 bu/acre canola removes about 85 lb N per acre
• About 40 lb more taken up but recycled in residue
• About 125+ needed for growth
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Daily Uptake of N By Canola Reaches 6 to 8 lb per acre per day About 6-8 Weeks after Seeding (6 leaf stage)
0
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2
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3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15Weeks after Seeding
N u
ptak
e ra
te, l
b N
/acr
e/da
y
0
20
40
60
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120
140
160
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200
Biom
ass accumulation rate,
lb/acre/day
6 le
af s
tage
Carstairs
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10
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Weeks after Seeding
N u
ptak
e ra
te, l
b N
/acr
e/da
y
0
50
100
150
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300
Biom
ass accumulation rate, lb/acre/day
Bud
ding
sta
ge
6 le
af s
tage
Olds
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9
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Weeks after Seeding
Nitr
ogen
upt
ake
rate
, lb/
acre
/day
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140B
iomass accum
ulation rate, lb/acre/day
6 le
af s
tage
Rosser
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Weeks after Seeding
Nitr
ogen
upt
ake
rate
, lb
N/a
cre/
day
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Biom
ass accumulation, lb/acre/day
6 le
af s
tage
Petersfield
(Courtesy Rigas Karamanos)
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Mineralization
Immobilization
Plants Access N from Soil
Nitrate and ammonium in solution and on exchange
Fertilizer additions make up the difference between crop demand and soil supply
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Nitrogen Reactions Influence Availability from Soil and Fertilizer
AmmoniumNH4
+
46-0-082-0-0
28-0-0 (75%)
Manure &Crop Residues
NitrateNO3
-Soil Organic N
Leaching & runoff
N2, N2O Denit’n
NH3Volat’n
Immobilization
AmmoniumNH4
+
46-0-082-0-0
28-0-0 (75%)
Manure &Crop Residues
NitrateNO3
-Soil Organic N
Leaching & runoff
N2, N2O Denit’n
NH3Volat’n
Immobilization
AmmoniumNH4
+
46-0-082-0-0
28-0-0 (75%)
Manure &Crop Residues
NitrateNO3
-Soil Organic N
Leaching & runoff
N2, N2O Denit’n
NH3Volat’n
Immobilization
NO
Crop Removal
Mineralization
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Reactions and Losses Depend on Environment and Management
• Nitrogen losses can be high, with poor management or under bad conditions
• Management practices can be used to minimize losses
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Volatilization can be high with broadcast urea if not incorporated
Fertilizer N
NitrateNO3
-
AmmoniumNH4
+
Leaching, runoff
Denitrification
N2NO N2O
Nitrification
NH3
volatilization
40-90% of urea-N under hot, dry conditions
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Banding Reduces Ammonia Losses to Extremely Low Levels
0
100
200
300
400
500
Am
mon
ia (g
N h
a -1
)
Fall Spring pre-seeding
After Seeding
CT-ControlCT-UncoatedRT-ControlRT-Uncoated
• If urea bands were sealed, losses were no higher than from the control – grams per hectare
• Some losses occurred under RT when band did not seal
Brandon ZTF
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Leaching can be high on sandy soils with excess rain or irrigation
Denitrification can be high on warm, saturated soils
Fertilizer N
NitrateNO3
-
AmmoniumNH4
+
Leaching, runoff
Denitrification
N2
NO N2O
Nitrification
2-4 lb N/ac/day under saturated soil conditions
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Banding an Ammonium-Producing Source Reduces Leaching and Denitrification Losses
• Ammonium must convert to nitrate before it is susceptible to loss– Slows conversion of ammonium to nitrate– Lowers nitrate concentration in the solution– Reduces the risk of loss
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r = 0.66*
r = 0.11ns
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
10-Sep 20-Sep 30-Sep 10-Oct 20-Oct 30-OctDate of application
Gra
in y
ield
(% o
f spr
ing)
Highs Lows Linear (Lows) Linear (Highs)
Thiessen et al. – U. of Manitoba
Supported by data from U. of Manitoba that showed losses from fall-banded N fertilizer were minor on well-drained soils
Soil freezesCrop
harvest
Upper slope
Lower slope
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Much of our N “Loss” may be Cycling via Immobilization-Mineralizationimmobilization - “tie up of N”mineralization - “release of N”
-15
-10
-5
0
5
10
133 159 181 202 222 251
Sampling date
N m
iner
aliz
ed (k
g/ha
)
Durum Stubble Pea Stubble
May
13
June
8
June
30
July
21
Aug
10
Sept
8
