How to express How to express ‘‘expressexpress’? – ’? – Pedagogical Pedagogical

reflections from web reflections from web resourcesresources Yiching WuYiching Wu

National Tsing Hua UniversityNational Tsing Hua University Simon SmithSimon Smith Ming Chuan UniversityMing Chuan University Chu-Ren HuangChu-Ren Huang Academia SinicaAcademia Sinica

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ExpressExpress on the Internet on the Internet

Web resources,Web resources, dictionaries, thesauri andictionaries, thesauri and corporad corpora How can they help the learner to understand How can they help the learner to understand

the correct use of the false friends the correct use of the false friends expressexpress an and d 表示表示 ??

Viewpoint:Viewpoint: non-native language speaker non-native language speaker Goal:Goal: to gain a better understanding of to gain a better understanding of current function and future directiocurrent function and future directio

nsns

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Resources on the Resources on the InternetInternet

Dictionaries:Dictionaries:Cambridge Dictionaries OnlineCambridge Dictionaries Online

Merriam-Webster OnlineMerriam-Webster Online Thesauri:Thesauri: WordNet, FrameNet, HowNet, PropositioWordNet, FrameNet, HowNet, Propositio

n Bank n Bank Corpora (today’s presentation):Corpora (today’s presentation):

BNC,BNC, Sinica Corpus, SinoramaSinica Corpus, Sinorama

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Online corpora: Online corpora: (1) BNC(1) BNC

the British National Corpus (BNC)the British National Corpus (BNC) (Leech 1992)(Leech 1992) data:data: 100 million English words 100 million English words collected between 1991 and 1994.collected between 1991 and 1994. tool: tool: the Sketch Enginethe Sketch Engine programmed by programmed by Dr. Adam Kilgarriff and Dr. Pavel Dr. Adam Kilgarriff and Dr. Pavel

RychlýRychlý

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Online corpora:Online corpora: (2) Sinoram(2) Sinoramaa

the Sinorama Chinese-English Parallel Text Corpthe Sinorama Chinese-English Parallel Text Corpusus ( (SinoramaSinorama))

data:data: 2,373 pairs of articles in Chinese/English, 2,373 pairs of articles in Chinese/English, published between 1976 and 2000.published between 1976 and 2000. (103,252 pairs of sentences translated into a(103,252 pairs of sentences translated into a

bout bout 3.2 million English words and 3.2 million English words and 5.3 million Chinese characters) 5.3 million Chinese characters) tool:tool: TOTALrecalTOTALrecal on CANDLE on CANDLE led by Professor Hsien-Chin Liou and led by Professor Hsien-Chin Liou and Jason S Chang at National Tsing Hua UniverJason S Chang at National Tsing Hua Univer

sity.sity.

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Part of speech distribution of Part of speech distribution of expressexpress in BNC and Sinorama in BNC and Sinorama CorpusCorpus

POS POS

BNC BNC Sinorama Sinorama

councount t

percentpercentage age

coucount nt

percentapercentage ge

V V 11,911,959 59 87.1% 87.1% 513 513 98.6% 98.6%

N N 1,061,060 0 7.7% 7.7% 2 2 0.4% 0.4%

A A 713 713 5.2% 5.2% 5 5 1.0% 1.0%

total total 13,713,732 32 100.0% 100.0% 520 520 100.0% 100.0%

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ExpressExpress and and biaoshibiaoshi in in SinoSinoramarama

expressexpress : 52: 5200

biaoshi biaoshi 表示表示 : 1,8: 1,843 43

expressexpress || : 7 : 7

33biaoshibiaoshi 表示表示

CorpuCorpuss

POSPOS

SinoramaSinoramacoucountnt

percentpercentageage

V V 513513 98.6%98.6%

N N 2 2 0.4%0.4%A A 5 5 1.0%1.0%

total total 520 520 100.0%100.0%

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Why theWhy the match rate is match rate is low?low?

Hypothesis I: Hypothesis I: The low match rate results from The low match rate results from an asymmetryan asymmetry

of grammatical function distribution. of grammatical function distribution.

expressexpress biao3 shi4 biao3 shi4 表示表示 countcount percentpercent

ageagecouncountt

percentapercentagege

V V 513513 98.6%98.6% 1,841,8411

99.9%99.9%

N N 2 2 0.4%0.4% 22 0.1%0.1%

A A 5 5 1.0%1.0% 00 0.0%0.0%

Total Total 520 520 100.0%100.0% 1,841,843 3

100.0% 100.0%

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Why theWhy the match rate is low?match rate is low? Hypothesis IHypothesis I

BNCBNC vs. vs. Sinica CorpusSinica Corpus

expressexpress biao3 shi4 biao3 shi4 表示表示 countcount percentpercent

ageagecouncountt

percentapercentagege

V V 11,9511,959 9

87.1% 87.1% 5,285,289 9

99.3% 99.3%

N N 1,060 1,060

7.7% 7.7% 36 36 0.7% 0.7%

A A 713 713

5.2% 5.2% 0 0 0 0

Total Total 13,7313,732 2

100.0% 100.0% 5,325,325 5

100.0% 100.0%

The low match rate The low match rate does notdoes not result from an result from an asymmetry of asymmetry of grammatical function distributiongrammatical function distribution..

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Why theWhy the match rate is match rate is low?low?

Hypothesis II:Hypothesis II: Biaoshi Biaoshi 表示表示 is also polysemous, onlis also polysemous, onl

y some of the meanings can be mappy some of the meanings can be mapped to ed to expressexpress..

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Senses and meaning facets of Senses and meaning facets of biaoshibiaoshi 表示表示

Liu and Wu 2004, Wu 2004Liu and Wu 2004, Wu 2004Sense 1: Sense 1: ‘‘to quote or to describe what a Speaker saidto quote or to describe what a Speaker said

’’他他表示表示：「這樣的定位點不容易被取代。」：「這樣的定位點不容易被取代。」ta ta biaoshibiaoshi:: 「「 zheyang de dingweidian bu rongzheyang de dingweidian bu rong

yi bei qudai.yi bei qudai. 」」he he biaoshibiaoshi: “this kind of anchoring point not : “this kind of anchoring point not

easy be replaced.”easy be replaced.”‘‘He He saidsaid, “This kind of anchoring point is n, “This kind of anchoring point is n

ot easy to be replaced.”’ot easy to be replaced.”’

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Senses and meaning facets of Senses and meaning facets of biaoshibiaoshi 表示表示

Sense 2: Sense 2: ‘‘to convey emotion or attitude in langto convey emotion or attitude in lang

uage or uage or by an actionby an action ’’

李先生李先生表示表示同情。同情。li xiansheng li xiansheng biaoshibiaoshi tongqing. tongqing.Li Mr. Li Mr. biaoshibiaoshi sympathy. sympathy.‘‘Mr. Li Mr. Li expressedexpressed his sympathy.’ his sympathy.’

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Senses and meaning facets of Senses and meaning facets of biaoshibiaoshi 表示表示

Sense 3: Sense 3: ‘‘to represent one thing in terms of another’to represent one thing in terms of another’facet 1: ‘to reveal a deductive meaning’facet 1: ‘to reveal a deductive meaning’ 我這麼說並不我這麼說並不表示表示我不重視可能的弊端我不重視可能的弊端wo zheme shuo bing buwo zheme shuo bing bu biaoshibiaoshi wo bu zhongshi wo bu zhongshi keneng de biduan.keneng de biduan.I so say do not I so say do not biaoshibiaoshi I not concern possible mI not concern possible m

aladyalady‘‘Saying so doesn’t Saying so doesn’t meanmean that I am taking the that I am taking the possibility of creating abuses lightly.’possibility of creating abuses lightly.’