N tie-up N release
Selles
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In-Soil Banding Reduces Immobilization
0102030405060708090
100
straw incorp N bcst
straw on surfaceN bcst
straw removed N bcst
straw incorp N band
straw on surfaceN band
straw removed N band
Rec
over
y of
fert
ilize
r N %
Immobilized NPlant N
Tomar and Soper, 1981
Fall recovery of fertilizer N in crop and soil
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Immobilized Nitrogen is not a “Loss”
• Builds soil organic matter• Improve soil quality • Cycles back to following
crops– Improves soil’s ability to “buffer”
N supply in years when yield potential is high
• Need to consider both soil nitrate and mineralization to predict soil N supply
Mineral N
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Soil Testing For Available N
• Provides indication of residual nutrient in soil– Nitrate “in the bank”
• Does not necessarily consider mineralization– “Interest on organic matter”
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Older Systems May Rely More on Stored Soil Nitrate
• Soil nitrate released and stored over fallow period– “Mine” organic matter to
release N
• Intensive tillage increases mineralization and amount of nitrate in soil at seeding
• Continuous cropping and reduced tillage reduce the stored nitrate
• N fertilization and higher yield increase residue return to the soil
• May increase the importance of N mineralization from SOM and crop residues over the growing season
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Can We Test for Mineralization?
• Specific tests predict “potential mineralization”– “Mason Jar test”– Long-term incubation – Have not been very useful so far in the prairie
environment for routine testing
• Tests measure release under ideal temperature and moisture
• Actual mineralization depends on environmental conditions
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Potential Mineralization Increases with Soil Organic Matter Content
• More organic matter gives more potential for N release under the right conditions– Acts as “buffer” for N rate– Conditions that promote high
crop yield promote N release– As crop demand increases,
the ability of SOM to release N increases
y = 43.02x - 26.958R2 = 0.5375
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Soil Organic C (%)
Pot M
in N
(ppm
)
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Past Management Can Affect N-Supplying Power of the Soil
Long-Term Building• Continuous Cropping • Diversified Crop Rotation
(cereal-oilseed- cereal-pulse)• Good N fertilization• Some forages before start of
zero tillage (1978-1983)• As of 2008, 30 years of no-till
Long-Term Depleting• 50/50 summerfallow/crop
rotation prior to 2001• Minimal N fertilizer• Conventional tillage• Crop Rotation (cereals
mainly)• No-till since 2001
Courtesy of Guy Lafond
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0
10
20
30
40
50
60
0 30 60 90 120
Nitrogen (kg/ha)
Yie
ld (b
us/a
cre)
BuildingDepleting
Spring Wheat (3 years) – Grain Yield
~30 kg/ha
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How to Improve Nitrogen Use Efficiency?• Soil nitrate test is still a good indicator of
available N for crop growth in annual cropping systems
• Improve estimates of soil N supply to fine-tune application rates in modern systems
– Consider past inputs of legumes, manures and other soil building practices– Modelling or measurement of mineralization
• Match management practices to environment– Select proper rate, source, timing and placement of N fertilizers– Enhanced efficiency fertilizers and split applications may have role where
environmental conditions promote losses
• We may be underestimating nitrogen use efficiency if we don’t consider N balance over the long-term
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Canola has a High Demand for P
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Adequate P is needed for full response to N fertilizer
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
0 50 100 150 200 250
N (kg/ha)
Yiel
d (t/
ha)
0 20 40 60 80P2O5 kg /ha
Hybrid Canola
Westco
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29
Principles of Phosphorus Nutrition that Affect Fertilizer Management Choices
• Soil will supply P to the crop– Fertilizer “tops up” soil supply for optimum yield– P availability varies with environmental conditions
• P is needed early in growth– Plants must have adequate supply in first 3-6 weeks– Need to apply at or before seeding
• P is not very mobile – Ties up with Ca, Mg, Al and Fe – Doesn’t move far in the soil– Roots must intercept P since P won’t move to roots
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30
How Much Phosphorus is Needed by a Crop?