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Senses and meaning facets of Senses and meaning facets of biaoshibiaoshi 表示表示

Sense 3Sense 3facet 2: ‘to reveal a substitutive meanfacet 2: ‘to reveal a substitutive mean

inging ’’ conventionalconventional鮮花鮮花表示表示愛情。愛情。xianhua xianhua biaoshibiaoshi aiqing. aiqing.fresh flower fresh flower biaoshibiaoshi love.love.‘‘Fresh flowers Fresh flowers representrepresent love.’ love.’

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Senses and meaning facets of Senses and meaning facets of biaoshibiaoshi 表示表示

Sense 3Sense 3facet 2: ‘to reveal a substitutive meaningfacet 2: ‘to reveal a substitutive meaning

’’ non-conventionalnon-conventional一支國旗一支國旗表示表示一萬尾烏魚。一萬尾烏魚。yi zhi guoqi yi zhi guoqi biaoshibiaoshi yi wan wei wuyu. yi wan wei wuyu.one classifier nation flag one classifier nation flag biaoshibiaoshi 10,00010,000classifier grey mullet classifier grey mullet ‘‘One flag One flag representsrepresents 10,000 grey mullet.’ 10,000 grey mullet.’

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Mapping of Mapping of expressexpress and and biaoshbiaoshii 表示表示

expressexpress ‘conveying a message in languag‘conveying a message in language’e’

biaoshibiaoshi 表示表示 --Sense 2: Sense 2: ‘‘to convey emotion or attitude in language to convey emotion or attitude in language

or by an actionor by an action ’’李先生李先生表示表示同情。同情。‘‘Mr. Li Mr. Li expressedexpressed his sympathy.’ his sympathy.’

Hypothesis II:Hypothesis II: Biaoshi Biaoshi 表示表示 is also polysemous, only is also polysemous, only senssens

e 2e 2 can be mapped to can be mapped to expressexpress..

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Objects of predicate Objects of predicate expressexpress and and bbiaoshiiaoshi

Item Item

Object Object

typetype

BNCBNC

expressexpress

count count percentpercentageage

SententSentential ial object object

23 23 0.2% 0.2%

Other Other objectobject

11,9311,936 6 99.8% 99.8%

Total Total 11,9511,959 9 100.0% 100.0%

Sinica CorpusSinica Corpus bi biaoshiaoshi 表示表示

councount t

percentapercentagege

4,884,882 2 92.3% 92.3%

407 407 7.7% 7.7%

5,285,289 9 100.0% 100.0%

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Nominal objectsNominal objects of predicate of predicate express express in BNC: Messagein BNC: Message

a.a. He He expressedexpressed a hope a hope thatthat we might meet ag we might meet again during the remaining two days of his staain during the remaining two days of his stay and have a longer conversation.y and have a longer conversation.

b.b. 各國領袖皆各國領袖皆表示表示希望戰爭儘快結束。希望戰爭儘快結束。 ge guo lingxiu jie ge guo lingxiu jie biaoshibiaoshi xiwang zhanzheng xiwang zhanzheng

jinkuai jieshu.jinkuai jieshu. ‘ ‘Each leader of the countries all Each leader of the countries all expressedexpressed

a hope that the war will end as soon as possia hope that the war will end as soon as possible.’ble.’

biaoshi biaoshi 表示表示 ++xiwangxiwang 希望 ‘希望 ‘ hope’hope’ （（ NN ）） ++appositive clauseappositive clause??

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MessageMessage of predicate of predicate express express in BNCin BNC

c.c. ** 表示表示他們的希望他們的希望戰爭儘快結束戰爭儘快結束 **biaoshibiaoshi tamen de xiwangtamen de xiwang zhanzheng jinkuai jieshu zhanzheng jinkuai jieshu ‘ ‘express express their hopetheir hope that the war will end as soon as that the war will end as soon as possible’ possible’ d. d. 各國領袖皆各國領袖皆表示表示 (( 他們他們 )) 希望戰爭儘快結束。希望戰爭儘快結束。 ge guo lingxiu jie ge guo lingxiu jie biaoshibiaoshi (tamen)(tamen) xiwang zhanzheng xiwang zhanzheng jinkuai jieshu.jinkuai jieshu. ??‘Each leader of the countries all ‘Each leader of the countries all expressedexpressed that theythat they hope that the war will end as soon as possible.’hope that the war will end as soon as possible.’ biaoshi biaoshi 表示表示 +Message +Message [clause][clause] express express +Encoded Message +Encoded Message [NP] ([NP] (Message Message [[thatthat clause])clause])

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ActiveActive and and PassivePassive sentences sentences of predicate of predicate express express in BNCin BNC

Active: Active: 9,326 (78%)9,326 (78%) , passive , passive 2,633 (22%)2,633 (22%) a.a. ConcernConcern has beenhas been expressedexpressed about extending further the about extending further the Prime Minister’s powers of patronage.Prime Minister’s powers of patronage.b.b. DoubtDoubt waswas expressedexpressed that Richards could maintain the unit. that Richards could maintain the unit.c.c. That viewThat view, albeit qualified somewhat, , albeit qualified somewhat, was was also also expressedexpressed byby Ireland .Ireland .d.d. The EC Trade and Agriculture Ministers, meeting in Brussels The EC Trade and Agriculture Ministers, meeting in Brussels on Jan. 10-11, had restated on Jan. 10-11, had restated their reservationstheir reservations ( (expresseexpressedd at an at an earlier meeting on Dec. 23), saying that "insofar as theearlier meeting on Dec. 23), saying that "insofar as the Dunkel paper calls into question the foundation of theDunkel paper calls into question the foundation of the Communities' agricultural policy, the paper is not acceptable".Communities' agricultural policy, the paper is not acceptable".

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ActiveActive and and PassivePassive sentences sentences in Mandarinin Mandarin

In Mandarin, passive sentences are hiIn Mandarin, passive sentences are highly marked (Chu 1973).ghly marked (Chu 1973).

action verbs: action verbs: da da 打 ‘打 ‘ beat’, beat’, mama 罵 ‘罵 ‘scold’scold’

a.a. 爸爸 爸爸 打打 // 罵 罵 他。 他。 baba baba da/mada/ma ta. ta. ‘ ‘Father Father beat/scoldedbeat/scolded him.’ him.’ b.b. 他他被被爸爸 爸爸 打打 // 罵罵。。 ta ta beibei baba baba da/mada/ma.. ‘ ‘He He waswas beaten/scoldedbeaten/scolded by Father.’ by Father.’

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ActiveActive and and PassivePassive sentences of sentences ofbiaoshi biaoshi 表示表示

a.a. 他他表示表示關心。 關心。 ta ta biaoshibiaoshi guanxin. guanxin. ‘ ‘He He expressedexpressed concern.’ concern.’ b.b. ** 關心關心被被他他表示表示。。 guanxin guanxin beibei ta ta biaoshibiaoshi.. ‘ ‘**Concern Concern waswas expressedexpressed by him.’ by him.’

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Reflections and conclusionReflections and conclusion

To meet pedagogical needs, the following are To meet pedagogical needs, the following are needed:needed:

Information related to the frequency of a target Information related to the frequency of a target lexical item and its collocated patternslexical item and its collocated patterns

Role internal grammatical typesRole internal grammatical types Common marked patterns, e.g. passive sentences Common marked patterns, e.g. passive sentences

and active sentences with N and active sentences with N thatthat-clause objects.-clause objects. Similarities and differences between English and Similarities and differences between English and

Mandarin, i.e. positive input as well as negative Mandarin, i.e. positive input as well as negative inputinput

Some of these needs are met by the Sketch Some of these needs are met by the Sketch Engine corpus query toolEngine corpus query tool Currently available for English and CzechCurrently available for English and Czech Chinese version under developmentChinese version under development

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Thank you!Thank you!