• 40 bu/acre canola removes 38 lb/acre
• Additional 20 lb/acre is cycled in the residue
• Total of around 58 lb for growth
Without an adequate P supply, crop yield will be reduced
But not all crop requirement has to come from fertilizer
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31precipitation
Plants Access P from Soil Solution
Soil solutionphosphorus
HPO4-2
H2PO4-2
Fertilizer additions make up the difference between crop demand and soil supply
dissolution
Mineralization
Immobilization
weatheringAdsorption
desorption
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Factors that Restrict P Availability
• Low soil P reserves (soil test P)• Cold soil temperature• Excessively wet or dry soils• High or low pH (pH 6-7 ideal)• Fine soil texture (eg. clay)• Restricted rooting
– Compacted, poorly aerated soils – Crops with poor root systems for P uptake
Need for P fertilizer will be higher if P availability is restricted
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Phosphorus is Relatively Immobile in the Soil
Has important effect on P management decisions
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34
Phosphorus Should be Banded
• Banding slows tie-up of P in soil– Having ammonium N in the band slows reactions further– MAP, DAP and APP are effective P sources because they
contain ammonium
• Adding urea to MAP bands increases fertilizer P uptake when fertilizer is banded away from seed– However, excess N can delay P uptake due to band toxicity
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35
Phosphorus Should be Banded
• Some plant roots proliferate in bands• Ammonium in the band may also increase root
proliferation• Uptake increases with P concentration and
rooting– Fertilizer bands provide high concentration – More roots in the band increase uptake
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36
Some crops can increase rooting when they contact a fertilizer reaction zone
02468
10
Roo
ts in
R
eact
ion
Zon
e (%
)
FlaxWheat
Rapeseed
Buckwheat
Unfertilized SoilP Reaction Zone
• Canola is very good at increasing rooting in the fertilizer band– Very good at using
fertilizer P
• Also very good at using residual soil P– Excretes organic acids
to mobilize PStrong and Soper
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37
Banding P Near the Seed-Row Ensures that Roots Will Contact the P Granule Early in Growth
BroadcastBroadcast BandedBanded
At 25 Kg P2O5/Ha and 18 cm row spacing have a granule every 2.3 cm (11-55-0)
The large difference between banded and broadcast applications is POSITION
Courtesy Geza Racz
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38
Phosphorus Should be Banded
• P will not move to roots so roots must contact bands
• Bands must be placed where roots will contact them early in season– Near the seed-row
• Seed-placed• Side-banded
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Effect of rate and placement of MAP on stand density and grain yield of canola
• Too much fertilizer close to the seed can damage the seed and reduce yield
• Damage is from the nitrogen in the MAP
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
0 20 40 80P2O5 Rate (kg/ha)
Gra
in Y
ield
(kg/
ha)
0
50
100
150
200
250
plan
ts p
er 6
.1 m
Yield-In RowStand-In Row
Nyborg and Hennig 1969.
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40
Canola
• Canola is highly responsive to P on very low P soils– Can use soil P well if soil test P
is moderate to high• Yield will usually be optimized with
15 to 20 lb P2O5 ac-1
• Place as starter near or in the seed-row
• Response to starter more likely on cold soils, with early seeding
No Starter P
35 bu/acre25 bu/acre
25 lb P2O5 applied as MAP
15 lb NW MKP per ac, equiv. to ~ 7 ppm Olsen P
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Sulphur Deficiency is Very Common In Canola
• Canola requires more S than cereal and pulse crops.
348124Sulphur removal (kg/ha)
AlfalfaPeasCanolaWheat
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42precipitation
Plants Access S from Soil Solution
Soil solutionSO4
-2
As with other nutrients, fertilizer additions make up the difference between crop demand and soil supply
dissolution
Mineralization
Immobilization
Rain,irrigation, atmospheric deposition
Gypsum
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Sulphur Deficiency
Sulphur is not mobile, so does not move from old to young tissue
Yellowing of younger leaves is early symptom
Often the S deficiency results in a reddish-violet color, similar to P and N.
Cupping of younger leaves is a symptom of critical S stress,
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Sulphur Deficiency Symptoms
• Sulphur deficiencies are usually patchy in a field, since S supply is normally highly variable
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Adding N without S Can Depress Canola Yield on an S-deficient soil
0.0
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0.4
0.6
0.8
1.0
1.2
Can
ola
Yiel
d (t/
ha)
ControlN bandedN broadcast
Grant 1994
Increasing N with S
Increasing N with No S
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Adequate S is Needed, But Specific N:S Ratio May Not Be That Important
• High N:S ratio can indicate an S deficiency
• However, once a S deficiency is corrected there is little or no response to adding more S with increasing N rate.
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Sulphur Sources
• Ammonium sulphate• Ammonium
thiosulphate• Gypsum • Microessentials S-15
• Elemental S• Bentonite blends
– Tiger 90
• Microessentials S-15
Sulphate Sources Elemental Sources
Manage sulphate and elemental sources differently
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Sulphate Sources Are Immediately Available so Timing of Application is Flexible
• Ahead of seeding– Will not volatilize– May immobilize or leach
• Near seeding– Readily available
• Post-seeding– Can be effective, even when delayed
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Sulphate Sources Are Mobile in the Soil so Placement Options Are Flexible
• Banding• Broadcast• Dribble-band• Seed-placement
– Avoid excesses that could cause toxicity
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Elemental Sources Must Oxidize to Sulphate
• Apply far before crop requirement• Use finely divided product• Broadcast rather than band
– Want to maximize contact with microbes
• Leave on surface to “weather”• Incorporate after weathering• Part of long-term program
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Canola yield as affected by placement of applied sulphur
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
Seed
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Broadcast Seedplaced PP Band
Control Tiger 90 Am. Sulph.
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Canola yield as affected by residual S applied the previous year
0
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800
1200
1600
2000
Seed
Yie
ld (
kg/h
a)
Broadcast PP Band
Control Tiger 90 Am. Sulph.
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Effect of a single year’s application of S sources on canola yield over three years on a sandy loam soil
Treatment Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 TotalControl 18.1 9.3 11.0 38.4Sp. Brd T-90 15.3 14.7 25.0 55.0Sp. Brd AS 34.6 31.4 24.0 90.0Banded T-90 16.0 10.4 12.3 48.7Banded AS 35.7 31.5 28.1 95.3Seedrow T-90 16.6 13.7 18.6 48.9
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Conversion of S to Sulphate is not Reliable
• Under Canadian conditions, we cannot rely on elemental sources to provide enough available sulphate on deficient soils during the following crop year– May be beneficial in long-term planning
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Summary
• Canola is effective at accessing nutrients from the soil– Also good at using fertilizer nutrients
• Need to consider soil nutrient supply when assessing fertilizer demand– Immediately available nutrients and potential
mineralization• Select proper rate, source, timing and placement
– Match management practices to environment to minimize losses and maximize efficiency
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Thank YouFor your Attention